Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ARN – Dynamique'
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Douet, Julien. "ADN ribosomique 5S chez Arabidopsis thaliana : dynamique chromatinienne et ARN polymérase IV." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731526.
Full textLouvet, Emilie. "Dynamique et compartimentation de la machinerie de maturation des ARN ribosomiques en cellules vivantes." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S025.
Full textThe functional organisation of the nucleus depends on machineries that are distributed in domains named nuclear bodies. To understand how this distribution is regulated we have chosen the nucleolus as example. We have focused our attention on traffic and compartmentation of the rRNA processing machinery during interphase and mitosis. To follow proteins in living cells we have used microscopy technologies such as: FRAP, videomicroscopy and tdFLIM-FRET. A reversible system capable of disconnecting the processing from the transcription machineries during interphase permitted us to show that the processing machinery can be disconnected from the transcription sites and accumulates in nuclear masses originating from the nucleolar granular component. We named these granular masses. This reversible process permitted us to study reformation of the nucleolus. In control cells and in an assay using permeabilized cells set up in the laboratory, we have shown that nucleolar reformation depends on ATP hydrolysis and that CK2 is involved in nucleolar compartmentation. At the exit of mitosis, we have shown that early and late processing machineries pass through the same PNB. The convergence of the machineries in a single site could be at the origin of PNB formation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that Nop52 and B23 interact in the same PNB. For this reason, we propose that PNB are preassembly platforms for rRNA processing complexes
Beaurain, François. "Les complexes boucle-boucle ARN : approches par dynamique moléculaire et spectroscopie UV en solution." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12716.
Full textA kissing-complex is made of two hairpins with complementary loops. This kind of structure is known to participate in molecular recognition and is involved in a lot of gene regulation but also in all retrovirus dimerization process (for a review, see Brunel et al. , 2002). Some of the factors which determine the kissing-complex stability have already been studied (Gregorian & Crothers, 1995). Here after a preliminary reflexion about the kissing-complex topology, a study based on MD and UV monitored thermal denaturation experiments gets a deep insight into the kissing-complex structure and stability and brings a new way to aprehend this family of structures. Then, a MD study of the two DIS/DIS (Dimerization Initiating Site of HIV-1) kissing-complex structure helps to understand the dynamics and the topology of both duplexes. This study results in a proposal of a new and simple dimerization process
Watrin, Marguerite. "Régulation de l'expression génique par formation de complexes boucle-boucles ARN : application de la technique de SELEX génomique aux interactions ARN/ ARN." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21548.
Full textRNA does not only play a role in the genetic information transfer between a gene and his protein. As mRNA, tRNA and rRNA are involved in protein synthesis. MiRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and other ncRNA are involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes such as plasmid replication, conjugation, transcription, translation, splicing and posttranscriptional modifications. RNA are able to form stem-loop structures, to interact via their loops with nucleic partners and to form loop-loop complexes so called kissing complexes. RNAI/RNAII kissing complexes enables the regulation of ColE1 plasmid replication in E. Coli. An RNA hairpin (aptamer R-0624) has been selected against the TAR element located at the end of the 5' UTR of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 RNA. The artificial R-0624/TAR kissing complex inhibits the transactivation of the viral transcription. We identified RNA hairpins derived from the human genome which are able to generate kissing complexes with TAR or RNA hairpins targets containing RNGG, RYRY or YUNR loop sequences. Those kissing complexes could be responsible for natural or artificial regulations of human genes. In this work, genomic SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Liganfs by Exponential enrichment) has been carried for the 1rst time for fishing RNA/RNA interactions and directed against target RNA libraries
Marchal, Thierry. "Micromanipulation d'une molécule d'ARN unique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13148.
Full textCragnolini, Tristan. "Prédire la structure des ARN et la flexibilité des ARN par des simulations basées sur des modèles gros grains." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077163.
Full textIn contrast to proteins, there are relatively few experimental and computational studies on RNAs. This is likely to change, however, due to the discovery that RNA molecules fulfil a considerable diversity of biological tasks, including, aside from its encoding and translational activity, also enzymatic and regulatory functions. Despite the simplicity of its four-letter alphabet, RNAs are able to fold into a wide variety of tertiary structures where dynamic conformational ensembles appear also to be essential for understanding their functions. In spite of constant experimental efforts and theoretical developments, the gap between sequences and 3D structures is increasing, and our lmowledge of RNA flexibility is still limited at an atomic level of detail. In this thesis, I present improvements to the HiRE-RNA model, and folding simulations that were performed with it. After presenting the computational methods used to sample the energy landscapes of RNA and the experimental methods providing information about RNA structures, I present the RNA topologies and the structural data I used to improve the model, and to study RNA folding. The improvements of HiRE-RNA in version 2 and version 3 are then described, as well as the simulations performed with each version of the model
Mazier, Sonia. "Effet d’une boucle interne asymétrique sur la flexibilité de la tige-boucle SL1 de l’ARN génomique de VIH-1 : une étude par simulation de dynamique moléculaire." Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE2032.
Full textRichard, Patricia. "Dynamique intranucléaire et biogenèse des ARNs H/ACA." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30081.
Full textH/ACA RNAs are small nuclear RNAs that have many different functions in the cell. They are guide RNAs for the conversion of the uridine into pseudouridine of ribosomal RNAs and spliceosomal snRNAs. We showed that box H/ACA RNAs directing modifications of spliceosomal snRNAs carry a special signal that direct these box H/ACA RNAs into Cajal bodies. This signal is also present in the telomerase RNA that accumulates in Cajal bodies. With fluorescent microscopy, we were able to propose that Cajal bodies may deliver telomerase RNA at a subset of telomeres in S phase cells. Finally, our work on the expression and processing of box H/ACA RNAs revealed that splicing and assembly of box H/ACA RNP particles are two independent molecular events in human cells
Poli, Jérôme. "Dynamique de la réplication du génome et réponses cellulaires au stress réplicatif." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20233.
