Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ARN interférant'
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Leite, Nascimento Thais. "Lipoplexes recouverts d’acide hyaluronique pour le ciblage d’ARN interférant à des cellules tumorales surexprimant le récepteur CD44." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA114834/document.
Full textRecent progresses in the preclinical and clinical use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) have shown their potential as an inhibitor of protein synthesis in many diseases such as cancer. The administration of siRNA encounters a number of problems related to their rapid degradation in biological media, and their difficulty in penetrating targeted cells due to their hydrophilicity and negative charge. A key to improving the therapeutic efficacy of these molecules is based on the use of vectors. In this thesis, lipoplexes that can protect siRNA against degradation and facilitate their transport into target cells were developed and optimized. To do this, lipoplexes covered with HA were formulated for active vectorization of siRNA to tumor cells overexpressing the receptor CD44.In the first part of this thesis, the formation of lipoplexes was studied, and the parameters influencing their supramolecular organization. Insertion of HA within the liposome structure during vesicle formation resulted in the increase in liposome size as a function of HA concentration. Their complexation with siRNA has further increased the size of the particles obtained. The addition of siRNAs when forming lipoplexes caused a displacement of a portion of the HA-DOPE conjugate from the lipoplexes structure, as shown by capillary electrophoresis. The isothermal titration calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies showed that a rearrangement of the lipid bilayers occur under the effect of electrostatic interactions with siRNAs, leading to the formation of oligolamellar vesicles, which was visually confirmed by cryo-microscopy. Finally, the proper positioning of the HA on the surface of the lipoplexes and its ability to specifically bind to the CD44 receptors has been demonstrated by the surface plasmon resonance technique.In the second part of this thesis, cellular uptake and intracellular localization of HA-lipoplexes were assessed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, and showed that lipoplexes modified by HA are internalized more rapidly than unmodified lipoplexes, and once in the cells, they are mainly localized within the endosomes. The ability of lipoplexes to transport intact siRNA molecules to the cytoplasm was confirmed by 81% of luciferase in vitro expression inhibition on the lung cancer cell line A549-luc. In vivo, treatment with HA-lipoplexes carrying anti-luciferase siRNA led to a statistically significant decrease in expression of luciferase, which was confirmed by reducing the mRNA expression of luciferase in lungs of animals treated with HA-lipoplexes. The analysis of the distribution of lipoplexes in the lungs showed that lipoplexes modified with HA are distributed more evenly in the lung tissue than unmodified lipoplexes.In the third part of this thesis, the movement of siRNA HA-lipoplexes in the mucus was studied to assess the feasibility of administering these particles directly to the lungs. Studies using the technique of "multiple particle tracking (MPT)" showed that the presence of HA combined with the addition of siRNA allowed the preparation of two lipoplexes formulations with efficient mucus-penetration, HA-lipoplexes and PEG/HA-lipoplexes.In conclusion, an efficient siRNA lipoplex system for inhibiting gene expression targeted TO the CD44 receptorS has been developed. The results confirm that the HA-lipoplexes are able to effectively release in vitro and in vivo the siRNA molecules in the cytoplasm of cells
Martins, Aline. "flam and co : mise en place d'une répression programmée des éléments transposables par la voie des piARNs dans le soma gonadique au cours du développement chez Drosophila melanogaster." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2024UCFA0081_MARTINS.pdf.
Full textOnly 2% of the human genome is coding; most of the rest is made up of repeated sequences, including transposable elements (TEs). Present in the genome of all sequenced organisms - and representing almost 45% of human DNA - TEs are nucleotide sequences capable of moving around the genome. This transposition phenomenon makes them strong internal mutagens, which is why organisms have developed different strategies to regulate their mobilisation.The piRNA pathway is a conserved mechanism in the reproductive tissue of metazoans for regulating the expression of TEs. PiRNA clusters are loci dedicated to the production of piRNAs, key players in the pathway to protect the germline genome from invasion by these TEs, potential sources of mutations and transmissible pathologies.In Drosophila, the piRNA pathway is also present in somatic cells bordering germ cells and supporting their development. Despite significant progress in understanding the role of small RNAs in heterochromatin formation and repression of TEs, the mechanisms by which these processes are set up during development and maintained through cell divisions, particularly in somatic cells, remain underexplored. Our study has shown that, unlike the germline piRNA clusters, whose identity is acquired by maternal deposition of small RNAs in the early embryonic stages, expression of the majority somatic cluster, flamenco, occurs later, when the somatic cells of the embryonic gonad meet the germline and differentiate. The accumulation of flamenco transcripts is not only necessary for the establishment of the somatic piRNA pathway, but also for its maintenance throughout the life of Drosophila; the slightest disruption of flamenco leads to a derepression of TEs correlated with female sterility. The study was also carried out in males, showing that flamenco plays a less drastic role in the repression of TEs in the testis
Angelova, Margarita. "CG7009 and CG5220 - novel tRNA methyltransferases linking tRNA biogenesis to the regulation of the sncRNA pathways." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS224.
Full textSmall non-coding RNA-mediated silencing is a widespread mechanism of genetic repression. Its deregulations have been linked to severe phenotypes and pathologies. The best-characterized small RNA silencing pathways are the small interfering RNA (siRNA), the microRNA (miRNA) and the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways.In this PhD manuscript are characterized the molecular functions of CG7009 and CG5220: two 2’-O tRNA methyltransferases of Drosophila melanogaster which are conserved from yeast (Trm7) to human (FTSJ1). Mutations in their yeast ortholog Trm7 are linked to a severe growth defect phenotype and in their human ortholog, FTSJ1, to non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability (NSXLID). Mutant flies have an ovarian size reduction phenotype, decreased resistance to DCV viral infection, and differential transposable element expression levels in somatic and germinal tissues. CG7009 is involved in both the miRNA Ago-2-dependent and in the siRNA pathways in the Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell line and in developing flies. CG5220, a paralog of CG7009, is involved in the miRNA Ago-2-dependent pathway in flies, similarly to CG7009. Furthermore, CG7009 and CG5220 have a role in the somatic piRNA pathway. Lack of 2’-O methylation (Nm) on tRNAPhe in CG7009 mutants triggers differential tRNA fragmentation profiles and tRNA fragments (tRFs) accumulation. tRFs are stable RNAs derived from the cleavage of mature tRNAs, that have been detected in bacteria, plants, yeast, flies and humans and linked to various functions. Recent research point to tRFs as a novel class of sncRNAs. Our results link the loss of Nm with tRFs accumulation and the regulation of the sncRNA pathways
Chèvre, Raphaël. "Étude du mécanisme d'action des copolymères à blocs amphiphiles pour le transfert de gène in vivo." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=53397cdd-f222-4eb5-8820-49663ddd216f.
Full textAmphiphilic block copolymers have been developed recently for their efficient in vivo transfection activities in various tissues including skeletal muscle, heart and lung. However their mechanism of action remains unknown and better understanding of this mechanism represents a major goal for the future development of this new class of vectors. In this study, we particularly focused on Lutrol®, an FDA approved polymer, because of its high in vivo efficiency and remarkably low toxicity. As block copolymers does not allow the transfection of cultured cells in vitro, we suggested that the cell environment was strongly involved in their mechanism of action. In order to evaluate the mechanism of these polymers at the cellular level, we designed a model allowing us to observe the impact of Lutrol® on the different steps involved in the nucleic acids trafficking, from the transgene internalisation to its expression. Using several in vitro transfection strategies involving direct or indirect assemblies of Lutrol® / nucleic acids / cationic vectors, we attempted to elucidate which steps were influenced by lutrol, its role on nucleic acids and cells, but also the reasons of its in vitro transfection inability. Results presented in this report strongly suggest that Lutrol® improves transfection efficiency by a passive and inert physico-chemical mechanism, leading to the enhancement of cellular uptake through a direct delivery mechanism into the cell cytoplasm, and not via an endosomal pathway, strongly contrasting with cationic lipids internalisation pathway
Noy, Kodie. "ARN viraux et senseurs intracellulaires participant à la réponse immunitaire innée lors des infections par les arénavirus Mopeia et Lassa." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0047.
