Journal articles: 'Arousal control'

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Marcus, Carole L., Janita Lutz, John L. Carroll, and Owen Bamford. "Arousal and ventilatory responses during sleep in children with obstructive sleep apnea." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1926.

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Abnormal central regulation of upper airway muscles may contribute to the pathophysiology of the childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We hypothesized that this was secondary to global abnormalities of ventilatory control during sleep. We therefore compared the response to chemical stimuli during sleep between prepubertal children with OSAS and controls. Patients with OSAS aroused at a higher[Formula: see text] (58 ± 2 vs. 60 ± 5 Torr, P < 0.05); those with the highest apnea index had the highest arousal threshold ( r = 0.52, P < 0.05). The hypercapnic arousal threshold decreased after treatment. For all subjects, hypoxia was a poor stimulus to arousal, whereas hypercapnia and, particularly, hypoxic hypercapnia were potent stimuli to arousal. Hypercapnia resulted in decreased airway obstruction in OSAS. Ventilatory responses were similar between patients with OSAS and controls; however, the sample size was small. We conclude that children with OSAS have slightly blunted arousal responses to hypercapnia. However, the overall ventilatory and arousal responses are normal in children with OSAS, indicating that a global deficit in respiratory drive is not a major factor in the etiology of childhood OSAS. Nevertheless, subtle abnormalities in ventilatory control may exist.

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McNamara, Frances, and Colin E. Sullivan. "Effects of nasal CPAP therapy on respiratory and spontaneous arousals in infants with OSA." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.889.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants has been shown to resolve frequently without a cortical arousal. It is unknown whether infants do not require arousal to terminate apneas or whether this is a consequence of the OSA. We studied the apnea and arousal patterns of eight infants with OSA before and after treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). These infants were age matched to eight untreated infants with OSA and eight normal infants. Polysomnographic studies were performed on each infant. We found that the majority of central and obstructive apneas were terminated without arousal in all OSA infants. After several weeks of nasal CPAP treatment, the proportion of apneas terminating with an arousal during rapid-eye-movement sleep increased in treated infants compared with untreated infants. Spontaneous arousals during rapid-eye-movement sleep were reduced in all OSA infants; however, during CPAP treatment, the spontaneous arousals increased to the normal control level. We conclude that OSA in infants possibly depresses the arousal response and treatment of these infants with nasal CPAP partially reverses this depression.

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Nizielski, S. E., C. J. Billington, and A. S. Levine. "Brown fat GDP binding and circulating metabolites during hibernation and arousal." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): R536—R541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.3.r536.

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The effect of hibernation and arousal on brown adipose tissue (BAT) cytochrome-c oxidase activity and GDP binding, as well-circulating metabolites, have been studied in the 13-lined ground squirrel. Control animals (warm adapted) were housed continuously at 23 degrees C, while the remaining animals were transferred into a cold room (4 degrees C) for 8 days to induce hibernation. Hibernating animals were killed while deeply hibernating. Aroused animals were manually stimulated to induce arousal or had spontaneously aroused on the day of the experiment. BAT weight as well as mitochondrial mass were increased in both groups of cold-adapted animals, relative to controls. A substantial increase in GDP binding, however, was seen only in aroused animals, an observation confirmed by Scatchard analysis. Arousal was also accompanied by marked alterations in the levels of several circulating metabolites. Plasma free fatty acids declined by approximately 20% despite a three- to fourfold increase in plasma glycerol concentrations. Plasma lactate levels increased eightfold, while concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate were five times lower during arousal than hibernation. These data are consistent with the idea that the oxidation of free fatty acids, glucose, and ketone bodies are all increased during arousal. In conclusion, we have found that cold adaptation and subsequent hibernation increases BAT thermogenic capacity in the 13-lined ground squirrel. However, this increase in thermogenic potential is not manifested as a substantial increase in BAT thermogenic activity until arousal is initiated.

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Weinberg, Robert. "Chapter 49 - Activation/arousal control." Routledge Online Studies on the Olympic and Paralympic Games 1, no. 44 (January 2012): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203851043_chapter_49.

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Bouffard, Jeffrey, and Tasha Kunzi. "Sexual Arousal and Self-Control." Crime & Delinquency 58, no. 4 (December 19, 2008): 514–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128708327645.

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Stern, Peter. "Interneurons control brain arousal states." Science 367, no. 6476 (January 23, 2020): 401.13–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6476.401-m.

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HOLMES, DAVID S. "Self-Control of Somatic Arousal." American Behavioral Scientist 28, no. 4 (March 1985): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000276485028004005.

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Trinder, John, Marinella Padula, David Berlowitz, Jan Kleiman, Sibilah Breen, Peter Rochford, Christopher Worsnop, Bruce Thompson, and Robert Pierce. "Cardiac and respiratory activity at arousal from sleep under controlled ventilation conditions." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1455.

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Arousal from sleep is associated with elevated cardiac and respiratory activity. It is unclear whether this occurs because of homeostatic mechanisms or a reflex activation response associated with arousal. Cardiorespiratory activity was measured during spontaneous arousals from sleep in subjects breathing passively on a ventilator. Under such conditions, homeostatic mechanisms are eliminated. Ventilation, end-tidal Pco 2, mask pressure, diaphragmatic electromyograph, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured in four normal subjects under two conditions: assisted ventilation and a normal ventilation control condition. In the control condition, there was a normal, sleep-related fall in ventilation and rise in end-tidal Pco 2. Subsequently, at an arousal, there was an increase in respiratory and cardiac activity. In the ventilator condition, a vigorous cardiorespiratory response to a spontaneous arousal from sleep remained. These results indicate that sleep-related respiratory stimuli are not necessary for the occurrence of elevated cardiorespiratory activity at an arousal from sleep and are consistent with the hypothesis that such activity is at least in part due to a reflex activation response.