Full textA fluctuating environment is a powerful mean of selection for living organisms, which evolved complex signaling networks to integrate these variations and direct swift and efficient cellular responses. The aim of my work is the identification and characterization of molecular mechanisms involved in the tolerance of replicative stress and DNA damage. First, we show that changes in dNTP pools affect several aspects of replication dynamics in budding yeast. dNTP levels are limiting for normal S-phase progression and determine the temporal program of replication during a replicative stress. Interestingly, we also observed that chromosomal instability (CIN) mutants display expanded dNTP pools due to the constitutive activation of the DNA damage checkpoint. Since increased dNTP levels promote forks progression in the presence of DNA lesions, we propose that CIN mutants adapt to chronic replicative stress by upregulating dNTP pools. Secondly, we bring new lights on the role of Crt10 in vivo, which has been initially identified as a negative regulator of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) genes expression. Deletion of CRT10 neither leads to expanded dNTP pools, nor to a massive deregulation of RNR genes, although crt10Δ cells exhibit faster fork progression. The crt10Δ mutant accumulates at the G1/S transition and exhibits a strong defect of origin firing that could account for its replication phenotype. Moreover, we observed a global decrease in ribosome biogenesis in crt10Δ. The physical interaction of Crt10 with several members of the ribosome biogenesis pathway and its role in the Rtt101-Mms1 complex suggest that Crt10 may regulate ribosome levels in vivo. At last, we identified MRX (Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2) as a bona fide member of the transcription termination of non-coding RNA (ncRNA). ChIP-seq reveals that MRX localized at the same loci than the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 complex in vegetative growth. rad50Δ cells exhibit transcriptional read-through and upregulation of unstable cryptic transcripts (CUTs) leading to a misregulation of their associated gene. Finally, MRX seems to be involved in the resolution of branched structures emanating from collision between transcription and replication machineries, as it is the case for Sen1
Perriquet, Olivier. "Approche algorithmique pour la prédiction de la structure secondaire des ARN." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-211.pdf.
Full textGouot, Emmanuelle. "Rôle de CK2 dans la dynamique de la chromatine et la précision transcriptionnelle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28137.
Full textTranscription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is pervasive and aberrant transcripts are permanently generated within cells. Precise and controlled genomic organization in chromatin structure is essential to improve RNAPII accuracy and prevent cryptic transcripts accumulation. Chromatin structure is highly dynamic during transcription, unfolded to give access to DNA and refolded back in the wake of RNAPII to prevent spurious transcription. Multiple mechanisms act together to make this process highly efficient. Casein Kinase 2 (CK2) is a protein kinase ubiquitously present among eukaryotes and implicated in various important cellular processes. Interestingly, a potential function of this kinase in chromatin dynamics through the regulation of chromatin factors has previously been suggested. In this study, we address the role of CK2 in chromatin modulations associated with transcription. We found that CK2 depletion from yeast cells results in an increase of histone turnover in 3’ of transcribed regions and spurious transcription from cryptic promoters. Interestingly, we demonstrate that CK2 modulates directly Spt6 histone chaperone stability and function. This regulation promotes histone recycling during transcription elongation and maintain chromatin organization within coding regions, thereby inhibiting cryptic intragenic and antisense transcription. Our study also suggests that CK2 suppression of spurious transcription extend beyond Spt6 regulation. Indeed, we describe that additional role of CK2 with respect to spurious transcription could be related to its regulation of RNAP II activity through CTD Ser2 phosphorylation. Chromatin regulators such as PAF complex and FACT could also be involved in this regulation process. Finally, we propose that CK2 suppression of spurious transcription is essential for transcriptional optimal and efficient responses to environmental signals. Altogether, our data highlights CK2 signaling pathway as a regulator of transcription accuracy by affecting the essential histone chaperone Spt6, and probably other factors directly involved in the transcriptional process. This mechanism is important to the suppression of cryptic transcription in steady state conditions but also seems to contribute to the fitness of an optimal cellular response to stress signals.
Tichit, Laurent. "Algorithmique des structures biologiques : l'édition d'arborescences pour la comparaison de structures secondaires d'ARN." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12699.
Full textCausse, Sébastien. "Etude de la dynamique d'activation de la transcription des gènes par l'ARN Polymerase2." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824828.
Full textOuellet, Jonathan. "Étude structurale et dynamique de l'ARN via deux ARN circulaires infectieux possédant un motif auto-catalytique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4196.
Full textAuffinger, Pascal. "Simulations de dynamique moléculaires d'ARN – Structures et environnements." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00265627.
Full textLes progrès récents dans les techniques de simulation de DM réalisés au laboratoire, nous permettent maintenant de simuler la dynamique de molécules de la taille d'un ARN de transfert ou de petits ribozymes avec un degré de précision jusqu'alors rarement atteint. Pour mieux comprendre les fonctions des ARN, qui sont par nature des processus dynamiques, nous utilisons les méthodes de DM pour compléter les informations structurales fragmentaires qui sont disponibles sur l'hydratation de ces ARN et le rôle d'agents structurants (ions monovalents, divalents et anions). En effet, cette connaissance préalable est indispensable pour la compréhension du repliement et de la stabilité de ces ARN. De plus, elle contribuera à la construction de modèles structuraux plus précis. Parmi les systèmes que nous nous proposons d'étudier se trouvent les ARN de transfert ainsi que des fragments d'ARN ribosomaux. Des complexes entre ARN et antibiotiques ainsi que des complexes ARN/protéines sont en cours d'étude.
Joli, Flore. "Etude par RMN et modélisation moléculaire de la structure d'une tige-boucle d'ARNm, cible préférentielle d'oligonucléotide antisens." Paris 13, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA132015.
Full textOuangraoua, Aïda. "Développement d'outils conceptuels et algorithmiques pour l'analyse de structures biologiques arborescentes." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13547.
