Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ARN longs non-Codant'
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Meseure, Didier. "Evaluation du rôle des longs ARN non codants dans les carcinomes mammaires infiltrants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS471/document.
Full textBreast cancer is the second most common cancer and the first malignancy of women. Currently, only few biomarkers (ER, PR, receptor HER2, index Ki67) and transcriptomic signature PAM50 are included in the morphological classification and therapeutic orientation. Transcriptome genome-wide analyses unexpectedly revealed that over 80% of the DNA is transcribed into RNA. Among these noncoding RNAs, transcripts longer than 200 nt are arbitrarily qualified as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs play a crucial role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis and present abnormal expression patterns in various diseases, including cancer. The main objective of my project was to analyze expression of lncRNAs, their functionality and their roles in breast oncogenesis. The first part focused on the study of ANRIL and MALAT1 genes, two lncRNAs whose mechanisms of action and clinical significance in breast carcinogenesis are still controversial. ANRIL and MALAT1 respectively overexpressed in 20% and 14% of tumors in our series, confirming their pro-oncogenic roles in mammary carcinogenesis. MALAT1 overexpression results in RNA-FISH by presence of huge intranuclear speckles. Complexity of their deregulation is associated with presence of various isoforms and interaction networks with miRNAs, mRNAs and other lncRNAs. Concerning PRC2/PRC1 polycomb sub-units interacting with ANRIL, EZH2 (PRC2) is normally targeted by 3 onco-suppressor miRNAs (miR-26A1, miR-125B and miR-214) that are under-expressed in our series of CCIs. The 2 oncomiRs miR-181B1 and miR-181A2 that normally target and inactivate CBX7 (PRC1) appear overexpressed in our series of CCIs, resulting from activation of the oncogene HMGA1. Concerning MALAT1, the miRNAs biogenesis complex Drosha-DGCR8-Microprocessor regulates expression levels of the splicing variant Δ-MALAT1 and the latter is involved in activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Significant correlations were observed between MALAT1 and genes involved in alternative splicing, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair and migration. Aberrant transcriptomic profiles of these two lncRNAs seem characteristics of mammary carcinomas. Thus, ANRIL (i) presents an unexpected positive association with the p16-CDKN2A/p15-CDKN2B/p14-ARF cluster in our series of CCIs, whereas this association appears negative in prostate carcinomas and (ii) epigenetically inactivates onco-suppressor miRNAs miR99a/miR-449a in gastric carcinomas, but not in our series. From a clinic point of view, two independent prognostic signatures were identified, one incorporating two protein partners of ANRIL belonging to the polycomb complexes (EZH2 overexpression / CBX7 under-expression) and the other represented by under-expression of the variant Δ-MALAT1 observed in 20% of tumors in our series. The presence of alternative splice variants, multiple interactions with mRNAs and miRNAs and organ specificity should be considered when evaluating epigenetic antitumoral drugs designed to target ANRIL (bromodomains and oncoMIRs inhibitors) and MALAT1 (ASOs) in breast cancers. The second part of the project involved analysis of non-coding transcriptome of mammary carcinomas to identify new types of lncRNAs, including new antisens lncRNAs, circular lncRNAs, induced lncRNAs, noncoding ultraconserved transcripts and lncRNAs associated with resistance to systemic treatments. The preliminary analysis performed on a small cohort of breast cancers (n=8) will allow the implementation of the main (n=40) which will enhance robustness of identified signatures
Moreno, Leon Laura. "Étude d'un long ARN non codant induit par l'hypoxie et associé à l’agressivité des adénocarcinomes bronchopulmonaires." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4144.
Full textNon Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with poor prognosis and a high rate of recurrence despite early surgical removal. It is therefore essential to identify new prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets. We are interested in gene regulation related to hypoxia, a factor associated with relapse of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). The roles of long non coding RNAs (incRNAs) in cancer development and hypoxic response are largely unexplored. A transcriptome profiling of early-stage LUAD samples indicated that a set of incRNAs was correlated to a metagene hypoxic signature. Some of these transcripts were also sensitive to hypoxia in LUAD cell lines. We focused on a new "hypoxaLinc", named NLUCAT1 that is strongly up-regulated by hypoxia in vitro and correlated to hypoxic markers and bad prognosis in LUAD samples. Full molecular charactherization of NLUCAT1 showed that LUCAT1 is mainly regulated by NF-kβ and NRF2 transcription factors. Targered deletion of NLUCAT using CRISPR/CAS9 in A549 LUAD cell line, revelated a decrase in proliferative and invasive properties, an increase in oxidative stress and a higher sensisivity to displatin-induced apoptosis. We identified genes of the NRF2-regulated and anti-oxidant response whose RNA interference partially mimicked the consequences of NLUCAT1 inactivation on ROS-dependent caspase activation. Overall, our data strongly demonstrate that NLUCAT1 exerts pro-tumoral activities in early stages hypoxic LUADs ans suggest it could represent a new potential therapeutic target in lung cancer
Gendron, Judith. "Les longs ARN non codants, une nouvelle classe de régulateurs génomique tissu-spécifique : signature moléculaire spécifique des neurones dopaminergiques et sérotoninergiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066518.
Full textOnly 1.2% of the genome codes for proteins; 98.8% is thus non-coding, despite 93% of the human genome being actively transcribed, mostly in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA).These lncRNA constitute a new class of genomic regulator capable of acting at all levels of gene expression and their expression is highly tissue-specific,modulated during the time and under normal/pathological conditions.Thus, we propose that each specified cell expresses a specific repertoire of lncRNA correlated to open/active chromatin regions specifying its cellular identity.In this context, we isolated by FACS 2neural types involved in many pathologies: i) human dopaminergic neurons (nDA) differentiated from hiPS and ii) DA and serotoninergic (n5-HT) neurons. From these 2neural types, we identified 1,363 lncRNA in nDA (among which 989 new, whether 73%) constituting the repertoire of nDA, and 1,257 lncRNA (among which 719 new) constituting the repertoire of n5-HT. Moreover,their comparison has shown that only 194 lncRNA are common to both neural types:thus the majority of lncRNA is expressed either in nDA or in n5-HT, indicating a high degree of cell-specificity.In addition, 39% of open chromatin regions, potentially regulatory, were also not detected in the n5-HT.Thus, we have generated DA and 5-HT specific catalogues of non-coding elements of the genome, which constitute DA and 5-HT specific molecular signatures, that could participate in deepening our knowledge regarding nDA or n5-HT development and dysfunctions. With this in mind,these DA specific elements have been compared with the SNP described as Parkinson Disease risk variants and candidate lncRNA were selected to perform studies of function
Gautier-Isola, Marine. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de longs ARNs non codants induits par l’hypoxie et impliqués dans l’agressivité des cancers pulmonaires non à petites cellules." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ6026.
Full textLung cancers, and notably Lung Adenocarcinomas (LUAD) are the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Their high rate of recurrence despite early, requires new prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets. The combined study of local cohort (CHU of Nice) and large scale (TCGA) transcriptomes of LUAD allowed the identification of a shortlist of 28 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) correlated with hypoxia, a factor of tumor aggressiveness, and a poor prognosis. LncRNAs are transcripts that modulate gene expression through the recruitment of proteins and/or nucleic acids and represent an interesting source of new therapeutic targets. Two lncRNAs candidate were selected and molecular characterization was undertaken by sequencing, RT-PCR and smRNA FISH and concern the nuclear lncRNA NLUCAT1 of 9,8kb and the cytosolic lncRNA LINC01116 of 1,2kb. Experiments with loss of function via CRISPR/Cas9 systems, interference RNA and gain of function allowed to characterize the function of these transcripts. Invalidation of NLUCAT1 by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces proliferation, migration, invasion and increases cisplatin sensitivity and ROS production. Bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomes from cells invalidated or not for NLUCAT1 has demonstrated its involvement in the mechanisms of regulation of oxidative stress via a positive feedback from the NRF2 antioxidant pathway. On the other hand, lncRNA LINC01116 is mainly expressed in endothelial cells of the tumor microenvironment and its inhibition by interfering RNA reduces the adhesion capacities and increases the permeability of the endothelium. Mechanistic characterization was perform for LINC01116 via RNA pulldown-MS co-precipitation experiments and idenfied a list of potential partner proteins. The proteins of RNA metabolism and stability, ILF3 and PABPC1 were identified and their interactions with LINC01116 were validated by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). Overall, during my thesis, I determine the pro-tumoral action of the NLUCAT1 in LUAD and the involvement of LINC01116 in the modification of the tumor microenvironment. These two transcripts could represent potential therapeutic targets in the management of lung cancer
De, Clara Etienne. "Etude des longs ARNs non codants dans la leucémie aiguë myéloblastique à caryotype normal." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30280/document.