Full textThe genus Mammarenavirus is comprised of several highly pathogenic viruses of global health concern. Lassa virus (LASV) in particular is responsible for thousands of cases annually in Western Africa. Ail Mammarenavirus possess an exoribonuclease (ExoN) domain in their nucleoproteins (NP). This domain dégradés double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with high affinity and therefore has been proposed to prevent the récognition of viral dsRNA produced during the viral réplication, therefore preventing the activation of the interferon (IFN) response. While the importance of this ExoN activity in arénavirus virulence is well established, nothing is known about the dsRNA molécules that are targeted by NP for dégradation and the dsRNA sensors activated by these dsRNA molécules are yet to be described. In addition, important différences may exist in the control of the IFN response by pathogenic arenaviruses such as LASV or closely related but non-pathogenic viruses such as Mopeia virus (MOPV). I addressed these questions using reverse genetics Systems developed in our laboratory. We generated recombinant LASV and MOPV with abrogated ExoN domains that are no longer able to control the IFN response. I hypothesized that these LASVExoN and MOPVExoN viruses would no longer be capable of degrading dsRNA produced during viral réplication and therefore would be recognized by the host innate immune response. I présent here novel data in A549 cells using these MOPVExoN and LASVExoN mutants, demonstrating that the MAVS signaling pathway and particularly RIG-I is responsible for LASV and MOPV sensing, viral atténuation and IFN production. I was also able to purify RNA bound to RIG-I during the réplication of these viruses, which I showed were immunostimulatory even outside of an infectious context via transfection of synthetic RNA. I also demonstrated that blocking expression of antiviral proteins allowed these ExoN viruses to replicate in A549 cells and I identified two key antiviral proteins in our infection model in A549 cells. I présent these results in the hope that it will enrich our understanding of Mammarenavirus biology, and to bring to light notable différences that we can use to explain the différence in Mammarenavirus pathogenicity and immunogenicity
Stierlé, Vérène. "Reversion du phénotype de résistance multiple aux antitumoraux par les petits ARNs interférents." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066612.
Full textLavergne, Thomas. "Nouvelle méthode de synthèse d'ARN et préparation de prodrogues de siARN modifiés par des groupements acyloxyméthyle en position 2' des ribonucléosides." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20112.
Full textExpansion of RNA based technology has revived research for more powerful methodology for chemical RNA synthesis. Moreover, use of unmodified RNA as drug is restricted by poor cell permeation and low enzymatic stability in vivo. This work was related to these two challenges : find a new efficient strategy for chemical RNA synthesis and develop modified RNA in order to improve in vivo efficiency. Here, an original methodology for chemical RNA synthesis based on the protection of ribonucleosides 2'-hydroxyl by acetalester groups is presented. Thus, natural RNA heterosequences could be obtained with high purity and efficacy. This technology is currently under evaluation for commercial application. In a second part, we describe the synthesis of modified RNA bearing biolabile acetalester groups on nucleoside 2'-hydroxyl after full deprotection of other RNA functions. Synthesis and properties of this modified RNA, named pro-RNA in relation to their potential activity as siRNA prodrugs in RNA interference mechanism, are reported
Bégin-Lavallée, Valérie. "Inhibition fonctionnelle du récepteur CCR2 par une nouvelle approche d'interférence de l'ARN : application au domaine de la douleur." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6266.
Full textDrouet, Valérie. "Utilisation de petits ARN interférents pour le traitement de la maladie de Huntington." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066407.
Full textBruniaux, Jonathan. "Développement de nanoparticules lipidiques pour la délivrance de courtes séquences d'ARN interférents." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV025/document.
Full textL'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais
Boisvert, Marie-Ève. "Les courts ARN chez C. elegans : spécificité et fonction des protéines argonautes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24611/24611.pdf.
Full textThe molecular characteristics of the RNAi and microRNA pathways are different. In the RNAi pathway, fully base-paired dsRNA molecules trigger the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which lead to the degradation of the complementary targeted mRNA. On the other hand, the stem-looped miRNA precursor is processed in mature miRNA, which then imperfectly interacts with the mRNA target, leading to the blocking of its translation. In the worm C. elegans, each of the RNAi and miRNA pathways needs its specific Argonautes proteins. RNAi requires RDE-1, while ALG-1 and ALG-2 act in the miRNA pathway. The restriction of siRNAs and miRNAs to specific Argonaute proteins might reflect the recognition of the trigger by specific factors targeting it to the correct Argonaute protein. To better understand the importance of the trigger in the selection of the adequate Argonaute and pathway, we designed a dsRNA trigger containing both miRNA and siRNA sequences. This chimeric molecule can rescue successfully the loss of function of the miRNA let-7, and can also initiate the gfp gene silencing by RNAi. We demonstrated that RDE-1 and the dsRNA-binding protein RDE-4 are essential for RNAi induced with our trigger, but are not involved in the let-7 function of the chimera molecule. On the other hand, we showed that ALG-2 is strictly required for the miRNA function, but not for the RNAi function. Interestingly, we also found that the let-7 miRNA processed from our molecule has a limited lifetime, while the RNAi response, initiated from the same dsRNA, is maintained for a longer period. We suggest that the specificity of the Argonautes and thus the choice of the small RNA pathway is not determined by the type of RNA trigger, but rather by their respective molecular response. Furthermore, we also tried to understand the roles of ALG-1 and ALG-2. An immunoprecipitation of these proteins and an analysis of the protein and RNA interactors were carried out.
Inscrite au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
St-Pierre, Patrick. "Caractérisation des intéractions entre le viroïde PLMVd et le mécanisme d'interférence à l'ARN du pêcher." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3984.
Full textRipoll, Manon. "Synthèse de nano-vecteurs dérivés des polydiacétylènes pour la co-délivrance d’un ARN interférent et d’un anticancéreux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF076/document.
Full textIn the nanomedecine field, a new approach consists in developing synthetic vectors able to co-deliver into a cancer cell, an antitumoral drug and siRNAs that target protein(s) involved in MDR. The work described in this manuscript was dedicated to the development of micellar nanovectors for the intracellular co-delivery of these two therapeutic agents. The first part details the synthesis and the formulation of nanometric photopolymerized diacetylenic micelles adapted for the delivery and intracellular release of the siRNA. Then, the encapsulation and delivery properties of these micelles, bearing histidine polar heads have been investigated in vitro and in vivo for the application of combination therapy. Finally, the last part presents the functionalization by electrostatic interaction of these cationic vectors with antibodies, priorly modified by anionic oligonucleotides. This original and versatile system allowed achieving an active targeting of tumoral cells
Toub, Nedjma. "Étude du devenir in vitro et in vivo des oligonucléotides et sirna vectorises par des nanocapsules à coeur aqueux." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA114810.