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McNamara, Frances, Faiq G. Issa, and Colin E. Sullivan. "Arousal pattern following central and obstructive breathing abnormalities in infants and children." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 2651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2651.

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McNamara, Frances, Faiq G. Issa, and Colin E. Sullivan.Arousal pattern following central and obstructive breathing abnormalities in infants and children. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(6): 2651–2657, 1996.—We analyzed the polysomnographic records of 15 children and 20 infants with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to examine the interaction between central and obstructive breathing abnormalities and arousal from sleep. Each patient was matched for age with an infant or child who had no OSA. We found that the majority of respiratory events in infants and children was not terminated with arousal. In children, arousals terminated 39.3 ± 7.2% of respiratory events during quiet sleep and 37.8 ± 7.2% of events during active (rapid-eye-movement) sleep. In infants, arousals terminated 7.9 ± 1.0% of events during quiet sleep and 7.9 ± 1.2% of events during active sleep. In both infants and children, however, respiratory-related arousals occurred more frequently after obstructive apneas and hypopneas than after central events. Spontaneous arousals occurred in all patients with OSA during quiet and active sleep. The frequency of spontaneous arousals was not different between children with OSA and their matched controls. During active sleep, however, infants with OSA had significantly fewer spontaneous arousals than did control infants. We conclude that arousal is not an important mechanism in the termination of respiratory events in infants and children and that electroencephalographic criteria are not essential to determine the clinical severity of OSA in the pediatric population.

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Horne, R. S., N. D. De Preu, P. J. Berger, and A. M. Walker. "Arousal responses to hypertension in lambs: effect of sinoaortic denervation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 260, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): H1283—H1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.4.h1283.

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Newborn lambs were subjected to hypertensive stimuli of 1-min duration to examine features of hypertension-induced arousal from sleep. Reflex mechanisms involved were studied by performing the same tests after sinoaortic denervation (SAD). In intact lambs, hypertension increased the probability of arousal from both quiet sleep (QS) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Hypertension resulted in arousal in 51% (QS) and 50% (REM) of tests. Arousal time was significantly longer in REM (29.3 +/- 0.9 s, mean +/- SE) than in QS (22.6 +/- 0.6 s, P less than 0.01). Arterial oxygen saturation (So2) and partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) measured at the point of arousal, or after 60 s if arousal failed to occur, were unchanged from control values. After SAD hypertension did not increase the probability of arousal. Arousals significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) to 31% (QS) and 10% (REM). These findings indicate that acute hypertension, mediated via arterial baroreceptors, is a potent stimulus for arousal. In intact lambs, the arousal probability increased and arousal time decreased with increasing stimulus strength (1-30 mmHg), but the arousal time difference between QS and REM remained constant. Consideration of these findings in terms of a simple baroreflex threshold model suggests that the slower response in REM sleep is explained by slower neural processes after the achievement of a critical arousal input rather than by a higher threshold for baroreceptor input in this state.

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Hermes-Lima, M., and K. B. Storey. "Antioxidant defenses and metabolic depression in a pulmonate land snail." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): R1386—R1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.6.r1386.

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During arousal from estivation oxygen consumption by land snails (Otala lactea) increases severalfold. To determine whether snails prepared for an accompanying rise in the rates of oxyradical generation by altering their antioxidant defense mechanisms, changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products were quantified in foot and hepatopancreas of control, 30-day estivating, and aroused snails. Compared with controls, estivating O. lactea showed significant increases in the activities of foot muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) (increasing by 56-67%), catalase (51-72%), and glutathione S-transferase (79-108%), whereas, in hepatopancreas, SOD (57-78%) and glutathione peroxidase (93-144%) increased. Within 40 min after arousal began, hepatopancreas glutathione peroxidase activity had returned to control values, but SOD showed a further 70% increase in activity but then returned to control levels by 80 min. Estivation had no effect on total glutathione (GSH + 2 GSSG) concentrations in tissues, but GSSG content had increased about twofold in both organs of 30-day dormant snails. Lipid peoxidation (quantified as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was significantly enhanced at the onset of arousal from dormancy, indicating that oxidative stress and tissue damage occurred at this time. The data suggest that antioxidant defenses in snail organs are increased while snails are in the hypometabolic state as a preparation for oxidative stress during arousal.

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O'Driscoll, Denise M., Konstantinos Kostikas, Anita K. Simonds, and Mary J. Morrell. "Occlusion of the upper airway does not augment the cardiovascular response to arousal from sleep in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 4 (April 2005): 1349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00706.2004.

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The cardiovascular response to an arousal from sleep at the termination of an obstructive apnea is more than double that to a spontaneous arousal. We investigated the hypothesis that stimulation of respiratory mechanoreceptors, by inspiring against an occluded airway during an arousal from sleep, augments the accompanying cardiovascular response. Arousals (>10 s) from stage 2 sleep were induced by a 1-s auditory tone (85 dB) during a concomitant 1-s inspiratory occlusion (O) and without an occlusion [i.e., control arousal (C)] in 15 healthy men (mean ± SE: age, 25 ± 1 yr). Arousals were associated with a significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) at 4 s ( P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in R-R interval at 3 s ( P < 0.001). However, the magnitude of the cardiovascular response was not different during C compared with O (MAP: C, 86 ± 3 to 104 ± 3 mmHg; O, 86 ± 3 to 105 ± 3 mmHg; P = 0.99. R-R interval: C, 1.12 ± 0.03 to 0.89 ± 0.04 s; O, 1.11 ± 0.02 to 0.87 ± 0.02 s, P = 0.99). Ventilation significantly increased during arousals under both conditions at the second breath ( P < 0.001); this increase was not different between the two conditions (C: 4.40 ± 0.29 to 6.76 ± 0.61 l/min, O: 4.35 ± 0.34 to 7.65 ± 0.73 l/min; P = 0.31). We conclude that stimulation of the respiratory mechanoreceptors by transient upper airway occlusion is unlikely to interact with the arousal-related autonomic outflow to augment the cardiovascular response in healthy young men.