Full textLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as RNA transcripts that are larger than 200 nt but do not appear to have protein- coding potential. Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs regulate many processes such as transcription, translation, cellular differentiation, gene expression regulation, cell cycle regulation, and chromatin modification. Cumulative evidence points towards an important role of lncRNAs in cancer initiation, development, and progression. However, our overall knowledge of lncRNAs in cancer, including leukemia, remains extremely limited. In this study, we investigated lncRNA expression by RNA-sequencing in 40 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with normal karyotype. Among 11065 lncRNA expressed in our samples, we identified specific lncRNA signature associated with the presence of NPM1 mutation. To go further into the putative function of these lncRNAs, we used catRAPID Omics algorithm to predict potential protein partners. Interestingly, the majority of the selected lncRNAs contains putative SUZ12 binding sites, a PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) component known to be linked to lncRNAs and to epigenetically regulates target genes. By using SUZ12 RNA Immunoprecipitation, we identify one lncRNA named XLOC_087120 linked to SUZ12. XLOC_087120 is located in a region enriched in histone genes. Pearson correlation showed a significative anti-correlation between XLOC_087120 and histone neighboring coding gene expression suggesting a role of this lncRNA in the regulation of histone genes. The impact on histone genes expression was confirmed by overexpression and inhibition of XLOC_087120 in AML cell lines. Overexpression of NPM1 mutant in an AML cell line showed that NPM1 modulates the nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of XLOC_087120 and consequently its repressive function. Altogether, these data suggest that lncRNAs should be considered as key players in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemias
Bouckenheimer, Julien. "Rôle fonctionnel des longs ARN non codants dans l'adaptation et la pluripotence des cellules souches en culture." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3505.
Full textThe actual and future applications of human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) in the biomedical field are highly promising. Their use for the discovery of new therapeutic drugs through the development of high-throughput screening tests, cytotoxicity tests and in vitro disease modeling has been added to their tremendous interests in regenerative medicine and cellular therapy. As a source of biological material that can be used to restore partially or totally the lost functions of a damaged organ or tissue, or as a source of normal cells to study human development or test putative new drugs, their genomic integrity has to be thoroughly assessed. Therefore, an effective optimization of their culture conditions has to be considered, in order to control the absence of genomic instability and prevent their potential emergence. Any genetic or epigenetic alteration resulting from cell culturing must be detected in order to define and characterize acceptance criteria for scientific and medical purposes.PSC are particularly sensitive to stress resulting from unappropriated passaging techniques, which cause rapid genetic drift. Indeed, our team observed that many genomic abnormalities arise from aggressive single cell, enzymatic based, passaging methods, and that substantial phenotypical changes such as increased survival after cell dissociation and variation in cell shape can then occur.In order to understand the mechanisms governing the emergence of those adverse alterations, the team focused on the consequences resulting from the adaptation of PSC to single-cell dissociation. By using new generation sequencing techniques as RNA-Seq, we compared transcriptomics of PSC passaged by standard techniques (such as mechanical passaging) versus single-cell enzymatic dissociation (such as TRyPLE-based single-cell passaging). This comparison showed that the most striking difference in the gene expression pattern between adapted and non adapted cells concerned the dramatic overexpression of RNAs from a recently discovered class: long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).The aim of this thesis work was to determine to which extent some of these lncRNAs were functionally linked to adaptation of PSC. In order to address this matter, we first investigated in silico which lncRNAs were upregulated by single-cell dissociation, and after experimental validation of lncRNA candidates by molecular biology, we performed functional in vitro analysis (notably by siRNA-mediated loss of function) and sought their cellular localization in order to decipher their role in the cellular machinery and their level of implication. Beside this main project, other auxiliary projects were grafted. The observation of major changes in cell phenotype and behavior led to the investigation of the global mechanisms governing these modifications, underlining the potential role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition provoked by single-cell dissociation. Finally, the global attractiveness of lncRNAs and the emergence of exponential documentation concerning non-coding RNAs prompted the writing of an extensive review and meta-analysis concerning the implications of lncRNAs during embryo development and in pluripotent stem cells
Riquier, Sébastien. "Dans les abysses du transcriptome : découverte de nouveaux biomarqueurs de cellules souches mésenchymateuses par analyse approfondie du RNAseq." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT004.
Full textThe development of RNA sequencing, or RNAseq, have opened the path of intensive biomarkers research in many areas of biology. The complete information of the transcriptome contained in the output data, allows a bioinformatician to surpass the current knowledge and to access, thanks to advanced computer pipelines, to signatures of new interest. In this thesis, we are showing that these potential markers, classically used in clinical and pathological conditions, can be used to characterize cell types without extensive markers profile. We have studied mesenchymal stem cells, a type of adult multipotent stem cells, strongly used in clinics but without strickly specific positive markers. Our study mainly focuses on the search for non-annotated, long non-coding RNAs. These RNAs, also called "lncRNA", constitute an emerging class of transcripts and are still lightly explored.In addition, this category presents a highly tissue-related specificity. We have developed an optimized RNAseq pipeline for the reconstruction and quantification of non-annotated lncRNAs.Using public data from RNAseq, coming from different sources of MSC and other cell types, we have identified new non-annotated lncRNAs clearly and specifically expressed in MSCs. to complete this project, we developed Kmerator.jl, a bioinformatical tool that allows to decompose a transcript in k-mer, and select specific sub-sequences, in order to search and quantify at a faster rate the signature of our candidates in a large number of RNAseq dataset. After validation of these new biomarkers of MSCs by qPCR, we used several computer tools to predict their potential functions. Finally, we analyzed single-cell RNAseq data to address the heterogeneity of expression within MSC populations
Chadourne, Manon. "La suppression de Topaz1 perturbe la méiose et l'expression des ARN non-codant longs testiculaires au cours de la spermatogenèse murine. Topaz1, an Essential Gene for Murine Spermatogenesis, Down-Regulates the Expression of Many Testis-Specific Long Non-Coding RNAs." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL021.
Full textTopaz1 (Testis and Ovary specific PAZ domain gene 1), a germ cell specific factor, is a highly conserved gene in vertebrates. The study of the Topaz1-inactivation mouse model demonstrated its essential role for male fertility. The absence of Topaz1 in mutant mice caused spermatogenesis arrest during the first meiotic division. Topaz1-/- spermatocytes, blocked at the end of meiotic prophase I, showed chromosome misalignment along the metaphase I plate. Histological experiments specified that the differences observed between Topaz1-/- and Topaz1+/+ mouse testes appeared between 15 (P15) and 20 (P20) days post-partum. Previously, transcriptomic analyses using a whole-genome expression array indicated that 10% of P20-deregulated genes (DEGs) were long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). During this thesis, high throughput transcriptomic analyses (RNAseq) were performed at P16 and P18 in order to better characterise the testicular phenotype of mice lacking the Topaz1 gene. From P16, the testicular transcriptome was disturbed and the DEGs number was multiplied by 10 at P18. Genes associated with centrosome, centriole, microtubule dynamics and spermatogenesis belonged to the most disturbed molecular pathways. Moreover, a quarter of DEGs were lncRNAs. Three of them, deregulated at P16 and P18, were studied by in situ hybridization and molecular biology techniques. They were germ cell specific. Thus, a new mouse model deleted for one of these lncRNAs was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. These mutant mice developed normally and were fertile in both sexes. However, mutant male mice presented a more than 50% decrease in the epididymal sperm concentration as well as a change in motility parameters compared to wild-type mice. New RNAseq analyses were realised to study testicular transcriptome of these mice. These showed that this lncRNA regulates a large number of protein-coding genes (approximately 80% of the DEGs at P18). There again, some of them regulated microtubule dynamics, spermatogenesis and haploid gamete generation.In conclusion, this work shows that the murine Topaz1 gene is therefore essential for the establishment of the bipolar spindle during the transition from late prophase I to metaphase I and its absence prevents the first meiotic division. The deregulation of a significant number of protein-coding genes of the centrosome, microtubule movements and spermatogenesis, as well as the strong repression of lncRNAs expression within mouse testis, suggests that RNAs-proteins complexes are formed during meiosis.In this study, deletion of one of these lncRNA did not affect fertility in mice even though sperm concentration was halved. In men, such a decrease could lead to male infertility. A mutation of the Topaz1 gene in men could also induce non-obstructive azoospermia. The study of RNAs-proteins complexes could represent a new field of investigation in the understanding of infertility, particularly in meiotic regulation
Torossian, Nouritza. "Study of long non-coding RNAs and reference-free detected RNAs as potential biomarkers and actors of Triple Negative Breast Cancers' chemoresistance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLS057.