Full textTrees are an important data structure in several fields: botanic, molecular biology, etc. Particularly, in most botanical applications, trees are used to represent the topological structure of plants architecture. The concept of architecture plays an important role in the understanding of the development and the growth of plants. Thus, the comparison of plant architectures has many applications in various fields of botany as agronomy, horticulture, arboriculture or sylviculture. Some initial works aimed at exploring tree comparison algorithms, their applications in botany and their extensions. The algorithms studied here are based on the generalization of the methods for computing similarity between sequences. Their general principle consists in building a target tree by applying various structural operations, called edit operations, to an initial tree. In this thesis, we propose a unification of the various tree edit methods by introducing the class of semi-ordered trees which envolves unordered and ordered trees. Furthermore, we introduce new extensions of edit algorithms by modifying the constraints dedicated to the comparison of plant architectures or RNA secondary structures. For instance, multi-scales aspects, semi-order or order relations between the entities of the structures are now taken into account
Delbès, Céline. "Diversité et dynamique structurales et fonctionnelles de la communauté microbienne d'un digesteur anaérobie : approche moléculaire à partir des ADNr 16S et ARNr 16S." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10247.
Full textBarrandon, Charlotte. "L' échange dynamique de l'ARN 7SK entre le facteur de transcription P-TEFb et les hnRNP." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066181.
Full textFossat, Nicolas. "Dynamique du gène Otx2 de souris : Analyse d'expression et étude fonctionnelle par une nouvelle approche d'invalidation conditionnelle." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0349.
Full textLebreton, Alice. "Dynamique des facteurs pré-ribosomiques au cours de la biogène de la grande sous-unité ribosomique chez S. Cerevisiae." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077120.
Full textThis work focuses on the dynamics of assembly, dissociation and recycling of proteins involved in the biogenesis of the large ribosomal subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It sheds some light on two control points in this metabolic pathway, localised in the nucleus and the cytoplasm respectively. We have shown that the nuclear protein Nsa2, which is very conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, is required for the correct maturation of the 27SB ribosomal RNA precursor. Nsa2 is an unstable factor, regulated in correlation with the activity of ribosome biogenesis; it thus constitutes a good candidate for the integration of various signals resulting in the regulation of this metabolic pathway. Besides, using the SILAC technique, we could define groups of early or late acting factors relative to the Nsa2 action time. In the cytoplasm, we identified a protein network, which marks the end of ribosome biogenesis and triggers the entry of new ribosomal subunits into translation. The cytoplasmic protein Rei1 and the karyopherin Kap121 are both required for the recycling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of a dimer of shuttling factors, Arx1-Alb1. This recycling enables the dissociation of the anti-association factor Tif6 from the large ribosomal subunit, which can consequently bind the small ribosomal subunit and enter translation
Doutreligne, Sébastien. "interactive molecular dynamics software development : Application to biomolecule folding." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC180/document.
Full textThe folding of biomolecules by computational methods remains a big challenge. Most notably, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are intrinsically time consuming and do not yet commonly reach the microsecond time scale. Generally, a coarse-grained approach is preferred to simulate bigger systems and larger time scales. Automated approaches like MD do not account for the investigator expertise. The present thesis explores the folding of biomolecules with interactive molecular dynamics (IMD) simulations using the OPEP and HiRE-RNA models, respectively for amino acids and nucleic acids. IMD is like MD, but in addition, the user can apply forces on a selection of atoms and see the reaction of the system live from a molecular visualization software while the simulation is running. Dedicated software developments were done in such a program named UnityMol, coupled with coarse-grained OPEP and HiRE-RNA simulations. The picture is completed with an incursion into integrative biology. The use of theoretical and experimental models is proposed in two declinations: biasing MD simulations to faster converge to plausible results and guide users during interactive sessions. This work shows the complementarity of experimental and theoretical methods when it comes to biomolecules. A few trials at folding with IMD and our set of tools are exposed: mainly a crowdsourcing approach to RNA folding with coarse-grained HiRE-RNA models and the interactive folding of peptides in a laboratory setup of OPEP simulations. In complement, virtual reality aspects and performance enhancement of a spring network model simulation package named BioSpring have been explored
ACI, Samia. "ETUDE PAR SIMULATION DE DYNAMIQUE MOLECULAIRE DE LA VARIABILITE CONFORMATIONNELLE DU DIMERE DE LA SEQUENCE SL1 DU GENOME DE VIH-1." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008151.
Full textRinaudo, Philippe. "Algorithmique de l'alignement structure-séquence d'ARN : une approche générale et paramétrée." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00847745.
Full textChen, Chunlong. "Non-coding RNA genes in eukaryotes genomes : computational identification and evolution." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112279.
Full textIt became clear that non-coding RNAs(ncRNA) participate in the control of gene expression at different levels of regulation. However, ncRNA genes are usually not annotated within genomes. Better understanding of genome functioning requires refined computational tools for ncRNA prediction, some are emerging in the nowadays genomic era. I developed a computational system, called snoRMP, to identify the box C/D snoRNAs that play a fundamental role in ribosome biogenesis. I applied it to the rice genome and identified 346 snoRNAs that grouped into 120 paralogous sets, sequence differences of which allowed to find clues about the mechanisms of duplication and evolution of snoRNAs. I also used the snoRMP to screen the genomes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Drosophila melanogaster and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In addition, I performed an extensive analysis of 415 rRNA and box C/D snoRNA complementary sequences involved in methylation of 124 rRNA sites from fungi, plants and animals. I could define snoRNA-rRNA duplex cores of 9 base pairs, over which single mutations had been severely counter-selected, and double compensatory mutations, retained. The Paramecium tetraurelia genome arose through at least three whole-genome duplications(WGD). In contrast with most genomes having evolved by WGDs that had lost a large fraction of the gene duplicates, the P. Tetraurelia genome had not. I used motif-based methods to recover extensive contents of P. Tetraurelia RNA genes, and analyzed their evolution in this specific WGD context. At last, I used a combination of comparative sequence analysis and structure predictions to analyze the whole amount of ncDNA and identify 137 ncRNA candidates
Nouri, Sirine. "Development of new NMR methods to study miRNA dynamics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10006.