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Garcia-Rill, E., B. Luster, S. D’Onofrio, and S. Mahaffey. "Arousal, motor control, and Parkinson’s disease." Translational Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2015-0021.

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AbstractThis review highlights the most important discovery in the reticular activating system (RAS) in the last 10 years, the manifestation of gamma (γ) band activity in cells of the RAS, especially in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which is in charge of the high frequency states of waking and rapid eye movement sleep. This discovery is critical to understanding the modulation of movement by the RAS and how it sets the background over which we generate voluntary and triggered movements. The presence of γ band activity in the RAS is proposed to participate in the process of preconscious awareness, and provide the essential stream of information for the formulation of many of our actions. Early findings using stimulation of this region to induce arousal, and also to elicit stepping, are placed in this context. This finding also helps explain the novel use of PPN deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, although considerable work remains to be done.

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Mahoney, John M., and Donald S. Strassberg. "Voluntary control of male sexual arousal." Archives of Sexual Behavior 20, no. 1 (February 1991): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01543003.

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Davies, R. J., P. J. Belt, S. J. Roberts, N. J. Ali, and J. R. Stradling. "Arterial blood pressure responses to graded transient arousal from sleep in normal humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.3.1123.

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During obstructive sleep apnea, transient arousal at the resumption of breathing is coincident with a substantial rise in blood pressure. To assess the hemodynamic effect of arousal alone, 149 transient stimuli were administered to five normal subjects. Two electroencephalograms (EEG), an electrooculogram, a submental electromyogram (EMG), and beat-to-beat blood pressure (Finapres, Ohmeda) were recorded in all subjects. Stimulus length was varied to produce a range of cortical EEG arousals that were graded as follows: 0, no increase in high-frequency EEG or EMG; 1, increased high-frequency EEG and/or EMG for < 10 s; 2, increased high-frequency EEG and/or EMG for > 10 s. Overall, compared with control values, average systolic pressure rose [nonrapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep 10.0 +/- 7.69 (SD) mmHg; rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep 6.0 +/- 6.73 mmHg] and average diastolic pressure rose (NREM sleep 6.1 +/- 4.43 mmHg; REM sleep 3.7 +/- 3.02 mmHg) over the 10 s following the stimulus (NREM sleep, P < 0.0001; REM sleep, P < 0.002). During NREM sleep, there was a trend toward larger blood pressure rises at larger grades of arousal (systolic: r = 0.22, 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.40; diastolic: r = 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.31–0.62). The average blood pressure rise in response to the grade 2 arousals was approximately 75% of that during obstructive sleep apnea. Arousal stimuli that did not cause EEG arousal still produced a blood pressure rise (mean systolic rise 8.6 +/- 7.0 mmHg, P < 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Younes, Magdy. "Role of respiratory control mechanisms in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep disorders." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 5 (November 2008): 1389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90408.2008.

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Obstructive sleep disorders develop when the normal reduction in pharyngeal dilator activity at sleep onset occurs in an individual whose pharynx requires a relatively high level of dilator activity to remain sufficiently open. They range from steady snoring, to slowly evolving hypopneas, to fast-recurring obstructive hypopneas and apneas. A fundamental observation is that the polysomnographic picture differs substantially among subjects with the same pharyngeal collapsibility, and even in the same subject at different times, indicating that the type and severity of the disorder is determined to a large extent by the individual's response to the obstruction. The present report reviews the various mechanisms involved in the response to sleep-induced obstructive events. When the obstructive event takes the form of mild-moderate flow limitation, compensation can take place through an increase in the fraction of time spent in inspiration (Ti/Ttot) without any increase in maximum flow (V̇MAX). With more severe obstructions, V̇MAX must increase. Recent data indicate that the obstructed upper airway can reopen reflexly, without arousal, if chemical drive is allowed to reach a threshold (TER) but that this is often preempted by a low arousal threshold. The relation between TER and arousal threshold, as well as the lung-to-carotid circulation time and the rate of rise of chemical drive during the obstructive event, determine the magnitude of ventilatory overshoot at the end of an event and, by extension, whether initial obstructive events will be followed by stable breathing, slow evolving hypopneas with occasional arousals, or repetitive events.

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De Brabander, Bert, Christophe Boone, and Pol Gerits. "Locus of Control, Fatalism, Arousal, and Activation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 2 (October 1989): 701–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.2.701.

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Further analysis of previously reported data showed a measure of Fatalism from an interview about midlife crises to be significantly correlated with average delay in reaction time after unexpected preparatory signals only on visuospatial tasks in the performance of which the right hemisphere and then arousal are inferred to play a dominant role. Should this explanation hold, it provides evidence for the putative influence of lateralized cerebral functioning and divided control by subcortical activation systems.

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De Lecea, Luis. "Optogenetic control of arousal and brain reward." Appetite 54, no. 3 (June 2010): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.055.

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Horne, Rosemary S. C., Peter M. Parslow, and Richard Harding. "Respiratory control and arousal in sleeping infants." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 5, no. 3 (September 2004): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2004.04.011.

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Alexandre, Chloe, Mark L. Andermann, and Thomas E. Scammell. "Control of arousal by the orexin neurons." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23, no. 5 (October 2013): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.04.008.

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Kaur, S., R. C. Thomas, and C. B. Saper. "0148 Serotonergic Dorsal Raphe Neurons Regulate Hypercapnia Induced Arousal Through 5HT2A Receptors on the Parabrachial Neurons." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A58—A59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.146.