Full textTriple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) represent a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancers including 12% to 24% of all cases, having the poorest prognoses and often affecting young women. Treatment at localized stage is mainly based on chemotherapy, with no targeted therapy (except germline BRCA mutated patients). Nearly all patients receive the same Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) with anthracyclines and taxanes, that badly impacts survival in the absence of pathological complete response (pCR). Therapeutic intensification, notably with addition of immunotherapy, is the current trend to increase pCR rate and improve survival. Standard gene expression signatures have failed to provide effective tools to predict TNBC chemoresistance, probably due to their incomplete nature, as they are mostly based on expression of protein coding genes and/or referenced transcripts and up to date there is no clinically useful transcriptomic signature predicting TNBC chemoresistance to NAC. Such a predictive signature would allow patient selection for therapeutic intensification. Therefore, it is important to explore the remaining 90% of the genome consisting of non-coding and non-referenced regions. One class of non-coding RNAs that is of great interest are long non-coding (lnc) RNAs, that are at least 200 nucleotides long, some of them being specifically expressed in cancer. Moreover, some lncRNAs have been shown to be implicated in different mechanisms of chemoresistance. LncRNAs are not fully well annotated in the human genome and new unreferenced transcripts, coding or not, and new isoforms of known genes are discovered daily.Therefore, the first goal of my PhD was to assess reference-free transcriptome as a potential reservoir of predictive biomarkers of TNBC chemoresistance. A cohort of 78 TNBCs before NAC was analyzed, comparing chemosensitive (chS) and chemoresistant (chR) cases based on international Residual Cancer Burden (RCB) score. A standard differential gene expression analysis (DE-seq) on annotated genes, and on new lncRNAs detected with a de novo RNA-profiler, and a reference-free analysis of differential fragments of transcripts without annotation bias were compared. Reference-free approach showed best separation of chS and chR patients in the training cohort. Further, based on comparison with an independent validation cohort, an optimized approach was proposed, where specific genomic regions with differential expression were selected. This technique gave a reproducible signature of chemoresistance between the two cohorts. In all, these results show the potential of a reference-free approach to generate a transcriptomic signature as predictive biomarker of early TNBC chemoresistance. Further investigation is needed to validate the signature using larger validation cohorts.The second objective of my PhD was to assess lncRNAs as potential actors/therapeutic targets in chR TNBCs. For that we selected lncRNAs upregulated in chR pre-NAC TNBCs (compared with chS pre-NAC TNBCs) and in chR post-NAC TNBCs (compared with chR pre-NAC TNBCs). Considering lncRNAs level and specificity of expression, genomic position, and pre-existing data of their potential function, three lncRNAs (AL450326.1, LINC02609 and MIR503HG) were retained for functional analysis. By knocking down levels of these lncRNAs in TNBC cell line model, an impact on Docetaxel cytotoxicity was assessed. All three lncRNAs knock downs showed an improved Docetaxel induced cytotoxicity. Knock down of AL450326.1 and LINC02609 resulted in a decreased spontaneous clonogenicity and increased Docetaxel induced cell death, giving a first indication of their mode of action. In all, we identified three lncRNAs playing a role in NAC chemoresistance. Further functional studies will allow to decipher the mechanisms by which the identified lncRNAs affect chemoresistance with the ultimate goal to identify new therapeutic approaches to circumvent NAC chemoresistance of TNBCs
David, Antoine. "Rôle du long ARN non-codant CRNDE dans le myélome multiple." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7104.
Full textMultiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of antibody-secreting plasma cells which remains incurable. MM is characterised by a wide clinical and prognostic spectrum, even within groups bearing the same primary cytogenetic event, for which the secondary molecular mechanisms responsible are still incompletely understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are now recognised as an important class of regulatory molecules which are increasingly implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. While recent studies have demonstrated prognostically relevant changes in the lncRNA expression profile in MM, the functional significance and molecular pathways downstream of these changes remain poorly characterised. In this study we have undertaken a thorough functional and molecular characterisation of the effect in MM cells of Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed (CRNDE), a known oncogenic lncRNA which has been previously implicated in diverse solid and haematological malignancies. CRNDE is overexpressed in plasma cells of MM patients, where it is a poor prognostic marker. CRISPR-mediated deletion of the CRNDE locus decreases proliferation and adhesion properties of MM cells in vitro and reduces tumour growth in an in vivo xenograft model. Transcriptomic profiling in CRNDE-deleted cells demonstrated that CRNDE activates expression of a number of genes previously implicated in the aetiology of MM, including the gene encoding the receptor of IL6 (IL6R), a cytokine critical for MM cell proliferation and survival. We further demonstrate that deletion of the CRNDE locus impacts upon IL6 signalling and proliferative responses in MM cells. Altogether this study reveals a novel mechanistic pathway by which the lncRNA CRNDE impacts upon MM growth and disease progression, by regulating the expression of IL6R and thus controlling response to IL6 signalling
Rontani, Pauline. "Caractérisation du long ARN non codant COSMOC dérégulé dans les troubles du spectre autistique : une approche transcriptomique sur cellules souches olfactives humaines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0770.
Full textAutism is a heterogeneous neuro-developmental syndrome with a complex genetic etiology. In order to unveil the initial disturbances responsible for this brain maldevelopment, previous works in our team relied on cells representative of the early stages of ontogenesis: olfactory stem cells. The MOCOS gene, coding for molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, was found under-expressed in most of autistic patients of our cohort when compared with age- and gender-matched control adults without any neuropsychiatric disorders. We postulated that the meticulous dissection of the molecular mechanisms involved this deregulation would help to unveil pathogenic mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This led to the identification of COSMOC, a long non-coding RNA, generated from a divergent transcription in the promoter region of MOCOS, whose expression is decreased in 10 out of 11 autistic patients in our cohort. Using various molecular biological techniques (interference RNA, DNA microarray, qPCR...), we showed that COSMOC depletion induces: (1) an under-expression of MOCOS, (2) a destabilization of chromatin organization, suggesting a transcriptional regulatory function, and (3) an alteration of cellular lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis, two deregulated pathways in ASD. In addition, COSMOC regulates the expression of PTBP2 (polypirimidine track biding protein 2), a splicing factor that controls the expression of many synaptic proteins, including PSD95. In conclusion, the deregulation of COSMOC may explain some of the dysfunctions observed in ASDs
Torres, Manon. "Rôle du long ARN non codant Neat1 dans la rythmicité circadienne hypophysaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0031/document.
Full textMost living organisms have developed circadian (=close to 24h) clock to face daily changes in their environment. Those clocks rely on molecular oscillators to drive the circadian expression of many genes. In the pituitary cell line GH4C1, we studied a post-transcriptional mechanism involving nuclear bodies called paraspeckles. Paraspeckles main element is the long non-coding RNA Neat1 to which several RNA binding proteins are associated. Paraspeckles have been shown to retain RNAs in the nucleus, in particular RNAs that display an IRAlu element in their 3’ translated region (3’UTR).In GH4C1, we showed that paraspeckles display a circadian rhythm of formation. We created the RNA pull-down method, which allows to purify a lncRNA with all its RNA targets, This allowed us to demonstrate that paraspeckles induce the circadian nuclear retention of several endogenous RNAs. Finally, we showed the absence of IRAlu elements in those RNAs. The study of tree target RNAs of paraspeckles showed that elements localized out of the 3’UTR could be involved in the recognition by paraspeckles, but also that several elements could be necessary to induce the RNA retention by paraspeckles.To conclude, this study allowed us to identify a new post-transcriptional mechanism regulating the circadian expression of pituitary genes
Anney, Princia. "Utilisation du long ARN non codant conservé Tuna pour comprendre la biologie des IncRNAs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37015.
Full textLecerf, Clément. "Instabilité génomique et mécanismes moléculaires régulés par le long ARN non codant H19 dans les cancers du sein." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1S112.