Full textNon-coding RNAs have appeared in the last decades as central elements of numerous biological processes and understanding how they can perform their function is essential both at the fundamental level and in the perspective of potential applications. Solution- state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods are a unique way to characterize the structure and dynamics of RNAs and thus shed light on their intrinsic plasticity. This thesis focuses on the development of novel methodologies to describe complex dynamics occurring in RNA with a particular focus on the let-7 micro RNA precursor an interesting system as the deregulation of let-7 can perturb cell development and differentiation and lead to the development of cell-based diseases such as cancer. Due to its size and the flexibility inherent to large RNA loop, the study of the let-7 miRNA precursor remains at the forefront of biological NMR. This work addresses the implementation of an enzymatic production protocol of high concentrated and very pure RNA sample for NMR spectroscopy and the development of new strategies for resonance assignment of RNAs with large non-helical dynamic elements. These methods are used to investigate the structure and dynamics of the let-7 micro RNA precursor. A combination of Small-Angle X-Ray scattering and NMR spectroscopy experimental data (Residual Dipolar Couplings either externally or field-induced) were measured. These experimental data are used in an ensemble optimization method to selectively refine models generated by extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The selected ensemble is in good agreement with the NMR experimental data. From the structural analysis of the selected ensemble and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer experiments, we propose a hypothesis that correlates fast and slow exchange processes happening in the non-helical region of the RNA with its ability to interact with regulatory proteins
Capozi, Serena. "Dynamique d'interaction entre la protéine SRSF1 et l'ARN et cinétique de formation du spliceosome." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT067.
Full textSRSF1, formerly known as ASF/SF2, belongs to the SR protein family, which is a conserved family of RNA-binding protein that plays essential roles as regulators of both constitutive and alternative splicing. Hundreds of RNA targets have been described for SRSF1 but how SRSF1 selects its targets from the entire pool of cellular pre-mRNAs remains an open question. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that SR proteins recognize short degenerated motifs often present in multiple copies at ESEs. Similar cryptic motifs are however frequently present in pre-mRNAs, and this low specificity of binding contrasts with the great fidelity of exon definition. To better understand the mechanism of action of SRSF1, I performed a kinetic study of SRSF1-RNA interactions in live cells using advanced microscopic techniques. Taking advantage by the CRISPR system, I tagged endogenous SRSF1 with Halo protein, and I combined photobleaching (FRAP) and single particle tracking (SPT) techniques to estimate diffusion and binding rates of SRSF1. I measured the duration of individual binding events, both on the cellular pool of pre-mRNAs and on specific targets. Our results indicate that binding of SRSF1 does not exceed few seconds, even on high-affinity targets. This rapid kinetics allows SRSF1 to rapidly sample the entire pool of nascent RNAs continuously produced in cells. Moreover, we provided a kinetic analysis of snRNP dynamics at a single-molecule resolution in the nucleoplasm of living cells. Our results enabled us to determine diffusion coefficients of snRNPs and their RNA binding duration in vivo
Biron, François. "Analyse par RT-PCR quantitative de la dynamique virale pendant la primo-infection HIV-1 et la phase précoce asymptomatique, traitées ou non par des associations d'antiviraux." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T301.
Full textGyenis, Akos. "Etudes génomiques de la dynamique de l'ARN polymérase II pendant l'étape de terminaison de la transcription et après un stress causé par les UV-B." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ056/document.
Full textThe Pol II transcription cycle can be divided into three main phases: transcription initiation, elongation and termination. Each phase represent a possibility for the regulation of gene expression. Recently, genome-wide studies demonstrated that Pol II pausing is an important regulatory step that is present at almost every eukaryotic Pol II promoter. Surprisingly, paused or slowed down polymerases were also discovered downstream of 3’ end of genes, of which the exact role is still not fully understood.During my Ph.D. I carried out projects using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay coupled to high-throughput sequencing techniques to analyze genome-wide Pol II behavior in two aspects:First, we analyzed Pol II occupancy downstream of 3’ end of transcription units. Our analyses suggest that accumulation of Pol II downstream of genes is a genome-wide feature of active transcription. We found broad, often up to 6kb long Pol II occupancy signals at genes coding for polyadenylated transcripts. In contrast, Pol II occupancy shows a narrow profile at the annotated end of core histone genes. We also found a link between RNA 3’ end processing and Pol II accumulation at the end of transcription units.Second, we were following the genome-wide response and alteration of Pol II transcription upon genotoxic stress. Following UV-B treatment we observed a progressive Pol II signal loss from the promoters of expressed genes, which will then extend through the entire transcription unit, up to four hours after irradiation. This is in good agreement with the observation that after UV irradiation transcription is arrested during the period of transcription-coupled repair (TCR)
Fourar, Monia. "Dynamique structurale de l'ARN polymérase ARN dépendante NS5B : une nouvelle cible pour l'inhibition de la réplication du virus de l'hépatite C." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20137.
Full textThe non-structural protein RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) NS5B plays a key role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and is currently considered as one of the most relevant target to develop safe anti-HCV agents. Although many small molecules have been identified as inhibitors of NS5B, very few are active in clinic. The structure and function of NS5B have been well characterized and as other polymerases, NS5B adopts a typical “right-hand” conformation containing the characteristic fingers, palm and thumb subdomains. The activation of NS5B requires conformational changes involving intramolecular contacts as well interactions with viral proteins and host factors in the replication complex. We developed a new strategy for NS5B inhibition based on short interfacial peptides derived from NS5B surface accessible motifs that target protein-protein interfaces or essential motifs involved in NS5B-activation. Combining the NS5B crystallogaphic structure and molecular modelling, we have designed short peptides derived from NS5B surface “hotspots” that were screened using HCV genotype 1b replicon cell system. We have identified Moon1, a short 15-residu peptide, derived from a well-conserved motif located in the NS5B thumb domain that inhibits HCV replication in the low nanomolar range. Moon1 tightly binds NS5B in a conformational-dependent manner and induces NS5B conformational changes. This peptide specifically inhibits double-stranded RNA/NS5B interactions in a dose-dependent and metal ions-independent manner. Moon1 blocks the transition between RNA de novo initiation and primer-extension. We showed that residues required for Moon-1 anti-polymerase activity are well-conserved among HCV genotypes and subtypes and a minimal Moon1 active motif was established. Taken together, these results demonstrate that NS5B structural dynamics constitute an attractive target for HCV chemotherapeutics and for the design of more specific new antiviral drugs
Audibert, Sylvain. "Dynamique de la chromatine et la régulation du changement du type sexuel chez la levure." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30396.
