Journal articles: 'Arrays of detectors'

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Chen, Jiangtian. "Analysis of the Principle and Applications of Infrared Detectors in Cosmology." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 72 (December 15, 2023): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/7g1bc173.

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As a matter of fact, infrared detectors are widely used and applied in cosmology detections. On this basis, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the principles and applications of infrared detectors in the field of cosmology. The paper discusses the two main types of infrared detectors: bolometer arrays and photon detector arrays, explaining their underlying principles and highlighting their applications in astronomy. It also presents the advancements in infrared detector technology, such as the use of different materials and the development of large-scale bolometer arrays. The paper further discusses the significant achievements made by various institutions in the field of infrared astronomy, including the discoveries based on detection result from SOFIA and WISE. Overall, this paper offers a comprehensive overview of the principles and applications of infrared detectors in cosmology, providing valuable information for enthusiasts in the field. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of space detectors.

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JANG, KYOUNG WON, DONG HYUN CHO, SANG HUN SHIN, BONGSOO LEE, SOON-CHEOL CHUNG, GYE-RAE TACK, JEONG HAN YI, SIN KIM, and HYOSUNG CHO. "MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY X-RAY DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS USING MULTI-DIMENSIONAL FIBER-OPTIC RADIATION DETECTORS." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015401.

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In this study, we have fabricated multi-dimensional fiber-optic radiation detectors with organic scintillators, plastic optical fibers and photo-detectors such as photodiode array and a charge-coupled device. To measure the X-ray dose distributions of the clinical linear accelerator in the tissue-equivalent medium, we have fabricated polymethylmethacrylate phantoms which have one-dimensional and two-dimensional fiber-optic detector arrays inside. The one-dimensional and two-dimensional detector arrays can be used to measure percent depth doses and surface dose distributions of high energy X-ray in the phantom respectively.

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Davis Philip, A. G. "Introduction." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 167 (1995): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900056205.

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A short introduction to the subject of the meeting, IAU Symposium No. 167, New Developments in Array Technology and Applications is given. CCD and Array detectors have become the detectors of choice at optical observatories all over the world. Direct imaging, photometry and spectroscopy are all vastly improved as a result. Thirteen IAU Commissions joined in sponsoring this meeting which indicates the wide interest in this subject. In the five days of the symposium the following topics were discussed: New Developments in CCD Technology, New Developments in IR Detector Arrays, Direct Imaging with CCDs and Other Arrays, Spectroscopy with CCDs and Other Arrays and Large Field Imaging with Array Mosaics. A few papers concerning Astrometry with CCDs were given in the poster sessions. Scientific results were also presented in the poster sessions.

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Yermolayev, D. M., E. A. Polushkin, S. Yu Shapoval, V. V. Popov, K. V. Marem’yanin, V. I. Gavrilenko, N. A. Maleev, et al. "Detection of Terahertz Radiation by Dense Arrays of InGaAs Transistors." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 24, no. 01n02 (March 2015): 1550002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156415500020.

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Detection of terahertz radiation by GaAs transistor structures has been studied experimentally. The two types of samples under study included dense arrays of HEMTs and large-apertures detectors. Arrays consisted of parallel and series chains with asymmetric gate transistors for enhanced photoresponse on terahertz radiation. We investigated two types of wide-aperture detectors: grating gate detector, and single gate detector with bow-tie antenna. Wide-aperture detectors were symmetrical. Studies of transistor chains have shown that two essential features for this type of detector are the presence of asymmetry in the gate, and the type of connection between individual transistors themselves. Wide-aperture detectors have also been tested by narrow beams of terahertz radiation, which allows analyzing the role influence of individual parts of the detector for total sensitivity to terahertz excitation. The sensitivity and noise equivalent power of the detectors were evaluated.

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Finger, G., G. Nicolini, P. Biereichel, M. Meyer, and A. F. M. Moorwood. "Infrared Arrays at the European Southern Observatory." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 167 (1995): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900056308.

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This paper gives an overview of infrared array detectors which have been tested and used at ESO. The performance of arrays using Reticon type readouts, CCD readouts and switched FET multiplexers have been evaluated for both InSb and Hg1−xCdxTe detectors. Performance limitations specific to the NICMOS3 256 × 256 Hg1−xCdxTe detector installed in the ESO infrared array camera IRAC2 are addressed. The first test results with a high well capacity SBRC 256 × 256 InSb array are also presented.Advanced readout techniques for image sharpening tested on a 2.2-m telescope are discussed briefly. A new generation of instruments being built for the VLT, the very large telescope project of ESO, is designed to house large format 1024 × 1024 IR arrays. A fast data acquisition system is currently being developed at ESO. The system is capable of handling the high data rates generated in the thermal infrared by large format low well capacity arrays. It can also cope with the low read noise required for flux levels of ≤ one photon/sec. It will first be installed in ISAAC, the Infrared Array Camera and Spectrometer built for the VLT (Moorwood 1993). The present status of both the detector developments and the data acquisition system is reviewed.

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Tarasov, Mikhail, Aleksandra Gunbina, Artem Chekushkin, Vyacheslav Vdovin, and Aleksei Kalaboukhov. "Arrays of Sub-Terahertz Cryogenic Metamaterial." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 9649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209649.

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Integrated quasi-optical cryogenic terahertz receivers contain arrays of detectors, quasi-optical filters, interferometers, and other metamaterials. Matrices of quasi-optical band-pass, low-pass, and high-pass filters, Fabry–Perot grid interferometers, and arrays of half-wave and electrically small antennas with superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) sub-terahertz wavelength range detectors were fabricated and experimentally studied on the same computational, technological, and experimental platform. For the design of the filters, we used the periodic frequency-selective surfaces (FSS) approach, contrary to detector arrays that can be presented in a model of distributed absorbers. The structures were fabricated using direct electron beam lithography, thermal shadow evaporation, lift-off, alternatively magnetron sputtering, and chemical and plasma etching. The numerical simulation methods of such structures are sufficiently different: for the reactive matrices with low losses, the approximation of an infinite structure with periodic boundary conditions is applicable, and for the arrays of detectors with dissipative elements of absorbers, a complete analysis of the finite structure with hundreds of interacting ports is applicable. The difference is determined by the presence of dissipation in the detector arrays, the phase of the reflected or re-emitted signal turned out to be undefined and the Floquet periodic boundary conditions are correct only for a phased array antenna. The spectral characteristics of the created filters, interferometers, and antenna arrays were measured in the frequency range 50–600 GHz.