Full textThe dream of modern drug research is to discover a biologically active molecule or a class of biologically active molecules, totally specific, able to act efficiently only on the function responsible of the disease. If this dream became a reality, treatment of fatal illness (AIDS, cancer, etc. . . ) would be possible without the severe side effect and toxicities that are the main limitations of these treatments. Many drugs work by interfering with critical proteins, which have been identified as responsible for dysfunction of cells or tissues. However, conventional therapeutics agents now on the market, which tend to act on proteins in the body also often bind to non-target proteins, or exert an effect through unknown interactions. Fortunately, progress in genetics and genomics has enabled definitive studies on some of the fundamental molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes, as well as the dysfunction of these mechanisms. From this mass of knowledge, the idea has emerged of drugs that may turn off genes by targeting the RNA that codes for the protein instead of the protein product. This strategy displays several advantages: (1) an active oligonucleotides (ODNs) or siRNA can be identified in a shirt time. (2) The cellular location of the proteins is not important. First results do not show any antigenicity of these nucleic acids. However, despite exciting potential for selectively modulating the expression of an individual gene, nucleic acids are still far from becoming drugs. Nucleic acids drugs are anionic macromolecules and cannot transit biological cell membranes. Additionally, they are rapidly degraded by nucleases. To overcome these limitations, various chemical modifications of nucleic acids (phosphorothioate ODNs) were synthesized. These modifications possess disadvantages, like a decreased mRNA hybridisation, higher cytotoxicity and increased unspecific effects. Therefore, a strong need for the development of unmodified acid nucleic drug delivery systems exists. The therapeutic performance of nucleic acid based drug significantly depends on the capability of carrier systems because of their fragility, impermeability to the cellular membrane and undesirable biodistribution. These delivery systems might be no viral, biocompatible and biodegradable. Carrier systems (liposomes, nanoparticles) protect these nucleic acids based drug in the harsh environment of the extracellular fluids, while inside the cells they should release incorporated drugs at a reasonable rate to remain intracellular concentration sufficient to form a complex with a target molecules such as mRNA. Actually, many academic and industrial laboratories are working on drug delivery based on nanotechnology (liposomes, nanoparticles). Our interest is based on development (unfurl) of polymeric nanocapsules with an aqueous core for nucleic acids delivery. Polyisobutylcyanoacrylate (PIBCA) nanocapsules specially designed for delivery of fragile and anionic molecules (ODNs). These nanocapsules containing in their aqueous core an active ODN induced 60% of inhibition of Ewing's sarcoma tumour after 8 I. T injections in nude mice, but the mechanism by which acts these nanocapsules remain unknown. As described in this report, our gaol was firstly focused on subcellular studies of the fate of ODNs when vectorized by nanocapsules using cellular fractionation and confocal microscopy methods (publication N°2), results showed that nanocapsules permitted enhancement of cellular penetration of oligonucleotides with a specific delivery in the targeted compartments (cytoplasm and nucleus). After fundamental mechanism investigation of delivery of oligonucleotides by nanocapsules following endocytosis way, we tested then their specific effect at cellular level in sarcoma Ewing model. Nanocapsules loaded ODNs have been proven to be highly effective tools for the specific inhibition of sarcoma Ewing's oncogene with a perfect correlation both in vitro and in vivo results in the same model (publication N°3). Recently, the discovery of RNA interference (siRNA), acting into a natural mechanism based on endogenous regulatory system that employs to silence gene expression has generated enthusiasm for cancer treatment, this new therapeutics approach more effective at low doses than other types of nucleic acid-based therapy such like oligonucleotide. But despite advantages of siRNA, obstacles to effective siRNA-based drugs remain without drug delivery systems. Finally, treatment of grafted tumor Ewing's sarcoma in nude mice using unmodified siRNA vectorized by nanocapsules leads to 80% of specific inhibition of tumor growthing after 5 I. T injection using a very low dose of siRNA (publication N°4). Nanocapsules thus appears to be an interesting system for administration of nucleic acid therapy. Further developments are now in progress in order to design such nanocapsules with specific ligands capable to recognize targets after intravenous administration
Boissonneault, Vincent. "Régulation de la protéine mBACE1 par les miARN miR-298 et miR-328." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24104/24104.pdf.
Full textKühbacher, Andreas. "Identification of new molecular effectors involved in the internalization of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in host cells using high-throughput RNAi screening and targeted approaches." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077193.
Full textThe gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is able to enter non-phagocytic cells, to disrupt the phagocytic vacuole and to replicate in the host cell cytoplasm. Invasion of epithelial cells requires the interaction of L. Monocytogene surface proteins internalin (InIA) or In1B with cellular receptors which are the adherens junctions molecule E-cadherin or the hepatocyte growth factor receptor Met respectively. These ligand/receptor-interactions lead to the activation of signaling cascades which result in actin- and clathrin-dependent uptake of the bacterium. In order to obtain a better understanding of the cellular fonctions regulating the L. Monocytogenes invasion process, a high-content screening procedure was established and applied to siRNA, miRNA mimic, miRNA inhibitor and drug libraries. This project was performed in the framework of the Swiss consortium InfectX (www. Infectx. Ch). In combination with standard microbiology, biochemistry and cell biology approaches, we shed light on several new aspects of L. Monocytogenes invasion. New host factors that are directly or indirectly involved in the invasion process could be identified. One of these factors, Lmodl, has been further characterized. In addition, novel proteomics approaches were applied in collaboration with the group of Bernd Wollscheid at ETH Zurich leading to the identification of novel interactors of the bacterial In1B and to the description of a rote of late endocytic compartments during L. Monocytogenes entry and vacuolar escape. Finally, by targeted approaches we could show that the lipid phosphatase OCRL modulates actin dynamics at the L. Monocytogenes entry site
Song, Ok-Ryul. "Criblage phénotypique d'une banque d'ARN interférents par microscopie haut-débit haut-contenu d'informations appliqué à l'identification de facteurs cellulaires impliqués dans la colonisation du pneumocyte par Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Angers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ANGE0012.
Full textDevavry, Severine. "Récepteurs de la mélatonine : pharmacologie du récepteur ovin MT2, identification de leur activité constitutive et développement d'une approche par ARN interférent." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4036/document.
Full textMelatonin is a hormone synthesized and secreted only during night by pineal gland. A main role of melatoninconcerns its implication in the synchronization of reproductive seasonality. Binding sites of melatonin are MT1and MT2 receptors which belong to the superfamily of seven-transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupledreceptors (GPCRs).Recent cloning of ovine MT2 receptor has challenged the knowledge about melatonin receptors. Wedemonstrated that its pharmacology and signalling pathways were similar to subtype 2 receptor of othersspecies (human and rat). Nevertheless, oMT2 receptor possesses a particularity of sequence, with the presenceof DRY motif which is known to be involved in the establishment of constitutive activity of GPCRs. In ourstudy, we demonstrated the existence of constitutive activity for ail the melatonin receptors. In addition, weidentified two inverse agonists for human MT2 receptors, previously described as antagonists. To describe therespective roles of each subtype of melatonin receptors in vivo, siRNA approach was developed in cell line,CI-10-K Iexpressing ovine and rat melatonin receptors
Khoury, Maroun. "Vecteurs optimisés pour une interférence à ARN anti-inflammatoire innovante dans l'arthrite." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON1T007.
Full textGuilhem, Ducléon Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'un nouveau système d'expression de petits ARN interférents et son application à l'analyse du facteur de transcription Bdp1 dans la transcription par l'ARN polymérase III ex vivo." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21504.
Full textTissot, Catherine. "Clonage et caractérisation de nouveaux gènes modulables par les interférons Alpha et Bêta." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20041.
Full textGarcia-Cattaneo, Alejandra. "Régulation du transport, de la maturation et de la signalisation du TLR3." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077075.
Full textTLR3 is an endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) that mediates immune responses against viral infections upon activation by its ligand double stranded RNA, a replication intermediate of most viruses. TLR3 is expressed widely in the body and activates both the innate and adaptive immune Systems. However, little is known about how TLR3 intracellular trafficking and maturation are regulated. Here we show that newly synthesized endogenous TLR3 is transported through the ER and Colgi apparatus to endosomes, where it is rapidly cleaved. TLR3 protein expression is up-regulated by its own ligand leading to the accumulation of its cleaved form. Furthermore, TLR3 signaling and cleavage are sensitive to a cathepsin inhibitor. Screening of the human cathepsin family by RNA interference identified cathepsins B and H as key mediators of TLR3 processing. Cleavage occurs between aa 252 and 346, and results in a functional receptor that signals upon activation. A truncated form of TLR3 lacking the N-terminal 345 amino acids does also signal from acidic compartments in response to ligand activation. Taken together our data indicate that TLR3 proteolytic processing is essential for its function and suggests a mechanism of tight control of TLR3 signaling and thus inflammation
Ferlotte-Picard, Guillaume. "La modulation de l'expression du gène PARG par l'interférence à l'ARN sensibilise les cellules de gliomes humains aux rayons ionisant." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27661/27661.pdf.