Full textHomologous recombination (HR) is a DNA repair pathway dedicated to double-stranded DNA breaks (DSB) that is essential for genome integrity. In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, study of the "mating type switch" as a model of HR has helped to understand several aspects of this repair pathway. The mating type switching involves the allelic conversion of the MAT locus from a "MATa" form to "MATα". This mechanism is initiated by the appearance of a single DSB induced by the HO endonuclease at the MAT locus. The DSB is then repaired by HR with one of the homologous sequences, HMLα and HMRa, present on chromosome III. The recurrent choice of the donor of the opposite sexual type ensures the allelic change of the MAT locus. Thus, the study of the directionality of donor selection allowed the identification of a sequence called the "recombination enhancer" (RE) located near the HMLα locus on the left arm of chromosome III. In MATa cells, the "activated" RE would allow the formation of a loop between the RE region and the MAT locus promoting efficient recombination with the close sequence HMLα. However, the formation of this loop on chromosome III and the factors involved are still poorly characterized. During my thesis work, I studied the organization of chromosome III according to the sexual type of yeast S. cerevisiae before the induction of HO endonuclease and HR events. My working hypothesis suggests that the RE would play a role on the organization of chromosome III before the appearance of DSB; contributing to the increased efficacy of donor selection during mating type switching. Thus, I was able to highlight two distinct roles for the left and right part of the RE. The left side of the RE is involved in donor selection during HR events but has a moderate effect on chromosome III folding when removed. The right part of the RE seems indispensable for the organization of chromosome III in both sexual types MATa and MATα. These results suggest that the modulation of chromosome organization via an enhancer sequence could contribute to donor selection in HR. In a second time, my thesis work was directed towards the understanding of the events of repair of a DSB. I used the advantage of the mating type switch model to induce a single DSB in the genome via the HO endonuclease. This approach enabled me to set up a study to identify the factors recruited at the repair site in order to better understand the dynamics of the events involved in HR. Indeed, the precise regulation of activity as well as the addressing of key repair factors at the fracture level have still not been clearly characterized. The main current challenges remain in the identification of all the players present at a single DSB site at a given moment. In this context I studied the repair dynamics of a DSB by co-immunoprecipitating the repair factors with the help of the ANCHOR-FLAG system inserted near the MAT fracture site. Co-immunoprecipitation kinetics during DSB induction allowed me to study the sequential arrival of proteins involved in repair. Analysis of the samples by mass spectrometry reveals more than twenty proteins involved in the repair. These preliminary results are very encouraging. The development of this approach will better characterize the dynamics of DNA repair events by HR. The ChIP-MS system via ANCHOR allows for the first time a proteome analysis on a single break site
Berger, Sibel. "Action de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux sur la dynamique mutationnelle au cours de la différenciation chez Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877." Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0179_CATAKLI.pdf.
Full textIn Streptomyces ambofaciens, mutants generated by genetic instability and named Pig-pap were characterised. Analyses of the chromosome of the 29C1 strain revealed a new type of rearrangement associated to the production of a green pigment. The Pig-pap mutants, pigment and spore deficient, derived from papillae on the colonies. The introduction of the whiG gene coding a sigma factor restored sporulation and pigmentation. In these mutants, this gene is not mutated and is transcribed. WhiH gene whose transcription depends on WhiG is not transcribed. WhiG would be not fonctional and a post-transcriptional modification could be responsible of the Pig-pap phenotype. Study of mutants derived from a transconjugant showed that the whiG transgene constitute a target of mutations. More, the production of mutants is increased during a amino acids limitation and a relA mutant does not produce papilla, implicating the stringent response in this phenomenon
Ben, ouirane Kaouther. "Apport des approches in silico aux études structure-fonction de la polymérase du virus de l'hépatite C." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS323.
Full textThe hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus that synthesises its new genomes in the infected host cells thanks to an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) termed NS5B. This polymerase has been a prime target for antiviral therapy. Numerous direct antiviral drugs are now approved in the HCV treatment and allow very high rates of treatment success. These drugs target among others the HCV NS5B RdRp with the sofosbuvir being one of the most successful drugs.Tremendous efforts have been made in the past decades to characterize NS5B, in particular structurally and biochemically. However, there is little information about the molecular mechanisms of NS5B ribonucleotides entry and selection and in general on the atomistic details of the RNA replication mechanism, although the involvement of two magnesium dications in catalysis is well established in this family of polymerases. Since 2015, structures of ternary complexes of NS5B have been resolved by crystallography offering very valuable details about the binding of nucleotides at the NS5B active site.In this work, we took advantage of these structural data to address the ribonucleotides entry and to further explore the nucleotide addition cycle in NS5B using molecular modelling and molecular dynamics simulations. We used both conventional molecular dynamics techniques and biased simulations that enhance sampling such as Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD), Targeted Molecular Dynamics (TMD) or accelerated Molecular dynamics (aMD).Based on our modelling results, we found that the access to the active site through the nucleotides tunnel is checked by successive NS5B elements. First, the entering ribonucleotide together with an associated magnesium Mg(B) binds next to a loop that overhangs the nucleotide tunnel and interactions with its triphosphate moiety orient it base-first towards the active site. Second, the ribonucleotide encounters a checkpoint constituted by the residues of motif F3(R158) and motif F1(E143) where it is blocked until the arrival of a second magnesium ion, the Mg(A). This allowed the motif F3 to undergo small structural rearrangements leading to the advancement of the nucleotide towards the active site to interrogate the RNA template base prior to the complete nucleotide insertion into the active site.Our simulations pointed out that these dynamics are finely regulated by the second magnesium dication, thus coordinating the entry of the correct magnesium-bound nucleotide with shuttling of the second magnesium necessary for the two-metal ion catalysis. This entry mechanism is specific to viral RdRps and may explain why modified ribonucleotides can be so successful as drugs against RNA viruses
Snoussi, Karim. "Étude par RMN de la structure et de la dynamique d'acides nucléiques en solution." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066478.