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McCarrick, H., G. Jones, B. R. Johnson, M. H. Abitbol, P. A. R. Ade, S. Bryan, P. Day, et al. "Design and performance of dual-polarization lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors for millimeter-wave polarimetry." Astronomy & Astrophysics 610 (February 2018): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732044.

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Aims. Lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) are an attractive technology for millimeter-wave observations that require large arrays of extremely low-noise detectors. We designed, fabricated and characterized 64-element (128 LEKID) arrays of horn-coupled, dual-polarization LEKIDs optimized for ground-based CMB polarimetry. Our devices are sensitive to two orthogonal polarizations in a single spectral band centered on 150 GHz with Δν∕ν = 0.2. The 65 × 65 mm square arrays are designed to be tiled into the focal plane of an optical system. We demonstrate the viability of these dual-polarization LEKIDs with laboratory measurements. Methods. The LEKID modules are tested with an FPGA-based readout system in a sub-kelvin cryostat that uses a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The devices are characterized using a blackbody and a millimeter-wave source. The polarization properties are measured with a cryogenic stepped half-wave plate. We measure the resonator parameters and the detector sensitivity, noise spectrum, dynamic range, and polarization response. Results. The resonators have internal quality factors approaching 1 × 106. The detectors have uniform response between orthogonal polarizations and a large dynamic range. The detectors are photon-noise limited above 1 pW of absorbed power. The noise-equivalent temperatures under a 3.4 K blackbody load are <100 μK √s. The polarization fractions of detectors sensitive to orthogonal polarizations are >80%. The entire array is multiplexed on a single readout line, demonstrating a multiplexing factor of 128. The array and readout meet the requirements for 4 arrays to be read out simultaneously for a multiplexing factor of 512. Conclusions. This laboratory study demonstrates the first dual-polarization LEKID array optimized specifically for CMB polarimetry and shows the readiness of the detectors for on-sky observations.

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Sun, M. D., C. H. Zhang, and B. Q. Zhao. "Coincidence time resolution measurements for dual-ended readout PET detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): P07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/p07003.

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Abstract Coincidence time resolution (CTR) is an important performance parameter of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) detectors, which is dependent on the parameters of the scintillation crystal, the timing measurement methods, and the electronics. In this work, CTRs of PET detectors using dual-ended readout of segmented LYSO arrays were measured with different timing measurement methods. The detector modules were composed of LYSO arrays of 8 × 8 with a crystal size of 3.10 × 3.10 × 20 mm3 or 13 × 13 with a crystals size of 1.88 × 1.88 × 20 mm3, coupled at each end to an 8 × 8 Hamamatsu SiPM array (S13361-3050NE-08) with pixel active area of 3.00 × 3.00 mm2 and pitch of 3.20 mm. The signals of the SiPM arrays were individually read out and processed by using the TOFPET2 ASICs. The CTRs of the detectors were measured after the timing alignment of the ASICs was performed. Timing measurement methods of the dual-ended readout detector such as the average time of the two SiPMs, the faster time of the two SiPMs, the time of the back SiPM, and the time of the front SiPM were compared. The average time of the two SiPMs provides the best CTR, which is explained by a simple model about the timing measurement methods of a dual-ended readout detector. The detector with one-to-one crystal-to-SiPM coupling provides better CTR than the detector with a crystal size smaller than the pixel size of the SiPM. The best CTR of 367 ± 6 ps was obtained by using the 8 × 8 LYSO array with unpolished lateral crystal surfaces and ESR reflectors. The CTR of the dual-ended readout detector can be improved if a DOI-dependent timing correction is used.

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Wang, Yinan, Leland Nordin, Sukrith Dev, Monica Allen, Jeffery Allen, and Daniel Wasserman. "High-speed mid-wave infrared holey photodetectors." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 10 (March 14, 2023): 104501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0141159.

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We demonstrate high-speed mid-wave infrared photoconductive detectors leveraging a lattice-mismatched, epitaxially grown InSb absorber material patterned with nanometer-scale hole arrays. We show that the nano-scale hole patterns allow for post-growth control over the detector response time by introducing recombination surfaces to increase non-radiative recombination. The photoconductive pixels are integrated into a microwave coplanar waveguide for high frequency characterization. The detector response is characterized as a function of temperature and hole-array dimensions. We show a detector response with characteristic time scales of tens of picoseconds and bandwidths up to 7 GHz at room temperature. The presented detectors offer a mechanism for engineering response times in long wavelength detectors for potential applications in high-speed sensing/imaging, free-space communication, ranging, or dual-comb spectroscopy.

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Salzmann, Hans, Per Nielsen, and Chris Gowers. "Digital single-photon-avalanche-diode arrays for time-of-flight Thomson scattering diagnostics." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 083517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095252.

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The collection optics of Thomson scattering systems for plasma devices are designed with maximum possible étendue to keep the required laser energy low. If the spatial resolution along the laser beam is performed by a time-of-flight method, then the detectors, in addition to a large sensitive area, must offer a high frequency bandwidth. Up until now, only microchannel-plate photomultipliers meet these requirements. Here, we investigate the potential use of digital avalanche photodiode arrays operated in the Geiger mode as alternative detectors. In this mode of operation, each array will serve as a fast, sensitive detector. The use of these detectors will lead to significant improvements of the Thomson scattering diagnostic. Most important of these will be a better spatial resolution, down to about 2 cm without deconvolution. Furthermore, the lifetime of the detectors will be increased; the detectors will cover the whole blue wing of the scattered spectrum when using a single wavelength laser, and this will enable measurements of electron temperature and density profiles at kHz repetition rates.

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Sareen, Rob. "Semiconductor X-Ray Detectors." Microscopy Today 6, no. 6 (August 1998): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500068152.

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Detection of characteristic x-rays is a fascinating and challenging subject. From its early beginnings with gas proportional counters it has evolved, like many branches of technology, into the use of a variety of semiconductors.The lithium compensated silicon detector [Si(Li)] has been the predominant measuring tool over the last two decades, in the last five years, increasing numbers of high purity germanium detectors (HPG) have appeared and more recently a plethora of new materials and concepts are seeing a successful introduction. Among these newer materials are compound semiconductors like mercuric iodide, cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, gallium arsenide, lead iodide, indium phosphide and diamond. Among the new concepts are Bolometers, Transition Edge Detectors, Drift Detectors, PIN Diodes, CCD arrays and PN CCD arrays.