Full textMetral, Sylvain. "Etude des fonctions de la spectrine α non érythroide." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077027.
Full textThe spectrin-based skeleton is an essential scaffold underlying different lipid bilayers in ail animal cells. Spectrins (Sp), as giant extended flexible heterotetramers (aβ)2, constitute the filaments of this network, the nodes of which are cross-linked by actin filaments. The functions of the Sp-based skeleton, which are well defined in red blood cells (required for shape, résistance to shear stress and deformability) are less well understood in non-erythroid cells. The non-erythroid Sp might participate in the establishment and/or the maintenance of specialized membrane subdomains by accumulating integral membrane proteins (such as ionic channels, ionic pumps, receptors and cell adhesion molecules) as revealed by loss of the main non-erythroid β-Sp. However the effect of non-erythroid α-Sp are less well established. In mammals, α-Sp are encoded by two genes: one for al-Sp mainly expressed in mature erythrocyte, the second one for αll-Sp which is expressed in ail nucleated cells. Ln the pursuit of all-Sp functions, we have checked the effect of αll-Sp knock down by siRNA melanoma human cell line. Our data revealed that spectrin depletion is associated with i) an arrest of cell cycle at G1 state ii) a loss of cell adhesion in spite of increase in some integrins iii) some modifications of actin organisation
Holz, Correia Carine Lidiane. "Dynamique de l’émergence in vitro des mutants d’échappement du virus de la peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) face à l’activité ARN interférente ciblant le gène de la nucléoprotéine : implications pour les stratégies thérapeutiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20126.
Full textViruses in the genus Morbillivirus, within the family Paramyxoviridae are responsible for severe humans and animal diseases, including measles, rinderpest (RP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). In spite of the existence of efficient vaccines against these diseases, specific treatments to be applied when the infection is already present are desirable. Inhibition of morbillivirus replication can be achieved by RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by small double-stranded RNA (siRNA). The CIRAD previously identified three siRNAs that target conserved regions of the essential gene encoding the viral nucleoprotein and are able to prevent in vitro at least 80% of the replication of measles, RP and PPR viruses . However, a major problem in RNAi is the important risk of emergence of escape mutants. In this study, we investigated the ability of PPR virus to escape the inhibition conferred by single or multiple siRNAs after several consecutive transfections in vitro. Except with the combination of the three different siRNAs, the virus systematically escaped RNAi after 3 to 20 consecutive passages. The mutations were characterized by either single or multiple punctual nucleotide mutations (synonymous or not) or a deletion of a stretch of 6 nucleotides into the siRNA target. These results demonstrate that the genomic plasticity of morbilliviruses, illustrated maily by this significant and no-deleterious deletion in an essential viral gene, should be considered as an obstacle to the use of RNAi in antiviral therapy. However, the combined use of three siRNAs can be proposed to prevent treatment failure with siRNAs
Flusin, Olivier. "Stratégies de lutte contre des virus du risque infectieux : perspectives thérapeutiques contre les nairovirus et les orthopoxvirus." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077054.
Full textCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and smallpox virus (VARV) infections, for which there are no licensed antiviral therapeutics, represent a significant threat to the strategic and operational missions of the French armed forces. Here, we reported two strategies used to identity novel antiviral compounds that are specifically effective in inhibiting proteins and molecular complexes involved in genome replication of Hazara nairovirus (HAZV) and vaccinia orthopoxvirus (VACV), respective surrogate models of CCHFV and VARV. In a first study, the activity of small interfering RNA (siRNAs) targeting the HAZV mRNA was evaluated in cell culture. We were able to identify two siRNAs directed against the transcripts encoding the nucleoprotein that reduced the production of infectious HAZV particles by over 90%. The combination of ribavirin with siRNAs induced an additive, or synergistic, effect on HAZV replication inhibition. In a second study, we adapted the yeast two-hybrid technique in order to perform a high throughput screening for the selection of protein-protein interaction modulators within the VACV replication complex. We identified two molecules that specifically inhibit orthopoxvirus (OPV) replication in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that both compounds interfere with the VACV genome synthesis. The initial results of this work indicate the potential of these two strategies to be applied for the development of future treatments against nairovirus and OPV infections
Gattacceca, Florence. "Étude de l'effet antitumoral de l'IFNγ produit par transfert de gène et de son mécanisme d'action sur les cellules de mésothéliome humain." Paris 12, 2004. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002533560204611&vid=upec.
Full textMesothelioma is a fatal pleural tumor, with an increasing incidence. Conventionnai therapies are unefficient, justifying the development of innovative therapies. Thus, we have constructed a recombinant adenovirus carrying the IFNy gene (Ad-IFNy). I first showed that Ad-IFNy could efficiently transfer the IFNy gene to human mesothelioma cdl lines (HMCL), in vitro et in vivo, and that IFNy production was prolonged. Ad-IFNy exerted an antiproliferative effect on HMCL in vitro and an antiturnoral action in xenogenic tumors in nude mice. Secondly, the mechanisms involved in the action ofrecombinant human i and Ad-IFNy on HMCL were assessed by cDNA array. Differentiaily regulated genes varied depending on the HMCL and on the treatment, Regarding genes regulated, Ad-IFN could exert an antitumoral effect in mesothelioma, even though mesothelioma cells were resistant to the antiproliferative action of IFNy
Biscans, Annabelle. "Synthèse et évaluation d’oligoribonucléotides 2’-O-modifiés par des groupements biolabiles acétalesters ou alkyldithiométhyles dans une approche de prodrogues d’ARN interférents." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS020.
Full textSiRNA are powerful therapeutic and biological tools for gene silencing. In the aim of improving their stability, their biodistribution and their cellular delivery, we propose to develop a siRNA prodrug-like approach.This manuscript reports the synthesis and the study of pro-RNA temporarily masked by biolabile groups which could be hydrolyzed inside cells in order to release the active unmodified RNA. Two types of modifications are presented: acetalester groups removed by carboxyesterases and alkyldithiomethyl groups cleaved in a reducing environment within cells.In a first part, a new synthesis strategy of partially modified 2'-O-acetalester pro-RNA is described. Several acetalester groups varying in their lipophilicity and their charge are evaluated. Promising results obtained in physical-chemical studies, enzymatic stability and gene inhibition highlight the use of these modified pro-RNA as therapeutic drugs. A second part introduces an original approach for the synthesis of 2'-O-alkyldithiomethyl pro-RNA. The physical-chemical properties, the enzymatic stability and the unmasking of this pro-RNA are described.Moreover, the study of a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction allowing the incorporation of intrastrand disulfide bond into secondary structure duplex and hairpin is reported in this manuscript
Sütterlin-Diradourian, Claire. "Implication de la protéine ZIP/p62 dans la régulation, par la p38-MAPK, de l'activité transcriptionnelle du récepteur nucléaire PPARalpha." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077060.
Full textThe peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa) belongs to the nuclear receptor family and plays a central role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis an inflammatory processes. In addition to its ligand-induced transcriptional activity, PPARa is also regulated by phosphorylation. In the liver, PPARa is phosphorylated by kinases such as ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and calcium dependent protein kinase (PKC). The aim of this work was to examine the effect of p38-MAPK on PPARa transcriptional activity. Firstly, we showed that in COS-7 cells, the p38-MAPK activator anisomycin, phosphorylated PPARa in a dose dépendent manner and inhibited by 50% its transcriptional activity. Secondly, in H4IIE hepatoma cells, anisomycin-induced p38-MAPK phosphorylation decreased the endogenous mRNA and protein expression levels of liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (L-CPTI), a PPARa target gene. Thirdly, we demonstrated that PPARa/p38 MAPK interaction required a molecular adapter, the zeta PKC-interacting protein (ZIP). Indeed using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found a trimeric interaction between PPARa, p38-MAPJ and ZIP. Finally, reducing ZIP expression by siRNA, impaired L-CPTI gene expression in response to anisomycin. In conclusion, we showed that p38-MAPK activation induced PPARa phosphorylatio and inhibition of its transcriptional activity through a trimeric interaction between thé p38-MAPK, ZlP and PPARa
Foca, Adrien. "Identification of PLK1 as a proviral factor for the hepatitis B virus replication : A possible target for antiviral and anticancerous drug development." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1310/document.