Full textH19 is a long non-coding RNA described to play key roles in the progression and metastasis of cancers from different tissue origins. We have previously shown that the H19 gene is activated by E2F1, repressed by p53 and RB tumor suppressors and implicated in breast cancer cell cycle progression. My PhD work demonstrates that H19 can interact with p53 in breast cancer cells. This interaction induces p53 degradation but also impairs p53 function by preventing its translocation into the nuclear compartment. We show that H19 interacts not only with p53 but also with MDM2 to form a ternary complex. Moreover, H19 reduces p53 transcriptional activities and impairs cell cycle blockage, apoptosis induction and senescence of cells after DNA damage. Furthermore, we highlight that H19 expression favors also genetic instability, allowing for the accumulation of gene mutations. Thereafter, we investigated the implication of H19 during the DNA damage response. We show that H19 expression represses the activation of histone variant H2AX. Interestingly, this is accompanied by enhanced repair mechanisms such as non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Comet assays revealed that H19 expression reduces the DNA breaks proportion, suggesting that H19 accelerates DNA repair. Finally, we determine the implication but also the relative contribution of H19 and its miR-675 in the enhancement of breast cancer metastatic potential. We show that both H19 and miR-675 enhance cell migration and invasion as well as colony formation. H19 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but interestingly, miR-675 seems to simultaneously increase the expression of both epithelial and mesenchymal markers, suggesting the induction of a hybrid phenotype or mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Finally, we demonstrated for the first time that miR-675, like its precursor H19, increases stemness properties of breast cancer cells. To conclude, our findings highlight new mechanisms of lncRNA H19 in breast cancer tumorigenesis and aggressiveness, thus suggesting an interesting role for H19 as a prognostic and therapeutic marker
Laugier, Laurie. "Identification de marqueurs de susceptibilité dans les formes chroniques de la maladie de Chagas." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0226.
Full textChagas disease is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by the hematophagous insects. The disease is composed by acute and chronic phases. Among the infected individuals, 30 % develop chronic form. They suffer from heart, digestive (esophagus, colon) and cardiodigestives injury. Our study was focused on patients with dilated chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). Our goal is to identify susceptibility genes that may be involved in the development of chronic forms. Our study revealed a variation in the expression of certain genes between CCC group and controls. We are also interested in epigenetic processes that can regulate the expression of genes. A study of the DNA methylation crossed with the transcriptome allowed us to identify genes presenting both variations in expression and methylation. For some of these genes we demonstrated that methylation is responsible for the expression variation observed. Finally, we studied a long non-coding RNA called MIAT. Our study demonstrated that it is overexpressed in CCC compared to controls and in a murine model infected by T. cruzi. Furthermore, the analysis of the expression of micro-RNAs crossed with transcriptome analysis allowed us to identify several micro-RNAs whose functions are essential in the regulation of gene expression. Finally, a proteomic study allowed us to demonstrate an increase in the production of protein for certain genes, correlated with the increase in expression levels observed
Wambecke, Anaïs. "Implication du long ARN non-codant "UCA1" dans la chimiorésistance des cancers de l'ovaire." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC406/document.
Full textOvarian cancers present a 5-year survival rate of under 40% and are the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer worldwide. This poor prognosis is explained by a late diagnosis (due to asymptomatic development in the early stages) and resistance to existing treatments and highlights the need to develop new therapeutic approaches. The discovery in recent years of a significant number of lncRNAs has opened up new opportunities for oncology research. Few studies have so far explored their involvement in chemoresistance, let alone ovarian cancer. Among these lncRNAs, 'UCA1' performs multiple oncogenic functions through mechanisms not yet well described. Its expression is a factor of poor prognosis in various malignant tumours including ovarian cancers. We were able to demonstrate a role of ceRNA for miR-27a-5p, which when released following the inhibition of UCA1, negatively regulates UBE2N, a direct target. UBE2N is a known actor in DNA repair pathways and NF-kB pathway regulation, and its inhibition in our models leads to an increase in BIM expression and disrupts DNA repair mechanisms, sensitizing ovarian cancer cells to the action of platinum salts and PARPi. The inhibition of UBE2N also sensitizes to platinum salts, several three-dimensional organoid cultures derived from patients, thus may provide an innovative therapeutic strategy to combat chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
Girard, Marie-Josée. "Implication du long ARN non-codant Neat2 dans la prolifération et le métabolisme énergétique des hépatocytes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30273/30273.pdf.
Full textNEAT2 is a long ncRNA overexpressed in a various type of cancer. However, whether NEAT2 directly impacts on carcinogenesis remains poorly investigated. Here, we report the role of NEAT2 and its functional domains on proliferation and energy metabolism of hepatocytes. In this study, we show a significant decrease in proliferation (14-35%) after knocked-down or knockout of NEAT2 expression in both human hepatocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. On the other hand, we observed a significant increase in proliferation (27-33%) in mice hepatocytes overexpressing NEAT2 and the mascRNA domain. The overexpression of the mascRNA domain also resulted in a significant increase in cellular glucose uptake, suggesting a role in glucose utilization. Our study highlights the significance of NEAT2 and its mascRNA domain in cellular proliferation and glucose metabolism. These data suggest an important role for the mascRNA domain in the regulation of hepatocyte proliferation by NEAT2.
Uroda, Tina. "Caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle de l’ARN long non codant MEG3." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV014.
Full textLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key players in vital cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, DNA repair and translation. However, the size and complexity of lncRNAs present unprecedented challenges for mechanistic molecular studies, so that connecting structural information with biological function for lncRNAs has proven difficult so far.Human maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is an abundant, imprinted, alternatively-spliced lncRNA. During embryogenesis MEG3 controls Polycomb proteins, regulating cell differentiation, and in adult cells MEG3 controls p53, regulating the cellular response to environmental stresses. In cancerous cells, MEG3 is downregulated, but ectopic overexpression of MEG3 reduces uncontrolled proliferation, proving that MEG3 acts as a tumour suppressor. Evidence suggests that MEG3 functions may be regulated by the MEG3 structure. For instance, MEG3 is thought to bind p53 and Polycomb proteins directly. Moreover, different MEG3 splice variants, which comprise different exons and thus possess potentially different structures, display different functions. Finally, deletion mutagenesis based on a MEG3 structure predicted in silico identified a putatively-structured MEG3 motif involved in p53 activation. However, at the beginning of my work, the experimental structure of MEG3 was unknown.To understand the MEG3 structure and function, I used chemical probing in vitro and in vivo to determine the secondary structure maps of two human MEG3 variants that differ in their p53 activation levels. Using functional assays in cells and mutagenesis, I systematically scanned the MEG3 structure and identified the p53-activating core in two domains (D2 and D3) that are structurally conserved across human variants and evolutionarily conserved across mammals. In D2-D3, the most important structural regions are helices H11 and H27, because in these regions I could tune p53 activation even by point mutations, a degree of precision never achieved for any other lncRNA to date. I surprisingly discovered that H11 and H27 are connected by “kissing loops”, and I confirmed the functional importance of these long-range tertiary structure interactions by compensatory mutagenesis. Going beyond state-of-the-art, I thus attempted to visualize the 3D structure of a 1595-nucleotide long MEG3 isoform by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), electron microscopy (EM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). While SAXS and EM are limited by currently-insurmountable technical challenges, single particle imaging by AFM allowed me to obtain the first low resolution 3D structure of MEG3 and reveal its compact, globular tertiary scaffold. Most remarkably, functionally-disrupting mutations that break the H11-H27 “kissing loops” disrupt such MEG3 scaffold, providing the first direct connection between 3D structure and biological function for an lncRNA.Based on my discoveries, I can therefore propose a structure-based mechanism for p53 activation by human MEG3, with important implications in understanding carcinogenesis. More broadly, my work serves as proof-of-concept that lncRNA structure-function relationships can be dissected with high precision and opens the field to analogous studies aimed to gain mechanistic insights into many other medically-relevant lncRNAs
Collette, Jordan. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la tumorigenèse mammaire par le long ARN non codant H19." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1S109.
