Relevant bibliographies by topics / ArnB Protein

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Academic literature on the topic 'ArnB Protein'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "ArnB Protein"

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Jochumsen, Nicholas, Yang Liu, Søren Molin, and Anders Folkesson. "A Mig-14-like protein (PA5003) affects antimicrobial peptide recognition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Microbiology 157, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 2647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.049445-0.

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The evolution of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a growing global health problem which is gradually making the treatment of infectious diseases less efficient. Antimicrobial peptides are small charged molecules found in organisms from the complete phylogenetic spectrum. The peptides are attractive candidates for novel drug development due to their activity against bacteria that are resistant to conventional antibiotics, and reports of peptide resistance are rare in the clinical setting. Paradoxically, many clinically relevant bacteria have mechanisms that can recognize and respond to the presence of cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) in the environment by changing the properties of the microbial surface thereby increasing the tolerance of the microbes towards the peptides. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa an essential component of this inducible tolerance mechanism is the lipopolysaccharide modification operon arnBCADTEF–PA3559 which encodes enzymes required for LPS alterations leading to increased antimicrobial peptide tolerance. The expression of the operon is induced by the presence of CAMPs in the environment but the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular recognition of the peptides are poorly elucidated. In this work, we investigate the factors influencing arnB expression by transposon mutagenesis and arnB promoter green fluorescent protein reporters. We have identified a novel gene encoding a Mig-14-like protein that is required for recognition of the CAMPs colistin and Novispirin G10 by P. aeruginosa. Moreover, we show that this gene is also required for the formation of CAMP-tolerant subpopulations in P. aeruginosa hydrodynamic flow chamber biofilms.
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White, David T., Katie M. McShea, Myriam A. Attar, and Lorraine C. Santy. "GRASP and IPCEF Promote ARF-to-Rac Signaling and Cell Migration by Coordinating the Association of ARNO/cytohesin 2 with Dock180." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 4 (February 15, 2010): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0217.

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ARFs are small GTPases that regulate vesicular trafficking, cell shape, and movement. ARFs are subject to extensive regulation by a large number of accessory proteins. The many different accessory proteins are likely specialized to regulate ARF signaling during particular processes. ARNO/cytohesin 2 is an ARF-activating protein that promotes cell migration and cell shape changes. We report here that protein–protein interactions mediated by the coiled-coil domain of ARNO are required for ARNO induced motility. ARNO lacking the coiled-coil domain does not promote migration and does not induce ARF-dependent Rac activation. We find that the coiled-coil domain promotes the assembly of a multiprotein complex containing both ARNO and the Rac-activating protein Dock180. Knockdown of either GRASP/Tamalin or IPCEF, two proteins known to bind to the coiled-coil of ARNO, prevents the association of ARNO and Dock180 and prevents ARNO-induced Rac activation. These data suggest that scaffold proteins can regulate ARF dependent processes by biasing ARF signaling toward particular outputs.
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Xu, Xingjian, Igor Dikiy, Matthew R. Evans, Leandro P. Marcelino, and Kevin H. Gardner. "Fragile protein folds: sequence and environmental factors affecting the equilibrium of two interconverting, stably folded protein conformations." Magnetic Resonance 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/mr-2-63-2021.

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Abstract. Recent research on fold-switching metamorphic proteins has revealed some notable exceptions to Anfinsen's hypothesis of protein folding. We have previously described how a single point mutation can enable a well-folded protein domain, one of the two PAS (Per-ARNT-Sim) domains of the human ARNT (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) protein, to interconvert between two conformers related by a slip of an internal β strand. Using this protein as a test case, we advance the concept of a “fragile fold”, a protein fold that can reversibly rearrange into another fold that differs by a substantial number of hydrogen bonds, entailing reorganization of single secondary structure elements to more drastic changes seen in metamorphic proteins. Here we use a battery of biophysical tests to examine several factors affecting the equilibrium between the two conformations of the switching ARNT PAS-B Y456T protein. Of note is that we find that factors which impact the HI loop preceding the shifted Iβ strand affect both the equilibrium levels of the two conformers and the denatured state which links them in the interconversion process. Finally, we describe small molecules that selectively bind to and stabilize the wild-type conformation of ARNT PAS-B. These studies form a toolkit for studying fragile protein folds and could enable ways to modulate the biological functions of such fragile folds, both in natural and engineered proteins.
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Lee, Soo Chan, Sabrina N. Schmidtke, Lawrence J. Dangott, and Brian D. Shaw. "Aspergillus nidulans ArfB Plays a Role in Endocytosis and Polarized Growth." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 8 (June 6, 2008): 1278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00039-08.