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Abstract Introduction Serotoninergic dorsal raphe neurons (DRSert) are CO2 responsive, and mice lacking serotonin have impaired arousal to CO2. We showed that the neurons in external lateral parabrachial nucleus containing calcitonin gene related peptide (PBelCGRP), are required for CO2-arousal. PBelCGRP neurons also receive serotoninergic innervation from the DRSert. 5HT2A agonist restores CO2 responsiveness in mice lacking serotonin, suggesting that DRSert may modulate CO2 arousal by acting on 5HT2A receptors possibly on the PBel neurons. Methods We used serotonin transporter (Sert)-Cre mice to optogenetically inhibit DRSert neurons and their terminals in the PBel. We injected AAV-FLEX-ArchT into the DR and implanted an optical fiber just above it in one set of Sert-Cre mice and bilaterally in the PBel in another set. All mice were instrumented for sleep and optogenetics and were tested for EEG arousals to 10% CO2. Latencies of arousal were compared with optogenetic inhibition of either the DR neurons or their terminals in the PBel with a 593nm laser light. We further tested whether a 5HT2A agonist (TCB-2) can reverse blockade of CO2 arousal in mice where DRSert terminals in PBel were inhibited. Finally, TCB-2 was injected in mice with PBelCGRP deletions and arousal latency to CO2 was compared. Results Compared to the control (Laser-OFF) condition, arousal latency to CO2 was significantly increased by photoinhibition of either the DRSert neurons (n=6; latency- 40.9 ± 6.4 vs. 13.81± 0.69 sec; F3, 17= 11.5; P< 0.001) or their terminals in PBel (n=8; latency-34.9 ± 2.3 sec vs. 16.62 ± 0.97sec, F1, 14= 56.9; P< 0.001). This was reversed by the 5HT2A agonist TCB-2 (5mg/kg), as it reduced the latency to CO2 arousal in mice with photoinhibition of terminals in PBel from 35.48 ± 7.31 sec to 16.24 ± 1.06 sec (F3, 9= 8.05; P= 0.006), but had no effect in mice with PBelCGRP neurons deletions. Conclusion The serotonin system modulate CO2-arousals by the DRSert input to the PBel. TCB-2 reversed the effect of inhibition of DRSert terminals in the PBel, but not in mice with PBelCGRP deletions, suggests that DRSert modulate PBelCGRP neurons through 5HT2a receptors. Support NIH- 2P01 HL095491 and NS112175

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O'Driscoll, Denise M., Rosemary S. C. Horne, Margot J. Davey, Sarah A. Hope, Adrian M. Walker, and Gillian M. Nixon. "The heart rate response to spontaneous arousal from sleep is reduced in children with Down syndrome referred for evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 298, no. 6 (June 2010): H1986—H1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00701.2009.

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Arousal from sleep in healthy adults is associated with a large, transient increase in heart rate (HR). Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have attenuated cardiovascular responses to autonomic tests during wakefulness. We tested the hypothesis that the HR response to arousal from sleep is reduced in children with DS and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared with healthy children. Twenty children aged 3–17 yr referred for investigation of sleep-disordered breathing (10 DS, and 10 OSA controls) matched for age and obstructive apnea/hypopnea index underwent routine overnight polysomnography. In addition, 10 nonsnoring controls from the general community were studied. Beat-by-beat HR was analyzed from 15 s pre- to 15 s post-spontaneous arousals and compared between groups using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Data are presented as means ± SE. For both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM), arousals were associated with a significant increase in HR in all groups (peak response NREM: DS, 118 ± 1% at 3 s; OSA controls, 124 ± 2% at 4 s; and healthy controls, 125 ± 3% at 4 s; and peak response REM: DS, 116 ± 2% at 4 s; OSA controls, 123 ± 3% at 4 s; and healthy controls, 125 ± 4 at 4 s; P < 0.001 for all). Post hoc analysis revealed that HR in the DS group was significantly lower than both control groups at 1–4 s in NREM and at 4 to 5 s in REM ( P < 0.05 for all). In conclusion, the HR response to spontaneous arousal from sleep is reduced in children with DS and OSA compared with healthy children. This attenuated cardiovascular response could be due to reduced sympathetic activation or blunted vagal withdrawal and may have implications for the child with DS and OSA.

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Maran, Thomas, Pierre Sachse, and Marco Furtner. "Negative Arousal Reduces Sensitivity for Processing Context Information." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 6 (June 5, 2018): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6878.

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Increases in arousal modulate information processing, promoting and prompting a switch from a contextual cognitive system to a more rigid habit system underlying ongoing cognition. We built on previous research findings regarding effects of emotion on context processing, examining whether or not high arousal states of different valence affect context processing. We measured context processing using the AX-continuous performance task paradigm. To manipulate emotional arousal, 60 participants were exposed to short clips from existing feature films showing either a social interaction (control condition), a violent encounter (negative arousal condition), or an episode of sexual intercourse (positive arousal condition). Analyses of signal detection measures showed that, compared to the control and positive-arousal groups, participants in the negative-arousal group displayed selective impairment of context processing. Results indicated that alterations in context processing by increased arousal are valence specific.

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Kameda, Tatsuya, Aiko Murata, Choetsu Sasaki, Satomi Higuchi, and Keigo Inukai. "Empathizing With a Dissimilar Other." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 8 (April 3, 2012): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212442229.

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Can we empathize effectively with someone who has a different sensitivity to physical events from ours? Or, are we susceptible to an egocentric bias in overprojection, which may lead us to under- or overreact in such cases? In this study, participants with normal visual and auditory capacity observed a video clip in which a sighted or blind target was exposed to a strong flash or high-frequency sound, while their physiological arousals during the observation were recorded. On average, participants displayed a differential arousal pattern to the aversive stimuli, according to the target’s ability to perceive them. Degrees of arousal control were also correlated with dispositional differences in empathy. Participants who scored higher on the Empathic Concern subscale of Davis’s Interpersonal Reactivity Index were better at controlling arousals in accordance with the Target × Stimulus interaction. The authors’ findings have important implications for helping disabled people while respecting their inherent dignity and individual autonomy.