Full textIn highly HBV endemic regions, 70-80% of hepatocellular carcinoma cases are attributable to this virus. Despite the existence of an HBV vaccine, the World Health Organization estimates 240 million individuals are chronically infected with HBV worldwide. Current antiviral treatments to control chronic HBV infections, and consequently reduce the incidence of liver cancer, are ineffective. New and effective therapies are needed not only for fighting the virus but also to prevent HCC emergence or progression. The polo-like-kinase 1 (PLK1), which plays pivotal roles in mitosis and is over-expressed in many human cancers, represents a promising druggable target in oncology. Beside its role during cell division, PLK1 is also thought to be involved in gene expression regulation during interphase. It was shown that the X protein (HBx) could activate PLK1 in murine cell transformation models. Yet it remained to be determined whether PLK1 could also play a role for HBV replication in non-dividing hepatocytes. Our, and collaborators, recent studies have identified a positive link between PLK1 activation and HBV replication. The goal of this thesis project was to investigate the mechanism(s) by which PLK1 exerts a positive effect on HBV replication, with the future goal of exploring PLK1 as an antiviral target. The interplay between PLK1 and HBV replication was firstly described using the HepAD38 cellular model of HBV replication. In this context, the HBV DNA is stably integrated into the host genome, under control of a Tet-off expression system. Transcription of HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), the template of viral replication, is initiated by tetracycline removal. It has been shown that in HBV-replicating HepAD38 cells, increased PLK1 expression correlates with down-regulation of two proteins that are components of chromatin modifying complexes; SUZ12 protein of the PRC2 complex, and ZNF198 of the LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 complex. PLK1 inhibition was described to inhibit HBV replication by reducing viral transcription. How PLK1 regulates HBV transcription remains unknown. On the other hand, in HBV replication models that resemble physiologic HBV infection, comprised of Primary Human Hepatocytes (PHH) and non-transformed/differentiated HepaRG cells (dHepaRG), where HBV replicates in non-transformed and non-dividing cells, thus enabling the study of the inter-phasic role of PLK1, irrespective of its well-established cell division implication, we have demonstrated that: 1) A pharmacological inhibition of PLK1 suppressed HBV replication by a different mechanism, likely targeting the packaging of pgRNA by the HBV core antigen (HBc). 2) Knocking-down PLK1 using siRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNP siPLK1) results in a strong drop of HBV DNAs, RNAs and HBe/HBsAg secretion without affecting the cell viability. This thesis project brought the proof of concept that PLK1 could be a drug target in HBV infection. Furthermore, the use of LNP allowed us to improve the delivery of siPLK1 to hepatocytes. Significantly, PLK1 inhibition is not toxic to quiescent cells in comparison to fast growing cancer cells, rendering PLK1 an attractive therapy target. High level of viremia in chronic HBV patients is a risk factor for progression to liver cancer. PLK1 specific inhibitors are already in clinical trials for other types of cancer (e.g., acute myeloid leukaemia) and could serve as bimodal therapy in HBV infected patients, by inhibiting virus replication as well as preventing emergence and spreading of neoplastic cells. This project was part of a full-working group of experts and thus, has beneficiated of a strong support. The proximity of the oncology-specialized hospital, the Centre Léon Bérard provided us with fresh hepatic biopsy [etc...]
Durfort, Tiphanie. "Induction d'une réponse antitumorale et immunitaire suite à l'inhibition du récepteur de l'IGF-1 et de son ligand par ARN interférence." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P614.
Full textThe role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its type I receptor (IGF-IR) in tumorigenesis has been well documented. Strategies like RNA or oligonucleotide antisense-based down-regulation of IGF-I or IGF-IR have been shown to trigger antitumoral immune response in addition to in vivo tumor growth inhibition. Here, IGF-I and IGF-IR blockade through 2'Omethyl modified short interfering RNA and their potential immunological stimulation are addressed in syngenic models. Some sequences were selected that were able to efficiently and specifically downregulate IGF-I and IGF-IR in murine hepatocarcinoma (mhAT2) and breast cancer cells (EMT6, CAHD). Transfection of IGF-IR siRNAs caused decreased cell proliferation in vitro. Moreover, IGF-IR silencing diminished phosphorylation of downstream signaling pathway proteins AKT and ERK1/2, and induced a G0/G1 cell cycle block. Proinflammatory cytokines were also produced by breast tumor cells downregulated for IGF-IR. When transfected with anti IGF-I or anti IGF-IR siRNA, C4HD mammary tumor cells significantly lost their tumorigenicity in syngenic BALB/c mice. Histological analyses of developing tumors in mice grafted with IGF-IR or IGF-I siRNA treated C4HD cells revealed a low mitotic index and infiltration of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, suggesting the involvement of antitumoral immunological response. IGF-IR down-regulated C4HD cells were then tried as an immunogen. Induction of an immune response was clearly evidenced by presence of stimulated splenocytes and an increase in delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with IGF-IR silenced C4HD cells against parental tumor cells. Our findings suggest that RNA interference technology may offer a new clinical approach for treatment of tumors expressing IGF-IR -or IGF-I- provided the use of modified short interfering RNA with a better understanding of IGF axis and immunological network relationship
Samson, Mélanie. "Établissement de nouvelles voies de biosynthèse des androgènes et estrogènes actifs dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate (DU-145), les sébocytes transformés (SZ-95) et les choriocarcinomes (JEG-3) en utilisant l'ARN interférence et des inhibiteurs de synthèses." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26416/26416.pdf.
Full textLe, Roy Florence. "Clonage et caractérisation de protéines associées à la RNase L. Identification d'ARNm cellulaires régulés par la RNase L." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20054.
Full textAbdel-Lateif, Khalid. "Flavonoids and actinorhizal symbiosis : Impact of RNA interference-mediated silencing of chalcone synthase gene on symbiosis between Casuarina glauca and Frankia." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20244/document.
Full textNitrogen-fixing root nodulation, confined to four plant orders, encompasses more than 14,000 Leguminosae species, and approximately 200 actinorhizal species forming symbioses with rhizobia and Frankia bacterial species, respectively. Most actinorhizal plants are capable of high rates of nitrogen fixation comparable to the nitrogen fixing symbiosis between legumes and Rhizobium. As a consequence, these plants are able to grow in poor and disturbed soils and are important elements in plant community worldwide. The basic knowledge of the symbiotic interaction between Frankia and actinorhizal plants is still poorly understood, although it offers striking differences with the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. In the symbiosis between legumes and Rhizobium, flavonoids are key molecules for nodulation. In actinorhizal plants, the involvement of flavonoids in symbiosis is poorly understood, but because of the similarities of the infection process between some actinorhizal plants and legumes, flavonoids were proposed to act as plant signals for the bacteria Frankia. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the involvement of flavonoids during the actinorhizal nodulation process resulting from the interaction between the tropical tree Casuarina glauca and the actinomycete Frankia.Eight C. glauca genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified from a unigene database and their expression patterns were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR during the nodulation time course. Our results showed that chalcone isomerase and isoflavone reductase transcripts accumulated preferentially early after inoculation with Frankia, suggesting thus for the first time that isoflavonoids are implicated in actinorhizal nodulation. To go deeper in the understanding of the role of these molecules in actinorhizal symbiosis, we used RNA interference strategy to silence chalcone synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of the flavonoid pathway. Knockdown of chalcone synthase expression led to a strong reduction of specific flavonoids levels and resulted in a severely impaired nodulation. Nodule formation could be rescued by supplementation of plants with naringenin, which is an upstream intermediate in flavonoid biosynthesis. Our results provide, for the first time, direct evidence of a strong implication of flavonoids during actinorhizal nodulation
Laroui, Nabila. "Ingénierie et auto-assemblage de nano-vecteurs pour la délivrance ciblée de siRNA." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT058.