Full textMichalik, Juraj. "Non-redundant sampling in RNA Bioinformatics." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX009/document.
Full textSampling methods are central to many algorithmic methods in structural RNA bioinformatics, where they are routinely used to identify important structural models, provide summarized pictures of the folding landscapes, or approximate quantities of interest at the thermodynamic equilibrium.In all of these examples, redundancy within sampled sets is uninformative and computationally wasteful, limiting the scope of application of existing methods.In this thesis, we introduce the concept of non-redundant sampling, and explore its applications and consequences in RNA bioinformatics.We begin by formally introducing the concept of non-redundant sampling and demonstrate that any algorithm sampling in Boltzmann distribution can be modified into non-redundant variant. Its implementation relies on a specific data structure and a modification of the stochastic backtrack to return the set of unique structures, with the same complexity.We then show a practical example by implementing the non-redundant principle into a combinatorial algorithm that samples locally optimal structures. We use this tool to study the RNA kinetics by modeling the folding landscapes generated from sets of locally optimal structures. These structures act as kinetic traps, influencing the outcome of the RNA kinetics, thus making their presence crucial. Empirical results show that the landscapes generated from the non-redundant samples are closer to the reality than those obtained by classic approaches.We follow by addressing the problem of the efficient computation of the statistical estimates from non-redundant sampling sets. The absence of redundancy means that the naive estimator, obtained by averaging quantities observed in a sample, is erroneous. However we establish a non-trivial unbiased estimator specific to a set of unique Boltzmann distributed secondary structures. We show that the non-redundant sampling estimator performs better than the naive counterpart in most cases, specifically where most of the search space is covered by the sampling.Finally, we introduce a sampling algorithm, along with its non-redundant counterpart, for secondary structures featuring simple-type pseudoknots. Pseudoknots are typically omitted due to complexity reasons, yet many of them have biological relevance. We begin by proposing a dynamic programming scheme that allows to enumerate all recursive pseudoknots consisting of two crossing helices, possibly containing unpaired bases. This scheme generalizes the one proposed by Reeders and Giegerich, chosen for its low time and space complexities. We then explain how to adapt this decomposition into a statistical sampling algorithm for simple pseudoknots. We then present preliminary results, and discuss about extensions of the non-redundant principle in this context.The work presented in this thesis not only opens the door towards kinetics analysis for longer RNA sequences, but also more detailed structural analysis of RNAs in general. Non-redundant sampling can be applied to analyze search spaces for combinatorial problems amenable to statistical sampling, including virtually any problem solved by dynamic programming. Non-redundant sampling principles are robust and typically easy to implement, as demonstrated by the inclusion of non-redundant sampling in recent versions of the popular Vienna package
Dehecq, Marine. "Composition et dynamique des complexes protéiques impliqués dans le "nonsense-mediated mRNA decay" chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS538.pdf.
Full textNonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) detects and degrades RNA for which translation ends prematurely. It affects a large diversity of cytoplasmics RNAs; it is the major decay pathway for aberrants RNAs.In yeast, NMD targeted RNAs have a short open reading frame and a long 3’-UTR. How these two features lead to an efficient degradation through NMD and what are the steps of this mechanism is still unclear.From 112 affinity purifications of NMD factors followed by an analysis using quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified two distinct complexes. Those complexes were mutually exclusive and both contained Upf1, the major NMD protein. A first complex, named Detector, might have a role in the NMD substrates recognition whereas the second one, named Effector, would initiate the degradation through a direct interaction with the decapping machinery.The factors involved in our new model are all conserved throughout eukaryotes and the steps we describe have potential equivalents in other species. Our data suggest a new paradigm for the NMD mechanism that would be organised around a shared universal base to which specific steps could be added in certain organisms or for certain types of RNA substrates
Catakli, Sibel. "Action de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux sur la dynamique mutationnelle au cours de la différenciation chez Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576223.
Full textHolz, Correia Carine Lidiane. "Dynamique de l’émergence in vitro des mutants d’échappement du virus de la peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) face à l’activité ARN interférente ciblant le gène de la nucléoprotéine : implications pour les stratégies thérapeutiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20126.
Full textViruses in the genus Morbillivirus, within the family Paramyxoviridae are responsible for severe humans and animal diseases, including measles, rinderpest (RP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). In spite of the existence of efficient vaccines against these diseases, specific treatments to be applied when the infection is already present are desirable. Inhibition of morbillivirus replication can be achieved by RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by small double-stranded RNA (siRNA). The CIRAD previously identified three siRNAs that target conserved regions of the essential gene encoding the viral nucleoprotein and are able to prevent in vitro at least 80% of the replication of measles, RP and PPR viruses . However, a major problem in RNAi is the important risk of emergence of escape mutants. In this study, we investigated the ability of PPR virus to escape the inhibition conferred by single or multiple siRNAs after several consecutive transfections in vitro. Except with the combination of the three different siRNAs, the virus systematically escaped RNAi after 3 to 20 consecutive passages. The mutations were characterized by either single or multiple punctual nucleotide mutations (synonymous or not) or a deletion of a stretch of 6 nucleotides into the siRNA target. These results demonstrate that the genomic plasticity of morbilliviruses, illustrated maily by this significant and no-deleterious deletion in an essential viral gene, should be considered as an obstacle to the use of RNAi in antiviral therapy. However, the combined use of three siRNAs can be proposed to prevent treatment failure with siRNAs
Fournier, Marie. "Nouveaux outils de mesure de la dynamique moléculaire appliqués à l'étude des facteurs de transcription." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR004.