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Doğangün, O., F. Özok, U. Dündar, and M. N. Erduran. "A clustering algorithm based on jet algorithms for cross-talk events in neutron detector arrays." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): P11011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/p11011.

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Abstract A clustering algorithm based on the jet (cascade of particles descendant from a single particle due to hadronization) algorithms used in High Energy Physics is presented for identification of neutron cross-talk events in neutron detector arrays with one layer by defining a temporal distance function, instead of transverse energy. Detector simulations on an array of neutron detectors show a significant improvement when compared with neighbor rejection technique and the method of gating with time-of-flight difference.

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Paiella, A., A. Coppolecchia, P. de Bernardis, S. Masi, A. Cruciani, L. Lamagna, G. Pettinari, et al. "Total power horn-coupled 150 GHz LEKID array for space applications." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 06 (June 1, 2022): 009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/06/009.

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Abstract We have developed two arrays of lumped element kinetic inductance detectors working in the D-band, and optimised for the low radiative background conditions of a satellite mission aiming at precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. The first detector array is sensitive to the total power of the incoming radiation to which is coupled via single-mode waveguides and corrugated feed-horns, while the second is sensitive to the polarisation of the radiation thanks to orthomode transducers. Here, we focus on the total power detector array, which is suitable, for instance, for precision measurements of unpolarised spectral distortions of the CMB, where detecting both polarisations provides a sensitivity advantage. We describe the optimisation of the array design, fabrication and packaging, the dark and optical characterisation, and the performance of the black-body calibrator used for the optical tests. We show that almost all the detectors of the array are photon-noise limited under the radiative background of a 3.6 K black-body. This result, combined with the weak sensitivity to cosmic ray hits demonstrated with the OLIMPO flight, validates the idea of using lumped elements kinetic inductance detectors for precision, space-based CMB missions.

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Bormett, Richard W., and Sanford A. Asher. "2-D Light Diffraction from CCD and Intensified Reticon Multichannel Detectors Causes Spectrometer Stray Light Problems." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944027561.

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Intensified diode arrays and charge-coupled detectors (CCD) which are used as multichannel detectors for spectroscopy exhibit strong 2-D diffraction of light due to the micro-channel plate intensifier and the CCD surface microelectronic structures. The strong 2-D diffraction of light by the intensified diode arrays shows hexagonal symmetry due to the hexagonal packing of the hollow glass fibers of the micro-channel plate intensifier. The 2-D diffraction of light from the CCD detectors shows square symmetry due to the almost square symmetry of the individual surface microelectronic structures. Light incident on the detector surfaces is diffracted into numerous angles which depend upon the incident angle and the light wavelength. This diffracted light can be redispersed and/ or reflected and scattered by optical elements inside the spectrometer. This diffracted light can then contribute to spectrometer diffuse stray light or it can be directly reimaged onto the detector to cause spectral artifacts. Backthinned CCD detectors do not show 2-D light diffraction and thus avoid these 2-D diffraction stray light limitations.

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Reichenberger, Michael A., Daniel M. Nichols, Sarah R. Stevenson, Tanner M. Swope, Caden W. Hilger, Jeremy A. Roberts, Troy C. Unruh, and Douglas S. McGregor. "Fabrication and Testing of a Modular Micro-Pocket Fission Detector Instrumentation System for Test Nuclear Reactors." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 04018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817004018.

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Advancements in nuclear reactor core modeling and computational capability have encouraged further development of in-core neutron sensors. Measurement of the neutron-flux distribution within the reactor core provides a more complete understanding of the operating conditions in the reactor than typical ex-core sensors. Micro-Pocket Fission Detectors have been developed and tested previously but have been limited to single-node operation and have utilized highly specialized designs. The development of a widely deployable, multi-node Micro-Pocket Fission Detector assembly will enhance nuclear research capabilities. A modular, four-node Micro-Pocket Fission Detector array was designed, fabricated, and tested at Kansas State University. The array was constructed from materials that do not significantly perturb the neutron flux in the reactor core. All four sensor nodes were equally spaced axially in the array to span the fuel-region of the reactor core. The array was filled with neon gas, serving as an ionization medium in the small cavities of the Micro-Pocket Fission Detectors. The modular design of the instrument facilitates the testing and deployment of numerous sensor arrays. The unified design drastically improved device ruggedness and simplified construction from previous designs. Five 8-mm penetrations in the upper grid plate of the Kansas State University TRIGA Mk. II research nuclear reactor were utilized to deploy the array between fuel elements in the core. The Micro-Pocket Fission Detector array was coupled to an electronic support system which has been specially developed to support pulse-mode operation. The Micro-Pocket Fission Detector array composed of four sensors was used to monitor local neutron flux at a constant reactor power of 100 kWth at different axial locations simultaneously. The array was positioned at five different radial locations within the core to emulate the deployment of multiple arrays and develop a 2-dimensional measurement of neutron flux in the reactor core.

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Ridgway, Stephen T., and Kenneth H. Hinkle. "The Impact of Array Detectors on High Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 132 (1988): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900034781.

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Infrared detector arrays implemented for astronomical use during the past few years achieve performance gains which have profound implications for infrared spectroscopy. Arrays are now available with ∼ few × 103 pixels, each of which is ∼ 102 times more sensitive than previous single element detectors. Depending on the spectral regime, it is now possible to construct infrared spectrometers with limiting sensitivities 10–500 times fainter than in current use.

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Sperline, R. P., A. K. Knight, C. A. Gresham, D. W. Koppenaal, G. M. Hieftje, and M. B. Denton. "Read-Noise Characterization of Focal Plane Array Detectors via Mean-Variance Analysis." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 11 (November 2005): 1315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370205774783250.

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Mean-variance analysis is described as a method for characterization of the read-noise and gain of focal plane array (FPA) detectors, including charge-coupled devices (CCDs), charge-injection devices (CIDs), and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) multiplexers (infrared arrays). Practical FPA detector characterization is outlined. The nondestructive readout capability available in some CIDs and FPA devices is discussed as a means for signal-to-noise ratio improvement. Derivations of the equations are fully presented to unify understanding of this method by the spectroscopic community.