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ABSTRACT Filamentous fungi undergo polarized growth throughout most of their life cycles. The Spitzenkörper is an apical organelle composed primarily of vesicles that is unique to filamentous fungi and is likely to act as a vesicle supply center for tip growth. Vesicle assembly and trafficking are therefore important for hyphal growth. ADP ribosylation factors (Arfs), a group of small GTPase proteins, play an important role in nucleating vesicle assembly. Little is known about the role of Arfs in filamentous hyphal growth. We found that Aspergillus nidulans is predicted to encode six Arf family proteins. Analysis of protein sequence alignments suggests that A. nidulans ArfB shares similarity with ARF6 of Homo sapiens and Arf3p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An arfB null allele (arfB disrupted by a transposon [arfB::Tn]) was characterized by extended isotropic growth of germinating conidia followed by cell lysis or multiple, random germ tube emergence, consistent with a failure to establish polarity. The mutant germ tubes and hyphae that do form initially meander abnormally off of the axis of polarity and frequently exhibit dichotomous branching at cell apices, consistent with a defect in polarity maintenance. FM4-64 staining of the arfB::Tn strain revealed that another phenotypic characteristic seen for arfB::Tn is a reduction and delay in endocytosis. ArfB is myristoylated at its N terminus. Green fluorescent protein-tagged ArfB (ArfB::GFP) localizes to the plasma membrane and endomembranes and mutation (ArfBG2A::GFP) of the N-terminal myristoylation motif disperses the protein to the cytoplasm rather than to the membranes. These results demonstrate that ArfB functions in endocytosis to play important roles in polarity establishment during isotropic growth and polarity maintenance during hyphal extension.
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Aitola, Marjo, Christine M. Sadek, Jan-Åke Gustafsson, and Markku Pelto-Huikko. "Aint/Tacc3 Is Highly Expressed in Proliferating Mouse Tissues During Development, Spermatogenesis, and Oogenesis." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 51, no. 4 (April 2003): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540305100407.

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Aint was originally identified on the basis of its interaction in vitro with the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear receptor translocator (Arnt). Arnt is a common heterodimerization partner in the basic helix-loop–helix (bHLH)-PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) protein family and is involved in diverse biological functions. These include xenobiotic metabolism, hypoxic response, and circadian rhythm. In addition, Arnt has a crucial role during development. Aint is a member of a growing family of transforming acidic coiled-coil (TACC) proteins and is the murine homologue of human TACC3. Here we report the spatiotemporal expression of Tacc3 mRNA and protein in embryonic, postnatally developing, and adult mouse tissues using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Tacc3 mRNA was highly expressed in proliferating cells of several organs during murine development. However, the only adult tissues expressing high levels were testis and ovary. Immunocytochemistry revealed that Tacc3 is a nuclear protein. Our results suggest that Tacc3 has an important role in murine development, spermatogenesis, and oogenesis.
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Reimann, Julia, Kerstin Lassak, Sunia Khadouma, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Nuan Yang, Arnold J. M. Driessen, Andreas Klingl, and Sonja-Verena Albers. "Regulation of archaella expression by the FHA and von Willebrand domain-containing proteins ArnA and ArnB inSulfolobus acidocaldarius." Molecular Microbiology 86, no. 1 (August 22, 2012): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08186.x.

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Moffett, P., M. Reece, and J. Pelletier. "The murine Sim-2 gene product inhibits transcription by active repression and functional interference." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 9 (September 1997): 4933–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.9.4933.

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The Drosophila single-minded (Dsim) gene encodes a master regulatory protein involved in cell fate determination during midline development. This protein is a member of a rapidly expanding family of gene products possessing basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and hydrophobic PAS (designated a conserved region among PER, ARNT [aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator] and SIM) protein association domains. Members of this family function as central transcriptional regulators in cellular differentiation and in the response to environmental stimuli such as xenobiotics and hypoxia. We have previously identified a murine member of this family, called mSim-2, showing sequence homology to the bHLH and PAS domains of Dsim. Immunoprecipitation experiments with recombinant proteins indicate that mSIM-2 associates with the arnt gene product. In the present work, by using fine-structure mapping we found that the HLH and PAS motifs of both proteins are required for optimal association. Forced expression of GAL4/mSIM-2 fusion constructs in mammalian cells demonstrated the presence of two separable repression domains within the carboxy terminus of mSIM-2. We found that mSIM-2 is capable of repressing ARNT-mediated transcriptional activation in a mammalian two-hybrid system. This effect (i) is dependent on the ability of mSIM-2 and ARNT to heterodimerize, (ii) is dependent on the presence of the mSIM-2 carboxy-terminal repression domain, and (iii) is not specific to the ARNT activation domain. These results suggest that mSIM-2 repression activity can dominantly override the activation potential of adjacent transcription factors. We also demonstrated that mSIM-2 can functionally interfere with hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha)/ARNT transcription complexes, providing a second mechanism by which mSIM-2 may inhibit transcription.
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Wang, Feng, Shengli Shi, Ruixue Zhang, and Oliver Hankinson. "Identifying target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) using DNA microarray analysis." Biological Chemistry 387, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2006.150.