Full textEvery biological organism is a complex system that responds to the constraints of a program linked to its perpetuation and its environment. The regulation of transcription is one of the fundamental adaptation mechanisms of living organisms. The dynamics of the proteins responsible for this mechanism is a key element. In this thesis, I focused on the P-TEFb complex (Positive Transcription Elongation Factor) which plays an essential role in the release of transcriptional pauses.In microscopy, different methods are used to measure intracellular molecular dynamics. We propose to combine two of them to take advantage of their complementarity: FCS (Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy) and SPT (Single Particle Tracking). This thesis is organized in two parts. In one hand I used these techniques independently to analyse the dynamics of P-TEFb and polymerase II. On the other hand, I developed a new microscopy instrument combining the STP and FCS approaches. After methodological development, I studied the dynamics of RPB1 and CT1 and showed the existence of two main diffusing sub-populations with different properties.The use of a mutant and of inhibitors allowed us to analyse the underlying mechanisms and to propose a model for the formation of P-TEFb clusters associated with pause release. These experiments also suggest that BRD4 contributes to the sub-diffusion of P-TEFb independently of Pol II.In order to follow this work by combining SPT and FCS on the same sample, we have developed a microscopy module (StellarScan) integrating several microscopy modalities : CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) notably for FCS, full field illumination and TIRFM/HiLo (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy / Highly inclined and Laminated optical sheet) as well as the possibility to work in light sheet mode (Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy/SPIM) for SPT measurements
Chevreuil, Maelenn. "Phénomènes dynamiques d’auto-assemblage et de désassemblage dans des virus icosaédriques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS043.
Full textThe self-assembly and disassembly of virus capsids, critical stages of the viral cycle, is a subject that arouses a lot of interest. However, the underlying mechanisms and, in particular, the kinetic pathways of assembly and disassembly, whether the capsid is empty or full, are not entirely solved. Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering is a technique for tracking processes involving nano-sized species with a time resolution of the millisecond order. Combined with the singular value decomposition, a modelindependent method of analysis, the technique allows the investigation of the kinetics of capsid selfassembly and disassembly. In addition, the fluorescence thermal shift assays, coupled with a theoretical mean-field model, makes it possible to experimentally estimate the interaction energies between the proteins as well as their effective charge. Thus, in the case of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), we have studied the self-assembly dynamics of capsid proteins with their genetic material. The experiments revealed the formation of amorphous complexes via a kinetic pathway called en masse whereas their relaxation into virions occurs via a socalled synchronous kinetic path. The binding energies of proteins with the genome showed to be moderate, while the energetic barrier separating the complexes of virions is high. The experiments performed with a synthetic polyelectrolyte showed that this barrier could be lowered, so that full capsids form under conditions where virions cannot. In the case of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), we studied the self-assembly and disassembly dynamics of empty capsids. First, we were able to identify a probable disassembly kinetic path with the presence of an intermediate species organised like a fractal-branched structure. Finally, the assembly experiments revealed a kinetic pathway in three phases, i.e. agglomeration, growth and relaxation, directed by hydrophobic attraction and modulated by electrostatic repulsion. Due to the low effective charge of the protein, the last phase could be inhibited by raising the salinity, thus trapping the capsids in a conformation containing defects
Basdevant, Nathalie. "Un Modèle de Solvatation Semi-Implicite pour la Simulation des Macromolécules Biologiques." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010619.
Full textLebreton, Alice. "Dynamique des facteurs pré-ribosomiques au cours de la biogenèse de la grande sous-unité ribosomique chez S. cerevisiae." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00100381.
Full textNous avons montré que la protéine nucléaire Nsa2, extrêmement conservée chez les Eucaryotes, est requise pour la maturation correcte de l'intermédiaire d'ARN ribosomique 27SB. Nsa2 est un facteur instable et régulé en fonction de l'activité de la biogenèse des ribosomes ; à ce titre, il pourrait centraliser différents signaux de contrôle de la voie métabolique. Par ailleurs, la technique de SILAC nous a permis de définir des groupes de facteurs pré-ribosomiques précoces ou tardifs par rapport au point d'action de Nsa2.
Dans le cytoplasme, nous avons mis en évidence un réseau de protéines marquant la transition entre la fin de la biogenèse de la grande sous-unité et l'initiation de la traduction. La protéine cytoplasmique Rei1 et la karyophérine Kap121 sont requises pour le recyclage du dimère de facteurs navettes Arx1-Alb1, du cytoplasme vers le noyau. Ce recyclage conditionne la dissociation entre le facteur d'anti-association Tif6 et la grande sous-unité ribosomique, qui peut dès lors se lier à la petite sous-unité ribosomique et participer à la traduction.
Debard, Sylvain. "Dynamique moléculaire de la méthionyl-ARNt-synthétase et ses nouvelles fonctions non canoniques chez la levure S. cerevisiae." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ057.
Full textAminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential and ubiquitous enzymes catalyzing formation of aminoacyl- tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) during protein synthesis. However, aaRSs are not limited to aa-tRNAs formation. Indeed, they evolved to form multl-protein complexes that acquired additional functions. S. cerevisiae contains the simplest eukaryotic multi-synthetase complex which is formed by the association of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) and glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) to the cytosolic anchoring protein Arc1.This complex (named AME) is highly dynamic depending on the nutritional conditions that the cells are facing, and the two associated aaRSs harbor additional functions that are essential for cell survival. In this PhD thesis, I have studied three different aspect of theyeast MetRS: (i) I created a new bifluorescent reporter to quantify endogenous mismethionylation mediated by the yeast MetRS. I also (ii) characterized a new truncated yeast MetRS isoform produced in vivo, and (iii) I analysed the relative importance of Arc1for cell surviving during the diauxic shift from fermentation to respiration
Lou, Feng. "Algorithmes pour l'étude de la structure secondaire des ARN et l'alignement de séquences." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939860.
