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Journal articles on the topic 'Arôme naturel'
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1
Lefrançois, Par Catherine. "Les arômes au pays du naturel." Biofutur 1996, no. 156 (May 1996): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0294-3506(96)85260-4.
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Schwien, Jean-Jacques, Nathalie Schneider, and Marie Dominique Waton. "Le site naturel de Strasbourg et ses aménagements hydrographiques de l'Antiquité à l'époque moderne." Archéologie médiévale 28, no. 1 (1998): 33–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arcme.1998.915.
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Arnould, Gabriel, Ingrid Dombrowski-Etchevers, Isabelle Gouttevin, and Yann Seity. "Améliorer la prévision de température en montagne par des descentes d'échelle." La Météorologie, no. 115 (2021): 037. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0091.
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En montagne, la prévision du temps et d'aléas aussi dangereux et localisés que les avalanches requiert une modélisation de l'atmosphère à haute résolution spatiale. Palliant des simulations coûteuses, des méthodes de descente d'échelle ont été appliquées pour produire des champs météorologiques à 500 m de résolution, sur les massifs alpins, à partir des prévisions issues du modèle Arome à 1,3 km. L'évaluation s'est concentrée sur la température à 2 mètres, paramètre météorologique clé pour la physique du manteau neigeux. Une descente d'échelle exploite un profil thermique environnemental. Sa pertinence est démontrée dans certaines configurations météorologiques, mais les erreurs intrinsèques au modèle Arome contraignent son potentiel. In mountain areas, a numerical model with high spatial resolution is necessary to forecast the local meteorological conditions and the natural hazard such as avalanches. To limit time-consuming computations, downscaling methods were used to produce meteorological fields within a grid spacing of 500 m in the Alps from the Météo-France 1.3 km resolution forecast model (Arome). The evaluation focuses on the 2 meters temperature which is a key variable in snowpack changes. One method employs a correction based on a local vertical temperature lapse rate. Its impact is quite positive in some atmospheric conditions but remains limited by the Arome bias.
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Husainy, Avesahemad S. N., Amey A. Panade, Anuj A. Birnale, and Yuvraj R. Kadage. "Design and Experimentation on Mixed Mode Natural Convection Solar Dehydrator for Ocimum Sanctum." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 2 (November 5, 2018): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2018.7.2.2457.
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Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) is also known as “the elixir of life” since it promotes longevity. Different parts of plant are used in Ayurveda and Siddha Systems of Medicine for prevention and cure of many illnesses and everyday ailments like common cold, headache, cough, flu, earache, fever, colic pain, sore throat, bronchitis, asthma, hepatic diseases, malaria fever, as an antidote for snake bite and scorpion sting, flatulence, migraine headaches, fatigue, skin diseases, wound, insomnia, arthritis, digestive disorders, night blindness, diarrhea and influenza. We can use Tulsi in Powder form, Oil extract, etc. Drying of such kind of Ayurvedic leaves is essential for their further use. Drying is the technique in which moisture of that product removed under standard condition. Conventionally drying is done in open area but there are so many disadvantages of it viz, infection by dust and durt, the product may be contacted with bird’s excreta, dead insects, etc. In order to prevent such product, solar drying is the best technique. In solar drying method we are not only dry the product but also we can reduce the drying time and produce the hygienic product. Solar dryer have shown a very good result in the preservation of the ginger from wastage, poisoning and other contaminants. The solar dryer is solely depending on the renewable energy of the sun. It does not use any fossil fuel for burning.
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Fumière, Quentin, Michel Déqué, Olivier Nuissier, Samuel Somot, Antoinette Alias, Cécile Caillaud, Olivier Laurantin, and Yann Seity. "Correction to: Extreme rainfall in Mediterranean France during the fall: added value of the CNRM‑AROME Convection‑Permitting Regional Climate Model." Climate Dynamics 55, no. 1-2 (September 30, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04961-4.
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Unfortunately, the article “Extreme rainfall in Mediterranean France during the fall: added value of the CNRM‑AROME Convection‑Permitting Regional Climate Model”, written by Quentin Fumière was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 24 July 2019 without open access with incorrect copyright holder as “© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019”.
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Verreyken, Bert, Jérome Brioude, and Stéphanie Evan. "Development of turbulent scheme in the FLEXPART-AROME v1.2.1 Lagrangian particle dispersion model." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 4245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4245-2019.
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Abstract. The FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model FLEXPART, first released in 1998, is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model developed to simulate atmospheric transport over large and mesoscale distances. Due to FLEXPART's success and its open source nature, different limited area model versions of FLEXPART were released making it possible to run FLEXPART simulations by ingesting WRF (Weather Research Forecasting model), COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling) or MM5 (mesoscale community model maintained by Penn State university) meteorological fields on top of the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and GFS (Global Forecast System) meteorological fields. Here, we present a new FLEXPART limited area model that is compatible with the AROME mesoscale meteorological forecast model (the Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale model).1 FLEXPART-AROME was originally developed to study mesoscale transport around La Réunion, a small volcanic island in the southwest Indian Ocean with a complex orographic structure, which is not well represented in current global operational models. We present new turbulent modes in FLEXPART-AROME. They differ from each other by dimensionality, mixing length parameterization, turbulent transport constraint interpretation and time step configuration. A novel time step was introduced in FLEXPART-AROME. Performances of new turbulent modes are compared to the ones in FLEXPART-WRF by testing the conservation of well-mixedness by turbulence, the dispersion of a point release at the surface and the marine boundary layer evolution around Réunion. The novel time step configuration proved necessary to conserve the well-mixedness in the new turbulent modes. An adaptive vertical turbulence time step was implemented, allowing the model to adapt on a finer timescale when significant changes in the local turbulent state of the atmosphere occur.
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Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal and Pardeep Kumar. "Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 2 (November 5, 2014): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2014.3.2.2380.
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Aluminium alloys, possessing good strength to weight ratio, are extensively employed in various fields of technology. Friction stir processing (FSP) is an allied process of friction stir welding (FSW) that is used to transform the material properties. FSP performed on surface can transform the surface properties of certain material and can also transform the mechanical properties, if carried out in bulk of material. Investigations havebeen carried out by number of researchers to see the influence of FSP parameters and the simultaneous cooling on different properties of different materials. In the present research work, the work was carried out to see the influence of tool-pin profile on the properties of aluminium alloy AA2014, under natural and flood cooling conditions. AA2014 is commonly used in aerospace industry and in defence equipment. AA2014 was friction stir processed with three types of tool-pin profiles and freezing the other process parameters of FSP, on the basis of literature. The processed specimens were characterized with X-ray radiography and microstructure analysis. Micro-hardness and the tensile strength of the processed specimens were also tested. Among the processed specimens, the highest hardness was obtained with square tool-pin profile under flood cooling conditions. The refinement in microstructure has been observed to be the reason of the same.
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Ardouin, Stéphane. "Une inscription funéraire chrétienne provenant de la chapelle Saint-Frambour à Ivry-sur-Seine (Val-de-Marne )." Archéologie médiévale 30, no. 1 (2000): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arcme.2000.1555.
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Les fouilles préventives menées entre 1988 et 1994 autour de la place Parmentier à Ivry-sur-Seine ont mis au jour une succession d’occupations depuis l’Âge du Fer. À l’époque mérovingienne, une nécropole s’installe sur les ruines de bâtiments du Bas Empire. Les inhumations s’y poursuivent durant le Moyen Âge. Au XIIe siècle est construite la chapelle Saint-Frambour, sur l’emplacement légendaire de l’ermitage de Frambaldus. L’épitaphe chrétienne d’un enfant, datable selon toute vraisemblance entre la fin du IVe et le VIe siècle, gravée sur un élément d’architecture, permet de s’interroger sur l’éventualité de l’existence d’un sanctuaire chrétien, peut-être à l’origine de la chapelle. L’emplacement privilégié pour les inhumations, au sein des ruines antiques, pourrait indiquer la réutilisation de ces murs pour une chapelle funéraire. Les données issues de la fouille ne permettent pas de préciser la nature et l’importance de l’habitat avant la période carolingienne.
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Nicolas, Nathalie. "Les travaux de défense des châteaux delphinaux pendant la guerre de Cent Ans. Étude des réparations d’après les comptes de châtellenies au XIVe siècle." Archéologie médiévale 30, no. 1 (2000): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arcme.2000.1562.
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Defensive works of the Delphinaux castles during the Hundred Years’ War. A study of repairs, based on the 14th century castle accounts. Interpretation of the monumental remains of the delphinaux castles, in the present day Hautes-Alpes department, along with those belonging to the Bishops of Gap and the Archbishops of Embrun, is more than hindered by their skeletal state, almost all of them having been abandoned : only the Picomtal aux Crots, de Tallard et de la Bâtie-Vieille castles are still maintained ; the Château-Queyras castle was enlargened through to the 19th century. Nevertheless, a systematic study of written sources, based on records of expenditure in the castle accounts between 1360 and 1400, inform us that although these castles were hardly unkept during the first half of the 14th century, being relatively unthreatened, they were repaired and extended when compagnies de routiers (groups of temporarily unemployed mercenaries) devastated the region. We propose an analysis of the nature and the quality of such restoration as well as the role of new constructions towards the end of the 15th century.
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Jyoti, Jaya, and Madhu Arora. "Gender Perception on Flexi and Virtual Time and Work Life Balance." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2021.10.2.3171.
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The research is aimed to study perception of males and females regarding Flexi time and work-lifebalance. The research is descriptive in nature and data is collected from 380 working professionals using questionnaire on google forms (including males and females). T test is used to know the empirical results. It is found that Although flexi work arrangements are important for reducing attrition rate but along with that a strong policy is also required to cope up with the challenges faced in the workplace.
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Miranda, Edvan Cordeiro de, Cleiton Carvalho Silva, Marcelo Ferreira Motta, Hélio Cordeiro de Miranda, and Jesualdo Pereira Farias. "Avaliação do Uso do Tecimento sobre o Nível de Diluição e Geometria do Cordão de Solda na Soldagem TIG com Alimentação Automática de Arame Frio." Soldagem & Inspeção 20, no. 2 (June 2015): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2002.06.