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Liu, Danqian, Weifu Li, Chenyan Ma, Weitong Zheng, Yuanyuan Yao, Chak Foon Tso, Peng Zhong, et al. "A common hub for sleep and motor control in the substantia nigra." Science 367, no. 6476 (January 23, 2020): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0956.

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The arousal state of the brain covaries with the motor state of the animal. How these state changes are coordinated remains unclear. We discovered that sleep–wake brain states and motor behaviors are coregulated by shared neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Analysis of mouse home-cage behavior identified four states with different levels of brain arousal and motor activity: locomotion, nonlocomotor movement, quiet wakefulness, and sleep; transitions occurred not randomly but primarily between neighboring states. The glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 but not the parvalbumin subset of SNr γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)–releasing (GABAergic) neurons was preferentially active in states of low motor activity and arousal. Their activation or inactivation biased the direction of natural behavioral transitions and promoted or suppressed sleep, respectively. These GABAergic neurons integrate wide-ranging inputs and innervate multiple arousal-promoting and motor-control circuits through extensive collateral projections.

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Jani, Alkesh, David J. Orlicky, Anis Karimpour-Fard, L. Elaine Epperson, Rae L. Russell, Lawrence E. Hunter, and Sandra L. Martin. "Kidney proteome changes provide evidence for a dynamic metabolism and regional redistribution of plasma proteins during torpor-arousal cycles of hibernation." Physiological Genomics 44, no. 14 (July 15, 2012): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00010.2012.

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Hibernating ground squirrels maintain homeostasis despite extreme physiological challenges. In winter, these circannual hibernators fast for months while cycling between prolonged periods of low blood flow and body temperature, known as torpor, and short interbout arousals (IBA), where more typical mammalian parameters are rapidly restored. Here we examined the kidney proteome for changes that support the dramatically different physiological demands of the hibernator's year. We identified proteins in 150 two-dimensional gel spots that altered by at least 1.5-fold using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. These data successfully classified individuals by physiological state and revealed three dynamic patterns of relative protein abundance that dominated the hibernating kidney: 1) a large group of proteins generally involved with capturing and storing energy were most abundant in summer; 2) a select subset of these also increased during each arousal from torpor; and 3) 14 spots increased in torpor and early arousal were enriched for plasma proteins that enter cells via the endocytic pathway. Immunohistochemistry identified α2-macroglobulin and albumin in kidney blood vessels during late torpor and early arousal; both exhibited regional heterogeneity consistent with highly localized control of blood flow in the glomeruli. Furthermore, albumin, but not α2-macroglobulin, was detected in the proximal tubules during torpor and early arousal but not in IBA or summer animals. Taken together, our findings indicate that normal glomerular filtration barriers remain intact throughout torpor-arousal cycles but endocytosis, and hence renal function, is compromised at low body temperature during torpor and then recovers with rewarming during arousal.

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Dvorak, Robert D., Jeffrey S. Simons, and Tyler B. Wray. "Poor Control Strengthens the Association Between Sensation Seeking and Disgust Reactions." Journal of Individual Differences 32, no. 4 (January 2011): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000054.

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Perception of risk to a stimulus associated with negative affect may depend on the level of emotional arousal it elicits. Sensation seeking is associated with a decreased level of arousal to risk stimuli. Individuals high in sensation seeking may require greater emotional arousal in order to induce harm avoidance. Poor control increases the salience of emotional cues, which may increase the magnitude of emotion associated with risk stimuli. In the present study, we found that, as sensation seeking decreased, high levels of poor control increased the likelihood of experiencing an emesis perception following disgust. The results support a harm avoidance system tied to emotions elicited from immediate threat that is potentiated by poor control.

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Jefferies, Lisa N., Daniel Smilek, Eric Eich, and James T. Enns. "Emotional Valence and Arousal Interact in Attentional Control." Psychological Science 19, no. 3 (March 2008): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02082.x.

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Choudhary, Divya, and Marzia Cescon. "EDA-sense: Dynamic Feedback Control of Sympathetic Arousal." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 5 (2020): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.04.103.

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MacIntyre, Peter D., and R. C. Gardner. "The Effects of Induced Anxiety on Three Stages of Cognitive Processing in Computerized Vocabulary Learning." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100012560.

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Language anxiety is a prevalent phenomenon in second language learning. This experiment examines the arousal of anxiety caused by the introduction of a video camera at various points in a vocabulary learning task. Seventy-two students of 1st-year university French were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (a) one group who had anxiety aroused during their initial exposure to the stimuli, (b) a second group who had anxiety aroused when they began to learn the meanings of the words, (c) a third group who had anxiety aroused when they were asked to produce the French word (when prompted with the English), and (d) a control group who did not experience anxiety arousal. Significant increases in state anxiety were reported in all three groups when the video camera was introduced, and concomitant deficits in vocabulary acquisition were observed. It is concluded that the stage at which anxiety arises has implications for any remedial action taken to reduce the effects of language anxiety.

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Alexander, Laith, Philip Gaskin, Lauren McIver, and Angela Roberts. "Peripheral cortisol administration blunts reward arousal but heightens anxiety-like arousal in marmosets." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S163—S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.453.