Full textThe development of targeted gene therapies represents a major challenge in oncology that is hampered by delivery issues. Current delivery systems generate many side effects, many of which are due to off-target interactions, and the use of nano-vectors for targeted delivery of siRNA is a promising approach to tackle this challenge. The general objective of this thesis was to design and study original nano-vectors of siRNA for targeting and treating cancer. The first line of research was dedicated to the study of modified peptides for the siRNA delivery. This work aimed to improve the internalization of siRNA in target cells. For this, two types of peptides have been developed: i) CPPs (Cell Penetrating Peptides) functionalized with a targeting sequence derived from laminin ̶ targeting breast cancer cells, and ii) stapled peptides enforcing an α helical secondary structure which endow enhanced stability towards proteolysis and improved cell uptake. The second axis focused on the development of a new generation of nano-vectors obtained by self-assembly. Two strategies have been described: i) a dynamic covalent self-assembly approach to develop Dynamic Covalent Polymers (DCPs) through a siRNA-templated process, and ii) ii) a supramolecular self-assembly approach of cationic porphyrins directed by the templating siRNA. The first strategy led, via functionalization of the DCPs with D-mannose, to the targeted delivery of colorectal cancer cells and the second strategy led to the first example of dual therapy combining siRNA and photodynamic therapy achieved using small molecules
Mege-Bronesky, Delphine. "Des ARN non-codants au cœur du métabolisme des sucres : nouveaux mécanismes et impact sur l'adaptation et la virulence." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ053/document.
Full textStaphylococcus aureus is a human opportunist pathogenic bacterium capable to colonize different host tissues and organs and therefore generates multiple infectious conditions. Its pathogenic power is due to the expression of multiple virulence factors, and by it’s ability to adapt to the environment. Once entered in human tissues, S. aureus must face environmental changes, as the availability of nutriments to survive. Gene expressions implicated in these adaptive responses are submitted to a fine regulation, carried by two component systems, transcriptional factors, and sRNA (small RNA). In this study, I have identified the functions of a sRNA, called RsaI, which is repressed when the external concentration of glucose is at high levels. RsaI represses the translation of multiple mRNA implicated in the carbon metabolism, including a major glucose transporter, and IcaR, implicated in the biofilms synthesis. Furthermore, RsaI interacts with other sRNA. This multifunctional RNA is a real sensor of the external glucose levels, generating a metabolic switch that is necessary to ensure S. aureus adaptive response in infectious conditions
Moreira, Da Silva Sara. "Caractérisation de NEF-sp : une exoribonucléase 3'→ 5' spécifique du testicule." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV042/document.
Full textGenetic and biochemical studies have identified more than twenty different proteins involved in the piRNA pathway. However, some mechanistic features are still not fully understood. When this project started, piRNAs 3' end trimming was not completely characterized. Trimming was observed before in BmN4 cells and an Mg2+-dependent 3′ to 5′ exonuclease was implicated in this process. However, the protein responsible for shortening piRNAs to their mature length was still not known.NEF-sp is predicted to be an RNA exonuclease with 3′ to 5′ directionality. This protein is composed by three domains: a nuclease domain at N-terminal and two RNA binding motifs at C-terminal. NEF-sp is also predicted to be a testis-specific nuclease, however its biological role was not previously characterized. This project was based on the hypothesis that NEF-sp could potentially act as a nuclease involved in the piRNA maturation.We examined the biochemical properties of the uncharacterized mammalian nuclease family member NEF-sp. We show that Nef-sp transcripts are detected exclusively in mouse testes. We demonstrate that hNEF-sp is a 3ʹ→5ʹ exoribonuclease that is active on ssRNA substrates and likely functions in the nucleolar compartment. Our own analysis of the Nef-sp mouse knock-out mutant revealed no obvious phenotype. We observed that homozygous animals of both sexes are viability and display normal fertility. NEF-sp does not seem to play a role in piRNA pathway. It is possible that precise trimming of the unknown substrate(s) may not be important for viability/fertility due to potential complementation by other nucleases. Nevertheless, our study provides a biochemical and genetic characterization of the mammalian NEF-sp exoribonuclease
Autaa, Julie. "The role of the histone demethylase Kdm3 complex in defining the boundaries of piRNA clusters." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS234.pdf.
Full textTo safeguard the genome integrity of animal germline, the activity of transposable elements (TEs) is regulated by small non-coding RNAs known as PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Within Drosophila melanogaster ovaries, piRNAs arise from heterochromatic region called piRNA clusters. These regions exhibit enrichment for incomplete TE sequences and di- or tri-methylation of lysine 9 on histone 3 (H3K9me2/3) marks, characteristic of heterochromatin. Despite condensed chromatin, transcription occurs in these regions facilitated by Rhino, an HP1a protein family member. Rhino selectively binds H3K9me2/3-rich regions, recruiting transcriptional machinery via specific partners. However, its binding specificity remains unclear. Using genetic tools and computational analyses, I have shown that the germline knock-down of Kdm3, a histone demethylase targeting methylated H3K9, nearly doubles H3K9me2 levels across Drosophila ovaries. This enables certain gene-containing regions to recruit Rhino, producing “auto-immune” piRNAs. Our results highlight the importance of the chromatin state in piRNA cluster determination. Subsequently, a Kdm3-GFP allele was created using CRISPR/Cas9 allowing identification of two previously unknown protein partners via immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. These proteins are paralogous, with seemingly redundant functions. One of these partners has been characterized as one of the top ten interactors of HP1a. Consequently, we hypothesize that these paralogous proteins build bridges between antagonistic Kdm3 and HP1a/Rhino, thus helping to define borders between euchromatin and heterochromatin as well as preventing extension of piRNA clusters loci
Silhol, Michelle. "La Microinjection dans les cellules somatiques effet d'agents antiviraux /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609920n.
Full textSehki, Hayat. "Rôle d’un suppresseur endogène de RNAi dans le développement de la plante et ses interactions avec les pathogènes." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB034.
Full textPost-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is a defense mechanism that targets invading nucleic acids of endogenous (transposons) or exogenous (pathogens, transgenes) origins. During virus infection, PTGS theoretically targets double-stranded (ds)RNA intermediates of viral replication and viral single-stranded RNAs; however, most viruses encode proteins, referred to as viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR), which inhibit PTGS. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, an enzyme referred to as RNase THREE-LIKE 1 (RTL1) is induced in response to viral infection and cleaves dsRNAs in a non-specific manner. This enzyme should provide a second line of defense by cleaving viral dsRNAs, but VSR that inhibit PTGS generally inhibit RTL1, indicating that viruses had put in place tools that simultaneously counteract these two defense mechanisms. Nevertheless, at least one virus, Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), is not able to inhibit RTL1 and in fact seems to take advantage of RTL1 to successfully infect A. thaliana (Shamandi et al., 2015).In this thesis, we deepened the study of Arabidopsis-TYMV interaction. We show that TYMV is not able to inhibit PTGS execution but is able to inhibit PTGS amplification. This effect is due to the viral protein P69, and we show that P69 localizes in cytoplasmic foci called siRNA-bodies, where PTGS amplification takes place. Furthermore, using in house-generated rtl1 mutants, we show that the lack of RTL1 delays TYMV infection and promotes the production of siRNAs directed against the virus, whereas RTL1 overexpression enhances viral symptoms and suppresses the production of anti-viral siRNAs. We show that RTL1 is found in siRNA-bodies, and we show that RTL1 attacks not only dsRNAs but also siRNAs. These results indicate that, TYMV successfully infect A. thaliana by : i) replicating in chloroplast membrane invaginations (Prod’homme et al., 2003), which likely shelter dsRNAs intermediates of replication from PTGS and RTL1, ii) inducing RTL1 expression, which promotes the destruction of dsRNAs and siRNAs produced by PTGS in siRNA-bodies in response to TYMV infection, and iii) expressing the P69 protein to inhibit residual PTGS amplification.Despite a neutral or detrimental effect on plant anti-viral PTGS, RTL1 is conserved in all Arabidopsis accessions, and the study of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions ratios in RTL1 genes from 42 dicotyledonous plant reveals that RTL1 is under the control of a conservative selection, suggesting an essential role. In A. thaliana, RTL1 is weakly expressed in roots, in senescent tissues and during seed development. Phenotyping wild-type plants and rtl1 mutants did not revealed any significant morphological differences, but we observed that seeds weight is enhanced in rtl1 mutants. Moreover, we observed an increased senescence in rtl1 mutants, in particular in the Ler accession. This difference between Ler and Col prompted us to determine if RTL1 could participate in the natural variability of transgene PTGS efficiency between Ler (weak PTGS) and Col (strong PTGS). We observed that rtl1 mutations have no significant effect on PTGS efficiency in Col, but enhances PTGS efficiency in Ler, up to the level of Col, which could be explained by a strongest RTL1 expression in Ler compared to Col. These results indicate that the effect of RTL1 impairment should be further examined in normal and infectious contexts by focusing on Ler rather than Col
Casier, Karine. "Mécanismes d’activation d’un piRNA cluster par des facteurs environnementaux et génétiques chez Drosophila melanogaster." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS282.