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ResumoEste trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a influência do tecimento na soldagem TIG com alimentação de arame frio em único passe visando à aplicação futura em revestimento de ligas de níquel, considerando a análise das características geométricas e diluição, de forma a adequar estes revestimentos para as indústrias do Setor de Petróleo e Gás Natural. A baixa diluição é necessária para evitar a redução das propriedades de resistência à corrosão dos revestimentos. As soldagens foram realizadas utilizando um robô industrial e um alimentador automático de arame frio. A liga usada como metal de adição foi a AWS ER NiCrMo-3 (Inconel 625) e o substrato foi o aço ASTM A516 Gr. 60. Foram realizadas soldagens com alimentação automática de arame frio na condição sem tecimento e com tecimento tipo triangular, variando a energia em três níveis. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do tecimento influencia consideravelmente a geometria do cordão de solda e o nível de diluição. Com uso do tecimento o reforço do cordão de solda reduziu e a largura aumentou, proporcionando uma melhor distribuição de material sobre a peça, reduzindo com isso a razão reforço/largura (R/L), parâmetro este que indica o grau de convexidade do cordão de solda. Uma razão R/L alta, indica que o grau de convexidade pode ser excessivo, dificultando com isso uma adequada sobreposição de passes para soldagem posterior de revestimentos, com a possibilidade de formação de vazios entre os mesmos. Quanto a penetração e a diluição, ambas apresentaram comportamentos similares, com redução de forma significativa nas condições em que o tecimento é empregado. Estes resultados mostram que o uso do tecimento garante uma combinação de baixa razão R/L com baixa diluição, condição esta desejável para soldagem de revestimentos.
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Tiwari, Avinash Nath, and Navnit Dubey. "A Methodology of Optimal Sizing for Wind Solar Hybrid System." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2015.4.1.2394.
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This paper proposes a methodology to perform the optimal sizing of a wind solar hybrid system. The methodology focus at finding the configuration, between a set of systems components to satisfy the desired system reliability requirements, with the lowest possible cost. Due to large number of design setting and the sporadique nature of solar and wind energy sources it become very challenging. In the first step modelling a wind solar hybrid system is considered in the procedure of optimal sizing methodology. While in second step optimum sizing of a system is done according to the loss of power supply probability (LPSP).
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Ayala, Grégoire, Frédérique Blaizot, Alban Horry, and Thierry Argant. "Un habitat et des sépultures du haut Moyen Âge sur les pentes de La Croix-Rousse à Lyon." Archéologie médiévale 33, no. 1 (2003): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arcme.2003.1607.
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An Early Medieval settlement and burials on the Croix-Rousse slopes at Lyon. A new settlement centre discovered at n° 41-43 rue des Chartreux, high on the Croix-Rousse slopes, has provided new data relating to the urban topography of Lyon during the Early Middle Ages. This occupation is sandwiched between two consequential colluvial phases. The establishment located, a building erected on stone footings, consists of two quadrangular rooms placed side by side, with no other partitions. The occupation continues further to the south. The domestic nature of the site is evoked by the presence of permanent hearths and an oven, refuse pits near the dwelling, and culinary pottery wares. A funerary group, consisting of six burials, is situated about 5 m north of the settlement and seems to be delimited on the eastern side by a wall extending from the building. An abundant sedimentary deposit, perhaps concurrent with climatic interference, may have been the cause of the site's abandonment. The artefacts found widen the scope of research on food and goods consumed during the Merovingian period at Lyon. The radiocarbon dating of three samples has enabled us to narrow the chronology of the settlement and burials down to the mid 7th century.
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Migalatiev, Olga, Larisa Iusan, and Marina Carelina. "Valorificarea șrotului din condimente obţinut prin tehnologia de CO2-extracţie." Pomicultura, Viticultura şi Vinificaţia, no. 2(86) (November 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53082/1857-3142.21.86.03.
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Prin metoda de CO2-extracție supercritică s-au produs ingrediente aromatizante naturale din amestec de coriandru, ienibahar, cimbru și piper negru, în special extracte liposolubile şi șrot. CO2 șrotul din amestec de condimente a fost utilizat la pregătirea tăițeilor pentru a adăuga arome și a stimula apetitul, fiind adăugat în raport diferit – 1,5%, 3,0% și 5,6%. Odată cu creșterea cantității adăugate de CO2-şrot din amestec de condimente are loc creșterea conținutului total de fibre alimentare și diminuarea valorii energetice a tăițeilor
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Bellemare, Daniel A. "Le nouveau mandat d’enquête créé par la Loi sur le Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité." Chronique de législation 16, no. 2 (May 2, 2019): 335–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059296ar.
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Créé en 1984, le Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité dispose en matière de protection de la sécurité nationale du Canada d’une arme efficace : le mandat d’enquête. Le texte qui suit retrace la démarche législative suivie pour développer ce concept nouveau en droit canadien et propose une analyse de la nature et de la portée du mandat d’enquête en le comparant à l’occasion avec l’autorisation d’intercepter des communications privées prévue aux articles 178.1 et suivants du Code criminel.
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Sharikmaslat, Maliq M., and C. G. Harge. "A Glance on Solar Drying Technology: A Review." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2019.8.1.2460.
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Preservation of fruits, vegetables, and food are essential for keeping them for a long time without further deterioration in the quality of the product. In this review paper, the attention is given on different types of solar drying technologies. There are basically two types of solar drying methods viz, direct type and indirect type. In direct type solar radiations directly fall on the product which is in closed in cabinet and in case of indirect type drying of product can be done by natural or force method. Mixed mode solar drying method is combination of both direct and in direct type. Solar drying has been used to dry plants, seeds, fruits, meat, fish, wood, and other agricultural, forest products. In order to benefit from the free in recent years to develop solar drying mainly for preserving agricultural and forest products.
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Husainy, Avesahemad S. N., Omkar S. Karangale, and Vinayak Y. Shinde. "Experimental Study of Double Slope Solar Distillation with and without Effect of Latent Thermal Energy Storage." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 6, no. 2 (November 5, 2017): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2017.6.2.2430.
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Hygienic drinkable water is a basic necessity for man along with food and air. Fresh water is also required for agricultural and industrial purposes. Most water sources are contaminated by industrial waste, sewage and agricultural runoff. The higher growth rate in world population and industries resulted water in a large acceleration of demand for fresh water.The natural source can meet a limited demand and this leads to acute shortage of fresh water. Hence, there is an issue to essentially treat the salt and contaminated into purified water. There are several methods to convert impure water into potable water for drinking, but out of them thermal method is economically viable. In this paper experimentation were carried out on two different setups of double slope single basin solar still with and without thermal energy storage by phase change material.
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S.Johny James, M.Kumar, B.Ramesh, K.Venkatesan, and P.Kuppan. "Fabrication of Aluminium Composite Using Stir Casting Process and Optimization of Machining Parameters." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2014.3.1.2354.
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In this study an attempt has been made to fabricate aluminium metal matrix composite with a composition of 5 wt% Silicon carbide and 4 wt% graphite using stir casting method. Silicon carbide has been added because it is well known for its hardness and its abrasive nature and graphite is a solid lubricant, result of its addition can change the surface roughness. The combined effect of four machining parameters including nose radius (R), cutting speed (s), feed rate (f), depth of cut (d) on the basis of single performance characteristic of surface roughness (Ra) were investigated. As Surface finish gives low co-efficient of friction and it shows the quality of the mechanical component. Optimal machining parameter has been calculated using design of analysis using Taguchi design or an orthogonal array.
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Hari, Kamble Shirkant, Chougale Dayanand Shivaji, and S. I. Jabade. "Review on Micro Power Energy Harvesting by Using Smart Materials." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 2 (November 5, 2015): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2015.4.2.2398.
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Energy is one of the most important things in this century. Energy is essential for the powering business, industrialized and the shipping of good and service to serve world economies. The running most of our appliance and to carry out daily work we need electricity. It’s really very difficult to imagine our life without electricity, our life would really stop so there is high need, to produce electricity and find some other feasible method to produce electrical energy. Now day’s people have been an increases demand on low power and portable device like smart phone, IPods, etc. Therefore then need low power and portable energy source. In this scope piezoelectric and thermocouple materials become strong devices for energy generation and use in future applications. In this review paper discuss the use of piezoelectric and thermocouple for natural energy harvesting for a low power consumption.
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Yadav, Ravindra Nath, and Vinod Yadava. "Preliminary Study on Slotted-Electrical Discharge Diamond Face Grinding of Metal Matrix Composite." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 2 (November 5, 2013): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2013.2.2.2349.
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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are highly required in field of advanced engineering. Due to the abrasive nature of the reinforcements into matrix, machining of the MMCs is yet a challenge for manufacturing industries. In this paper, a new hybrid machining process named as slotted-electrical discharge diamond face grinding (S-EDDFG) has been proposed for machining of the end surface of the electrically conductive hard and brittle materials. The performance of the developed process has been tested on EDM machine with application of the compound grinding wheel. The role of discharge voltage, current, pulse on-time, pulse off-time and wheel RPM has been investigated on MRR and Ra during machining of the Al/SiC composite. The experimental results show that MRR increases and Ra value decreases with increase of the wheel RPM due to enhances in the flushing efficiency of the dielectric.
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Utture, Omkar, Nikhil S. Mane, Shubham S. Varute, and Asawari B. Waingade. "Multidisciplinary Technology of Animatronics: A Review." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 6, no. 2 (November 5, 2017): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2017.6.2.2435.
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Animatronics is a developing technology which involves the disciplines of Mechanical Engineering, electronics engineering and animations to produce real life size replicas of the object working on robotic technology. Animatronics technology creates animated objects working on mechanisms which will seems and sense alive. These objects are more realistic compare to the robotic machines. The basic mechanism of these machines is a combination of different mechanical and electronic components. They can be powered by electrical motors, pneumatics or hydraulics, and their controlling mechanism can be manual controlled or computer controlled.The animatronics objects are made of mechatronics structure with fully functional and controlled mechanisms covered with detailed and colored skins. The alive nature of the animatronics object is result of artistically designed costuming of the object. Animatronics provide real life mirage to the non living structures. This paper provides review on different aspects of animatronics like. In this work, wide overview of animatronics with different present and future applications of the field of animatronics is rectified.
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Manilhig, Michael, Lowell M. Manliguez, Miren Eukene S. Tarongoy, Giserey Vonne P. Ocampo, and Michael E. Loretero. "Production of Charcoal Through Partial Combustion in a Wood Stove." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2023.12.1.3607.