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AimsExcess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation is common in people with major depression and generalised anxiety disorder. We sought to determine whether higher circulating levels of the glucocorticoid cortisol are causally related to the expression of anhedonia-like and anxiety-like behaviours in marmosets.MethodFour marmosets (two male, two female) took part in the study. Cortisol and saline control injections were administered intramuscularly and salivary cortisol samples were taken before and after injections to determine if circulating cortisol levels changed from pre- to post-injection. To measure anhedonia-like behaviours, we trained marmosets on an appetitive Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, where animals learn to associate two anticipatory auditory cues (conditioned stimulus + or conditioned sitmulus -, CS+ or CS-) with the presence or absence of food reward (unconditioned stimulus + or unconditioned stimulus -, US+ or US-). Using cardiovascular telemetry probes and video cameras, we recorded animals' cardiovascular and behavioural arousal in freely moving conditions, comparing the injection of saline control versus 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg or 20mg/kg intramuscular cortisol. To measure anxiety-like behaviours, we used a human intruder (HI) paradigm, where marmosets are confronted with an unfamiliar human in their home cage. We recorded their behaviour on video cameras after saline control or 20mg/kg intramuscular cortisol. We used an exploratory-factor analysis (EFA) to determine how marmosets' behaviours towards the intruder loaded onto an 'anxiety-like' score. We then compared these scores under saline control versus cortisol conditions. Significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultUnlike saline control, we found that subcutaneous injections of 20 mg/kg cortisol successfully elevated peripheral cortisol concentrations to levels equivalent to peak circadian concentrations (p = 0.023). In the appetitive setting, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg cortisol injections blunted anticipatory (CS+ induced) increases in behavioural arousal (p = 0.004) but did not alter anticipatory cardiovascular arousal. Consummatory behavioural and cardiovascular arousal also remained intact. In the HI test, 20 mg/kg cortisol injections moderately increased anxiety towards the intruder as measured by an increase in marmosets' EFA-derived anxiety-like scores (p = 0.035).ConclusionIn marmosets, elevated peripheral cortisol levels are causally related to the behavioural features of blunted reward anticipation together with elevated anxiety-like behaviours characteristic of mood and anxiety disorders. Future work will characterise the neuroimaging changes induced by elevated peripheral cortisol levels and identify the regions of the prefrontal cortex contributing to HPA axis regulation and dysregulation.

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Bélanger, Lynda, Charles M. Morin, Linda Gendron, and France C. Blais. "Presleep Cognitive Activity and Thought Control Strategies in Insomnia." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.19.1.19.66330.

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The aim of this study was to examine presleep cognitive activity and thought control strategies used by individuals with insomnia, with and without comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and by good sleepers. Fifty participants were divided into the following comparison groups: (a) individuals with insomnia alone (n = 14), (b) individuals with insomnia and comorbid GAD (n = 16), and (c) good sleepers (n = 20). Participants completed a standardized evaluation including interviews and questionnaires on insomnia, anxiety, presleep cognitive activity, and thought control strategies. Results showed that individuals with insomnia and comorbid GAD reported greater presleep cognitive arousal than individuals with insomnia alone, who in turn reported greater cognitive arousal than good sleepers. Results also showed that individuals with insomnia and comorbid GAD used avoidance as a mean of controlling disturbing presleep cognitions more frequently than the other two groups. Both groups of individuals with insomnia evaluated their presleep thought control strategies as being less effective than good sleepers did. These results support the assertion that higher presleep cognitive arousal plays a role in insomnia and, by distinguishing individuals with insomnia alone (i.e., without comorbid anxiety disorders) from individuals with comorbid GAD, this study further suggests that higher cognitive arousal in individuals with insomnia is not necessarily accounted for by high rates of comorbidity between insomnia and GAD. The main clinical implication of these findings is that the evaluation and treatment of insomnia should consider these cognitive features in order to optimize outcome.

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Imbir, Kamil K., Maciej Pastwa, Marta Jankowska, Marcin Kosman, Aleksandra Modzelewska, and Adrianna Wielgopolan. "Valence and arousal of words in visual and conceptual interference control efficiency." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): e0241694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241694.

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Cognitive control efficiency is susceptible to the emotional state of an individual. The aim of the current experiment was to search for the role of valence and arousal of emotion-laden words in a performance efficiency of a modified emotional Stroop task (EST) combined with the flanker task. Both paradigms allow for the measurement of the interference control, but interference appears on different stages of stimulus processing. In the flanker task, the interference is perceptual, while in EST, it is based on the emotional meaning of stimuli. We expected to find the effects of emotionality of words, that is, arousal and valence levels, for interference measured with EST. In a series of two experiments, the results confirmed that a high arousal level enlarges the reaction latencies to the EST. We also identified interaction between valence and arousal in shaping reaction latencies. We found the flanker congruency effect. We did not find interactions between emotional factors and flanker congruency. This suggests that interference measured with the EST and flanker task are in fact different from one another, and while using the modified EST combined with the flanker task, the word-meaning effects do not interfere with pure perceptual interferences.

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Krause, Amanda E., Sophie Mackin, Adam Mossman, Taylor Murray, Nathan Oliver, and Vern Tee. "Conceptualizing Control in Everyday Music Listening: Defining Dominance." Music & Science 3 (January 1, 2020): 205920432093164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204320931643.

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Mehrabian and Russell’s Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance model states that people’s interactions and interpretation of their surroundings result from variations in three factors – pleasure, arousal, and dominance. Applied to music, pleasure has been operationalized as how much a person likes the music heard, arousal as how arousing the person considers the music to be, and dominance as the person’s control over the music heard. However, conceptualizing dominance broadly as control means that the construct is not well defined. This research aimed to define the elements related to a listener’s desire for control over music encountered in everyday life. Participants residing in Australia and USA ( N = 590) completed an online questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis of the quantitative items identified five components defining control over music listening: “being personally in charge”, “selection by other people”, “contextual control”, “playback variety”, and “no need for control”. A thematic analysis of open-ended responses indicated additional facets of control including mood regulation, emotional investment, and identity. While the quantitative findings reaffirm previous research, the qualitative findings indicate previous conceptualizations of the control dimension have been limited. These results contribute to our understanding of the model’s dominance component with regard to explaining everyday music listening.

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Deckert, Matthias, Michaela Schmoeger, Eduard Auff, and Ulrike Willinger. "Subjective emotional arousal: an explorative study on the role of gender, age, intensity, emotion regulation difficulties, depression and anxiety symptoms, and meta-emotion." Psychological Research 84, no. 7 (May 16, 2019): 1857–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01197-z.