Full textTransposable elements (TE) are mobile DNA sequences that can be deleterious for genome integrity. In germ cells, TE activity is regulated by PIWI-Interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small non-coding RNA which are produced from specific sequences called piRNA clusters. To study piRNA cluster biology, we use a transgenic construct that mimics a piRNA cluster: the BX2 cluster. In the lab, we have previously demonstrated that BX2 can be activated at each generation for piRNA production by maternal piRNA inheritance, describing the first stable paramutation case in animal. Hence, is it possible to activate BX2 without maternal piRNA inheritance? During my PhD, I focused on the role of two independent factors that we identified to be capable to activate BX2 without maternal piRNA inheritance: the increase of developmental temperature (29°C instead of 25°C) and the loss-of-function of the histone demethylase JHDM2. I have shown that the temperature increase induces BX2 conversion in 2% of the cases and that this conversion requires the presence of transcribed homologous sequences in the genome, suggesting an RNA-dependent mechanism. I have also discovered that JHDM2 loss-of-function, besides BX2 conversion, drives piRNA production from other genomic regions. The transcription of these regions depending on piRNA cluster transcription machinery, suggesting that JHDM2 is implicated in piRNA cluster determination
Smith, Nikaïa. "Étude moléculaire du TNF-Related Apoptosis Induced Ligand (TRAIL) et de l’activation du Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) dans les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes lors de la réponse antivirale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB145/document.
Full textPDC are the first line of defense of our organism against pathogens and establish the essential link between the innate and adaptive immunity. pDC endocyte and destroy the viral particles and thus, detect the genetic material with their antiviral sensors from the Toll-Like Family (TLR). The activation of TLR7/9 induces massive production of type I interferon (IFN-I), a powerful antiviral molecule, essential to control viral propagation during the acute phases of the infection. However, type I IFN can have deleterious effects in a large number of chronic infections and autoimmune diseases. Thus, it seems essential to discover the regulatory mechanism of pDC as well as pDC activation modulators. We showed that monoamines (histamine, dopamine and serotonin) and polyamines (spermine and spermidine) inhibit completely the activation of virus-stimulated pDC. Thus, we showed that amines regulated pDC activation through CXCR4 engagement and that this receptor was a potential switch "on-off" for pDC during viral infections. To better understand the mechanism of action by which amines inhibit pDC activation, we developed a new technology: siRNA transfection in human primary pDC. Furthermore, we detected multinuclear giant cells bearing the shape of a bicycle wheel when pDC are cultured in vitro with high quantities of HIV virus. Thus, on top of monocytes and macrophages, pDC can form in vitro multinuclear giant cells with high levels of p24 viral protein of HIV-1. However, pDC barely get infected (less than 5%). We then wondered if the receptors and co-receptors of the virus were important for the viral recognition during HIV-activation of pDC
Delas, Tim. "Formulation et stabilisation de complexes colloïdaux de polyélectrolytes à base de chitosane et de siRNA." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0071.
Full textThe presence of strong electrostatic interactions between nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA and polycations leads to the formation of colloidal particles called polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). This approach, which allows the formation of non-viral vectors for genetic material delivery, has been the subject of numerous studies based on the use of chitosan as polycation. In the framework of this thesis, the latter was studied for its complexing properties towards small interfering RNA (siRNA). First, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) were studied for their solution properties and complexation properties with siRNA. The effect of chain length on the solubility of chitosan and their complexing behaviour was demonstrated. Subsequently, the colloidal stability of PECs formed between chitosan and siRNA under physiological conditions was addressed. As the deprotonation of chitosan is redhibitory for the stability of the complexes, it was shown that the introduction of zinc ions in the formulation of complexes allowed to improve their stability at physiological pH. Moreover, the increase in the degree of acetylation of chitosan also allowed a clear improvement in the stability of the complexes at physiological salt conditions. With the introduction of zinc, a study of the interactions between metal ions and siRNA was also carried out and was able to highlight the strong interactions involved between metal ions and siRNA. Finally, a new synthesis leading to the formation of a new chitosan-based copolymer was carried out, making it possible to obtain as yet unexplored chitosan-based structures such as micelles or conjugate-type structures
Sanceau, Josiane. "Etude de l’expression du gène de l'interféron γ humain dans les lymphocytes activés et dans les cellules murines transformées." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077146.
Full textMartinez, Palacios Paulina. "Réponse des agents non codants du génome – éléments transposables et petits ARN – à un événement d'allopolyploïdie : le génome du colza (Brassica napus) comme modèle d'étude." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112055/document.
Full textThe evolutionary success of polyploid species is partly due to the dynamic changes in genome organization and gene expression patterns that occur at the onset of the polyploid formation. These changes are promoted by the merging of divergent genomes into a single nucleus (i.e. allopolyploidy) that causes a “genomic shock”; they are thought to provide a rich source of new genetic material upon which selection can act to promote adaptation and evolution. Many studies have thus aimed to uncover molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the evolutionary success of allopolyploid species, most of them focusing on gene expression changes. In the present PhD thesis, my interest has been concentrated on the non-coding components of the genome: transposable elements and small non-coding RNAs. My study involves oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC), a relatively young allopolyploid species that originated from hybridizations between B. rapa (AA) and B. oleracea (CC). Specifically, I have used resynthesized B. napus polyploids advanced by self-pollination of single plants for several generations; I have analyzed these plants at different generations for genomic changes accompanying polyploid formation and subsequent evolution. In a first part, sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (SSAP) targeting the C genome-specific transposable element Bot1, was used to evaluate transposition rate of Bot1 in resynthesized B. napus in comparison with the diploid parents. Only a few transposition events were identified. When combined with the results obtained for two other TEs, this work suggests that allopolyploidy has only a moderate impact on TE transposition and restructuring. The changes observed in SSAP profiles led us to hypothesize that some of them resulted from changes in DNA methylation, resulting in rare but highly specific TE activation and transposition. In a second part, I have concentrated on small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs), which are thought to mediate different aspects of the response to the “genomic shock” induced by allopolyploid formation. Comprehensive analyses of sRNA expression in resynthesized B. napus allopolyploids have been carried out by deep sequencing sRNAs from 11 libraries prepared from stems of three allotetraploids (surveyed at the two generations S1 and S5) and the two diploid parents. Characterization of sRNA distributions in these plants indicates that sRNAs show an immediate but transient response to allopolyploidy. The sRNAs derived from transposable elements (down-regulated in the S1) or targeting unknown sequences (no Blast hit against any available public database) were particularly affected. The use of B. napus mRNAseq data revealed that these latest unknown candidates, which are 21-nt long and over-expressed in the earliest generations (F1, S0, S1) were derived from endogenous viral elements (EVE). We confirmed that these EVEs showed the same expression patterns as the 21-nt long sRNAs that specifically target them (over-expression in the F1, S0 and S1). These results suggest that (at least) some EVEs might be reactivated as a response to the merging of divergent genomes (in interspecific hybrids and newly formed allopolyploids). Altogether, our results have demonstrated a succession of sRNA pathways that counteract the reactivation of some specific TEs and/or EVEs at the onset of polyploid formation; reactivated TEs and/or EVEs being immediately repressed at the post-transcriptional level (PTGS), and then fully repressed by transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) in the subsequent generations. Such data lead to hypothesize that sRNAs are essential to overcome interspecific hybrid incompatibilities due to the uncontrolled and deleterious reactivation of TEs / EVEs. Therefore, sRNAs should be considered as the guardians of genome integrity even in newly-formed allopolyploids
Louis, Thierry. "Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques dans l'apprentissage et la mémoire olfactive chez l'abeille domestique, apis mellifera : étude des sous-unités amelaα7 et amelα8 par interférence d'ARN." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1768/.