Full textMichaud, Caroline. "Dynamique des symbioses mutualistes hôtes-microbiotes : mode et efficacité de transmission des symbiotes dans les populations du termite xylophage Reticulitermes grassei." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4027.
Full textMany animals including humans live in symbiotic interaction with gut microorganisms contributing to essential functions (nutrition, immunity). The ‘vertical’ way of transmission of symbionts (i.e., from parents to offspring) must stabilise these symbioses, notably by strengthening partner fidelity. However, the efficiency of vertical transmission has rarely been studied, especially in the case where hosts harbour a complex microbial community (or ‘microbiota’) composed by many microbial taxa interacting between them and with the host.The objective of this work was to study the mode and efficiency of transmission of gut microorganisms (protists and bacteria) helping the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes grassei to digest ingested wood (lignocellulose fibres). Our results revealed contrasted situations between microorganisms. While protists are efficiently vertically transmitted, the majority of bacterial taxa is not only vertically transmitted but seems to be acquired by the environment
Enkler, Ludovic. "Le complexe multisysthématique AME de levure : dynamique de l'édifice et rôles non canoniques de ces composants." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ055/document.
Full textMultisynthetase complexes (MSC) are complexes made of several proteins and were identified in a wide variety of organisms from pro- to eukaryotes. They are usually made of assembly factors and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which are responsible for the aminoacylation of their corresponding tRNAs during translation. Depending on the organisms, size and composition of these complexes differ greatly and their role is not fully understood yet. Although it seems that in eukaryotes, accretions of aaRSs into MSC prevent aaRSs to perform their additional functions. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that the dynamic of the AME complex, made of the méthionyl- and glutamyl-tRNA synthetases (MRS and ERS) and the assembly protein Arc1p is linkedto yeast metabolism. In respiration, MRS is imported in the nucleus to act as a transcription factor and regulates the expression of nuclear genes belonging to complex III and V of the respiratory chain, while ERS is imported in mitochondria to activate translation. This study shows that synchronous relocation of both aaRSs is crucial for yeast cells to adapt to respiratory metabolism
Labaille, Jennifer. "Conception d'un vaccin recombinant contre la maladie de Marek d'après l'étude de la dynamique des populations de variants du vaccin CV1988/RISPENS." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4014.
Full textGallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), responsible for T-cell lymphomas chicken, is controlled by the vaccine CVI988/Rispens. My work has shown that the vaccine contains, unlike virulent strain, a viral variants population mostly deleted from the promoter region and a variable portion of the 5' end of the gene LAT encoding microRNA and associated with viral latency. In a vaccine approach, a recombinant virus corresponding to a majority variant of the CVI988/Rispens vaccine was generated from a hypervirulent strain GaHV-2, cloned as bacmid. We showed that recombinant, with an almost total loss of pathogenicity, was able to significantly protect chickens against challenge with virulent strains GaHV-2. This work lays the basis for the development of new vaccines from emerging virulent strains
Sanrey, Michael. "Dynamique non linéaire : des molécules triatomiques à l'ADN." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10243.
Full textThe work presented here deals with molecular physics and DNA statistical physics. Ln the first part, we use combined classical/quantum mechanical approaches to investigate the time domain dynamics of molecular wave packets. We study a curious dynamics phenomenon called the "place switching", in the case of C02. Then, we are interested in non adiabatic dynamics for N02 at short times, using quasi-classical approach and exact quantum wave packet propagation. We determine and characterize a interaction zone which is at the origin of the quasi-classical regime, during several hundreds offemtoseconds. Finally, we investigate a purely quantum regime at longer times and give new interpretations about recent pump-probe experiments on N02. The second part concerns DNA thermal denaturation. We propose here a new model more realistic than before ones. We investigate thermal denaturation ofthis particular model and incorporate secondary structure elements. Then we present results about "statistical bubble states" recently experimentally observed in short DNA sequences. Finally, we show preliminary theoretical studies in the framework ofDNA mechanical denaturation
Lermusiaux, Laurent. "Nanostructures plasmoniques dynamiques assemblées sur ADN." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066007/document.
Full textWe demonstrate how gold nanoparticle dimers assembled around a single DNA template exhibiting a specific recognition site, provide a macroscopic optical signal depending on their chemical environment. Electrophoresis enables us to produce purified suspensions of gold nanoparticle dimers, with particle diameters ranging from 8 to 60 nm, with different surface chemistries and sample purities as high as 90%. The DNA template features a hairpin loop in order to switch its shape reversibly when binding a target DNA strand. Interparticle distances are estimated using cryo-electron microscopy and indicate a reversible change of the surface-to-surface distance by a factor of 3 in the case of 8 nm diameter gold particles. In order to translate the dynamic switching of a single DNA scaffold in a measurable optical signal, we study the scattering cross-sections of single 40 nm or 60 nm diameter gold nanoparticle dimers, in microfluidic conditions. We are able to progressively decrease the interparticle distance, at the nanometer scale, by increasing the local salt concentration. This deformation results in a spectral shift of the resonance (up to 100 nm) corresponding to a decrease of the interparticle distance from 20 to 1 nm. Moreover, the good correlation between the spectral responses of individual dimers, estimated using a spectrometer or a CCD color camera, enables us to demonstrate a wide-field low-cost detection method of the nanometric deformation of these nanostructures. Using amphiphilic ligands enables us to optimize the colloidal stability of gold nanoparticle dimers in order to minimize their sensitivity to the local ionic strength and temperature changes
Hoyet, Hervé. "Modélisation de la dynamique non linéaire de la molécule d'acide désoxyribonucléique." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS030.
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