Full textThe H19 gene is subject to genomic imprinting and does not encode protein. The product of this gene, the long non coding RNA (lncRNA) H19, act as an RNA and is involved in development and the tumorigenesis. The H19 RNA is the precursor of miR-675. My thesis work identified new mechanism involved in the regulation of breast tumorigenesis by H19. We have demonstrated that the lncRNA H19 negatively regulates the p53 protein in breast cancer cell lines. My work revealed that H19 interacts with p53 and MDM2 to induce the degradation of p53 and impedes its nuclear localization. This new mechanism of H19 in breast cancer could explain the lack of clinical relevance of the p53 mutational state measured by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer. My work also revealed that not only the lncRNA H19 is involved in the regulation of breast cancer stem cells but also the miR-675-5p. Indeed, we have shown a correlation between overexpression of H19 and expression of a cancer stem cell phenotype in patient tumors. Furthermore, the modulation of H19 or miR-675 expression regulates the functional capacities associated with breast cancer stem cells. I also initiated a project that will allow the identification of H19 and miR-675 target genes in breast cancer cell lines. To conclude, I highlighted the implication of the lncRNA H19 and miR-675 in different process involved in breast cancer tumorigenesis
Collette, Jordan. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la tumorigenèse mammaire par le long ARN non codant H19." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUS109.
Full textThe H19 gene is subject to genomic imprinting and does not encode protein. The product of this gene, the long non coding RNA (lncRNA) H19, act as an RNA and is involved in development and the tumorigenesis. The H19 RNA is the precursor of miR-675. My thesis work identified new mechanism involved in the regulation of breast tumorigenesis by H19. We have demonstrated that the lncRNA H19 negatively regulates the p53 protein in breast cancer cell lines. My work revealed that H19 interacts with p53 and MDM2 to induce the degradation of p53 and impedes its nuclear localization. This new mechanism of H19 in breast cancer could explain the lack of clinical relevance of the p53 mutational state measured by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer. My work also revealed that not only the lncRNA H19 is involved in the regulation of breast cancer stem cells but also the miR-675-5p. Indeed, we have shown a correlation between overexpression of H19 and expression of a cancer stem cell phenotype in patient tumors. Furthermore, the modulation of H19 or miR-675 expression regulates the functional capacities associated with breast cancer stem cells. I also initiated a project that will allow the identification of H19 and miR-675 target genes in breast cancer cell lines. To conclude, I highlighted the implication of the lncRNA H19 and miR-675 in different process involved in breast cancer tumorigenesis
El, hajj Joelle. "Régulation de la télomérase dans un modèle de leucémie aigue promyélocytaire : rôle de l'ARN long non codant H19." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS123.
Full textThe telomere / telomerase pair appears to be a promising target for potential anticancer agents that would be active on a wide range of tumors. The host laboratory has shown in a model of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), that a clinically used agent, retinoic acid (ATRA), exerts anti-tumor activity by repressing the transcription of the catalytic subunit hTERT regardless of differentiation. This model (NB4) with its resistant cell variants (NB4-LR1SFD) or not to the repression of hTERT (NB4-LR1) by ATRA is a tool of choice for the identification of hTERT regulatory factors and the search for molecular bases of its reactivation.A "microarray" approach has been used to identify new ATRA-mediated genes and / or signaling networks and potential hTERT regulators. Bioinformatic analysis allowed us to build differential expression profiles between the 2 lineages and interaction networks. Among the candidates, H19, a 2.5Kb long, polyadenylated and non-coding RNA. H19 is classified as a tumor suppressor gene: in its absence there is cancer development (case of Wilms tumor, embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma, Beckwith-Wiedman syndrome); its reintroduction by transfection leads to a loss of tumorigenicity. However H19 is increasingly recognized as an oncogene as its expression is elevated in several types of solid cancers. However, few studies are interested in the role of H19 in leukemias, hence our interest in studying it in the APL model that we have developed.We developed the H19 expression measurement by quantitative RT-PCR, validated the data obtained in the "microarray" analysis and showed that the ATRA treatment induces the expression of H19 in NB4-LR1 cells whereas this expression is rather diminished in NB4-LR1SFD cells. The induction observed in NB4-LR1 cells exists independently of differentiation. On the other hand, this induction can be observed associated with the differentiation or apoptosis in the NB4-LR1SFD cell line in parallel with a significant decrease in the expression of hTERT. This important result shows that the NB4-LR1SFD line does not have a general H19 induction defect. These data suggest the existence of an inverse correlation between the expression level of hTERT and that of H19 in this cellular model. Importantly, the analysis of publicly accessible APL patients’ databases finds this inverse correlation as well.We observed a decrease in telomerase activity in cellular extracts incubated in the presence of in vitro transcribed H19 RNA. This decrease in activity was also observed after overexpression of H19 in cellulo. The RIP (RNA immunoprecipitation) experiments showed a decrease in hTR amount bound to hTERT following an increase in H19 expression after ATRA treatment in vitro or after overexpression of H19 in cellulo. We hypothesize that H19 induces a displacement of hTR from the hTR-hTERT complex. However, the "pull-down" experiments failed to confirm the hypothesis of a possible interaction between H19 RNA and TERT protein.My thesis work identifies, for the first time, the long non-coding RNA H19, as a potential regulator of hTERT that can modify its activity. This work would propose not only a new mechanism of regulation of telomerase activity but also a new function for H19 in this type of cancer
Pommier, Alexandra. "Rôle des miARN et des ARE-BP dans la mucoviscidose." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT086/document.
Full textCystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-shortening genetic disorder in Caucasians, affects many organs but chronic lung disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality. This disease, characterized by CFTR gene alterations, results in ions transport dysfunctions that contribute to impair mucociliary clearance, favoring bacterial colonization and inflammation, and ultimately leading to lung destruction. Nowadays, therapeutic drugs have limited benefit, so development of new alternatives or complementary molecules remains essential. Recently, our team demonstrated that the intervention on CFTR mRNA stability leads to an increase in CFTR protein level and an improvement of the CFTR channel activity. An alternative way would be to target key actors such as miRNA and ARE-BP (RNA binding protein), deregulated in CF tissues, that display a pleiotropic activity and act together to control expression of several genes.Our findings led to the identification of dysregulated miRNA in CF samples and revealed multiple isoforms relative to miRNA of reference (i.e. isomiRs). We focused on two miRNA, miR-101, that displays a modification in isomiR distribution and miR-181a-5p that is highly deregulated, in three CF airways models. These miRNA modulate expression of key genes or related genes in PI3K-Akt/MAPK-Erk and Wnt signaling pathways.Our work also revealed the deregulation of an ARE-BP protein, TTP (Tristetraprolin, ZFP36), in CF context. This protein is a master regulator in inflammatory resolution. We next investigated the mechanism whereby this ARE-BP is regulated in bronchial cells and showed that TTP phosphorylation is regulated by MK2 through ERK activation. We also determined for the first time that TTP binds to the 3’UTR of CFTR mRNA where TTP binding stabilizes CFTR mRNA level.These data bring new insights into CF physiopathology and open new research opportunities in CF
Bertrand, Claire. "Long non-coding RNAs in cancer : the role of HOTAIR in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066632/document.
Full textThe human genome is pervasively transcribed into thousands of non-coding transcripts. Numerous studies underline the diversity and importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in genome regulation and their impact on development and diseases. Processes of cancer progression are extensively studied, in particular the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) that enables epithelial cancer cells to invade other tissues to form metastases. If several lncRNAs have been associated with EMT, their molecular function is not clearly defined. Using a well-established in vitro cell model of EMT and high-throughput RNA sequencing approaches, we defined a catalogue of annotated and novel lncRNAs significantly deregulated between epithelial and mesenchymal states of HEK cells. Among them, we identified HOTAIR, linked to cancer metastasis and described as a scaffold RNA guiding chromatin-modifying complexes PRC2 and LSD1/CoREST/REST. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we showed that HOTAIR is not an inducer of the EMT per se but a major regulator of cell proliferation rate, migratory and invasive capacities. We generated stable cell-lines over expressing HOTAIR transcripts lacking PRC2- or LSD1-interacting domains. Transcriptome analysis and phenotypic studies showed that LSD1-binding domain is crucial for HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation. Altogether, our results give new insights into lncRNAs role in EMT, with a better understanding of HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation mechanism and its role in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by cancer cells. Further studies will be performed to deeper investigate lncRNAs role in EMT, particularly for previously unannotated lncRNAs
Chery, Alicia. "Rôle de la transcription pervasive antisens chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066191/document.