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Philippines is a country rich in natural resources that can be converted into biomass fuels, such as charcoal. This study aims to determine the viability of producing charcoal through partial combustion using Mahogany and Ipil – Ipil wood in a wood stove before burying the charred wood samples in clay soil. Sample preparation was done by machining pruned branches into a size of 1-in diameter by 6-in length, then drying them until their moisture content was below 20%. The dry wood samples were then charred in a wood stove at different residence times. After reaching the residence time of a trial, the charred sample was wrapped in tin foil and buried in clay soil to cool for 24 hours. Afterwards, proximate analysis and bomb calorimetry were done on the charcoals produced. Results of the tests show that with longer residence time, charcoal yield decreased; moisture content increased due to increase in charcoal hygroscopicity; volatile matter decreased due to devolatilization; and fixed carbon content increased. Also, ash content increased for Mahogany charcoals while in Ipil-Ipil, it hardly varied. Furthermore, Ipil-Ipil charcoals were found to have greater calorific values than Mahogany charcoals due to Ipil – Ipil wood having greater calorific value.
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Venzke, Tiago Schuch Lemos, Pablo Miguel, Jéferson Diego Leidemer, Adão Pagani Junior, and Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto. "A regeneração natural de floresta nativa é influenciada pela pecuária bovina leiteira?" Ciência Florestal 33, no. 3 (September 19, 2023): e69370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509869370.
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A regeneração natural ocorre através das plantas jovens das árvores que habitam o interior das florestas e são essenciais para a sucessão ecológica das florestas nativas. Na silvicultura, a condução da regeneração natural é uma técnica de manejo florestal tradicional de baixo custo e muito adequada para florestas nativas e pequenas propriedades. A hipótese levantada é que a florística e a estrutura da vegetação são afetadas nos parâmetros fitossociológicos com a presença de bovinos. Foram avaliadas 180 parcelas de área (2 × 2 m), distribuídas em seis blocos amostrais. Indiferente a porção topográfica em topossequência, os fragmentos florestais isolados com cercas de arame apresentaram melhores parâmetros florísticos e fitossociológicos. Nas áreas florestais com acesso do pastoreio, foram comuns espécies tolerantes ao pastoreio e ao pisoteio dos animais. Estas eram espinhosas, com ramos flexíveis e/ou substâncias tóxicas e cáusticas para bovinos ou um conjunto dessas características morfo-fisiológicas. Assim, conforme os dados levantados da estrutura da regeneração natural, atualmente ocorrem duas linhas de sucessão florestal nos fragmentos florestais. Essas diferenças florísticas e estruturais entre florestas com e sem pecuária são recomendadas no planejamento sustentável da propriedade rural pecuarista.
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Naik, P. A., and D. M. Kalai. "Mechanical Design of Extended Chassis Frame for Defence Vehicle." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 5, no. 2 (November 5, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2016.5.2.2418.
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Generally defence vehicles are considered has the roughed machines, they can withstand very harsh environment. The defence vehicles generally have all wheel drives which enable them to tread difficult terrain and these vehicles are made of high strength materials with high factor of safety. This project is focused to design and analysis of extended chassis frame for such a vehicle. The vehicle chosen in this project is an eight wheeled vehicle with all wheels drive system (8×8) which is connected to the engine through a low deferential gear box. There is a need of adding additional super structure (extra pay loads) on the same vehicle. Extending the present chassis with the help of reinforcement at right locations will be a very effective technique for wide variety of mounting applications. Thus using the extended chassis frame many mounting can be installed/mounted without considerable change in the overall design; this is also economical.This project work is focused on Re-design of chassis frame by extending it by 900 mm at rear, based on end user requirement to withstand the different super structure loads, the same structure will be statically analyzed by using Finite Element Analysis method to verify the reinforcement of chassis frame and also to study the dynamic characteristics. This work involves static and dynamic analysis to determine key characteristics of a truck chassis. The static characteristics include identifying location of high stress area and the dynamic characteristics of truck chassis such as the natural frequency and mode shape.
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Bengtsson, Lisa, Sander Tijm, Filip Váňa, and Gunilla Svensson. "Impact of Flow-Dependent Horizontal Diffusion on Resolved Convection in AROME." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 1 (January 2012): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-032.1.
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AbstractHorizontal diffusion in numerical weather prediction models is, in general, applied to reduce numerical noise at the smallest atmospheric scales. In convection-permitting models, with horizontal grid spacing on the order of 1–3 km, horizontal diffusion can improve the model skill of physical parameters such as convective precipitation. For instance, studies using the convection-permitting Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale model (AROME) have shown an improvement in forecasts of large precipitation amounts when horizontal diffusion is applied to falling hydrometeors. The nonphysical nature of such a procedure is undesirable, however. Within the current AROME, horizontal diffusion is imposed using linear spectral horizontal diffusion on dynamical model fields. This spectral diffusion is complemented by nonlinear, flow-dependent, horizontal diffusion applied on turbulent kinetic energy, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow, and graupel. In this study, nonlinear flow-dependent diffusion is applied to the dynamical model fields rather than diffusing the already predicted falling hydrometeors. In particular, the characteristics of deep convection are investigated. Results indicate that, for the same amount of diffusive damping, the maximum convective updrafts remain strong for both the current and proposed methods of horizontal diffusion. Diffusing the falling hydrometeors is necessary to see a reduction in rain intensity, but a more physically justified solution can be obtained by increasing the amount of damping on the smallest atmospheric scales using the nonlinear, flow-dependent, diffusion scheme. In doing so, a reduction in vertical velocity was found, resulting in a reduction in maximum rain intensity.
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Ray, Triparna, and Vinayak Malhotra. "Hydrogen Based Compounds as Energetic Catalysts for Liquid Rocket Engines: Implications and Applications." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2021.10.1.2868.
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In the current scenario of space propulsion, liquid propellants have significantly proved useful in the upper stage rocket engines. Over the past couple decades, the world had inclined positively towards cryogenic fuel(s) viz., liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen due to their high specific impulse. A higher specific impulse implies lower duration to achieve design cruise velocity for a given rocket initial and instantaneous mass. Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel and oxidizer can generate one of the highest enthalpy release in combustion, producing a specific impulse of up to 450 seconds at an effective exhaust velocity of 4.4 kilometres per second. Whereas, selected disadvantages are encountered in the form of storage and production. This indicates overdependence on cryogenic propellants and has necessitated the active research effort for better alternatives. As an interesting alternative, the combination of Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) and Monomethyl Hydrazine (MMH) have been used for many space applications owing to an extreme storage stability and hypergolic nature. Present study aims to express the effect of hydrogen-based compounds on the rocket performance. Four distinctive compounds from two groups of hydrogen-based compounds are tested with the varying oxidizer and fuel proportions to obtain a new, cost-effective and user-friendly composition that can be prepared at room temperature. The investigation attempt and explains the effect of hydrogen based energetic propellants using N2O4 and MMH as the base composition for upper stage performance. The work is motivated by the need of efficient space operations with attractive propulsive alternatives to minimize over-dependence on cryogenics, which will ultimately result in cost effectiveness. Various energetic materials were tested with the base composition by using standard NASA-CEA complex chemical equilibrium model. The performance was evaluated in terms of variation in specific impulse and characteristic velocity both of which are significant parameters. To, validate the practical utility, the role of chamber pressure, supersonic area ratio and optimal Oxidizer to fuel ratio (O/F) was determined. The work led to two interesting findings, a composition of beryllium hydride with base composition for high performance of rockets and the negative impact of hydrogen on liquid propellants.
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CERNAT, Romică. "Sistemele de arme autonome letale – tehnologie emergentă și potențial nimicitoare." Gândirea Militară Românească 2022, no. 4 (December 2022): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2022.4.08.
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"The renewal of the competition for the super power status has led to the revival of the emphasis on defense planning, by the great powers, on the capabilities intended for so-called high-end conventional, technological sophisticated warfare, which involves large-scale and high-intensity military actions. Weapons that can be linked to waging high-end warfare actually include the military uses of the lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) and artificial intelligence (AI). The connection between robotics, and autonomous systems and AI has the potential to change the nature of warfare. Theoretically, a lethal weapon system should be considered autonomous if it is designed so that it can modify its integrated programming, does not take into account the objectives initially set and modifies its rules of engagement without human intervention. Human judgment will remain essential, but the line between what humans and machines do best will constantly be shifting in the coming years. The most critical dimension of autonomy is the task the machine is performing. There are significant expectations and challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with LAWS across the full range of military operations. LAWS will influence military operations in the future and will have at least an evolutionary – if not revolutionary – effect."
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Kalivarathan, G., and V. Jaiganesh. "Fluid Dynamic Simulation Studies in a Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 1, no. 1 (May 5, 2012): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2012.1.1.2513.
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Fluid Dynamic based models are always referred to “Multidimensional models”, due to their ability to provide complete geometric information on the flow field, based on the solution of the governing equations. It is well known that over the last one decade, computers were extensively used for simulation in modeling purposes and building powerful, integrated-database systems. In general, computer based simulations have been built by the theoretical foundations and it is used in a wide range of applications. Engine flow simulation normally represents turbulence to predict various types of motions of turbulence like swirl, squish, tumble and eddies. Basically turbulent flow deals with the lateral and longitudinal motion, which is due to eddy motion. Eddy is a large group of fluid particles, which moves laterally, and longitudinally in the flow field. During this type of motion, it can change its shape or stretch and rotate or breaks into two or more eddies. Eddies are generally generated in the region of high shear in the mean flow field, near the boundary in a pipe or channel flow or in the vicinity of interface between two streams flowing at different velocities and parallel to one another. The size of large eddy will be the size of flow basically or the diameter of the pipe in which flow is analyzed. The eddies of different sizes are embedded in each other and it is impermanent in nature. The larger the eddied, which are continuously formed are breaks into smaller and smaller eddies, until they are dissipated through viscous shear finally. Large Eddy Simulation is a viable option for simulating the turbulent reacting processes that occur within the diesel environment and it has high potential to represent engines unsteadiness. LES has been developed to address the largescale unsteady phenomenon and it is assumed for engine flow simulation with promising results, since it concerns the smaller part of spectrum. Normally, it is predicted that RANS can be used for preliminary design explorations, whereas LES can be used for detailed investigations. In this paper, engine flow simulation with LES is reviewed to represent the unsteady phenomenon in a diesel engine. In recent years, since the availability of high speed computing systems, the simulation techniques have become faster, easier and more accurate also. Therefore, the systems, which were upto now, not responsive for simulation techniques, have come under the purview of simulation studies. The modeling of the engine process continuous to develop as the understanding of physic sand chemistry of the phenomenon of interest steadily expands, and as the capability of the computers to solve complex equations, continues to increase.