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Grace, E., J. Beall, J. Britton, H. Cho, M. Devlin, A. Fox, G. Hilton, et al. "Design and Performance of Kilo-Pixel TES Arrays for ACTPol." Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on 23, no. 3 (March 2013): 2500704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2013.2242191.

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ACTPol, a polarization sensitive receiver for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, is designed to make sensitive maps of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies at arcminute scales and millimeter wavelengths by employing three arrays of superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) detectors. The ACTPol TES bolometers have a target superconducting transition temperature of 150 mK and will be cooled to a bath temperature of 100 mK with a dilution refrigerator enabling increased array sensitivity. Each array will consist of ~1000 TES detectors coupled to a micromachined silicon feedhorn stack via superconducting ortho-mode transducers and transmission lines. The superconducting detectors of the first ACTPol array have been characterized in their final receiver configuration with measurements of key TES parameters including the transition temperature, saturation power, and thermal conductance.

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Ayala-Torres, Marco Alberto, Lucina Gabriela Espinoza Beltrán, Marcos Aurelio Fontaine Sanchez, Luis A. Hernández-Cruz, Luis Manuel Montaño, Braian Adair Maldonado Luna, Eduardo Moreno-Barbosa, et al. "Performance of BeBe, a proposed dedicated beam-beam monitoring detector for the MPD-NICA experiment at JINR." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): P09031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09031.

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Abstract The Multipurpose Detector (MPD) is an experimental array, currently under construction, designed to study the nuclear matter created during the collisions that will be provided by the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) at JINR. The MPD-NICA experiment consists of a typical array of particle detectors as those used to study heavy-ion collisions at LHC and RHIC. To increase the trigger capabilities of MPD for stage 2 of NICA operation, a detector constituted by two arrays of 80 plastic scintillator cells each located symmetrically at opposite sides of the interaction point of MPD is proposed (BeBe). Based on Monte Carlo simulations, a discussion of the potential physics performance of BeBe detector is given for triggering tasks and for the resolution in the determination of the event plane reaction and the centrality of the collisions at NICA. Also, laboratory measurements to estimate the time resolution of individual BeBe cells prototypes are presented. It is shown that a time resolution between 0.47 and 1.39 ns can be reached depending on the number of photosensors employed to collect the scintillation photons. The BeBe detector will be complementary to FFD and FHCAL forward detectors.

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Chakraborty, A., R. Kshetri, and A. S. Patra. "Modeling of U-shaped composite detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): T12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/t12006.

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Abstract We have investigated the basic operation of a composite detector comprising of elements arranged in the shape of an U-shaped rectangular well. Considering an isotropic scattering of gamma-rays and partial energy absorptions in up to four detector modules, expressions for the addback factor and the peak-to-total ratio have been obtained in terms of only one probability amplitude. We have compared the performance of two U-shaped detectors having different geometries and observed negligible gain in addback due to the longer arms. For completeness, comparisons have been made with composite detectors like the two element stacked detector and the two level pyramidal detector, both being embedded inside the U-shaped detector. Our pen-on-paper approach could be used to understand the operation of modern arrays having detector elements arranged in various sophisticated ways.

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Norton, P. "Third-generation sensors for night vision." Opto-Electronics Review 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11772-006-0001-5.

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AbstractThird generation sensors are under development to enhance capabilities for target detection and identification, threat warning, and 3D imaging. Distinct programs for both cooled HgCdTe and uncooled microbolometer devices are part of this thrust. This paper will describe the technology for HgCdle two-colour, high-definition imaging sensors and threat warning devices, avalanche photodiode arrays for 3D imaging, and the supporting technology being developed to enhance the readouts that support these devices. Uncooled detector initiatives will also be described to reduce pixel size in conjunction with the production of 480×640 arrays. Finally, efforts are also beginning to move both photon and thermal detectors closer to radiative-limited performance while simultaneously reducing the cooling requirements for photon detectors.

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Morrison, Jane E., Daniel Dicken, Ioannis Argyriou, Michael E. Ressler, Karl D. Gordon, Michael W. Regan, Misty Cracraft, et al. "JWST MIRI Flight Performance: Detector Effects and Data Reduction Algorithms." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 135, no. 1049 (July 1, 2023): 075004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/acdea6.

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Abstract The detectors in the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) are arsenic-doped silicon impurity band conduction (Si:As IBC) devices and are direct descendants of the Spitzer IRAC long wavelength arrays (channels 3 and 4). With appropriate data processing, they can provide excellent performance. In this paper we discuss the various non-ideal behaviors of these detectors that need to be addressed to realize their potential. We have developed a set of algorithms toward this goal, building on experience with previous similar detector arrays. The MIRI-specific stage 1 pipeline algorithms, of a three stage JWST calibration pipeline, were developed using pre-flight tests on the flight detectors and flight spares and have been refined using flight data. This paper describes these algorithms, which are included in the first stage of the JWST Calibration Pipeline for the MIRI instrument.

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Pardo-Montero, Juan, Jose Paz-Martín, Luis Brualla-Gónzalez, and Faustino Gómez. "Online Recombination Correction in Dosimetry with Arrays of Ionization Chambers: Application to FFF and UHDR Radiotherapy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 10083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110083.

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Recombination of charge carriers can affect the response of ionization detectors used for the dosimetry of radiotherapy fields. In this work, we present a method for correcting online the recombination effects in arrays of ionization chambers irradiated with time-varying dose rates. The method is based on the characterization of the dose rate/recombination response of the detector, and the measurement of the instant ionization current in the detector, rather than the integrated charge. The proposed method was investigated with simulations of the response of different air and liquid ionization chambers in situations where recombination can be large. In addition, we experimentally investigated the application of the method with an in-house-developed liquid-filled ionization chamber. The proposed online correction method can compensate for recombination losses and seems feasible to implement in the software of ionization arrays/detectors used for the dosimetry of radiotherapy fields.

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Aspinall, Michael D., and Ashley R. Jones. "Modeling Photo-multiplier Gain and Regenerating Pulse Height Data for Application Development." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007001.