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Abstract The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that also contains a Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain. In addition to forming heterodimers with many other bHLH-PAS proteins, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and hypoxia-inducible factors 1α, 2α and 3α, Arnt can also form homodimers when expressed from its cDNA in vitro or in vivo. However, target genes of the Arnt/Arnt homodimer remain to be identified. In this study, we have elucidated the profile of genes responsive to the reintroduction of Arnt expression in an Arnt-deficient mouse hepatoma cell line (c4), using DNA microarray analysis. The expression of 27 genes was upregulated by 1.5-fold or more in c4 cells infected with a retroviral vector expressing mouse Arnt, while no genes were found to be downregulated. Among the upregulated genes, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 1 (NIP3), serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade E, member 1 (PAI1), and N-myc downstream regulated-like (NDR1), were confirmed to be induced by Arnt using real-time PCR. We also found that the 5′ promoter region of 15 out of 20 upregulated genes contain the type 2 E-box 5′-CACGTG-3′ Arnt/Arnt binding sequence, consistent with the notion that they represent target genes for Arnt.
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Hoffmann, Lena, Andreas Schummer, Julia Reimann, Maria F. Haurat, Amanda J. Wilson, Morgan Beeby, Bettina Warscheid, and Sonja-V. Albers. "Expanding the archaellum regulatory network - the eukaryotic protein kinases ArnC and ArnD influence motility ofSulfolobus acidocaldarius." MicrobiologyOpen 6, no. 1 (October 22, 2016): e00414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.414.

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Coban, Mathew A., Patrick R. Blackburn, Murray L. Whitelaw, Mieke M. van Haelst, Paldeep S. Atwal, and Thomas R. Caulfield. "Structural Models for the Dynamic Effects of Loss-of-Function Variants in the Human SIM1 Protein Transcriptional Activation Domain." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091314.

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Single-minded homologue 1 (SIM1) is a transcription factor with numerous different physiological and developmental functions. SIM1 is a member of the class I basic helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH–PAS) transcription factor family, that includes several other conserved proteins, including the hypoxia-inducible factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, neuronal PAS proteins, and the CLOCK circadian regulator. Recent studies of HIF-a-ARNT and CLOCK-BMAL1 protein complexes have revealed the organization of their bHLH, PASA, and PASB domains and provided insight into how these heterodimeric protein complexes form; however, experimental structures for SIM1 have been lacking. Here, we describe the first full-length atomic structural model for human SIM1 with its binding partner ARNT in a heterodimeric complex and analyze several pathogenic variants utilizing state-of-the-art simulations and algorithms. Using local and global positional deviation metrics, deductions to the structural basis for the individual mutants are addressed in terms of the deleterious structural reorganizations that could alter protein function. We propose new experiments to probe these hypotheses and examine an interesting SIM1 dynamic behavior. The conformational dynamics demonstrates conformational changes on local and global regions that represent a mechanism for dysfunction in variants presented. In addition, we used our ab initio hybrid model for further prediction of variant hotspots that can be engineered to test for counter variant (restoration of wild-type function) or basic research probe.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ArnB Protein"

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Gowher, Ali. "Characterization of protein factors targeting RNA into human mitochondria." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071841.

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The import of yeast tRNALys (tRK1) into human mitochondria in the presence of cytosolic extract suggests that human cell possesses machinery for tRK1 import. Here, we show that precursor of mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA synthetase (preKARS2) interact with tRK1 and its derivatives containing tRK1 import determinants, and facilitates their import into isolated mitochondria and in vivo, when preKARS2 was overexpressed or downregulated. tRK1 import efficiency increased upon addition of glycolytic enzyme enolase, previously found as an actor of RNA import in yeast. We found that tRK1 and its derivatives translocate into mitochondrial matrix in polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) dependent manner. Furthermore, a point mutation preventing trimerization of PNPase affect import of 5S rRNA and MRP RNA into mitochondria and subsequently mitochondrial translation. Overexpression of the wild-type PNPase induced an increase of 5S rRNA import into mitochondria and rescued translation.
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Li, Yi. "Study of Arnt-interacting proteins on Arnt-dependent signaling pathways." Scholarly Commons, 2006. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2786.

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In an effort to better understand the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt)-dependent signaling mechanisms, we employed a phage display system to identify Arnt-interacting peptides. Human liver cDNA library was utilized to screen for Arnt-interacting peptides using an Arnt construct fused to thioredoxin (TH-ArntCΔ418). Two clones, namely Ainp1 and Ainp2 (Arnt-interacting peptide), were identified and subsequently characterized. Ainp2 interacted with TH-ArntCΔ418 in the GST pull-down, TALON co-precipitation, and mammalian two-hybrid assays. Northern blot results revealed that Ainp2 is predominantly expressed in human liver. The putative full-length Ainp2 cDNA sequence was subsequently cloned using RACE PCR. Endogenous expression of Ainp2 was found in Jurkat cells and human fetal/adult liver medleys. Results from the transient transfection studies using a DRE- or ERE-driven reporter plasmid and the real-time QPCR experiments examining the endogenous CYP1A1 or GREB-1 expression demonstrated that Ainp2 enhances the 3MC-induced AhR signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, while suppresses the E2-induced ER signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. These results suggested that Ainp2 plays a role in the Arnt-dependent signaling pathways. The suppressive effect of Ainp2 in the ER signaling pathway was not observed in Arnt-knockdown cells. Additionally, co-precipitation data showed that Ainp2 did not interact with ER α and ER β, suggesting that Ainp2 suppresses the ER signaling via an Arnt-mediated mechanism. The phage display technique also revealed another potential Arnt-interacting peptide Ainp1, which contains an open reading frame of 58 amino acids. The GST pull-down and mammalian two-hybrid assays showed that Ainp1 interacts with TH-ArntCΔ418. Northern blot results demonstrated that Ainp1 is ubiquitously present in all the tested tissues, including brain, placenta, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, pancreas, liver, lung, spleen, and colon.
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Uchikawa, Emiko. "A structural approach of RNA-protein recognition and kinetics of binding in two examples : tRNA aminoacylation by arginyl-tRNA synthetase and 7SK stabilization by LaRP7." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6052.