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Oliveira Diodato, Jonailce, and Vinícius De Oliveira Ribeiro. "Carta de susceptibilidade erosiva da Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Curral de Arame, Dourados/MS." Revista EIA 17, no. 34 (December 8, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v17i34.1409.
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Erosão hídrica é um processo natural que é intensificado pela falta de práticas conservacionistas, e retirada da cobertura vegetal do solo. Tem como consequência, o empobrecimento do solo, assoreamento e eutrofização dos corpos d’água, entre outros. É de fundamental importância tomar conhecimento dos processos erosivos para que os tomadores de decisão adotem medidas de mitigação e/ ou prevenção deste fenômeno. Neste contexto a EUPS entra como ferramenta para estimar a perda de solo por erosão laminar. O uso de sistemas de informações Geográficas (SIG) tem se mostrado bastante eficientes para caracterizar a susceptibilidade erosiva, devido a facilidade de obtenção de dados, conferindo agilidade aos processos. Muitos destes são disponibilizados gratuitamente, como o QGIS, utilizado na metodologia deste projeto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo mapear e analisar qualitativamente a susceptibilidade erosiva da Bacia Hidrográfica do córrego Curral de Arame utilizando Sistema de Informação Geográfica, livre e gratuita. Os valores para a estimativa da perda anual de solo, variaram entre 0 e 389 toneladas por hectare ao ano. Observou-se que o fator que apresenta maior influência sobre os valores de estimativa das perdas de solo para a Bacia Hidrográfica em estudo, foi o fator CP- Uso e Manejo e Práticas Conservacionistas.
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Brar, B. S., and A. P. K. Brar. "Need for Supreme Prominence to the Development of Railways." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 5, no. 1 (May 5, 2016): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2016.5.1.2404.
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There is need to facilitate the enhancement of capacity in human-beings to develop pro-people and pronational technologies, production-systems, and management models. In our country, there should be more stress on promotion of labour-intensive enterprises so as to increase the employment opportunities and to solve the wide-spread and serious problem of unemployment. The nature and direction of our industrial production should be to fulfill real national and peoples’ needs. The technologies should be such that these utilise and develop local resources and expertise. This will certainly facilitate our movement on the path of having and establishing the self-reliance in our country. To satisfy all the necessities, production-processes are necessary. For this, development of productive-forces (means of production plus human-resources) is a must. To develop productive-forces, the development of productive-relations is also necessary. Development of productive-forces and productive-relations is what constitutes the development of economic-base of the country. Infra-structure is necessary for economic development of the nation. Transportation is an important aspect of infra-structure. The development of transportation is vital not only for economic development of the country and the people, but also for the development of the country and the people in social and cultural spheres. There are four basic modes of transport viz. roadways, railways, waterways, and airways. Every mode of transport has relative advantages and disadvantages. In case of waterways and airways, the vehicle and load has to move through fluids. In case of fluids, there is viscous dragging force due to viscosity of the fluid which is infact internal-fraction between layers of the moving fluid. It is quantified by concept of co-efficient of viscosity. Whenever a small spherical body moves through a viscous fluid, then layers of the fluid which touch the body, are dragged along with the body, while the layers of the fluid away from the body remain at rest. Hence a relative motion between different layers of the fluid is developed. As a result, a backward dragging force comes into play. This viscous-dragging force is in addition to the viscous-drag which is inherent in the fluid motion. Moreover, when a body moves through the fluid, then there is also the presence of external-friction between the surface of the body and the “surface” of the fluid taking fluid as a bulk quantity. Therefore, when a body moves through a fluid, then the body has to struggle against three opposing forces: viscousdragging force inherent in the fluid, viscous-dragging force due to the motion of the body through the fluid, viscousdragging force due to external friction (air-friction), and all these three opposing forces reinforce one-another to become a formidable opposing force. Role of viscosity concerning motion of fluids is more determined by a relatively new concept of“Kinematic Viscosity” rather than the concept “Co-efficient of Viscosity”. We see that kinematic viscosity for air is greater than that of water, so more power will be required for the vehicle and the load to move through air than through water. It is a commonestimation that the energy requirement to carry unit load per unit distance in case of railways is one-fourth to one-sixth of the energy requirement for roadways. The basic point is that co-efficient of friction between steel-and-steel surfaces in case of railways is far less than co-efficient of friction between rubber-and-concrete surfaces. In case of railways and roadways, the role of the phenomenon of elasticity is also important. Hooke’s Law states that within elastic limit, the extension produced in a wire is directly proportional to the load applied. Co-efficient of elasticity or modulus of elasticity of the material of the body is the ratio of the stress and the corresponding strain produced, within elastic limit. All the three kinds of modulus of elasticity of steel are large, also it has other good properties like being flexible and being comparatively cheap. Also co-efficient of friction for steel-steel surfaces is small. These factors combined lead to the selection of steel in railways. Of the modes of transportation of roadways and railways, supreme stress should be on the development of railways, as less force is required to move trains, leading to less use of petroleum products, so the most economical. Also, less pollution of the environment will be there.
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Poncet, Nils, Philippe Lucas-Picher, Yves Tramblay, Guillaume Thirel, Humberto Vergara, Jonathan Gourley, and Antoinette Alias. "Does a convection-permitting regional climate model bring new perspectives on the projection of Mediterranean floods?" Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 3, 2024): 1163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1163-2024.
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Abstract. Floods are the primary natural hazard in the French Mediterranean area, causing damages and fatalities every year. These floods are triggered by heavy precipitation events (HPEs) characterized by limited temporal and spatial extents. A new generation of regional climate models at the kilometer scale have been developed, allowing an explicit representation of deep convection and improved simulations of local-scale phenomena such as HPEs. Convection-permitting regional climate models (CPMs) have been scarcely used in hydrological impact studies, and future projections of Mediterranean floods remain uncertain with regional climate models (RCMs). In this paper, we use the CNRM-AROME CPM (2.5 km) and its driving CNRM-ALADIN RCM (12 km) at the hourly timescale to simulate floods over the Gardon d'Anduze catchment located in the French Mediterranean region. Climate simulations are bias-corrected with the CDF-t method. Two hydrological models, a lumped and conceptual model (GR5H) and a process-based distributed model (CREST), forced with historical and future climate simulations from the CPM and from the RCM, have been used. The CPM model confirms its ability to better reproduce extreme hourly rainfall compared to the RCM. This added value is propagated on flood simulation with a better reproduction of flood peaks. Future projections are consistent between the hydrological models but differ between the two climate models. Using the CNRM-ALADIN RCM, the magnitude of all floods is projected to increase. With the CNRM-AROME CPM, a threshold effect is found: the magnitude of the largest floods is expected to intensify, while the magnitude of the less severe floods is expected to decrease. In addition, different flood event characteristics indicate that floods are expected to become flashier in a warmer climate, with shorter lag time between rainfall and runoff peak and a smaller contribution of base flow, regardless of the model. This study is a first step for impact studies driven by CPMs over the Mediterranean.
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Machado, Felipe Santana, Aloysio Souza de Moura, Ravi Fernandes Mariano, and Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes. "Influência da Temperatura e Umidade Relativa sobre Pequenos Mamíferos em Fitofisionomias de Elevada Altitude no Sudeste Brasileiro." Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 20, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2596-3325.2019.v20.24789.
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A temperatura e umidade relativa (UR) são dois parâmetros abióticos que influenciam na ocorrência de diferentes espécies, corroborando com trabalhos de flutuações sazonais populacionais, e alterações na composição de comunidades. Porém, existem poucos estudos que correlacionam esses fatores com riqueza e abundância de pequenos mamíferos terrestres em fitofisionomias de elevada altitude. Portanto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar a influência da UR e temperatura do ar sobre a riqueza e abundância dos pequenos mamíferos terrestres em três diferentes fitofisionomias: campo natural montano, florestas semideciduais e florestas nebulares, na Chapada das Perdizes, sudeste brasileiro. Foram utilizadas armadilhas de chapa (Sherman), arame (Tomahawk) e queda (Pitfall) em conjunto com termo higrômetros em fitofisionomias de elevada altitude na Chapada das Perdizes, sudeste brasileiro. A temperatura e umidade relativa não diferiram entre os ambientes florestais montanos e não influenciam a riqueza e abundância de pequenos mamíferos, resultado da proteção e estabilidade proporcionada pela floresta. Porém, existe influência desses parâmetros para os campos naturais montanos, onde houve redução da riqueza e abundância de espécies em função do aumento da temperatura do ar.
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Carvalho, Emerson Machado de, Marcia Regina Russo, and Jelly Makoto Nakagaki. "Utilização de um protocolo de avaliação rápida da diversidade de habitats em ambientes lóticos." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/spc2179-6858.2014.001.0009.
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Diante da constante degradação dos ecossistemas fluviais torna-se de fundamental importância o desenvolvimento de métodos que avaliem os padrões globais que determinam a qualidade dos sistemas lóticos de forma objetiva, com baixo custo e de maneira eficiente. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a eficiência da utilização de um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida da Diversidade de Habitat em atividades de monitoramento de ambientes lóticos por estudantes de graduação. O estudo foi conduzido em dois riachos e contou com a participação de 114 estudantes dos cursos de bacharelado em Ciências Biológicas e Engenharia Ambiental, que utilizaram o protocolo adaptado dos propostos pela EPA de Ohio, EUA. Na avaliação, os riachos Curral de Arame e Água Boa foram classificados em “natural” e “alterado”, respectivamente. Observou-se baixa variabilidade nas respostas entre os estudantes, o que não interferiu no resultado final da avaliação das condições ecológicas dos riachos. Alguns dos parâmetros físicos e químicos da água mensurados corroboram a classificação do protocolo, uma vez que foi observada diferença significativa para oxigênio dissolvido e condutividade elétrica da água entre os riachos. Entretanto, o protocolo utilizado constituiu-se em um eficiente recurso didático e uma ferramenta simples e dinâmica para atividades de monitoramento.