Full textIn the cell, gene expression is finely tuned and is submitted to different quality-controls. Gene are regulated at different expression levels in order to guarantee a proper synthesis of functional products, and to ensure an optimal adaptation to environmental changes. In particular, transcriptional regulations are critical for gene expression level and kinetics.Pervasive transcription, defined as a generalized non-coding and unstable transcription, was discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although its regulatory potential was punctually shown, the question of its global functionality still remained. During my PhD, I could show the existence of numerous transcriptional interference mechanisms involved in the co-regulation of a group of genes between exponential phase and quiescence. Indeed, non-coding transcription in antisense to genes promoter leads to its repression in conditions where they have to be switched off. The repression mechanism is allowed by chromatin modifications.Hence, budding yeast that lacks RNA interference machinery has developed a fine regulation system using pervasive transcription
Salvador, Marion. "Régulation épigénétique des cellules souches cancéreuses mammaires : un nouveau rôle pour l'ARN non-codant Xist." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5078.
Full textThese last decades have allowed deciphering the biology of breast cancer and improving the therapeutic management. However, recurrence and metastatic progression of the disease are still not curable. The concept of cancer stem cells (CSC) could provide an explanation for these failures. CSC would resist conventional therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and would be responsible for both relapse and progression of cancer. The elimination of CSC seems to be an essential prerequisite for the treatment of patients. The identity and fate of stem cells are tightly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The work of this thesis investigated the consequences of deregulation of two epigenetic players: HDAC enzymes and long non-coding RNA Xist. We have shown that epigenetic modulation via HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) eliminates the CSC by inducing their differentiation. We present a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer: differentiation therapy. We determined Xist as the predictive biomarker of response to HDACi. Xist is a key partner of cell plasticity, the work of this thesis therefore interested in the consequences of Xist deregulation in tumor initiation. We observed that Xist inhibition promotes division of normal breast stem cells. We propose a new model of tumor initiation: epigenetic deregulation is an early change without consequence on tissue homeostasis but could be the first step of the cancerous transformation
Chery, Alicia. "Rôle de la transcription pervasive antisens chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066191.
Full textIn the cell, gene expression is finely tuned and is submitted to different quality-controls. Gene are regulated at different expression levels in order to guarantee a proper synthesis of functional products, and to ensure an optimal adaptation to environmental changes. In particular, transcriptional regulations are critical for gene expression level and kinetics.Pervasive transcription, defined as a generalized non-coding and unstable transcription, was discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although its regulatory potential was punctually shown, the question of its global functionality still remained. During my PhD, I could show the existence of numerous transcriptional interference mechanisms involved in the co-regulation of a group of genes between exponential phase and quiescence. Indeed, non-coding transcription in antisense to genes promoter leads to its repression in conditions where they have to be switched off. The repression mechanism is allowed by chromatin modifications.Hence, budding yeast that lacks RNA interference machinery has developed a fine regulation system using pervasive transcription
Bitetti, Angelo. "MiRNA degradation by a conserved target RNA regulates animal behavior." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066276.
Full textThe goal of my main thesis project was to determine the biological function of a deeply conserved zebrafish long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) which we called libra. libra shows sequence similarity with the 3'UTR of the NREP a protein coding transcript. Both libra and Nrep contain a deeply conserved and unusually complementary microRNA (miRNA) binding site for miR-29. Using both the mouse model and mouse cell lines, we deciphered the regulatory relationship between this conserved transcript and the miRNA pathway. We showed that Nrep restricts the spatial expression domain of miR-29 in the cerebellum and that it destabilizes miR-29 through 3' trimming. Until now, only viral transcripts and artificial reporters engineered to contain highly complementary miRNA binding sites have been shown to regulate miRNAs in this fashion. Thus, our work uncovers the first example of endogenous target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD). In addition, through a set of in vivo experiments in zebrafish and mouse, we showed that both libra and Nrep control normal animal behavior. By genetically disrupting the miR-29 binding site in Nrep in mouse, we showed that Nrep regulates miR-29 dosage through its miR-29 site and controls animal behavioral. In a second part of my thesis I describe a strategy to genetically downregulate lncRNAs in a minimally invasive manner. Approaches to knock-out lncRNAs that do not introduce vast sequence changes at the genomic level have not been adequately developed yet. I present our in vivo strategy applied to the zebrafish model using a genomic knock-in of a self-cleaving ribozyme sequence and a premature poly(A) signal to knock-out lncRNAs
Rosspopoff, Olga. "Evolution of the human & mouse X-chromosome inactivation regulatory network." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC295.
Full textLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as the major output of mammalian transcriptomes. As of today, the function of the majority of lncRNAs remains largely enigmatic and importantly may be mediated by various entities such as the transcript itself, the act of transcription or key regulatory elements within the locus. A remarkable characteristic of lncRNAs is their poor evolutionary conservation, which raises the question of their contribution to species-specific regulatory mechanisms.X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a paradigm for epigenetic processes mediated by lncRNA genes (LRGs) and a powerful model to explore their functional, mechanistic and evolutionary aspects. XCI is a process initiated early during embryonic development, which ensures the dosage compensation of X-linked genes between male and female in mammals. In the mouse, XCI is triggered by the combined action of several LRGs, among which Xist is the key regulator of the process. Xist is produced from a genomic region, the X-chromosome inactivation center (Xic), that is enriched for LRGs described either as positive or negative XCI regulators. In the present study, we investigated the evolutionary conservation of two candidate LRGs, JPX and FTX, and their contribution to XIST regulation in both human and mouse.In the mouse, we demonstrated that the Jpx RNA is required for proper Xist expression and acts as a post-transcriptional regulator of Xist, most likely by affecting its accumulation or stability. In striking contrast, in human, it is JPX transcription, but not the transcript itself, that controls the RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) recruitment at XIST promoter. Accordingly, the two genes are interacting through local chromosome conformation, emphasized by RNAPII bridges in between the two loci. While the function of JPX/Jpx in promoting XIST/Xist accumulation is conserved between human and mouse, the underlying mechanisms diverge markedly. On the other hand, preliminary results on FTX function in human, suggest that it might be involved in XCI maintenance in human in very specific cellular contexts. Altogether, these results shed a new light on the functional evolution of XIST regulatory network between mouse and human that might be specifically adapted to XCI requirements in each species. This work highlights the functional plasticity of lncRNAs in evolution and how it might play important roles in species-specific mechanism of gene regulation
Bertrand, Claire. "Long non-coding RNAs in cancer : the role of HOTAIR in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066632.
Full textThe human genome is pervasively transcribed into thousands of non-coding transcripts. Numerous studies underline the diversity and importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in genome regulation and their impact on development and diseases. Processes of cancer progression are extensively studied, in particular the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) that enables epithelial cancer cells to invade other tissues to form metastases. If several lncRNAs have been associated with EMT, their molecular function is not clearly defined. Using a well-established in vitro cell model of EMT and high-throughput RNA sequencing approaches, we defined a catalogue of annotated and novel lncRNAs significantly deregulated between epithelial and mesenchymal states of HEK cells. Among them, we identified HOTAIR, linked to cancer metastasis and described as a scaffold RNA guiding chromatin-modifying complexes PRC2 and LSD1/CoREST/REST. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we showed that HOTAIR is not an inducer of the EMT per se but a major regulator of cell proliferation rate, migratory and invasive capacities. We generated stable cell-lines over expressing HOTAIR transcripts lacking PRC2- or LSD1-interacting domains. Transcriptome analysis and phenotypic studies showed that LSD1-binding domain is crucial for HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation. Altogether, our results give new insights into lncRNAs role in EMT, with a better understanding of HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation mechanism and its role in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by cancer cells. Further studies will be performed to deeper investigate lncRNAs role in EMT, particularly for previously unannotated lncRNAs
Häfner, Sophia Julia. "Study of X-inactivation independent functions of the conserved long noncoding RNA Ftx." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077015.
Full textMy PhD project focuses on the study of the long RNAnc Ftx, whose gene is located in the X chromosome inactivation center, a region rich in genes encoding long RNAncs and in charge of the inactivation process of one X chromosome in female mammals. The team has shown that the expression of Ftx favors the expression of the neighboring genes, conferring it the role of an activator of the inactivation process. Ftx is also expressed in the adult murine organism, more specifically in the brain, suggesting thus functions independent of the inactivation process. As a consequence, I focused on the potential implication of Ftx in de development and/or the functions of the brain. Ftx expression in the brain is relatively homogeneous among different regions, although it is established only during the postnatal period, between P7 and P21, when it increases suddenly. This period corresponds to an important phase of restructuring of the murine brain like myelination and synaptic reorganization. Thus it is conceivable that Ftx takes part in one of these processes. Using a cellular model based on wild-type and Ftx-deleted mouse embryonic stem cells? I developed a technique of in vitro neural differentiation. Although the lors of Ftx does not impact in a visible way on the neural differentiation potential of the cells, an analysis by microarray revealed that it causes the overexpression of several Hox genes. These combined results reinforce the initial hypothesis and lay numerous exciting tracks
Bernard, Laure. "Regulation of heterochromatin by a pluripotency-associated long non coding RNA in mouse embryonic stem cells and in oocytes : implications for early embryogenesis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS179.