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Abstract Subjective emotional arousal in typically developing adults was investigated in an explorative study. 177 participants (20–70 years) rated facial expressions and words for self-experienced arousal and perceived intensity, and completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-D). Exclusion criteria were psychiatric or neurological diseases, or clinically relevant scores in the HADS-D. Arousal regarding faces and words was significantly predicted by emotional clarity. Separate analyses showed following significant results: arousal regarding faces and arousal regarding words constantly predicted each other; negative faces were predicted by age and intensity; neutral faces by gender and impulse control; positive faces by gender and intensity; negative words by emotional clarity; and neutral words by gender. Males showed higher arousal scores than females regarding neutral faces and neutral words; for the other arousal scores, no explicit group differences were shown. Cluster analysis yielded three distinguished emotional characteristics groups: “emotional difficulties disposition group” (mainly females; highest emotion regulation difficulties, depression and anxiety scores; by trend highest arousal), “low emotional awareness group” (exclusively males; lowest awareness regarding currently experienced emotions; by trend intermediate arousal), and a “low emotional difficulties group” (exclusively females; lowest values throughout). No age effect was shown. Results suggest that arousal elicited by facial expressions and words are specialized parts of a greater emotional processing system and that typically developing adults show some kind of stable, modality-unspecific dispositional baseline of emotional arousal. Emotional awareness and clarity, and impulse control probably are trait aspects of emotion regulation that influence emotional arousal in typically developing adults and can be regarded as aspects of meta-emotion. Different emotional personality styles were shown between as well as within gender groups.

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Lei, Hao, and Ming Ming Chiu. "Academic emotions of Chinese students during education reform: A cross-temporal meta-analysis." School Psychology International 41, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 368–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034320917170.

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China’s education reforms might affect students’ academic emotions (and hence their motivation and learning outcomes). This study examines Chinese adolescents’ academic emotions across time via a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 96 studies published between 2004 and 2017. Our results indicate that in later years, adolescents’ positive high-arousal and positive low-arousal emotions were higher, while negative low-arousal emotions were lower. Compared to 2004, positive high-arousal and positive low-arousal emotions in 2017 were both over half a standard deviation higher, while negative low-arousal emotions were over half a standard deviation lower. Positive high-arousal and positive low-arousal emotions were higher in later years in Eastern China but not in Central China and Western China. In later years, negative low-arousal emotions were lower in Eastern and Western China than in Central China. Gender differences were not significant. These results are consistent with both control-value theory and the claim that curriculum and instruction reform helped improve students’ academic emotions in China.

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Nalivaiko, Eugene, Peter G. Catcheside, Amanda Adams, Amy S. Jordan, Danny J. Eckert, and R. Doug McEvoy. "Cardiac changes during arousals from non-REM sleep in healthy volunteers." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 3 (March 2007): R1320—R1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00642.2006.

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Our aim was to evaluate cardiac changes evoked by spontaneous and sound-induced arousals from sleep. Cardiac responses to spontaneous and auditory-induced arousals were recorded during overnight sleep studies in 28 young healthy subjects (14 males, 14 females) during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Computerized analysis was applied to assess beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, atrio-ventricular conductance, and ventricular repolarization from 30 s before to 60 s after the auditory tone. During both types of arousals, the most consistent change was the increase in the heart rate (in 62% of spontaneous and in 89% of sound-induced arousals). This was accompanied by an increase or no change in PR interval and by a decrease or no change in QT interval. The magnitude of all cardiac changes was significantly higher for tone-induced vs. spontaneous arousals (mean ± SD for heart rate: +9 ± 8 vs. +13 ± 9 beats per min; for PR prolongation: 14 ± 16 vs. 24 ± 22 ms; for QT shortening: −12 ± 6 vs. −20 ± 9 ms). The prevalence of transient tachycardia and PR prolongation was also significantly higher for tone-induced vs. spontaneous arousals (tachycardia: 85% vs. 57% of arousals, P < 0.001; PR prolongation: 51% vs. 25% of arousals, P < 0.001). All cardiac responses were short-lasting (10–15 s). We conclude that cardiac pacemaker region, conducting system, and ventricular myocardium may be under independent neural control. Prolongation of atrio-ventricular delay may serve to increase ventricular filling during arousal from sleep. Whether prolonged atrio-ventricular conductance associated with increased sympathetic outflow to the ventricular myocardium contributes to arrhythmogenesis during sudden arousal from sleep remains to be evaluated.

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Dichter, Gabriel S., and Aysenil Belger. "Atypical modulation of cognitive control by arousal in autism." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 164, no. 3 (December 2008): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.12.005.

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McGregor, Ronald, and Jerome M. Siegel. "Illuminating the locus coeruleus: control of posture and arousal." Nature Neuroscience 13, no. 12 (November 23, 2010): 1448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1210-1448.

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Mahoney, Carrie E., Judy McKinley Brewer, and Eric L. Bittman. "Central Control of Circadian Phase in Arousal-Promoting Neurons." PLoS ONE 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2013): e67173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067173.

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Lydic, Ralph, and Helen A. Baghdoyan. "Sleep, Anesthesiology, and the Neurobiology of Arousal State Control." Anesthesiology 103, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 1268–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200512000-00024.

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Sleep, like breathing, is a biologic rhythm that is actively generated by the brain. Neuronal networks that have evolved to regulate naturally occurring sleep preferentially modulate traits that define states of sedation and anesthesia. Sleep is temporally organized into distinct stages that are characterized by a unique constellation of physiologic and behavioral traits. Sleep and anesthetic susceptibility are genetically modulated, heritable phenotypes. This review considers 40 yr of research regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to arousal state control. Clinical and preclinical data have debunked and supplanted the primitive view that sleep need is a weakness. Sleep deprivation and restriction diminish vigilance, alter neuroendocrine control, and negatively impact immune function. There is overwhelming support for the view that decrements in vigilance can negatively impact performance. Advances in neuroscience provide a foundation for the sea change in public and legal perspectives that now regard a sleep-deprived individual as impaired.