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Lacore-Martin, Emmanuelle. "De la forme littéraire comme arme politique : l’effet-recueil dans la version française de la Detectio de George Buchanan." Renaissance and Reformation 44, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v44i1.37044.
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L’Histoire de Marie Royne d’Escosse constitue la dernière étape d’une trajectoire éditoriale complexe. Cette publication de 1572 contient la seule traduction en français de la Detectio, texte latin à charge écrit par George Buchanan dans le contexte de la déposition de la reine d’Ecosse entre 1567 et 1568, et augmenté au fil de ses éditions successives de pièces diverses, dont les fameux sonnets de la cassette, lettres-sonnets constituant une pièce maîtresse dans l’accusation d’adultère et de complicité d’assassinat à l’encontre de la souveraine. La présente étude montre que l’effet-recueil produit par l’adjonction des sonnets et d’autres documents au texte initial de la Detectio, opère un déplacement quant à la nature même du texte, du politique vers le littéraire, qui se trouve particulièrement renforcé, dans le contexte français, par un jeu d’échos intertextuels qui font apparaitre avec force le caractère éminemment littéraire de la production du texte de la Detectio.
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Suwasono, Sony, Jayus Jayus, and Puspita Sari. "DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPE PRODUCT MADE FROM KORO IN THE VILLAGE OF BANJARSENGON, PATRANG, JEMBER." Jurnal Hasil Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Jember 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jpmunej.v1i1.28.
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Patrang sub-district consists of 8 villages, namely Gebang, Jember Lor, Patrang, Baratan, Bintoro, Slawu, Jumerto, and Banjar Sengon. Banjarsengon Village is the farthest village from the Patrang District office + 7 km with an area of about 14 km2. Until 2020, there are only a few food and beverage industries located in Patrang District, namely the shredded and milk industry in Gebang, and the tempeh industry in Baratan. However, there is no food and beverage industry in Banjar Sengon yet. This is very interesting because Banjar Sengon is a village that has the potential of human and natural resources. The tempeh industry is also not found, even though tempeh is widely consumed by the people in Banjar Sengon. Tempeh prices are getting more expensive in early 2022 due to high soybean prices. Due to the current difficulty in supplying expensive soybeans, several tofu and tempeh producers have begun to reduce production or stop production. This limitation of soybeans causes big problems for people who are usually consuming tofu and tempeh. Therefore, alternative types of koro beans must be provided to replace non-soybean raw materials. In this community service activity, the team has introduced koro beans as the raw material for making tempeh with a slight modification in the fermentation process. The results show that tempeh from koro gave high scores on performance, arome, taste, and texture, although the scores are still lower than soybean tempeh
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Bell, Alistair, Pauline Martinet, Olivier Caumont, Frédéric Burnet, Julien Delanoë, Susana Jorquera, Yann Seity, and Vinciane Unger. "An optimal estimation algorithm for the retrieval of fog and low cloud thermodynamic and micro-physical properties." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 18 (September 26, 2022): 5415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5415-2022.
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Abstract. A new generation of cloud radars, with the ability to make observations close to the surface, presents the possibility of observing fog properties with better insight than was previously possible. The use of these instruments as part of an operational observation network could improve the prediction of fog events, something which is still a problem for even high-resolution numerical weather prediction models. However, the retrieval of liquid water content (LWC) profiles from radar reflectivity alone is an under-determined problem, something which ground-based microwave radiometer observations can help to constrain. In fact, microwave radiometers are not only sensitive to temperature and humidity profiles but are also known to be instruments of reference for the liquid water path. By providing the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere, to which the formation and evolution of fog events are highly sensitive, in addition to accurate liquid water path, which can be used to constrain the LWC retrieval from the cloud radar alone, combining microwave radiometers with cloud radars seems a natural next step to better understand and forecast fog events. To that end, a newly developed one-dimensional variational (1D-Var) algorithm designed for the retrieval of temperature, specific humidity and liquid water content profiles with both cloud radar and microwave radiometer (MWR) observations is presented in this study. The algorithm was developed to evaluate the capability of cloud radar and MWR to provide accurate LWC profiles in addition to temperature and humidity in view of assimilating the retrieved profiles into a 3D- and 4D-Var operational assimilation system. The algorithm is firstly tested on a synthetic dataset, which allows the evaluation of the developed algorithm in idealised conditions. This dataset was constructed by perturbing a high-resolution forecast dataset of fog and low-cloud cases by its expected errors. The algorithm is then tested with real data from the recent field campaign SOFOG-3D, carried out with the use of LWC measurements made from a tethered balloon platform. As expected, results from the synthetic dataset study were found to contain lower errors than those found from the retrievals on the dataset of real observations. It was found that LWC can be retrieved in idealised conditions with an uncertainty of less than 0.04 g m−3. With real data, as expected, retrievals with a good correlation (0.7) to in situ measurements were found but with a higher uncertainty than the synthetic dataset of around 0.06 g m−3 (41 %). This was reduced to 0.05 g m−3 (35 %) when an accurate droplet number concentration could be prescribed to the algorithm. A sensitivity study was conducted to discuss the impact of different settings used in the 1D-Var algorithm and the forward operator. Additionally, retrievals of LWC from a real fog event observed during the SOFOG-3D field campaign were found to significantly improve the operational background profiles of the AROME (Application of Research to Operations at MEsoscale) model, showing encouraging results for future improvement of the AROME model initial state during fog conditions.
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Mélat, Hélène. "Ilya Ehrenbourg ou la griserie de l’écriture performative." Études littéraires 36, no. 1 (March 9, 2005): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010637ar.
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Résumé Ilya Ehrenbourg a été un exemple parfait de composition artistique avec un régime politique, devenant ainsi l’écrivain soviétique par excellence. Partagé entre deux mondes, entre deux cultures et deux religions, il se choisit une foi, celle dans le socialisme, et un ennemi, le bourgeois, pour contrecarrer cette ambivalence identitaire. Dans sa première phase, c’est la critique du monde occidental qui lui permet de repousser les doutes de sa nature sceptique. Puis, la construction stalinienne des années 1930 lui offre un nouveau type d’écriture : celle de romans de production réalistes socialistes mettant en scène l’utopie d’un nouveau monde en devenir. Mais cette esthétique se révèle vite une impasse. La Seconde Guerre mondiale permet de revitaliser le conflit inhérent au récit avec l’apparition d’un nouvel ennemi bien déterminé : l’Allemand. Ses textes de cette époque, très diffusés et très lus, sont une violente exhortation à tuer l’ennemi, sans état d’âme. C’est encore le rôle de serviteur du régime que prend Ehrenbourg dans la dernière période de sa vie en illustrant littérairement la très relative libéralisation du Dégel. Ainsi Ehrenbourg aura-t-il choisi d’être lu et d’être utile : resté dans son pays malgré un régime qu’il n’accepte que partiellement mais dont il devient le porte-parole, il fait de l’écriture sa raison de vivre. La littérature-action est une arme pour lutter contre l’ennemi extérieur, mais aussi contre l’ennemi intérieur qui menace un moi fragile.
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Boidron, Jean-Noël, Pascal Chatonnet, and Monique Pons. "Influence du bois sur certaines substances odorantes des vins." OENO One 22, no. 4 (December 31, 1988): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1988.22.4.1263.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">L'élevage des vins en barriques modifie profondément leur expression aromatique.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'étude par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et spectrométrie de masse permet d'identifier plusieurs substances volatiles appartenant à la fraction phénolique des arômes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Les vins rouges présentent naturellement une composition complexe en phénols volatils alors que celle des vins blancs est plus simple. L'élevage sous bois entraîne une augmentation notable des phénols déjà présents ainsi que l'apparition de molécules spécifiques au bois dechêne brûlé.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'interaction des levures et des bactéries avec le bois est mise en évidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Les vins rouges se caractérisent par une présence parfois abondante d'éthyl phénols, les vins blancs qui ne subissent pas la fermentation malolactique s'en différencient par l'abondancede vinyl phénols.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'étude sensorielle de chaque substance permet de démontrer le rôle négligeable de certaines : furfural, méthyl-5-furfural, alcool furfurylique et le rôle exceptionnel joué par d'autres : cis et trans β-méthyl-γ-octalactone, vanilline et dans certains cas éthyl-4-phénol et éthyl-4-gaïacol.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Wood storage of wines changes profondly their aromatic expression.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Several volatile substances from wines and oak woods phenolic fraction of aroma are identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Wood storage increases natural phenols concentration. Simultaneously specific burned wood molecules appear.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yeast and bacterial interaction with wood is demonstrated. Ethyl phenols are characteristic of red wines and vinyl phenols of white wines without malolactic fermentation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The sensorial analysis of each substance demonstrates the negligible intervention in wine aroma of furfural, 5-methyl-furfural, and furfuryl alcohol, and the important participation of cis and trans β-methyl-γ-octalactone, vanilin 4-ethyl-phenol and 4-ethyl gaïacol.</p>
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Miljkovic, Bojan. "Nemanjici i Sveti Nikola u Bariju." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 44 (2007): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0744275m.