Full textAcetylcholine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of insects and particularly in structures involved in olfaction and memory processes. The role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in learning and memory in the honeybee has been studied using the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER), coupled to nicotinic antagonists injected into the brain. The results showed that two different types of nAChRs supporting different functions exist in the brain: the mecamylamine-sensitive nAChRs are necessary to retrieval processes and the a-bungarotoxin-sensitive nAChRS are needed to long-term memory formation. The sequencing of the honeybee génome pointed out 11 genes coding for nicotinic subunits (9 a and 2 ß) that could potentially form a great number of different nAChR types. The aim of this PhD work is to better characterize the two types of nAChRs by studying the role of Amela7 and Amela8 subunits in learning and memory processes using RNA interference. We first show the efficiency of siRNA to decrease the expression of the targeted subunits. The effect of protein deletion on olfactory conditioning indicates the involvement of nAChRs containing Amela8, and specially those in the vertical lobes, in retrieval processes. Amela7 subunit-knockdown blocks acquisition during discriminative PER conditioning and impairs the formation of a specific memory after absolute PER conditioning. The role of Amela7 in olfactory perception is discussed. Together with pharmacological data, our results indicate that Amela8 could form mecamylamine-sensitive nAChRs. The hypothesis that a-bgt-sensitive nAChRs could be form by Amelα7 cannot be retained
Evenou, Pierre. "Assemblages supramoléculaires hiérarchiques de cyclodextrines fonctionnalisées et de siRNA, application à la thérapie antisens." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066440/document.
Full textSiRNA based therapeutics are very promising. A key challenge for their development is the design of sophisticated, safe and effective delivery methods. To address all the biological obstacles for the conception of such therapeutics, we focused on the construction of a virus-like dynamic system, built with molecular bricks, able to self assemble and to interact with nucleic acid through supramolecular interactions. Bridged cyclodextrin based supramolecular polymers were developed to form host-guest interactions. To do so, cyclodextrins were conjugated with cationic and hydrophobic moiety in a spatially controlled way. These conjugates solved problems well known in the literature about the self-inclusion and the solubility in water of such molecules. The ability to self-assemble of 4 compounds were studied by RMN-1H, RMN-ROESY, ITC, RMN-DOSY and SANS. All these compounds showed a good capability to complex and protect siRNA. Moreover, one of these compounds is able to transfect siRNA in vitro without any toxicity, and therefore, to induce gene silencing. Assembly of CD and siRNA were finally observed by cryo-microscopy, which showed long fibres organised in a hierarchical and cooperative manner. This unique system is therefore strongly reminiscent of the structure, size and function of a virus
Vigneau, Soline. "Contribution au clonage positionnel du locus Tmevp3 : un locus de prédisposition à la persistance du virus de Theiler chez la souris." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077194.
Full textMachado, Anthony Kévin. "Étude de l’implication des importines-ß dans l’infection et l’import nucléaire du VIH-1." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC182.
Full textAs all lentiviruses, HIV-1 has the capacity to infect quiescent or non-dividing cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells. Lentiviruses evolved cell cycle independent mechanisms to import actively their genomes into the nuclear compartment to reach the cellular chromatin. Physiologically, translocation of macromolecules from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is mediated by specialized karyopherins called ß-importins which recognize nuclear localization signals born by the macromolecule to import. Many viral determinants have been involved like capsid, integrase or nucleocapsid but their role in HIV-1 nuclear import is still under investigation. Besides, few ß-importins have been studied in HIV-1 infection such as KPNB1, IPO7 and TNPO3. Although the literature suggest they have a role in HIV-1 infection, their involvement in HIV-1 translocation through the nuclear pore remains unclear. We decided to investigate the role of the main five ß-importins in HIV-1 infection, nuclear import and integration in order to identify whether or not one of them if responsible for HIV-1 PIC nuclear import. Our experiments show for the first time the involvement of TNPO1 in HIV-1 infection and more precisely during the nuclear import process in HeLa cells. We also demonstrate the role of KPNB1 in post-strand transfer steps of infection. Interestingly, our data suggest that IPO5 interacts with HIV-1 and would restrict HIV-1 infection possibly by unfavoring integration into actively transcribed sites of cellular chromatin. Our experiment were unable to show IPO7 involvement in HIV-1 infection using shRNA targeting this importin, suggesting that this protein has no role in early steps of HIV-1 infection. Finally, we confirm 2-LTR circles reduction, already observed in the literature, when TNPO3 expression is reduced and suggesting its role in HIV-1 nuclear import
Butel, Nicolas. "Caractérisation d'un complexe chromatinien impliqué dans l'inactivation post-transcriptionnelle des ARNs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS302/document.
Full textPost-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a defense mechanism that targets invading nucleic acids from endogenous (transposons) or exogenous (pathogens, transgenes) origins. Mutations in JMJ14 and NAC52 have been retrieved from a genetic screen aiming to identify PTGS deficient mutants. JMJ14 encodes an histone demethylase targeting the bi- or tri-methylated lysine 4 of histone H3, while NAC52 encodes a transcription factor. Both act in a complex that regulates the transcription of hundreds endogenous genes. However, the function of this chromatin complex in transgene expression and in PTGS is not known. JMJ14 interacts with NAC52 but also with a guanine exchange factor of the RCC1 family. Mutations in any member of the RCC1-JMJ14-NAC52 complex reduce transgene transcription. JMJ14 binds to the transgene promoter independently of NAC52, whereas NAC52 requires JMJ14 to bind on the transcribed region. However, JMJ14 and NAC52 do not seem to be required for transcription itself. Indeed, a wild-type level of transcription is restored in the jmj14 drm2 double mutant, suggesting that the complex RCC1-JMJ14-NAC52 prevents de novo DNA methylation of the promoter by DRM2. The effects of jmj14 and nac52 mutations on transgene transcription cannot explain their specific effect on some forms of PTGS. Indeed, jmj14 and nac52 do not affect constitutively-induced PTGS, but prevent the systemic spreading of locally-induced PTGS. Mutations in SCPL45, encoding a Serine-Carboxy Peptidase-Like that interacts with NAC52, but not JMJ14, have the same effect. In contrast, rcc1 does not affect the systemic PTGS, suggesting that a JMJ14-NAC52-SCPL45 complex is involved in the control of systemic PTGS. This complex could act directly on transgene chromatin to trigger PTGS in response to the PTGS signal, or indirectly by controlling the expression of an endogenous gene encoding a protein regulating systemic PTGS. To better understand the function of JMJ14 in systemic PTGS, a genetic screen aiming to identify suppressors of jmj14 have been performed. Sixteen mutants corresponding to seven genes encoding proteins related to chromatin and having an antagonist function to JMJ14, have been characterized. Mutations in theses seven genes could suppress jmj14 by increasing transgene transcription and consequently the quantity of the PTGS systemic signal. A seventeenth mutant could have a qualitative effect on the PTGS systemic signal or could affect the perception of this signal in recipient cells. The corresponding gene remains to identify