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Lydic, Ralph, and Helen A. Baghdoyan. "Sleep, Anesthesiology, and the Neurobiology of Arousal State Control." Anesthesiology 103, no. 6 (December 2005): 1268–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200512010-00024.

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Zerbes, Gundula, Franziska Magdalena Kausche, Jana Christina Müller, Klaus Wiedemann, and Lars Schwabe. "Glucocorticoids, Noradrenergic Arousal, and the Control of Memory Retrieval." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 2 (February 2019): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01355.

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Glucocorticoids and noradrenaline can enhance memory consolidation but impair memory retrieval. Beyond their effects on quantitative memory performance, these major stress mediators bias the engagement of multiple memory systems toward “habitual” control during learning. However, if and how glucocorticoids and noradrenaline may also affect which memory system is recruited during recall, thereby affecting the control of retrieval, remain largely unknown. To address these questions, we trained healthy participants in a probabilistic classification learning task, which can be supported both by cognitive and habitual strategies. Approximately 24 hr later, participants received a placebo, hydrocortisone, yohimbine (an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist increasing noradrenergic stimulation), or both drugs before they completed a recall test for the probabilistic classification learning task. During training, all groups showed a practice-dependent shift toward more habitual strategies, reflecting an “automatization” of behavior. In the recall test, after a night of sleep, this automatization was even more pronounced in the placebo group, most likely due to offline consolidation processes and with beneficial effects on recall performance. Hydrocortisone or yohimbine intake abolished this further automatization, preventing the shift to a more efficient memory system and leading, in particular in the hydrocortisone group, to impaired recall performance. Our results suggest that glucocorticoids and noradrenergic stimulation may modulate the engagement of different strategies at recall and link the well-known stress hormone-induced retrieval deficit to a change in the system controlling memory retrieval.

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Yackle, Kevin, Lindsay A. Schwarz, Kaiwen Kam, Jordan M. Sorokin, John R. Huguenard, Jack L. Feldman, Liqun Luo, and Mark A. Krasnow. "Breathing control center neurons that promote arousal in mice." Science 355, no. 6332 (March 30, 2017): 1411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aai7984.

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Corona, Giovanni, Andrea M. Isidori, Antonio Aversa, Arthur L. Burnett, and Mario Maggi. "Endocrinologic Control of Men’s Sexual Desire and Arousal/Erection." Journal of Sexual Medicine 13, no. 3 (March 2016): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.007.

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Benarroch, Eduardo E. "Brainstem integration of arousal, sleep, cardiovascular, and respiratory control." Neurology 91, no. 21 (October 24, 2018): 958–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006537.

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Horslen, Brian C., and Mark G. Carpenter. "Arousal, valence and their relative effects on postural control." Experimental Brain Research 215, no. 1 (September 27, 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2867-9.

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Johnson, Karin G., and Douglas C. Johnson. "Respiratory arousal control needed for insomnia patients with OSA." EClinicalMedicine 17 (December 2019): 100206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.10.018.

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Kwiecinski, G. G., D. A. Damassa, and A. W. Gustafson. "Control of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) in the male little brown bat: relationship of plasma thyroxine levels to the induction of plasma SBP in immature males." Journal of Endocrinology 110, no. 2 (August 1986): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1100271.

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ABSTRACT The seasonally reproductive male little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus lucifugus) exhibits marked increases in plasma concentrations of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) in the spring following arousal from hibernation. In this species an increase in SBP levels is induced prematurely in male bats aroused during the first half of hibernation and housed under long photoperiods; however, this rise is inhibited in bats housed under short photoperiods. In order to investigate the physiological role of the thyroid gland in the regulation of plasma SBP activity, plasma total thyroxine (T4) and SBP concentrations were determined in immature male little brown bats prematurely aroused from the first half of hibernation and maintained on either a short or long photoperiod. For this purpose a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of total T4 in bat plasma was established and validated. The results showed that immature male little brown bats aroused prematurely from hibernation and housed under a long spring-like photoperiod exhibited marked increases in plasma T4 and SBP concentrations, while animals housed under a short photoperiod showed only marginal increases in SBP, and plasma T4 remained undetectable. These results suggest that the thyroid gland, through the action of T4, may normally play an important role in the control of the post-arousal rise in plasma SBP concentrations in the little brown bat. J. Endocr. (1986) 110, 271–278

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Milkins, Bronwyn, Lies Notebaert, Colin MacLeod, and Patrick J. F. Clarke. "The Potential Benefits of Targeted Attentional Bias Modification on Cognitive Arousal and Sleep Quality in Worry-Related Sleep Disturbance." Clinical Psychological Science 4, no. 6 (June 23, 2016): 1015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702615626898.

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Attentional bias for sleep-related negative information is believed to contribute to symptoms of insomnia by elevating arousal during the presleep period. In the present study, we examined whether the delivery of an attentional bias modification (ABM) procedure in the presleep period could produce transient benefits for sleep-disturbed individuals by reducing presleep cognitive arousal and improving ease of sleep onset. In a counterbalanced repeated A-B design, participants alternated completing an ABM training task and a nontraining control task across six nights and reported on presleep cognitive arousal and sleep onset latency. Significant reductions in presleep cognitive arousal and sleep onset latency were observed on nights where the ABM task was completed relative to nights where the control task was completed. These results suggest that delivery of ABM can attenuate cognitive arousal and sleep onset latency and highlights the possibility that targeted delivery of ABM could deliver real-world benefits for sleep-disturbed individuals.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Arousal control'

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