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(francuski) La proximit? de la seconde tombe de saint Nicolas, saint du Christ le plus v?n?r? et ?v?que de Myre, dont les reliques ont ?t? translat?es a Bari en 1087, a fortement influe sur l?ampleur des donations adress?es a ce saint a partir de la fin du XIIe si?cle, tout d?abord par le fondateur de la dynastie serbe, grand joupan Etienne Nemanja, puis par ses successeurs sur le tr?ne de Serbie. Ainsi, vers 1290, la reine Helene et ses fils Etienne et Uros a envoy? a Bari une icone avec rev?tement sur laquelle ?taient repr?sentes, au registre sup?rieur, un buste du saint et, au registre inferieur, les donateurs avec inscriptions en latin. Une icone des ap?tres Pierre et Paul d?un aspect semblable et tout aussi ancienne, offrande des m?mes donateurs, est aujourd?hui conserv?e au Vatican. Puis le roi Etienne Uros II Milutin a fait parvenir a Bari une grande quantit? d?argent ayant servi a la confection, vers 1319/20, d?un autel avec ciborium, d?un grand p?la d?autel, de dix-huit lampes, de deux grands chandeliers et d?un encensoir. L?intrados du ciborium ?tait orne d?un ciel ?toile avec repr?sentations de Dieu le P?re et des quatre ?vang?listes, alors que les plaques d?argent habillant l?autel ?taient rehauss?es de figures de saints en bas-relief. Le p?la ?tait quand a lui domine par une figure monumentale de saint Nicolas entoure des sc?nes de sa vie, de ses miracles et de repr?sentations du Christ, de la Vierge et d?autres saints. Enfin, les lampes et l?encensoir offraient une d?coration en ?maux cloisonnes constitu?e de repr?sentations de saint Nicolas, d?aigles bic?phales, des Grandes F?tes ainsi que d?un portrait du donateur et de son blason. La r?alisation de ces objets a ?t? supervis?e par Obrad, fils de Desislava, de Cattaro, et assur?e par le premier maitre Roger et le maitre Roberto qui ?tait de Barletta. Les ?l?ments de l?autel de Milutin sont restes en place jusqu?en 1682. Vers la fin de 1325 le roi Etienne III Uros a fait don pour la tombe du saint d?une grande icone sur laquelle saint Nicolas ?tait repr?sente, quasiment grandeur nature, alors qu?apparaissent a droite et a gauche des ses jambes les portraits du donateur et de son jeune fils et cosouverain Du{an. Avant d??tre envoy?e a Bari cette icone a ?t? repeinte et a re?u un rev?tement en argent dore qui portait ?galement une inscription ou figurait le nom du donateur alors qu?y a ?t? joint, lors de l?exp?dition, une grande ?toffe dor?e avec broderie dor?e. Par la suite cette image a ?t? consid?r?e comme un portrait authentique de l??v?que de Myre. Par sa charte du mois d?avril 1346 l?empereur Etienne Dusan a attribue une rente annuelle de deux cents hyperp?res aux chanoines de la basilique pour l'achat de cire et la mention de ses anc?tres et de sa famille lors des pri?res. Bien que cet acte ait ?t? par la suite confirme par son fils, l'empereur Uros, les Ragusains, qui devaient proc?der au versement de cette rente annuelle, ne s'y sont jamais conformes. Entre 1346/47 et 1353, le c?sar Gregoire Golubic a adresse a la basilique Saint-Nicolas deux lampes et un encensoir en argent orne d??maux cloisonnes avec repr?sentations d?anges, d?aigles bic?phales et d?animaux fantastiques, une mitre orn?e de 1007 perles sur le fond en soie de laquelle ?taient repr?sentes en broderie d?argent et d?or le Christ, la Vierge, saint Jean-Baptiste, saint Nicolas et d?autres saints accompagnes des armes du c?sar, une ?tole en soie sur lequel ont de m?me ?t? brod?es a l?aide de fils d?or et d?argent les repr?sentations de 13 saints, ainsi qu?un manipule du m?me mat?riau sur lequel ?taient brodes l?arme du c?sar et des animaux fantastiques. De toutes les offrandes mentionn?es ne sont plus aujourd?hui conserv?es dans le tr?sor de la basilique de Bari que la grande icone d?Etienne III Uros et la charte de Dusan.
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O., Boikov. "THE IMAGE OF THE MILITARY HUMAN IN THE SOVIET MILITARY PERIODICS OF THE END OF THE END 30'S XX CENTURY." South Archive (Historical Sciences), no. 33 (September 15, 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2786-5118/2021-33-2.
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Purpose. The article considers the process of forming the image of the military human during the military expansion of the USSR in the late 1930's on the basis of materials of individual publications of Soviet military periodicals of that time. The military press of this period is characterized by a variety of publications: from ordinary army newspapers to political publications for the command and military-political staff of the Red Arme and the USSR Navy. All publications had a similar structure and content, so the source base is the materials published in the newspaper “Krasnaya Zvezda” and the periodical “Propagandist and agitator of the Red Army”, which contain significant and interesting material on all aspects of social and political image of the Soviet soldier in this period Results and scientific novelty of the study. It was found that the process of forming the image of the military, well reflected in the Soviet military-political periodicals at the beginning of the Soviet military expansion had the following features. the social image was formed on the basis of the needs of the then foreign and domestic policy of the Soviet state and reflected all the claims of the Soviet system to world domination. The task of the military press was to depict the successes in creating the image of a special, different from the Western model of the soldier. The tendency to glorify a soldier of the revolutionary army continues, attention is focused on the connection of generations, comparisons are made with the heroes of the past, even with epic heroes.This points to attempts to prove the legitimacy of claims to the entire military historical heritage, to all those territories that were once conquered by the Russian army (contrary to the very Bolshevik position on the unjust and aggressive nature of the wars once waged by the Russian tsarist army). The image of an impeccable soldier with a clear understanding of his historical mission as a liberator, a victor, because the wars in which the USSR entered in 1939 were a priori defined as legitimate, just from the point of view of the Bolshevik dogma of war just and unjust. The image of the military human in the Soviet consciousness of both the average citizen and the soldier himself, which, in turn, were formed under the significant influence of propaganda, which was important for both the Red Army and society. The general social image of the invincible army, the impeccable fighter of the Red Army, gradually intensified, in a way uniting the images of the leaders of the party and the country with the image of an ordinary soldier, which became part of the mythologizing Soviet reality. All the above provisions make it possible to note that the military-political press of the end 1930’s, in the context of military conflicts, although quite standardized, at that time successfully fulfilled its role in building a stable social image of the Soviet military. Already at this time there is a certain evolution of the image military human. The public image of a soldier of the revolutionary Red Army is transformed into the image of a liberating soldier, a defender of peace throughout the world. This clearly shows the traditional for the empire awareness of its messianic role in the world, on the basis of which was built a new form, but essentially old social image of the military human. Key words: military press of the USSR, social image of the military human, Red Army. Мета роботи. У статті розглядається процес формування образу військового у період розгортання військової експансії СРСР в кінці 1930-х рр. за матеріалами окремих видань радянської військової періодики цього часу.Військовий друк означеного періоду вирізняється багатоманітністю видань різного характеру: від звичайних армійських газет до політичних видань для командного та військово-політичного складу РСЧА і ВМФ СРСР. Усі видання мали схожу структуру та наповненість, тож джерельною базою виступають матеріали, розміщені в газеті «Красная Звезда» та періодич-ному виданні «Пропагандист и агитатор РККА», що містять значний і цікавий матеріал стосовно всіх аспектів формування соціального і політичного образу радянського солдата у означений період.Результати та наукова новизна дослідження. З’ясовано, що процес формування образу військового, добре відображений в радянській військово-політичній періодиці на початку військової експансії СРСР мав наступні риси.Цей суспільний образ формувався, виходячи з потреб тогочасної зовнішньої та внутрішньої політики радянської держави і відображав усі претензії радянської системи на світове панування. Завданням військової преси було змалювання успіхів у створенні образу особливого, відмінного від західної моделі солдата. Продовжується тенденція героїзації бійця революційної армії, акцентується увага на зв’язку поколінь, здійснюється порівняння з героями минулого, навіть з билинними богатирями. Це вказує на спроби доведення законності претензій на всю військову історичну спадщину, на всі ті території, які були колись завойовані російською армією (всупереч самої більшовицької позиції про несправедливий і загарбливий характер війн, що вела колись російська царська армія).Вибудовувався образ бездоганного бійця з чітким усвідомленням своєї історичної місії визволителя, переможця, оскільки війни, в яку вступав СРСР в 1939 року апріорі визначалися законними, справедливими з точки зору більшовицького догмату про війни справедливі і несправедливі.Слід враховувати тогочасні суспільні вимоги до образу військового в радянській свідомості як пересічного громадянина, так і самого військовика, які, в свою чергу, формувалися під значним впливом пропаганди, що мало важливе значення як для самої Червоної армії, так і для суспільства. Загальний суспільний образ непереможної армії, бездоганного бійця Червоної армії поступово посилювався, певним чином об’єднував в єдине ціле образи вождів партії та країни з образом звичайного солдата, що стало частиною міфологізації радянської реальності. Усі вищезазначені положення дають можливість зауважити, що військово-політичний друк кінця 1930-х рр., в умовах роз-гортання військових конфліктів, хоч і доволі стандартизований, на той час успішно виконував свою роль у процесі побудови стійкого суспільного образу радянського військового. Уже в цей час спостерігається певна еволюція образу військового. Суспільний образ бійця революційної Червоної армії трансформується в образ воїна-визволителя, захисника миру в усьому світі. У цьому чітко спостерігається традиційне для імперії усвідомлення своєї месіанської ролі в світі, на основі якого і вибудовувалася новий за формою, але старий за сутністю суспільний образ військового.Ключові слова: військовий друк СРСР, соціальний образ військового, Червона армія.
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Bayoudh, Aida, and Jalila Sghaier. "Séchage solaire des feuilles de menthe verte." Journal of Renewable Energies 17, no. 3 (October 19, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v17i3.457.
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Le séchage est un procédé de stabilisation et de conservation des produits agroalimentaires et des plantes aromatiques et médicinales. Il existe plusieurs types de séchage selon la nature du produit à sécher. Pour les plantes aromatiques qui admettent une teneur en eau élevée, le séchage à basse température comme le séchage solaire se présente comme une solution adéquate, économe en énergie et respectueuse de l’environnement. Elle ne détériore pas le produit et elle conserve les arômes et les huiles essentielles. Afin d’étudier et d’améliorer le procédé de séchage solaire des plantes aromatiques, on a réalisé dans ce travail une étude expérimentale de séchage de feuilles de menthe verte par l’intermédiaire d’un séchoir solaire indirect à convection forcée, fabriqué à l’ENIM. Cette étude, nous a permis de déterminer la cinétique de séchage du produit, l’évolution de la température et l’influence du recyclage d’air asséchant sur la durée de séchage.
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Mattens, Danny. "Over vitsen, spelt, braakloof en rapen." Van Mensen en Dingen: tijdschrift voor volkscultuur in Vlaanderen 12, no. 2 (May 12, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vmend.v12i2.5075.