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Systems that adopt organic scintillation detector arrays often require a calibration process prior to the intended measurement campaign to correct for significant performance variances between detectors within the array. These differences exist because of low tolerances associated with photo-multiplier tube technology and environmental influences. Differences in detector response can be corrected for by adjusting the supplied photo-multiplier tube voltage to control its gain and the effect that this has on the pulse height spectra from a gamma-only calibration source with a defined photo-peak. Automated methods that analyze these spectra and adjust the photo-multiplier tube bias accordingly are emerging for hardware that integrate acquisition electronics and high voltage control. However, development of such algorithms require access to the hardware, multiple detectors and calibration source for prolonged periods, all with associated constraints and risks. In this work, we report on a software function and related models developed to rescale and regenerate pulse height data acquired from a single scintillation detector. Such a function could be used to generate significant and varied pulse height data that can be used to integration-test algorithms that are capable of automatically response matching multiple detectors using pulse height spectra analysis. Furthermore, a function of this sort removes the dependence on multiple detectors, digital analyzers and calibration source. Results show a good match between the real and regenerated pulse height data. The function has also been used successfully to develop auto-calibration algorithms.

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HAHN, I., P. DAY, B. BUMBLE, and H. G. LEDUC. "ADVANCED HYBRID SQUID MULTIPLEXER CONCEPT FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 12b (December 2007): 2407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807011413.

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The Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) has been used and proposed often to read out low-temperature detectors for astronomical instruments. A multiplexed SQUID readout for currently envisioned astronomical detector arrays, which will have tens of thousands of pixels, is still challenging with the present technology. We present a new, advanced multiplexing concept and its prototype development that will allow for the readout of 1,000–10,000 detectors with only three pairs of wires and a single microwave coaxial cable.

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Tueros-Cuadros, E., L. Otiniano, J. Chirinos, C. Soncco, and W. Guevara-Day. "The LAGO (Large Aperture GRB Observatory) in Peru." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S286 (October 2011): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312005248.

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AbstractThe Large Aperture GRBs Observatory is a continental-wide observatory devised to detect high energy (around 100 GeV) component of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), by using the single particle technique in arrays of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) at high mountain sites of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela and Peru. Details of the instalation and operation of the detectors in Marcapomacocha in Peru at 4550 m.a.s.l. are given. The detector calibration method will also be shown.

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Kravka, Antonín, Eva Santos, Maximilian Stadelmaier, and Alexey Yushkov. "Reconstruction of the muon production longitudinal profiles in extensive air showers." EPJ Web of Conferences 283 (2023): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328305009.

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Muons produced in extensive air showers have large decay lengths and small radiative energy losses, enabling a large fraction of them to reach surface and underground detector arrays while keeping relevant information about the hadronic interactions that occurred high in the atmosphere. We can relate a muon’s arrival time and position at the detector to its production depth in the atmosphere. The total delay of muons with respect to the shower plane is primarily due to their geometric path and energy, we call these contributions the geometric and kinematic delays, respectively. We are working on the improvement of the current kinematic delay parameterizations using Deep Neural Networks for muons arriving at surface and underground detector arrays. We aim to reconstruct the longitudinal profile of muons for future arrays of buried scintillator detectors at energies from around the second knee to the ankle of the cosmic ray spectrum, where there is an overlap with the nominal energies at the LHC. Given the low acceptance of scintillator detectors to inclined air showers and the richness of the forward physics near the shower core, we aim at applying a radial cut of 200 m instead of the usual 1000 m used in previous works.

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Maiorano, Michele, Francesco De Paolis, and Achille A. Nucita. "Principles of Gravitational-Wave Detection with Pulsar Timing Arrays." Symmetry 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122418.

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Pulsar timing uses the highly stable pulsar spin period to investigate many astrophysical topics. In particular, pulsar timing arrays make use of a set of extremely well-timed pulsars and their time correlations as a challenging detector of gravitational waves. It turns out that pulsar timing arrays are particularly sensitive to ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves, which makes them complementary to other gravitational-wave detectors. Here, we summarize the basics, focusing especially on supermassive black-hole binaries and cosmic strings, which have the potential to form a stochastic gravitational-wave background in the pulsar timing array detection band, and the scientific goals on this challenging topic. We also briefly outline the recent interesting results of the main pulsar timing array collaborations, which have found strong evidence of a common-spectrum process compatible with a stochastic gravitational-wave background and mention some new perspectives that are particularly interesting in view of the forthcoming radio observatories such as the Five hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, the MeerKAT telescope, and the Square Kilometer Array.

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Bonesini, Maurizio, Roberto Bertoni, Andrea Abba, Francesco Caponio, Marco Prata, and Massimo Rossella. "Improving the Time Resolution of Large-Area LaBr3:Ce Detectors with SiPM Array Readout." Condensed Matter 8, no. 4 (November 17, 2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040099.

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LaBr3:Ce crystals have good scintillation properties for X-ray spectroscopy. Initially, they were introduced for radiation imaging in medical physics with either a photomultiplier or SiPM readout, and they found extensive applications in homeland security and gamma-ray astronomy. We used 1″ round LaBr3:Ce crystals to realize compact detectors with the SiPM array readout. The aim was a good energy resolution and a fast time response to detect low-energy X-rays around 100 keV. A natural application was found inside the FAMU experiment, at RIKEN RAL. Its aim is a precise measurement of the proton Zemach radius with impinging muons, to contribute to the solution to the so-called “proton radius puzzle”. Signals to be detected are characteristic X-rays around 130 KeV. A limit for this type of detector, as compared to the ones with a photomultiplier readout, is its poorer timing characteristics due to the large capacity of the SiPM arrays used. In particular, long signal falltimes are a problem in experiments such as FAMU, where a “prompt” background component must be separated from a “delayed” one (after 600 ns) in the signal X-rays to be detected. Dedicated studies were pursued to improve the timing characteristics of the used detectors, starting from hybrid ganging of SiPM cells; then developing a suitable zero pole circuit with a parallel ganging, where an increased overvoltage for the SiPM array was used to compensate for the signal decrease; and finally designing ad hoc electronics to split the 1″ detector’s SiPM array into four quadrants, thus reducing the involved capacitances. The aim was to improve the detectors’ timing characteristics, especially falltime, while keeping a good FWHM energy resolution for low-energy X-ray detection.

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Zani, A. "The DarkSide-20k experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 03 (March 1, 2024): C03058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/03/c03058.