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Dans la cellule, les interactions ARN-protéines jouent un rôle fondamental dans divers processus impliqués dans la régulation de l'expression du message génétique. Si l'épissage de l'ARN pré-messager, la polyadénylation, le transport et l'adressage, la stabilité et la traduction sont des régulations de type post-transcriptionnel, les interactions ARN-protéines ont également un rôle-clé dans le domaine de la transcription. Effectivement, en addition aux capacités de codage, qui font de l'ADN et de l'ARN des supports de l'information génétique, la grande variabilité de structures et la flexibilité de l'ARN créent de nombreux sites uniques et le potentiel pour des régulations complexes. Les protéines se liant à l'ARN utilisent une bibliothèque de motifs structuraux pour reconnaître la séquence et la structure de leurs ARN cibles, ce qui conduit à un large éventail d'interactions, de labiles à stables. Ce manuscrit décrit nos travaux consistant à révéler les détails d'interactions RNA-protéines au niveau moléculaires, dans différents exemples concernant deux champs de la biologie cellulaire, la traduction et la transcription du code génétique. Nos cibles ont été choisies afin d'apporter des informations sur des interactions critiques pour la survie cellulaire et représentent différents modes de liaison de protéines à des ARN. Nous avions pour but d'utiliser la cristallographie aux rayons X, qui est une méthode fiable et reconnue pour la finesse des informations à l'échelle atomique que l'on peut en obtenir, et nous avons développé pour chaque cible un protocole de purification conduisant à une préparation homogène et cristallisable. Nous décrivons également les divers tests biophysiques et biochimiques ayant été utilisés pour caractériser nos échantillons
In the cell, RNA-protein interactions are fundamental to many processes involved in the regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA splicing, polyadenylation, editing, transport, cytoplasmic targeting, mRNA turnove and translation. In addition to these post-transcriptional processes, RNA-prote in interactions may also play a key rôle in transcription. Indeed, in addition to its coding capacity, which makes both DNA and RNA recipients of the genetic message, the high variability and conformationnal flexibility of RNA structure creates a number of unique binding sites and the potential for complex regulation by RNA binding proteins. These use a large Iibrary of structural modules in order to recognize RNAs in a combination of sequence- or structure-dependent ways, leading to a wide range of transient to more stable interactions. This manuscript describes our endeavour to reveal the details of RNAprotein interactions at the molecular level in several examples taken in two different fields of cell biology, transcription and translation. Our targets were chosen to better understand the molecular foundation of interactions critical for the cell survival, and represent different binding modes ofproteins to RNA. Aiming to use X-ray crystallography, a well-accepted and reliable mean to analyze recognition details at atomic resolution, we developed for each target a purification protocolleading to homogeneous preparations that were used for crystallization and subjected to various anai}'ses, including functional assays and biophysical characterization
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Corsi, Flavia. "Towards the in silico reconstruction of protein interaction networks : identification of DNA- and RNA-protein interfaces, and construction of a database of multiple interactions of proteins." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS452.pdf.

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Cette thèse porte sur la caractérisation et la prédiction des interfaces protéine-ADN et -ARN, et des comparaisons avec les interfaces protéine-protéine. Nous avons créé un ensemble non-redondant et représentatif de 187 complexes protéine-ADN à haute résolution, comprenant aussi les conformations non liées de 82 protéines. Cette base de données peut servir de référence dans le domaine. Nous avons mené une analyse exhaustive des propriétés de séquence et structurels des interfaces protéine-ADN/ARN et nous les avons comparé avec les propriétés des interfaces protéine-protéine et celles des régions protéiques non-interagissantes. Nous avons développé JET2DNA et JET2RNA, nouvelles méthodes pour la prediction des sites de liaison protéine-ADN/ARN à la surface des protéines. En combinant quatre descripteurs biologiquement pertinents, elles surpassent des méthodes par apprentissage machine. Elles permettent aussi de découvrir des sites de liaison alternatifs avec l'ADN/ARN et de déchiffrer leurs propriétés. Afin de donner un aperçu global de la plasticité des protéines interagissant avec l'ADN, nous avons construit la base de données protéine-(protéine)-ADN (P(P)DNAdb). Elle inclut les 187 complexes protéine-ADN de notre ensemble de référence, les forme libres des protéines et les structures des autres complexes où ces protéines, ou des homologues proches, sont impliqués. L'utilisateur peut accéder aux propriétés des interfaces, visualiser les changements de conformation associés à la liaison avec des partenaires différents et localiser les résidus interagissants avec l'ADN dans les autres structures de la même protéine
This thesis focuses on the characterization and prediction of DNA- and RNA-binding sites on protein structures, with some comparisons with protein-protein ones. We compiled and manually curated a non-redundant and representative set of 187 high resolution protein-DNA complexes, with the available 82 protein unbound conformations, that could be used as a reference benchmark. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of sequence- and structure-based properties of protein-DNA/RNA interfaces and compared them with respect to protein-protein interfaces and to non-interacting protein regions. We developed JET2DNA and JET2RNA, new methods for predicting DNA- and RNA-binding sites on protein surfaces. Combining four biologically meaningful descriptors, they outperform other machine-learning methods, in terms of predictive power and robustness to conformational changes. Our tools demonstrated to be instrumental in discovering alternative DNA/RNA-binding sites and in deciphering their properties. This could be very helpful for drug design and repurposing. To give a comprehensive view of plasticity of DNA-binding proteins and structural information on their multiple interactions, we constructed the Protein-(Protein)-DNA database (P(P)DNAdb). It comprises the 187 protein-DNA complexes in our benchmark, protein unbound forms and structures of other complexes where the proteins, or closed homologs, were in contact with other proteins. The user can access properties of the interfaces, visualize conformational changes associated to the binding of different partners and the location of the DNA-binding residues on the unbound structures and on the complexes with the other protein partners
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Jarrige, Domitille. "Déchiffrer le "code OPR" pour une meilleure compréhension du rôle physiologique des protéines OPR." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS632.