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Op de van nature arme gronden van zandig Vlaanderen werden vruchten gekweekt die heden ten dage bijna vergeten zijn. In dit artikel worden ze besproken aan de hand van archiefbevindingen uit het Westveld (vroeger Heiveld) in Sint-Amandsberg. De aldaar gelegen uitbatingen produceerden gewassen typisch voor dergelijke gronden. Die waren, zoals de graansoort spelt, weinig eisend of ze konden gecombineerd worden met graanteelt. Op die manier slaagde men er in granen als hoofdvrucht te kweken zonder de gronden uit te putten. Vitsen komen de vruchtbaarheid van de gronden ten goede doordat ze stikstof uit de lucht capteren. Braakloof ingezaaid samen met granen en bestaande uit onvolgroeide raapplanten met knolletjes en bladeren (het loof) kon geteeld worden voor groenbemesting om in te ploegen of als voeder voor herkauwers. De plant verrijkte de gronden die na de oogst anders braak Jagen, vandaar de naam braak/oof De mest van de met loof gevoederde dieren werd hoog gewaardeerd om op zijn beurt de productiviteit van de gronden nog eens te verhogen. Raapzaad gewonnen uit doorgeschoten planten werd aangewend in de keuken als bron van plantaardige vetten en ook als energiebron in de vorm van lampolie voor verlichting. De afvalproducten van de oliefabricage werden gedroogd en verkocht als 'oliekoeken
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Deperchin, Annie. "La magistrature française et la culture de guerre. Le cas Malicet." Clio@Themis, no. 11 (June 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.35562/cliothemis.1106.
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Lorsque la Grande Guerre éclate, les juristes adhèrent d’autant plus facilement à la guerre qu’ils se perçoivent en défenseurs naturels du droit et de la justice que l’Allemagne a violés à plusieurs reprises. Ils vont mettre leurs compétences dans les fonctions qu’ils occupent pour faire du droit une arme de guerre contre l’ennemi. Les professeurs de droit imaginent les modalités juridiques par lesquelles il serait possible de punir l’Allemagne, ses dirigeants et son peuple. Les magistrats, à travers leur activité juridictionnelle, mènent la guerre, comme s’il s’agissait d’un front, aux Allemands implantés en France en mettant leurs biens sous séquestre ou en les privant d’agir en justice. Ces décisions contraires aux principes fondamentaux du droit s’expliquent par la violence du patriotisme qui imprègne leur esprit. Soumis à la pression d’une opinion publique manipulée par la presse nationaliste, fort peu de magistrats osent exprimer un avis différent pour faire prévaloir la culture pacifique du droit. Si tous n’approuvaient pas cette violence juridique, presque tous ont préféré se taire. Dans son journal, Pierre Malicet, un magistrat des territoires occupés, nous livre les analyses et jugements d’un homme qui reste impartial et ne cède pas à la culture de la violence qui conduit à haïr l’ennemi et à le ravaler au rang des animaux. Proche des idées wilsoniennes, il estime que la guerre est le mal suprême dont il ne doit pas être tiré avantage. Même si son cas peut paraître singulier, il permet de dire que la magistrature n’a pas été unanimement conquise par la culture de guerre.
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Li, Yan, Chuanqi Shi, Dan Wei, Junnan Ding, Nan Xu, Liang Jin, and Lei Wang. "Associations of soil bacterial diversity and function with plant diversity in Carex tussock wetland." Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (March 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1142052.
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Some species of Carex can form tussocks, which are usually distributed in valleys and flood plains. The soil microbial community diversity and function of micro–habitats formed by tussocks are associated with plant diversity, and research on these associations can guide Carex tussock wetland restoration. In this study, we selected tussock wetlands dominated by Carex appendiculata, including natural wetlands (NW), artificially restored wetlands (ARW), and naturally restored wetlands (NRW), and investigated plant diversity. Soil samples were collected from the quadrats of each sample plot with the maximum (ma), median (me), and minimum (mi) plant Shannon index values, and high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the bacterial community composition, diversity, and functions. The plant diversity indexes of neither ARW nor NRW significantly differed from that of NW, but the companion species in NRW were hygrophytes and mesophytes, in contrast to only hygrophytes serving as companion species in NW and ARW. The soil bacterial communities at the operational taxonomic unit level of the nine quadrats with different plant Shannon index values significantly (p < 0.01) differed. The relative abundances of the dominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes) and the dominant genera (Geobacter, Sideroxydans, and Clostridium except for unassigned genera) significantly (p < 0.05) differed under the different levels of plant diversity. The plant Shannon index, soil moisture content, total organic carbon, N, and P were significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) correlated with the bacterial Shannon index. The phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial community in NW was significantly (p < 0.0001) different from those in ARW and NRW, and that in ARW was also significantly (p < 0.05) different from that in NRW. The functional groups of bacterial communities associated with plant diversity. In the NWme, ARWme, and NRWme bacterial communities, the relative proportions of functional groups related to soil N cycle were higher, but those related to soil S and C cycles were lower. Considering the rehabilitation of both plant and microbial communities, the methods used for establishing the ARW are recommended for Carex tussock wetland restoration.
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Acioli, Maíra Souza e. Silva. "Sobre 'Agnosis'." AntHropológicas Visual 5, no. 1 (September 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2526-3781.2019.242510.
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SinopseNo 13º andar do Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, uma intervenção que sinaliza para elementos de tensão do fazer antropológico e museológico hoje no Brasil: a exposição Agnosis. Apesar de ser comemorativa, celebrando os 10 anos de criação do Curso de Museologia da UFPE, a efervescência característica do momento de surgimento do curso encontra hoje um contraponto não tão otimista.Fazendo uso de recursos narrativos diversos, a exposição comunica pela ausência, por metáforas e também pelo incômodo que transmite à sensibilidade. No dia-a-dia das aulas e da pesquisa, é preciso tomar cuidado com um arame farpado que vai do chão ao teto, em torno de uma das pilastras do andar.A exposição Agnosis parte de uma releitura da exposição “Tensões e Diálogos”, realizada em 2010 com a curadoria de Antonio Motta, Denis Bernardes e Solange Coutinho. Nas palavras da curadoria, Agnosis “convida o espectador, o visitante, a desvendar e recobrar sentidos que aparentemente se ocultam na natureza das coisas [...] porém, o efeito do real e sua inteligibilidade nunca serão completamente evidenciados”. Assim sendo, o ensaio aqui apresentado é uma narrativa sobre uma narrativa sobre outra narrativa... camadas discursivas recobrindo ideias e acontecimentos. A insistência em ainda assim construir conhecimento e representações é a indicação de um caminho.Palavras-chave: exposição; narrativa; conhecimento; agnosis.Fotografia e edição de imagens: Maíra Acioli Ficha técnica da exposiçãoExercício experimental de curadoria compartilhada, projeto e narrativa expográfica, exigido como cumprimento de finalização da disciplina Expografia I e II (2018), da graduação em Museologia da UFPE, sob a supervisão do professor Antonio Motta. Curadoria/Projeto Expográfico/Produção/MontagemBárbara Gondim Bezerra SilvaFabrício Tavares de Arruda dos SantosFrancisca Juscizete Queiroz de LimaManoel Francisco da Silva NetoStella Victoria Arcelino Bastos Lavra Design GráficoOlívia Morim IluminaçãoCamila Maria Silva de Moraes Santos AgradecimentosRevisão de texto: Prof. Lepê Correia RealizaçãoDepartamento de Antropologia e Museologia | DAMChefia Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da SilvaCurso de Bacharelado em MuseologiaCoordenador Alexandro Silva de JesusDisciplina de Expografia I e II (2018)Prof. Antonio Motta Sinopsis On the 13th floor of the Center for Philosophy and Human Sciences, an intervention that points to tension elements about anthropological and museological practice today in Brazil: the Agnosis exhibition. Despite being commemorative, celebrating the 10th anniversary of the creation of the UFPE Museology Course, the effervescence characteristic concerning the course’s moment of emergence finds, today, a not so optimistic counterpoint.Using diverse narrative resources, the exposition communicates by its absence, by metaphors and also by the discomfort that it transmits to sensibility. In our day-to-day classes and research, we need to be careful about the floor-to-ceiling barbed wire around one of the floor pilasters. The Agnosis exhibition begins with a rereading of the exhibition “Tensions and Dialogues”, curated in 2010 by Antonio Motta, Denis Bernardes and Solange Coutinho. In the words of the curators, Agnosis “invites the viewer, the visitor, to unravel and recover senses that seemingly lurk in the nature of things [...] however, the effect of the real and its intelligibility will never be fully evident”. Therefore, the essay presented here is a narrative about a narrative over another narrative... discursive layers covering ideas and events. The insistence on still building knowledge and representations is an indication of a path. Keywords: Exhibition; narrative; knowledge; agnosis. Photography and image editing: Maíra Acioli Data Sheet of the exhibition Experimental exercise of shared curation, project and expographic narrative, required as required as completion of Expography I and II (2018) courses of the Undergraduate Museology Course of UFPE, under the supervision of Professor Antonio Motta. Curation / Expographic Project / Setting Bárbara Gondim Bezerra SilvaFabrício Tavares de Arruda dos SantosFrancisca Juscizete Queiroz de LimaManoel Francisco da Silva NetoStella Victoria Arcelino Bastos Lavra Graphic designOlívia Morim LightingCamila Maria Silva de Moraes Santos AcknowledgmentRecension: Prof. Lepê Correia RealizationDepartment of Anthropology and Museology | DAMDepartment Head Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da SilvaUndergraduate Museology Course | Coordinator Alexandro Silva de JesusExpography I e II courses (2018)Professor Antonio Motta
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Laurent, Pierre-joseph, and Lionel Simon. "Ruse." Anthropen, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.037.