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Abstract The DarkSide-20k experiment represents the present goal of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration program. Bringing together the experience from previous argon-based detectors, as well as the knowledge gained on large volume membrane cryostats developed within the DUNE program, the community is now building a dual-phase LAr-TPC equipped with SiPM arrays for light readout. The main goal of the experiment is to discover or to extend the current sensitivity limits on the search for dark matter WIMP-like particles. Currently, the experiment has entered the construction phase and the external cryostat is being put in place at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), Italy. Detector construction will follow, and data taking is expected to start in late 2026. This contribution will introduce the DarkSide detector and goals, and it will report on the ongoing construction of the underground infrastructure at LNGS. Finally, it will concentrate on the current activities on large arrays of silicon light detectors, that are at the base of the construction of the detector light readout system.

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Knap, C. H. "Signal detectors for deformable hydrophone arrays." IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 37, no. 1 (1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/29.17495.

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Ciria, J. C., and C. Giovannella. "Josephson junction arrays as photofluxonic detectors." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 46, S5 (May 1996): 2901–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02570437.

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Humphreys, R. G. "Specification of infrared detectors and arrays." Infrared Physics 28, no. 1 (January 1988): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0891(88)90017-6.

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Bonesini, M., R. Bertoni, M. Prata, and M. Rossella. "Online control of the gain drift with temperature of SiPM arrays used for the readout of LaBr₃:Ce crystals." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): C10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/c10004.

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Abstract LaBr3:Ce crystals have been introduced for radiation imaging in medical physics, with photomultiplier or single SiPM readout. An R&D was pursued with 1/2″ and 1″ LaBr3:Ce crystals, from different producers, to realize compact large area detectors (up to some cm2 area) with SiPM array readout, aiming at high light yields, good energy resolution, good detector linearity and fast time response for low-energy X-rays. A natural application was found inside the FAMU project at RIKEN-RAL muon facility, that aims at a precise measure of the proton Zemach radius to solve the so-called “proton radius puzzle”, triggered by the recent measure of the proton charge radius at PSI. The goal is the detection of characteristic X-rays around 130 keV. Other applications may be foreseen in medical physics, such as PET, and gamma-ray astronomy. A limiting factor is the gain drift of SiPM arrays with temperature, that give a deterioration of the detector’s FWHM energy resolution. To solve this problem, a custom NIM module, based on CAEN A7585 digital power supply, was developed. Test results of the correction of gain drift with temperature for SiPM arrays from Advansid, Sensl, Hamamatsu will be presented. At the 137Cs peak, an energy resolution better than 3% was obtained for a typical LaBr3:Ce crystal, using Hamamatsu S13461 arrays. This compares well with best available results obtained with a PMTs.

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Moseley, Harvey. "Monolithic Si Bolometer Arrays: Detectors for Far Infrared and Submillimeter Detection." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 167 (1995): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900056321.

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The improvement of photoconductors and photovoltaic detectors for λ < 200 μm has displaced bolometers as detectors of choice for many applications requiring high sensitivity. Continued development of bolometers for operation at low temperatures (T < 0.1 K) has resulted in significant improvements in their sensitivity, making them excellent choices for many broad band applications at λ > 200 μm, cryogenic spectrometer applications in the submillimeter, and applications requiring extreme stability and ease of calibration.I will describe the development of bolometers over the past decade, with particular emphasis on the detectors we have developed at GSFC. Detectors have been constructed in 36 element arrays with NEP ∼ 5 × 10−18 W/√Hz and a response time of ten ms. Such detectors are very useful for many current problems in Cosmic Microwave Background studies and submillimeter spectroscopy. We will describe the current state of development of the detectors and the improvements we are pursuing.There has been significant progress in the development of superconducting tunnel junction detectors for operation in the far infrared and submillimeter spectral range. Though at an early stage, these detectors have great promise of excellent sensitivity and ease of array fabrication. I will discuss the current developments in this area.

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Korzenev, A., F. Barao, S. Bordoni, D. Breton, F. Cadoux, Y. Favre, M. Khabibullin, et al. "A 4π time-of-flight detector for the ND280/T2K upgrade." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): P01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/p01016.

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Abstract ND280 is a near detector of the T2K experiment which is located in the J-PARC accelerator complex in Japan. After a decade of fruitful data-taking, ND280 is scheduled for upgrade. The time-of-flight (ToF) detector, which is described in this article, is one of three new detectors that will be installed in the basket of ND280. The ToF detector has a modular structure. Each module represents an array of 20 plastic scintillator bars which are stacked in a plane of 2.4 × 2.2 m2 area. Six modules of similar construction will be assembled in a cube, thus providing an almost 4π enclosure for an active neutrino target and two TPCs. The light emitted by scintillator is absorbed by arrays of large-area silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) which are attached to both ends of every bar. The readout of SiPMs, shaping and analog sum of individual SiPM signals within the array are performed by a discrete circuit amplifier. An average time resolution of about 0.14 ns is achieved for a single bar when measured with cosmic muons. The detector will be installed in the basket of ND280, where it will be used to veto particle originating outside the neutrino target, improve the particle identification and provide a cosmic trigger for calibration of detectors which are enclosed inside it.

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Monnier, John D. "Infrared interferometry of circumstellar envelopes." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 191 (1999): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900203239.

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This paper will review the technical progress of interferometric infrared observing techniques from the first 2-element interferometer 25 years ago to the 3+ element arrays now coming into service. To date, only the Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI) has published separate-element interferometric data on circumstellar dust shells in the infrared and many of these scientific results will be discussed. Speckle interferometry has also evolved significantly over the last few decades as slit-scanning techniques over single-pixel detectors have largely been replaced by fast-readout of large format detector arrays. Important near-infrared and mid-infrared results derived from speckle data will also be reviewed.Until recently, two-dimensional information about circumstellar dust distributions has been sorely lacking, hence detections of dust shell asymmetries have been difficult and uncertain. New speckle observations using modern, 10-m class telescopes have yielded surprising results, demonstrating the importance of accurate closure phase information in interpreting interferometric data. These discoveries hopefully precursor those to be made from closure-phase imaging with the new generation of separate-element, interferometric arrays.

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Fazio, Giovanni G. "The Impact of Infrared Array Technology on Astronomy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 167 (1995): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090005631x.