Full textHistone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation, a mark of heterochromatin, is progressively implemented during development to contribute to cell fate restriction as differentiation proceeds. For instance, in mouse Embryonic Stem cells (mESCs) the global levels of H3K9 methylation are rather low and increase only upon differentiation. Conversely, H3K9 methylation represents an epigenetic barrier for reprogramming somatic cells back to pluripotency. How global H3K9 methylation levels are coupled with the acquisition and loss of pluripotency remains unknown. Here, we identify SUV39H1, a major H3K9 di- and tri-methylase, as an indirect target of pluripotency Transcription Factors (pTFs). We find that the pTFs OCT4 activates the expression of an antisense long non-coding RNA to Suv39h1, named Suv39h1as. In turn, Suv39h1as downregulates Suv39h1 expression via the modulation of the chromatin status of the locus and a possible alteration of Suv39h1 isoforms. The loss of Suv39h1as expression triggers increased SUV39H1 expression and H3K9me2/3 levels, leading to accelerated commitment into differentiation. We report, therefore, a simple genetic circuitry coupling the global levels of H3K9 methylation to pluripotency in mESCs. We also created a mouse line deleted for Suv39h1as expression and demonstrated that this regulation is also present during mouse oocyte maturation
Hoghoughi, Neda. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'une nouvelle translocation t(3;5)(q21;q31), ciblant le gène du récepteur aux glucocorticoïde et un ARN non-codant, dans la leucémie aigüe à cellules plasmocytoides dendritiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV073/document.
Full textBlastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an incurable malignancy for which disease mechanisms are unknown. Here, we identify the NR3C1 gene (5q31), encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR), and a long, intergenic, non-coding RNA gene (named here lincRNA-3q), respectively, as targets for genetic alteration or transcriptional deregulation in BPDCN. NR3C1 translocation/deletion was associated to critically short survival in BPDCN and to abnormal activity of GCR, EZH2, and FOXP3 gene regulatory networks. LincRNA-3q, was found to encode a nuclear, non- coding RNA that is ectopically activated in BPDCN and high-risk AML. Depletion of lincRNA-3q in myeloid cancer cells induced cell cycle arrest, coincident to suppression of E2F1/Rb and leukemia stem cell-specific gene expression signatures. BET bromodomain protein inhibition could selectively suppress lincRNA-3q indicating a treatment strategy for counteracting oncogenic activity of this non- coding RNA. Thus, this work defines a new framework for understanding disease pathogenesis and treatment resistance in BPDCN
Rasschaert, Perrine. "Régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle des gênes LAT et ICP4 du virus de la maladie de Marek." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4011/document.
Full textThe Marek disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus responsible of T-cell lymphoma in chicken. MDV infections are divided into a lytic phase, depending on the expression of immediate early gene like ICP4, and a latent phase characterized by the expression of the long non-coding RNA LAT localized in antisense. In this study, we have shown the differential expression of the cluster of miRNA mdv1-miR-M8-M10 was directly correlated with the alternative splicing of LAT’s intron 1 and more specifically with the first viral mirtron biogenesis by the spliceosome. The location of the mirtron mdv1-miR-M6 inside of the cluster is associated with a two-step biogenesis of the miARN of the cluster. On the other hand, we have identified a dual promoter that responded to Sp1, four poly-A signals and three exons that are responsible of transcriptional regulation of ICP4 transcript. We also have predicted five potential isoproteines for ICP4 and were able to observe by immunodetection that ICP4 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of infected cells during the lytic phase or the reactivation one
Abi, Habib Walid. "Identification de nouveaux mécanismes moléculaires dans les pathologies de croissance fœtale et postnatale des syndromes de Beckwith-Wiedemann et de Silver-Russell : approche génétique et épigénétique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066151.
Full textFetal and postnatal growth is a process finely regulated by genetic, epigenetic and environmental complex. The IGFs system (insulin-like growth factors) is one of the main actors playing a crucial role in fetal and postnatal development. In humans, several mutations of IGF1 and IGF-1R genes and a paternal IGF2 mutation have been reported in patients with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which can persist and/or worsen in postnatal life. Moreover, epigenetic phenomena such as DNA methylation and histone code also play a major role in fetal and postnatal development. Genomic imprinting, established due to epigenetic marks, is one of the major mechanisms for fetal development. In humans, abnormal regulation of genes subject to imprinting is associated with several syndromes of intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction or conversely excessive growth. This work has two parts: we initially particularly interested in the genetic and epigenetic study of the 11p15.5 region and its imprinting control region regulating the IGF2/H19 domain in a population of patients with overgrowth or IUGR (Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Russell-Silver respectively), to better understand the regulation of this area. Then, the second part of our study focused on the identification of new genetic and epigenetic causes of Silver-Russell syndrome, altering the expression of IGF2, without being directly caused by a molecular defect of 11p15.5 region
Bitetti, Angelo. "MiRNA degradation by a conserved target RNA regulates animal behavior." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066276.
Full textThe goal of my main thesis project was to determine the biological function of a deeply conserved zebrafish long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) which we called libra. libra shows sequence similarity with the 3'UTR of the NREP a protein coding transcript. Both libra and Nrep contain a deeply conserved and unusually complementary microRNA (miRNA) binding site for miR-29. Using both the mouse model and mouse cell lines, we deciphered the regulatory relationship between this conserved transcript and the miRNA pathway. We showed that Nrep restricts the spatial expression domain of miR-29 in the cerebellum and that it destabilizes miR-29 through 3' trimming. Until now, only viral transcripts and artificial reporters engineered to contain highly complementary miRNA binding sites have been shown to regulate miRNAs in this fashion. Thus, our work uncovers the first example of endogenous target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD). In addition, through a set of in vivo experiments in zebrafish and mouse, we showed that both libra and Nrep control normal animal behavior. By genetically disrupting the miR-29 binding site in Nrep in mouse, we showed that Nrep regulates miR-29 dosage through its miR-29 site and controls animal behavioral. In a second part of my thesis I describe a strategy to genetically downregulate lncRNAs in a minimally invasive manner. Approaches to knock-out lncRNAs that do not introduce vast sequence changes at the genomic level have not been adequately developed yet. I present our in vivo strategy applied to the zebrafish model using a genomic knock-in of a self-cleaving ribozyme sequence and a premature poly(A) signal to knock-out lncRNAs
Furlan, Giulia. "Investigating the contribution of the non-coding gene Ftx to X-chromosome inactivation in mammals." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC191/document.
Full textX-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a female-specific, chromosome-wide regulatory process that, in eutherians, ensures dosage compensation for X-linked genes between sexes. XCI is controlled by a cis-acting locus on the X-chromosome, the X-inactivation center (Xic), enriched in genes producing long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The Xic-linked gene Xist is the master player of XCI, and produces a lncRNA that accumulates in cis on the X-chromosome and recruits the machinery responsible for initiation and propagation of silencing.The laboratory has identified an additional Xic-linked non-coding gene, Ftx. In this study, we could find that, in female Ftx-/- lines, XCI is strongly impaired, with a significant decrease in the levels of Xist expression and in the percentage of cells showing normal Xist accumulation patterns. Importantly, a high proportion of the cells that still retain Xist expression show abnormal X-chromosome coating and a decreased ability to silence X-linked genes. These data reveal that Ftx is a positive Xist regulator and it is required for proper XCI establishment. In female Ftx+/- lines, the levels of Xist expression and the percentage of cells showing normal Xist accumulation patterns are also decreased, albeit to a lower extent compared to Ftx-/- lines, suggesting that Ftx works in a copy-dependent manner. In addition, a high proportion of Ftx+/- cells display skewed X-inactivation, with preferential inactivation of the wild-type X chromosome. This suggests that Ftx role on Xist accumulation is mostly restricted in cis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Ftx is required for XCI establishment, where it functions as a strong Xist activator
Rahman, Samir. "Single molecule characterization of the roles of long non-coding RNAs in eukaryotic transcription regulation." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19322.