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À la suite de l’endosymbiose, le génome chloroplastique a rétréci et dépend maintenant du génome nucléaire pour son expression. Chez Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, les protéines Octotricopeptide repeat (OPR), codées dans le noyau, contrôlent l’expression d’ARNm chloroplastiques spécifiques. La répétition OPR est un motif dégénéré de 38 acides aminés, qui forme un tandem d’hélices α antiparallèles qui lient l’ARN. Une répétition OPR est prédite pour interagir avec un nucléotide spécifique grâce à des résidus variables à des positions précises. La succession de répétitions permet aux protéines OPR de se lier à une séquence donnée. En partant d’un « code OPR » théorique, j’ai cherché à étudier cette spécificité de reconnaissance. J’ai mute in vivo les cibles chloroplastiques de facteurs OPR pour empêcher l’interaction OPR/ARN, puis j’ai tenté de la restaurer en mutant les résidus conférant la spécificité dans les répétitions correspondantes. Étonnamment, les interactions OPR/ARN sont très résilientes, ce qui a complétement changé notre vision de ces interactions in vivo. Des études fonctionnelles complémentaires que j’ai réalisées sur les facteurs OPR MDB1 and MTHI1 ont révélé que l’expression des gènes chloroplastiques dépend probablement de systèmes de facteurs nucléaires. En coopérant ces facteurs auraient une affinité combinée plus forte et seraient ainsi plus résilients
Following endosymbiosis, the chloroplast genome shrunk and became reliant on the host genome for its expression. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Octotricopeptide repeat proteins (OPR), encoded in the nucleus, control the expression of a specific organellar mRNA. The OPR repeat is a degenerate motif of 38 amino-acids, folding into a tandem of antiparallel α-helices which can bind to RNA. An individual OPR repeat is predicted to interact with one given nucleotide thanks to specificity-conferring residues at defined positions within the repeat. OPR proteins contain tracks of successive OPR motifs, thus they can bind to a specific RNA “target” sequence and act on it. I aimed to study this specificity, called the “OPR code”, starting with a draft code based on known OPR protein/mRNA couples. I mutated in vivo the chloroplast targets of some OPR factors to disrupt the OPR/RNA interaction, and then tried to restore it by mutating the specificity-conferring residues in the corresponding repeats. Surprisingly, OPR/RNA interactions seem very resilient, challenging our view of how the specificity is established in vivo. Complementary functional studies that I performed on the OPR factors MDB1 and MTHI1 revealed that chloroplast gene expression might rely on complex networks of nuclear factors. By cooperating those putative systems would be both more specific and more resilient
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Mendler, Claudia Theresa [Verfasser], Arne [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Skerra, and Markus [Gutachter] Schwaiger. "Protein-Engineering für die In-Vivo-Bildgebung / Claudia Theresa Mendler ; Gutachter: Markus Schwaiger, Arne Skerra ; Betreuer: Arne Skerra." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1129874621/34.

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PARK, YOUNG CHUL. "Stabilite d'une proteine dimerique complexe : la tyrosyl-arnt synthetase." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077266.

