Journal articles: 'Armyworms Biological control'

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Akhtar, Zunnu Raen, Ayesha Afzal, Atif Idrees, Khuram Zia, Ziyad Abdul Qadir, Shahbaz Ali, Inzamam Ul Haq, et al. "Lethal, Sub-Lethal and Trans-Generational Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Biological Parameters, Demographic Traits, and Fitness Costs of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Insects 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100881.

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Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797)] was first reported in the Americas, then spread to all the continents of the world. Chemical insecticides are frequently employed in managing fall armyworms. These insecticides have various modes of actions and target sites to kill the insects. Chlorantraniliprole is a selective insecticide with a novel mode of action and is used against Lepidopteran, Coleopteran, Isopteran, and Dipteran pests. This study determined chlorantraniliprole's lethal, sub-lethal, and trans-generational effects on two consecutive generations (F0, F1, and F2) of the fall armyworm. Bioassays revealed that chlorantraniliprole exhibited higher toxicity against fall armyworms with a LC50 of 2.781 mg/l after 48 h of exposure. Significant differences were noted in the biological parameters of fall armyworms in all generations. Sub-lethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole showed prolonged larval and adult durations. The parameters related to the fitness cost in F0 and F1 generations showed non-significant differences. In contrast, the F2 generation showed lower fecundity at lethal (71 eggs/female) and sub-lethal (94 eggs/female) doses of chlorantraniliprole compared to the control (127.5–129.3 eggs/female). Age-stage specific survival rate (Sxj), life expectancy (Exj) and reproductive rate (Vxj) significantly differed among insecticide-treated groups in all generations compared to the control. A comparison of treated and untreated insects over generations indicated substantial differences in demographic parameters such as net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and mean generation time (T). Several biological and demographic parameters were shown to be negatively impacted by chlorantraniliprole. We conclude that chlorantraniliprole may be utilized to manage fall armyworms with lesser risks.

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Hoffmann, Ary A., Andrew R. Weeks, Michael A. Nash, G. Peter Mangano, and Paul A. Umina. "The changing status of invertebrate pests and the future of pest management in the Australian grains industry." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08185.

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The Australian grains industry is dealing with a shifting complex of invertebrate pests due to evolving management practices and climate change as indicated by an assessment of pest reports over the last 20–30 years. A comparison of pest outbreak reports from the early 1980s to 2006–07 from south-eastern Australia highlights a decrease in the importance of pea weevils and armyworms, while the lucerne flea, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites and Bryobia mites have increased in prominence. In Western Australia, where detailed outbreak records are available from the mid 1990s, the relative incidence of armyworms, aphids and vegetable weevils has recently decreased, while the incidence of pasture cockchafers, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites, redlegged earth mites, the lucerne flea and snails has increased. These changes are the result of several possible drivers. Patterns of pesticide use, farm management responses and changing cropping patterns are likely to have contributed to these shifts. Drier conditions, exacerbated by climate change, have potentially reduced the build-up of migratory species from inland Australia and increased the adoption rate of minimum and no-tillage systems in order to retain soil moisture. The latter has been accompanied by increased pesticide use, accelerating selection pressures for resistance. Other control options will become available once there is an understanding of interactions between pests and beneficial species within a landscape context and a wider choice of ‘softer’ chemicals. Future climate change will directly and indirectly influence pest distributions and outbreaks as well as the potential effectiveness of endemic natural enemies. Genetically modified crops provide new options for control but also present challenges as new pest species are likely to emerge.

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Stansly, P. A., and B. M. Cawley. "Control of Armyworm on Bell Pepper, 1991." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.141.

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Abstract Peppers were transplanted on 10 Sep 25 cm apart in 2 rows 12.5 cm to either side of the centerline in plastic-mulched, raised beds on sand soil with seep irrigation. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with each treatment plot consisting of 6 m of double-row bed. One week prior to treatment, a single neonate BAW was placed on the center 12 plants in each plot. Treatments were applied with a drop nozzle sprayer using a diaphragm pump driven by a dedicated engine and pulled with an all terracum vehicle. Albuz yellow tip ceramic nozzles delivering 0.45 gpm at the operation pressure of 100 psi were used on a single-row boom. Sprayer configuration was adjusted for adequate coverage, beginning on 10 Oct with 2 over-the-row and 2 side nozzles for the first through fourth application, and adding 2 additional side nozzles with a single overhead for the remaining 3 applications. Delivery rates were 30 gal/acre for the first application, 50 gal/acre for the second through the fourth, and 63 gal/acre for the rest. The surfactant APSA-80 (@0.03%) was added to all 16 treatments and the water control. The NPV formulation, SX-61991, was applied by backpack sprayer because of windy conditions on the second and third application dates, to reduce the risk of cross-plot contamination. Five randomly selected plants from each plot were examined for armyworms 2 days post-treatment. The top 5 leaves of 2 or more growing tips of each of the same plants were evaluated for worm damage. Twenty plants near the center of each plot were randomly selected on 20 Nov and 11 Dec for harvest and evaluation. Pressure was intense during most of the trial with SAW the predominant species. The most significant differences were between chemical and biological treatments. Differences between Bt treatments were less evident, although dose responses were generally consistent for all products.

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Lahiri, Sriyanka, Hugh A. Smith, Midhula Gireesh, Gagandeep Kaur, and Joseph D. Montemayor. "Arthropod Pest Management in Strawberry." Insects 13, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050475.