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Over the past ten years a technological revolution has occurred in the development of two-dimensional infrared array detectors for astronomical observations. The wide application of these arrays for both ground-based and space observations has resulted in a profound change in the capabilities and perspective for infrared astronomy, resulting in new views of the infrared sky. A review will be presented describing these detectors, the numerous advantages they provide for astronomical observations, the present state of array technology, and the potential for future growth.

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Mitrofanov, Oleg, and Igal Brener. "All-dielectric photoconductive metasurfaces for terahertz applications." Photoniques, no. 101 (March 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202010147.

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We review applications of all-dielectric metasurfaces for one of the cornerstone technologies in THz research – ultrafast photoconductive (PC) switches – which are widely used as sources and detectors of broadband THz pulses. Nanostructuring the PC switch channel as a perfectly-absorbing and optically thin PC metasurface allows us to engineer the optical as well as the electronic properties of the channel and improve the efficiency of THz detectors. This approach also opens new routes for employing novel PC materials and enabling new device architectures including THz detector arrays.

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Capello, Kevin, Ryan Moffat, and Aryanna Schiebelbein. "Optimizing the Positioning of Detectors for Improved Counting Efficiencies Using Monte Carlo Simulations." Health Physics 126, no. 5 (May 2024): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001794.

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Abstract The Human Monitoring Laboratory (HML) at Health Canada updated its whole-body counter with four new electrically cooled HPGe detectors. To optimize the counting efficiency of the new system, Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the whole-body counter using a reference BOMAB male phantom. The resulting modeled counting efficiencies showed that the best position to install the four new detectors could be obtained without performing laborious real measurements, thereby reducing the cost of preparing the BOMAB phantoms and reconfiguring the detector arrays in multiple geometries, saving time and energy.

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Wibig, Tadeusz, and Michał Karbowiak. "CREDO-Maze Cosmic Ray Mini-Array for Educational Purposes." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030500.

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In this paper, we present the concept of local networks of small extensive air shower arrays installed mainly in secondary schools. As part of the CREDO-Maze Project, we plan to equip as many schools as possible with sets of detectors capable of detecting extensive air showers and transmitting their data to the central CREDO Project server. The synergy of such a network will make it possible to create a CREDO "global detector" and carry out physical research sensu stricto, e.g., the search for the Gerasimova–Zatsepin effect or the Cosmic Ray Ensemble. The discovery of one or the other would have extremely important consequences for our understanding of the nature of very-high-energy cosmic rays. In this paper, we describe a prototype local mini-array built at our university and some of the results of the exemplary tests performed. The design of the station’s electronics and the small size of the detectors allow it to be used to perform, with the simple addition of software, also other tasks within physics circles and student projects. The mini-array consists of four small detectors, with a simple system for triggering, recording, and online communication with the world. The station is designed for autonomous and continuous operation.

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Gordon, Samuel, Brad Dober, Adrian Sinclair, Samuel Rowe, Sean Bryan, Philip Mauskopf, Jason Austermann, et al. "An Open Source, FPGA-Based LeKID Readout for BLAST-TNG: Pre-Flight Results." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 05, no. 04 (December 2016): 1641003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171716410038.

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We present a highly frequency multiplexed readout for large-format superconducting detector arrays intended for use in the next generation of balloon-borne and space-based sub-millimeter and far-infrared missions. We will demonstrate this technology on the upcoming NASA Next Generation Balloon-borne Large Aperture Sub-millimeter Telescope (BLAST-TNG) to measure the polarized emission of Galactic dust at wavelengths of 250, 350 and 500 microns. The BLAST-TNG receiver incorporates the first arrays of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LeKID) along with the first microwave multiplexing readout electronics to fly in a space-like environment and will significantly advance the TRL for these technologies. After the flight of BLAST-TNG, we will continue to improve the performance of the detectors and readout electronics for the next generation of balloon-borne instruments and for use in a future FIR Surveyor.

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Yang, Bo, Yizhen Yu, Guixue Zhang, Xiumei Shao, and Xue Li. "Design and Fabrication of Broadband InGaAs Detectors Integrated with Nanostructures." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 6556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146556.

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A visible–extended shortwave infrared indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) focal plane array (FPA) detector is the ideal choice for reducing the size, weight and power (SWaP) of infrared imaging systems, especially in low-light night vision and other fields that require simultaneous visible and near-infrared light detection. However, the lower quantum efficiency in the visible band has limited the extensive application of the visible–extended InGaAs FPA. Recently, a novel optical metasurface has been considered a solution for a high-performance semiconductor photoelectric device due to its highly controllable property of electromagnetic wave manipulation. Broadband Mie resonator arrays, such as nanocones and nanopillars designed with FDTD methods, were integrated on a back-illuminated InGaAs FPA as an AR metasurface. The visible–extended InGaAs detector was fabricated using substrate removal technology. The nanostructures integrated into the Vis-SWIR InGaAs detectors could realize a 10–20% enhanced quantum efficiency and an 18.8% higher FPA response throughout the wavelength range of 500–1700 nm. Compared with the traditional AR coating, nanostructure integration has advantages, such as broadband high responsivity and omnidirection antireflection, as a promising route for future Vis-SWIR InGaAs detectors with higher image quality.

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Сойфер, Yuriy Soyfer, Макарова, Taisiya Makarova, Мелешко, Nataliya Meleshko, Жаринов, and Sergey Zharinov. "Ultrasonic Testing of Railway Transport Units with Phased Array Flaw Detectors. Part 2." NDT World 18, no. 4 (December 16, 2015): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14545.

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The second part of the article describes possibilities of phased array flaw detectors application for testing of railway transport units, such as solebars of freight cars. The task was to reproduce the standard testing procedures using phased array flaw detectors and demonstrate their advantages in visibility, efficiency, repeatability, results validity. Unfortunately, one of the main advantages of phased array flaw detectors, namely – a possibility to control the focusing depth – is lost while testing of large scale objects. Sector scanning technique with the phased array flaw detectors OmniScan and Isonic 2010 in the minimum configuration was used for the research. In the all cases acoustical images of the side drilled holes and natural defects in solebars were obtained within the range of selected angles. Solebar testing has been more complicated because of a form and irregularity of scanning surface, necessity of its cleaning and a complex profile of back surface. Nevertheless the usage of phased array flaw detectors has made it possible to identify the back surface profile. Application of phased arrays substantially increases testing efficiency and improves visibility of obtained results.