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La tyrosyl-arnt synthetase (tyrrs) de bacillus stearothermophilus comprend un domaine n-terminal (residus 1-319), qui est dimerique, forme le tyrosyl-adenylate et possede le repliement caracteristique de rossmann. Le domaine c-terminal (320-419) fixe l'anticodon de l'arnt. J'ai etudie et modelise le depliement du domaine n-terminal par l'uree a 25\c a l'equilibre dans des experiences de spectrofluorimetrie, dichroisme circulaire et chromatographie d'exclusion de taille. Les resultats ont montre l'existence d'un equilibre entre l'etat natif dimerique du domaine n-terminal, un etat monomerique intermediaire et l'etat deplie. L'intermediaire etait replie et n'etait pas en globule fondu. La variation d'energie libre deltag(h 2o) et son coefficient m de dependance vis-a-vis de la concentration en uree ont ete determines avec precision pour la dissociation du dimere natif et pour le depliement de l'intermediaire monomerique. J'ai identifie un groupement dense de 8 residus dans la tyrrs du thermophile b. Stearothermophilus dont 4 residus ne sont pas conserves dans la tyrrs du mesophile escherichia coli. J'ai construit les mutations correspondantes, t51p, i52l, m55l et l105v, et certaines mutations multiples dans la tyrrs de b. Stearothermophilus, pour etudier le role et le mode devolution de ce groupement dense. Les mutations n'affectaient pas l'activite de la tyrrs ou l'augmentaient. I52l destabilisait l'association entre les deux sous-unites du dimere de tyrrs bien que le residus ile52 soit a plus de 20 angstroms de leur interface. Au contraire, l105v destabilisait principalement l'intermediaire monomerique de depliement. Les effets des 2 mutations etaient antagonistes avec une forte compensation de la mutation l105v par i52l pour la stabilite de l'intermediaire monomerique. Le gain d'activite du a t51p se faisait au depend d'une destabilisation. Ce travail ouvre la voie a l'etude quantitative de la stabilite et du repliement des proteines dimeriques complexes.
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Takeuchi, Akiko Krol Alain Allmang-Cura Christine. "RNA-protein interaction in the selenoprotein synthesis machinery." Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1133/01/TAKEUCHI_Akiko_2009.pdf.

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Thèse de doctorat : Sciences du Vivant. Aspects moléculaire et cellulaire de la Biologie : Strasbourg : 2009.
Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 11 p.
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Holla, Andrea Dorothee [Verfasser], Arne [Akademischer Betreuer] Skerra, and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Haller. "Protein-Engineering eines Anticalins mit Bindungsspezifität für DC-SIGN / Andrea Dorothee Holla. Gutachter: Arne Skerra ; Dirk Haller. Betreuer: Arne Skerra." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1031075763/34.

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Yavrom, Sheena. "Evidence that ARNT plays a role in the regulation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer and identification of a putative ARNT ligand." Scholarly Commons, 1998. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/516.

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Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are involved in the regulation of a multitude of developmental processes including cellular differentiation, cellular proliferation and xenobiotic metabolism. Among the members of the bHLH protein family are the products of the Pan gene Pan-1, Pan-2 and ITF -1. Pan proteins have been demonstrated to be required for proper B cell development, suggesting a unique role for Pan proteins during B cell formation. In our study we tested the function of ARNT (Ah receptor nuclear translocator) at the IgH (immunoglobulin heavy chain) enhancer. We were able to determine that ARNT appears to partially down-regulate activation at the IgH enhancer by Pan-1 in transient transfection assays by cotransfection of the multimerized murine form of the IgH enhancer elements 1-1E2, !-LE3 , and 1-1ES upstream of a luciferase reporter gene, a rodent Pan-1 (human homolog E47) expression vector, and an ARNT expression vector. Furthermore, during our investigation we discovered a putative ARNT -binding ligand that increases DNA-binding activity of the ARNT homodimer. This ligand was partially characterized by UV crosslinking studies and a variety of biochemical studies using electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. Preliminary data suggests that it is hydrophilic, heat-stable, small, and non-protein.
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Books on the topic "ArnB Protein"

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L, Hatfield Dolph, Lee Byeong J, and Pirtle Robert M, eds. Transfer RNA in protein synthesis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992.

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editor, Singh Priya, Chatterjee Kingshuk editor, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (Kolkata, India), eds. Interpreting the Arab Spring: Significance of the new Arab awakening? New Delhi: KW Publishers, 2013.

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Siddique, Abul-Hasanat. The Arab uprisings: An introduction. Dublin, CA: SlimBooks, Inc., 2012.

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Måns, Ehrenberg, ed. Structural aspects of protein synthesis. 2nd ed. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2013.

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Structural aspects of protein synthesis. Singapore: World Scientific, 2005.

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McCaffrey, Paul. The Arab Spring. Ipswich, Mass: H.W. Wilson, 2012.

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The Arab Spring. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.

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Arab spring: Uprisings, powers, interventions. New York: Berghahn, 2014.

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Gelderloos, Peter. The failure of nonviolence: From the Arab Spring to Occupy. Seattle, Wash: Left Bank Books, 2013.

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Filiu, Jean-Pierre. The Arab revolution: Ten lessons from the democratic uprising. London: Hurst & Co, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "ArnB Protein"

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Marteu, Elisabeth. "Arab Palestinian Women’s Organizations in Israel." In Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel, 187–208. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230621749_10.

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Sallon, Hélène. "Lawyering for the Cause of the Arab Minority in Israel." In Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel, 165–85. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230621749_9.

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Farmanfarmaian, Roxane. "Policing the Arab Spring: Discordant Discourses of Protest and Intervention." In Riot, Unrest and Protest on the Global Stage, 277–300. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-30553-4_15.

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Ortiz, Isabel, Sara Burke, Mohamed Berrada, and Hernán Saenz Cortés. "Selected Key Issues in World Protests." In World Protests, 83–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88513-7_3.

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AbstractThis section of the book “World Protests: A Study of Key Protest Issues in the 21st-Century” analyzes: (i) trends such as the rise of populism and radical right protests; (ii) anti-corruption and women’s protests; (iii) the link between inequality and protests, as well as the link between protests and perceptions that governments serve only the few; (iv) the Arab and the Latin American Springs; and (v) the link between protestors’ policy demands, Human Rights and internationally agreed UN development goals, calling on governments to act on them.
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Augustin, Anne-Linda Amira. "Family Memories and the Transmission of the Independence Struggle in South Yemen." In Re-Configurations, 203–14. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31160-5_13.