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En Occident, la ruse (en tant que raison raisonnée, délibérée, contextuelle) fut progressivement, et surtout depuis Descartes, reléguée aux oubliettes d’une rationalité calculatrice, économique, quantitative. La raison rusée semble survivre, dans nos sociétés, à la périphérie des rapports sociaux, de manière indicible, voir inaudible, car nous n’aurions plus les mots pour en saisir les vertus. Déclassée, bien souvent considérée comme suspecte face aux principes de la démocratie, nous en avons perdu la compréhension, à la suite d’un rapprochement analogique entre la ruse et l’idée de mal. Ainsi, dans la Grèce antique, la raison possédait à la fois un volet d’une intelligence pratique rusée, la Mètis (Detienne et Vernant 1974), considérée comme un support du politique, et un autre fait de rationalité calculatrice. Progressivement l’esprit de calcul triomphera du raisonnable et deviendra le mode de pensée hégémonique en Occident (Latouche 2004). La bonne ruse, soit celle qui était impliquée dans la gestion de la Cité (Vernant et Vidal-Naquet 1992) et donc dans la politique, a été considérée comme une pratique obsolète : floue et ambiguë, la ruse serait devenue indigne de la raison. Dès lors en Occident, les seules ruses reconnues seraient plutôt les fourberies. Celles-ci prennent la forme de calculs, de stratégies et d’abus. L’intelligence rusée se retrouve ici au service d’une efficacité sans principe éthique, c’est-à-dire sans discernement ni prudence. Dans ce sens, la fourberie a fréquemment rendez-vous avec la corruption et les pratiques maffieuses. Si la trajectoire du concept de ruse tend à dévoiler une tension entre deux types de raison, elle exprime aussi une tension entre deux épistémologies. Courtois-l’Heureux (2009) pointe dans les travaux de Certeau une manière particulière d’envisager les phénomènes sociaux. La ruse, en tant que concept analytique, rompt avec une épistémologie quantitative. Face aux approches statistiques et sociologiques de sociétés aux facettes supposées quantifiables, la ruse introduit le détournement, rompt la verticalité définissant l’axe de propagation d’une « culture » sur des individus. Si la ruse parait comme l’opposé et l’opposant de la rationalité, c’est que là où cette dernière veut encadrer les phénomènes, la première s’en joue et les déjoue. Elle introduit dans l’analyse le contextuel, le local, le particulier, la déclinaison. Elle focalise sur la manière dont les individus usent « d’arts de faire » au quotidien, détournent, se dérobent, se jouent, bricolent avec ce qui semble s’imposer à eux. Elle s’intéresse à toutes les distorsions que les locaux, en sourdine, font subir à tout ce qui leur échappe en apparence. La ruse rattache ainsi chaque phénomène au local, focalise l’attention sur les déclinaisons particulières ; elle se concentre sur le contexte, sur la vitalité et la créativité d’un détournement. La ruse enclenche une approche pragmatique des manières de faire et de dire (ou de ne pas faire et de ne pas dire). En cela, la ruse est un concept susceptible d’éclairer de multiples réalités. Cela parce qu’elle se niche dans de nombreuses pratiques, quotidiennes ou occasionnelles. Elle est l’art de jouer avec l’inattendu. Elle est dissimulée dans les rapports sociaux, et peut être explicite dans des récits cosmogoniques, reconnue comme le trait archétypique de certains animaux ou d’êtres mythologiques ; elle peut motiver une attitude particulière envers des divinités, voire encore opérer dans une relation maîtrisée et silencieuse avec la nature (Artaud 2013). Ainsi, si on ruse avec le fort (ou le plus fort que soi) – souvent pour tourner sa force contre lui-même – on ruse en général avec tout ce qui parait se passer de nous pour fonctionner et se mettre en place. Mais c’est sa dimension politique qu’elle évoque le plus spontanément, éclairant d’un jour singulier les usages populaires du pouvoir. La ruse se tisse en effet dans l’ombre des hiérarchies sociales et donc du pouvoir. À l’instar du don qui survit à l’échange marchand (sur le rapport entre don, dette et ruse, voir Laurent 1998), la ruse semble résister aux effets de la globalisation. La ruse populaire, de nature tactique, largement spontanée, indicible, voire parfois inconsciente, ne peut pas être assimilée tout de go à de la fourberie mal intentionnée. Il doit exister une différence irréductible entre l’idée de la ruse digne, comprise ici comme un détournement, dans le sens de « tourner dans une autre direction » et la corruption qui renvoie à un enrichissement personnel à partir d’une place d’autorité (Laurent 2000). La ruse populaire participe pleinement à la construction de l’identité des groupes dominés, comme une manière originale de traiter avec le pouvoir et d’accéder à des ressources. Ceci renvoie à une façon de se mouvoir dans un environnement qui n’est pas possédé en propre (de Certeau 1990, 1994) ; que fait-on, lorsque l’espoir d’accéder aux biens de consommation est grand, mais que ceux-ci resteront inaccessibles, dès lors qu’on participe à des mutations techniques, technologiques, sociales, culturelles, politiques, etc. comme derrière une vitrine ? La ruse est une arme au service du faible. Son efficacité est sa discrétion. L'ordre en place, abusé par l'universalité de son explication du monde, ne peut s'imaginer être joué par un sens pratique. Celui-ci demeure inaudible, invisible, indicible, inavouable pour qui, du dehors, ne partage pas le secret des "coups" et des bricolages. La ruse populaire appartient dans une forte mesure à des groupes situés à la marge de l'ordre établi. Elle troque l'absence de lieu propre, c'est-à-dire la possession d'un espace sur lequel imposer son autorité, son hégémonie, ses décisions, contre le temps, celui de l'occasion, du braconnage, de l'affût, de la dérobade (de Certeau 1990, 1994). La ruse synthétise trahison, intelligence, finesse, secret, subtilité, comédie, mensonge, discrétion. Les actions populaires rusent par une invention quotidienne qui se compose d'une pratique du "coup par coup", c'est-à-dire de l'acuité à se saisir de l'occasion et de la transformer en opportunité, d'un fort sentiment d'autonomie vis-à-vis de l'ordre institué qui peut s'exprimer par de l'indocilité, de la résistance et de l'élaboration de réseaux de relations institués à la faveur de dons, du recours et de la dépendance réciproque (dans le sens ici de prestations et de contre-prestations). La ruse, si elle procède d'un calcul évident, n'en demeure pas moins une élaboration caractérisée par une logique situationnelle. Elle constitue l’arme privilégiée des pratiques populaires, car elle est la manière la plus sûre de cadrer ou de parer au flux événementiel. Déploiement stratégique et anticipatif de plusieurs facteurs contextuels, elle devient une disposition, une manière de poser un regard teinté d’opportunisme sur les alentours pour y dénicher des opportunités (Simon 2012). Les Peuls, guidés par leurs troupeaux à travers les pâturages sahéliens, incarnent par excellence l'idée de "l'ailleurs dans le dedans" (de Certeau 1990, 1994). Le peuple peul ne possédant pas à proprement parler de lieux propres, opère sur le territoire de l'autre. Traversant des régions où vivent des agriculteurs sédentaires, les pasteurs se sentent toujours étrangers, c'est-à-dire extérieurs aux sociétés côtoyées, mais profitant de leurs pâturages. Le sommet de la ruse est atteint lorsque le grand génie Gaari-Jinne conseille au jeune couple peul de dérober chez les voisins ses premières vaches pour constituer son troupeau, avec certes une infinie prudence et avec toutes les formes requises (Le Pichon et Balde 1990). La notion de jamfa - traduit par le mot trahison - se trouve au cœur du pulaaku, c'est-à-dire de l'identité peul. Le jamfa constitue une éclatante démonstration de la capacité d'un peuple à se trouver toujours "ailleurs", c'est-à-dire jamais là où on croit le rencontrer. Il est ici question de survie. La notion de jamfa se situe au cœur du mythe fondateur de la société peul et comme le montre Vidal-Naquet à propos des éphèbes de la Cité, la ruse est consubstantielle aux cadets ou à ces groupes dominés (Vidal-Naquet 1992). Le pasteur peul ne s'oppose pas, le rapport de force ne penche pas en sa faveur, il ruse. Il traverse des espaces qui ne lui appartiennent pas en propre, mais dont il tire sa subsistance. Ceci illustre parfaitement en quoi consiste cet art du dominé, capable de se jouer d’un contexte a priori défavorable. Le champ de l’aide, des projets, de l’assistance, du bénévolat met par définition en contact des acteurs souvent étranger l’un pour l’autre. C'est par exemple le cas des paysans mossi du Burkina Faso et des offreurs d’aide de la coopération au développement. Pour comprendre les relations s’établissant entre ces deux groupes, il convient de s’écarter du discours officiel et du registre de la justification, pour prendre en considération l'informel des pratiques et apercevoir l'inédit qui se tapit au cœur de l'ordre institué par les dispositifs de l’aide (Laurent 1998). Le monde de l’aide, des projets, de la coopération, est aussi celui de la recherche de « la participation des populations bénéficiaires à la base » (souvent appelé dans le jargon de la coopération au développement « les partenaires »). Il est alors utile de se demander ce qui se passe lorsque deux « socio-logiques » se croisent (Latour 1989). Selon Hume « on ne peut établir des normes de justice abstraites et formelles qu’entre gens à peu près égaux. » (Hume 1993). Autrement dit, la négociation entre des partenaires issus de mondes différents, dont les uns aident et les autres reçoivent, sera généralement difficile à établir pour ne pas dire, a priori, impossible, sans autres artifices. Pour analyser le vaste secteur de l’aide, mieux vaut partir de l’absence d’un véritable partage des règles d’un jeu commun. Ceci conduit à la mise en spectacle, en forme de trompe-l’œil, des croyances (normes et valeurs) des donateurs par « les aidés ». La communication entre offreurs d’aide et bénéficiaires repose d’emblée sur une asymétrie qui peut conduire à des malentendus. Elle s'établit à l'insu des évidences, des stratégies et des "projets" des offreurs d'aide (Bourdieu 1980) et à la faveur de la perception du décalage, pour ne pas parler de l’inadéquation de l'offre, dans l'invisibilité, l'ambiguïté, la ruse, l'esquive, la tactique, l'occasion, le bricolage des bénéficiaires ou des « aidés ». Autrement dit, les offreurs d’aide, parfois abusés par l’évidence de leurs propositions d’actions, s’imaginent collaborer avec des partenaires, animés des mêmes perspectives qu’eux. Sachant que l’aide hiérarchise et subordonne, les donateurs n’entrevoient pas vraiment l’existence de l’autre scène régie par d’autres conventions. Cette situation conduit à des équivoques. Les acteurs locaux - à défaut de maîtriser par eux-mêmes le jeu - miment une adhésion aux conventions des offreurs d’aide, en vue d’accéder aux ressources offertes, sans pour autant partager les mêmes valeurs et avec le risque de les détourner à leurs propres fins, afin de les rendre compatibles avec leurs stratégies de survies.