Full textTranscription is the initial step in gene expression and is subject to extensive regulation. Recently, analyses in diverse eukaryotes have revealed that in addition to protein coding genes, transcription occurs throughout the noncoding genome, producing non-coding RNAs of various lengths. Non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides, classified as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), represent the most abundant class of non-coding transcripts, whose functions however are poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that many lncRNAs might have roles in transcription regulation. The goal of my PhD thesis was to elucidate the mechanisms of lncRNA mediated transcription regulation in different eukaryotic systems. For my first project, I investigated the role of an antisense long noncoding RNA in transcription regulation of the high-affinity phosphate transporter gene PHO84 in the unicellular eukaryote S. cerevisiae. Previous studies showed that deletion of the nuclear exosome component Rrp6 results in increased antisense expression and repression of PHO84. It was suggested that the loss of Rrp6 results in antisense stabilization at the PHO84 locus, leading to recruitment of the histone de-acetylase Hda1 and repression of PHO84. However, most of the mechanistic details of how Rrp6p functions in regulating PHO84 transcription were not understood. Combining single cell methods with biochemical and genetic approaches, we showed that antisense RNA levels are regulated primarily during transcriptional elongation by the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 complex, which requires Rrp6 for efficient recruitment to the 3’end of PHO84. Furthermore, we reveal anti-correlated expression of sense and antisense, which have distinct modes of transcription. In summary, our data suggest a model whereby antisense transcriptional read-through into the PHO84 promoter regulates the activation threshold of the gene. For my second project, I investigated the roles of enhancer derived RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are lncRNAs transcribed from enhancers that have been suggested to regulate transcription through different mechanisms, including enhancer-promoter looping, RNA polymerase elongation, and chromatin remodeling. However, no coherent model of eRNA function has yet emerged. Using MCF7 breast cancer cells as a model system, we sought to determine how estrogen (E2) induced eRNAs participate in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mediated transcription regulation at the single allele level. Using single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH), we revealed that upon E2 induction eRNAs are induced with similar kinetics as target mRNAs, but are localized exclusively in the nucleus, mostly chromatin associated, and are less abundant than mRNAs. Surprisingly, we found that eRNAs are rarely co-transcribed with their target loci, indicating that active gene transcription does not require the continuous synthesis or accumulation of eRNAs at the enhancer. Furthermore, using sub-diffraction-limit distance measurements, we demonstrated that co-transcription of eRNAs and mRNAs rarely occurs within a closed enhancer-promoter loop. Moreover, we revealed that basal eRNA transcription does not require ERα or the histone methyltransferase MLL1, which activates the enhancer through H3K4 mono-methylation. Altogether, our findings showed that eRNAs may play a role during promoter activation, but are not required to sustain mRNA transcription or stabilize enhancer-promoter looping interactions.
Nguyen, Chloé My Anh. "La perturbation du locus Nr2f1-K12 entraine une différenciation gliale précoce dans un nouveau modèle murin de mégacôlon aganglionnaire." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16270.
Full textHirschsprung disease is a congenital intestinal motility disorder characterized by an aganglionic segment in the distal colon. A genetic screen performed via random insertional mutagenesis in mice allowed identifying the Spot line, whose homozygotes suffer from an aganglionic megacolon. The analysis of mutant embryonic intestines revealed a decreased proliferation rate and a delay in migration of the enteric neural crest cell (eNCC) progenitors, secondary to their early glial differentiation, resulting in failure to properly colonize the intestine. Sequencing of the Spot genome indicated that the transgene was inserted into the K12-Nr2f1 locus on chromosome 13, a region devoid of genes associated with the disease, and disrupted in addition a highly conserved non-coding sequence. K12 is an uncharacterized long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) gene antisense to the Nr2f1 gene, which is involved in gliogenesis in the central nervous system. Sequencing of the eNCC transcriptome revealed an overexpression of Nr2f1 and short forms of K12 in Spot, and luciferase assays showed repressive activity of the conserved element. We observed the expression of K12 in the eNCC and its subcellular localization in transcriptionally active zones of the nucleus. With the recent emergence of LncRNA regulators and supposing that the regulation of Nr2f1 is done by its antisense K12, these data allowed us identifying two new candidate genes associated with a premature glial differentiation leading to aganglionic megacolon.
Lalonde, Maxime. "Régulation de l’expression et de la localisation des ARN TLC1 et TERRA en réponse à différents stress génomiques chez la levure." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24580.
Full textTelomeres constitute the structure at the end of linear chromosomes which is essential to protect genome integrity. Due to the end-replication problem, telomeres get shorter with every cell division, leading to cell cycle arrest, senescence and cell death. To counteract telomere shortening, highly proliferative cells and most unicellular eukaryotes, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, express telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that elongates telomeres. Many regulatory pathways affect telomerase activity and recruitment to assure precise targeting of telomerase activity to its proper substrate, the telomeres. Impairing these pathways can lead to telomere shortening, end-to-end chromosome fusions and immortalization. Telomerase can also be recruited at double strand breaks (DSBs), where its activity leads to de novo telomere additions which induce genomic instability, loss of genetic information and possibly cell death. For this reason, telomerase recruitment and activity is strongly inhibited at DSB. However, the mechanisms behind this regulation are still poorly understood. Furthermore, many cellular stresses affect telomerase regulation at telomeres and DSBs. Our goal is to study the regulation of telomerase activity and the impact of cellular stresses on this regulation. In the first part of this thesis, we looked at the cell cycle localization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA subunit of the telomerase, TLC1 RNA. While TLC1 RNA is mostly in the nucleoplasm in G1/S, it accumulates in the nucleolus in G2/M. In yeast, the most common DSB repair pathway is homologous recombination (HR). As HR is mostly excluded from the nucleolus in G2/M, we propose that the accumulation of TLC1 RNA in the nucleolus in G2/M may represent a regulatory pathway that repress de novo telomere addition by physically separating telomerase from sites of DNA repair by HR. We aim to characterize the mechanisms by which TLC1 RNA localization is regulated and how the presence of DSB affects this trafficking. We were able to show that the nucleolar localization of TLC1 RNA is dependent on the Pif1 helicase and on the HR protein Rad52. Furthermore, we showed that the presence of DSBs and the absence of Rad52 alter the nuclear trafficking of TLC1 RNA. In these conditions, Rad51 favors the accumulation of Cdc13 at DSBs and promotes the nucleoplasmic accumulation of TLC1 RNA. This accumulation is dependent on the SUMO ligase Siz1 and leads to an increased addition of de novo telomere at DNA breaks. In order to identify de novo telomere addition events genome-wide, we developed an unbiased genome-wide technique based on Illumina sequencing of genomic DNA. In the second part of this thesis, we studied another regulator of telomerase activity, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TERRA (telomeric repeats-containing RNA), which is transcribed from subtelomeric regions through the telomeric tracts. In S. cerevisiae, TERRA expression is controlled at the transcriptional level by the SIR complex and its degradation by the exonuclease Rat1. Nevertheless, short telomeres escape transcriptional inhibition and degradation to express TERRA at higher levels. TERRA serves as a regulator of telomerase, allowing the concentration and the targeting of telomerase activity to short telomeres. While studying TERRA expression, we observed that TERRA-expressing telomeres display a premature S-phase loss of cohesion. We propose that cohesin and telomere cohesion are regulators of TERRA expression. In addition, other groups have shown that TERRA expression was regulated in response to different cellular stress. This regulation seems to be independent from telomere length. In these contexts, we propose that oxidative stress and metabolic changes induced during the diauxic shift affect TERRA expression. We aim to study how the diauxic shift affects TERRA expression and study the role of cohesin in regulating TERRA expression. We were able to show that telomere cohesion inhibits TERRA expression and that short telomeres display a premature loss of cohesion to allow TERRA expression. This loss of cohesion is dependent on Sir4 and probably on Sir4-mediated telomere anchoring at the nuclear membrane. Additionally, we showed that TERRA transcription is increased during the diauxic shift, when yeast cells switch from fermentative glycolysis to oxidative respiration. Yeast cells in this phase also display a cytoplasmic accumulation of TERRA molecules. Altogether, the articles presented in this thesis explore the interplay between cellular stresses such as DNA damage, telomere shortening, oxidative stress and respiratory metabolism, and their roles in the regulation of the localisation and expression of TLC1 RNA and TERRA.