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Abstract In 2007, a protest movement emerged in South Yemen called the Southern Movement. At the beginning, it was a loose amalgamation of people, most of them former army personnel and state employees of the former People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) who had been forced out of their jobs after the southern faction lost the war in 1994. Because of the state security forces’ brutality against protesters, more and more people joined the demonstrations, and the claims began to evolve into concrete political demands, such as the restored independence of the territory that once formed the PDRY, which in 1990 unified with the Arab Republic of Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen, as a separate state. By appropriating hidden forms of resistance, such as the intentionally and unintentionally intergenerational transmission of a counternarrative, South Yemenis have strengthened the calls for independence in recent years.
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AlMahri, Mariam Ali, Kichul Jung, Mashael Alshehhi, Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel, and Jens Ejbye Schmidt. "Techno-economic Assessment of Microalgae Biorefinery as a Source of Proteins, Pigments, and Fatty acids: A Case Study for the United Arab Emirates." In Biorefinery, 679–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10961-5_30.

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"The Media in the Arab Spring." In Protest and Mass Mobilization, 113–33. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315602707-6.

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"Theatre in the Arab World:." In Poetics, Politics and Protest in Arab Theatre, 32–60. Liverpool University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.4116418.6.

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Charrad, Mounira M., Amina Zarrugh, and Hyun Jeong Ha. "The Reclamation Master Frame: A Visual Study of the Arab Uprisings." In Power and Protest, 11–35. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0163-786x20210000044004.

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Zouag, Nada, and Molk Kadiri. "Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, and Knowledge Economy in Arab Countries." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 245–72. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5210-1.ch010.

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Access to knowledge economy, as well as progress in this area, is continuously assessed by the expansion of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in any economy. Development and enforcement of IPRs is likely to protect rights to innovation and creation and contribute thus to further production and use of knowledge. This chapter describes how Arab countries protect the rights to innovation through patents, copyrights, geographical indications, models, labels, and other distinctive measures. Issues related to lack of enforcement and limited implementation of IPRs are not absent from Arab economies.
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Conference papers on the topic "ArnB Protein"

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Faisal, Wafa, Hana Eltaveb, Mohammed Hassan, and Nusiba Ibrahim. "An In-Silico Technique: Prediction of Unknown Protein Structure from Sequences by Homology." In 2022 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit57182.2022.9994198.

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Budiyanto, F., H. Natalia, and SN Widiastuti SN. "Kajian Produksi Telur Mingguan dan FCR Ayam Arab Sembawa sebagai Sumber Protein Hewani Lokal Prospektif." In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/pros.semnas.tpv-2017-p.516-521.

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ahmed abed, Ibrahim. "Cybercrime in international law." In المؤتمر الدولي الثالث في القانون والعلاقات الدولية. Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/lir32021/paper.408.

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Because of the seriousness has been focused on the response of states and international organizations concluded on the international conventions and the regulations and instructions necessary to prevent them and hit them and hold those responsible accountable, the most important convention in Europe ( Budapest ) and the system of data protection, who issued it and the Arab convention for the protection of the data and the convention of the African to protect the data and finally the efforts of the United Nations set up the convention on the design of inclusive of all countries of the world . The research aims to answer the following questions.
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Kwon, K. Hazel, and Jeff Hemsley. "Cross-National Proximity in Online Social Network and Protest Diffusion: An Event History Analysis of Arab Spring." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2017.260.

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Tsyrlov, Ilya, Irina Shur, and Vladimir Roumak. "The NS1A binding protein in alveolar epithelial cells as centerpiece of Influenza virus A lung injury mechanism mediated via AhR/Arnt signaling pathway." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa352.

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Alexandersen, Dennis Kronborg, Tom R. Headley, Stephane Prigent, and Marcus Schmuelling. "Sustainable Treatment of Wastewater Generated by Oil & Gas Drilling Rig Camps." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211776-ms.

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Abstract Oil & gas exploration and production activities often takes place in remote areas with no immediate wastewater treatment access. It is industry practice to establish own treatment facilities or to tanker wastewater long distance to municipal treatment facilities outside the concession areas. The remote setting and harsh operating conditions makes it challenging for mechanical treatment systems to comply to national effluent discharge standards. This paper explores if a nature-based portable solution can help overcome this challenge while promoting sustainability. By deploying a Test Unit (ReedBox®) to Khalifa Industrial Zone Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, the treatment performance is tested for compliance. Following a 26-week test period, a third-party performance verification confirmed that the Test Unit satisfactorily treated the wastewater producing an effluent in full compliance with the Abu Dhabi Recycled Water and Biosolids Regulations for P1 Unrestricted Reuse. As a result, the portable nature-based wastewater treatment system offers a green alternative to operators and contractors willing to uptake innovation that helps protect the environment.
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Edwar, M., Shindi Marlina Oktaviani, Aipujana Tiara Santoso, Syachrul Gibran Muzhaffar, Irvan Husni Saugi, Muhammad Alif Putra Dafi, Galuh Mardiansyah, et al. "Development of commercial-off-the-shelf imaging payload for cloud coverage monitoring." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.106.