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Dąbrowski, Arkadiusz, Witold Nawrot, Mateusz Czok, Michał Babij, Piotr Bielówka, and Karol Malecha. "LTCC Strip Electrode Arrays for Gas Electron Multiplier Detectors." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020623.

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The Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) technology has proven to be highly suitable for 3D microstructures manufacturing in electronic devices due to its excellent electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, a novel idea of implementing the LTCC structures into high-energy particle detectors technology is proposed. It can be applied in High Energy Physics (HEP) laboratories, where such sophisticated sensors are constantly exposed to particles of the TeV energy range for many years. The most advanced applications of the concept are based on dedicated gas amplifier systems coupled with readout microstructures. Typically, the readout microstructures are made in the Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) technology and processed in a sophisticated and patent-protected way. This article presents the manufacturing process and parameters of the novel microstructures made in the LTCC technology. The structures were implemented into the high-energy particle detector, and the first results are presented.

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Zaluzec, N. J., and M. G. Strauss. "EELS parallel detection using 2-dimensional CCD array." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100105370.

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Conventional parallel detectors for Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) have been mainly based upon systems using linear photodiode arrays in a conjugate image plane of an electron spectrometer. We have developed a unique two dimensional charge coupled device (CCD) camera system which can be used as a detector for EEL spectroscopy and imaging, utilizing high sensitivity, high resolution CCD's, which are typically used in medial or astronomic imaging.The present detector system is based upon a Tektronics TK512M 512 x 512 pixel CCD array, (figure 1) which is optically coupled to a YAG:Ce single crystal scintillator. This CCD imaging system views an electron energy loss spectrum which is magnified by a quadrupole doublet lens attached to a Gatan 607 electron spectrometer on a Philips EM420 TEM as is illustrated in figure 2. The CCD controller, detector head electronics and electron optics were developed at Argonne specifically for high speed data acquisition and allow the recording of complete spectra in as short a time as 10 μsec or approximately 103 times faster than the typical 1024 pixel photodiode arrays’ thus allowing the potential for time resolved spectroscopy.

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Martins, Rodrigo, Daniel Costa, Hugo Águas, Fernanda Soares, António Marques, Isabel Ferreira, P. M. R. Borges, Sergio Pereira, Leandro Raniero, and Elvira Fortunato. "Insights on Amorphous Silicon Nip and MIS 3D Position Sensitive Detectors." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.13.

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This work aims to report results of the spatial and frequency optical detection limits of integrated arrays of 32 one-dimensional amorphous silicon thin film position sensitive detectors with nip or MIS structure, under continuous and pulsed laser operation conditions. The arrays occupy a total active area of 45 mm2 and have a plane image resolution better than 15 m with a cut-off frequency of about 6.8 kHz. The non-linearity of the array components varies with the frequency, being about 1.6% for 200 Hz and about 4% for the cut-off frequency (6.8 kHz).

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Yurgens, August. "Large Responsivity of Graphene Radiation Detectors with Thermoelectric Readout: Results of Simulations." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071930.

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Simple estimations show that the thermoelectric readout in graphene radiation detectors can be extremely effective even for graphene with modest charge-carrier mobility ∼1000 cm 2 /(Vs). The detector responsivity depends mostly on the residual charge-carrier density and split-gate spacing and can reach competitive values of ∼ 10 3 – 10 4 V/W at room temperature. The optimum characteristics depend on a trade-off between the responsivity and the total device resistance. Finding out the key parameters and their roles allows for simple detectors and their arrays, with high responsivity and sufficiently low resistance matching that of the radiation-receiving antenna structures.

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Radulović, Vladimir, Klemen Ambrožič, Ivana Capan, Robert Bernat, Zoran Ereš, Željko Pastuović, Adam Sarbutt, et al. "SILICON CARBIDE NEUTRON DETECTOR PROTOTYPE TESTING AT THE JSI TRIGA REACTOR FOR ENHANCED BORDER AND PORTS SECURITY." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 16002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124716002.

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In 2016, the “E-SiCure” project (standing for “Engineering Silicon Carbide for Border and Port Security”), funded by the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme was launched. The main objective is to combine theoretical, experimental and applied research towards the development of radiation-hard SiC-based detectors of special nuclear materials (SNM), with the end goal to enhance border and port security barriers. Prototype neutron detectors, configured as 4H-SiC-based Schottky barrier diodes, were developed for the detection of secondary charged particles (tritons, alphas and lithium atoms) which are the result of thermal neutron reactions on 10B and 6LiF layers above the surface of the 4H-SiC diodes. We designed a stand-alone prototype detection system, consisting of a preamplifier, shaping amplifier and a multichannel analyser operated by a laptop computer, for testing of neutron detector prototypes at the Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) TRIGA reactor using a broad beam of reactor neutrons. The reverse bias for the detector diode and the power to electronic system were provided by a standalone battery-powered voltage source. The detector functionality was established through measurements using an 241Am alpha particle source. Two dedicated experimental campaigns were performed at the JSI TRIGA reactor. The registered pulse height spectra from the detectors, using both 10B and 6LiF neutron converting layers, clearly demonstrated the neutron detection abilities of the SiC detector prototypes. The computed neutron detection sensitivity of the single prototype detectors demonstrates that scaling SiC detectors into larger arrays, of dimensions relevant for border and port radiation detectors, could enable neutron sensitivity levels matching gas-based detector technology.

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Umair, Muhammad Ali, Hira Khalid, Sheikh Muhammad Sajid, and Hector E. Nistazakis. "Gaussian-Shaped Free-Space Optical Beam Intensity Estimation in Detector Arrays." Photonics 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080930.

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Photon counting detector arrays are commonly used for deep space optical communication receivers operating on the principle of intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD). In scenarios where beam parameters can vary at the receiver due to scattering, it is important to estimate beam parameters in order to minimize the probability of error. The use of array of detectors increases the sensitivity of the receiver as compared to single photo-detector of the same size. In this paper, we present the derivation of a maximum likelihood estimator (ML) for peak optical intensity, providing both numerical and closed form expressions for the estimator. Performance of both forms of ML estimator are compared using the mean squared error (MSE) criterion and Cramer–Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is also derived to assess the proposed estimator’s efficiency. This research contributed to the advancement of estimation techniques and has practical implications for optimizing deep space optical communication systems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Arrays of detectors'

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