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Locana Bhumi payload is one of the selected payloads in The 2nd GRSS Student Grand Challenge, and it will be installed in a 3U Cube Satellite. Its main mission is to monitor cloud coverage in several regions such as Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Australia. Clouds have a role in climate change, they are able to reflect infrared light and cool the surface of the earth that is covered by clouds. At the same time, clouds are also able to trap heat, as a result, they warm the earth. By monitoring cloud coverage over the selected areas, it is expected that we will be able to study how cloud coverage could affect the climate system on the earth. In order to monitor the cloud coverage, the Locana payload will capture cloud images by using a small serial camera that is equipped with a low voltage ¼-inch 5-megapixel OV5642 image sensor. This camera also employs a 4.14 mm focal length fixed-infrared-cut-filter lens. This camera is able to capture 500 x 375 km2 of the area from about 575 km above the earth's surface, with that area observation, the cloud coverage is expected to be easier to observe. In terms of image storage, this payload is integrated with a 1 Gigabit memory. This memory is also used for saving the payload housekeeping data. To prevent the payload from overcurrent situations, the payload system is integrated with an Over Current Protection module. Moreover, an alloy-based enclosure has been designed to protect the component from outer space radiation. The material used for the enclosure is aluminum alloy 7075. The payload has a compact dimension, which fits in 0.5U of Cube Satellite size. Currently, the development of this payload has reached the Critical Design Review stage and it is expected to be ready in Quartal-1 2022.
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MattaraChalill, Subin, Chinnapalaniandi Periasamy, Pillai Nandakumar, and Ram Karthikeyan. "Interpretation and Analysis About Energy Savings in Commercial Green Houses Using Custom-Made Shadenets As Well As Thermal Reflective Screens." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71560.

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Greenhouses are known to be the modern outlook for the agronomical industry in terms of high-end yield especially in the regions where climatic conditions are not stable like in the Middle East, Europe, and United States. Crop optimization is one of the major challenges facing the farmers and the controlled production centers can dictate this difficulty in the upcoming market. Greenhouses are considered as the high -tech production centers which can support the food industry to have a green revolution through the mass production of the vegetables and spices. Properly designed commercial greenhouses can increase the yield by minimizing the operational cost especially in terms of reducing the energy consumption. In order to have a properly designed greenhouse, the selection or up gradation of the shade structures can play a vital role. Conventional greenhouses are made of polycarbonate sheets and in some cases the polyhouses by using simple polyethylene sheets. In this scenario, the main drawbacks were the energy consumption, operational expenses and the effectiveness of the indoor temperature control. Custom designed shades based on the crop requirements can provide high production rate by reducing the energy consumption. The detailed microstructural analysis in conjunction with the photosynthesis demand can provide a better selection of the shade-net or curtains. Greenhouse shade structure can be upgraded using the motorized specially designed nets or by using thermal-reflective screens. This up gradation can provide four stage advantages. In stage one this can decrease the 50% of heat energy and which will save the HVAC operational cost. During the stage, two better temperature control during the day and night will provide a good environment to provide proper PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation)[5] for photosynthesis, in the wavelength range of 400 to 700 nanometer. Third and fourth stages are the protection from the frost as well heat stress during the different climatic conditions. In the present market condition, the commercial greenhouses are being built in large scale by neglecting the energy saving options in shade structures. The commercial greenhouses using the upgraded shade structures can save the operational cost by 25 to 30%. Selection of this shade-nets or curtains can be done using the detailed microstructural analysis of the material. Shade-nets/curtains can be controlled manually, mechanically or can be automated in large-scale greenhouses. Flowering dates in the plants can be accelerated using the shading materials and delayed by the use of control treatment, which coincides with the results obtained in the previous studies [1]. This has proven with high land experiments [2]. Greenhouse shade nets are used in order to protect crops and plants from adverse weather conditions, animals and pests, besides providing suitable conditions for plant growth. The essential performance properties required for greenhouse shade nets are the resistance to solar radiation and weathering. The intensity of the Photo Synthetically Active Radiation (PAR) directly influences plant growth. Other nonvisible radiations are ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR) and far infrared (FIR)[16]. Polypropylene and polyester are more resistant to UV radiation than polyethylene, which is resistant to radiations in the visible region. The use of greenhouse shade nets in outdoor conditions also requires them to be resistant to abrasion[3]. The objective of the present work is to examine the effectiveness of the properly selected shade-net/curtain in commercial greenhouses in terms of high yield energy savings. This study was conducted to compare the traditional polycarbonate sheet with the innovation of properly designed shade curtain made-up from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fiber reinforced material discover the best shading method for plant growth in an ideal energy conservation scenario. The study was conducted in the two identical greenhouses (planted with lettuce crop) located in Al Khawaneej farm in the Emirate of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Yield versus the energy consumption has been observed in a period of time and obtained the reduction in energy consummation of almost 20 to 30 %.
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Reports on the topic "ArnB Protein"

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Rahbari, Ladan. When Tunisia changed its laws to protect women, it shook the Arab world. Edited by Tasha Wibawa. Monash University, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/5495-f819.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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