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The strawberry crop endures economic losses due to feeding injury from a number of phytophagous arthropod pests. A number of invasive pests have posed challenges to crop protection techniques in the strawberry cropping system recently. It is increasingly evident that sole reliance on chemical control options is not sustainable. In this review, current challenges and advances in integrated pest management of various strawberry pests are presented. Key pests discussed include thrips, mites, lygus bug, spotted wing drosophila, seed bug, weevils, aphids, whiteflies, and armyworms. Several integrated pest management techniques that include use of intercropping, resistant cultivars, irradiation with gamma rays, use of spectral sensitivity of pests, biological control agents and natural enemies, and biorational pesticides have recently been reported to be useful in managing the various strawberry pests. With the increase in world production of strawberry, several techniques will be necessary to manage the pest complex of strawberry.

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Wang, Long, Sabin Saurav Pokharel, and Fajun Chen. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the food utilization, growth, development and reproduction of armyworm (Mythimna separata) fed on Bacillus thuringiensis maize." PeerJ 7 (September 12, 2019): e7679. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7679.

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Background The cultivation of Bt maize (maize genetically modified with Bacillus thuringiensis) continues to expand globally. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), an important kind of microorganism closely related to soil fertility and plant nutrition, may influence the ecological risk of target lepidopteran pests in Bt crops. Methods In this study, transgenic Bt maize (Line IE09S034 with Cry1Ie vs. its parental line of non-Bt maize cv. Xianyu335) was inoculated with a species of AMF, Glomus caledonium (GC). Its effects on the food utilization, reproduction and development of armyworm, Mythimna separata, were studied in a potted experiment from 2017 to 2018. Results GC inoculation increased the AMF colonization of both modified and non-modified maize, and also increased the grain weight per plant and 1,000-grain weight of modified and non-modified maize. However, the cultivation of Bt maize did not significantly affect the AMF colonization. The feeding of M. separata with Bt maize resulted in a notable decrease in RCR (relative consumption rate), RGR (relative growth rate), AD (approximate digestibility), ECD (efficiency of conversion of digested food) and ECI (efficiency of conversion of ingested food) parameters in comparison to those observed in larvae fed with non-Bt maize in 2017 and 2018, regardless of GC inoculation. Furthermore, remarkable prolongation of larval life span and decreases in the rate of pupation, weight of pupa, rate of eclosion, fecundity and adult longevity of M. separata were observed in the Bt treatment regardless of GC inoculation during the two-year experiment. Also, when M. separata was fed with Bt maize, a significant prolongation of larval life and significant decreases in the pupal weight, fecundity and adult longevity of M. separata were observed when inoculated with GC. However, it was just the opposite for larvae fed with non-Bt maize that was inoculated with GC. The increased percentage of larval life-span, the decreased percentages of the food utilization, and the other indexes of reproduction, growth, and development of M. separata fed on Bt maize relative to non-Bt maize were all visibly lower when under GC inoculation in contrast to the CK. Discussion It is presumed that Bt maize has a marked adverse impact on M. separata development, reproduction and feeding, especially when in combination with the GC inoculation. Additionally, GC inoculation favors the effectiveness of Bt maize against M. separata larvae by reducing their food utilization ability, which negatively affects the development and reproduction of the armyworm. Thus, Bt maize inoculated with AMF (here, GC) can reduce the severe threats arising of armyworms, and hence the AMF inoculation may play an important ecological functions in the field of Bt maize ecosystem, with potentially high control efficiency for the target lepidopteran pests.

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Abbas, Arzlan, Farman Ullah, Muhammad Hafeez, Xiao Han, Muhammad Zulqar Nain Dara, Hina Gul, and Chen Ri Zhao. "Biological Control of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112704.

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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most important invasive pests worldwide, resulting in considerable losses in host crops. FAW comprises two genetic strains, such as the “rice strain”, which prefers rice and other grass species, and the “maize strain”, which feeds upon maize and sorghum. Potential control measures are generally more applicable to the farmers who lack financial assets to buy chemical insecticides or costly pure seeds. The adverse effects of pesticides on the ecosystem and human’s health and the development of resistance to insect pests have exaggerated efforts to find an alternative strategy that is cost-effective, low-risk and target-specific. Therefore, biological control is widely considered as one of the most important options for insect pest management. This comprehensive review amasses the information on biological control in all phases of their development, including predators, parasitoids, entomopathogenic fungi, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, and biopesticides, with a special focus on their effectiveness against FAW. The findings regarding biological control are briefly discussed in light of improving management programs of the invasive pest S. frugiperda.

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Perier, Jermaine D., Muhammad Haseeb, Lambert H. B. Kanga, Robert L. Meagher, and Jesusa C. Legaspi. "Intraguild Interactions of Three Biological Control Agents of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) in Florida." Insects 13, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090815.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a maize pest worldwide. Its host range comprises more than 350 reported plant species, and it is the primary insect pest attacking maize in Florida. Global trade has not only assisted but accelerated its invasion into the Eastern Hemisphere. Regular pesticide use promotes resistance in the species; therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative pest management strategies. This study evaluated the interactions of biological control agents within a similar guild. Some of the reported interactions could potentially lead to the integration of these agents within the same niche to increase biological control efficiency against the fall armyworm. We evaluated three biocontrol agents that are natural enemies of Lepidopteran pests, the true bugs Podisus maculiventris and Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and a parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Depending on their intraguild interactions, these agents could potentially be useful for biological control of the fall armyworm. The study investigated these three biocontrol agents and concluded that integrating these agents to control the fall armyworm is a possibility; however, only under certain conditions. Investigations were focused on evaluating the predator–parasitoid and devised pairing interactions. Predator response to prey in a choice or no-choice scenario and choices based on olfaction or other bodily cues were studied under experimental laboratory conditions.

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Stansly, P. A., and J. M. Conner. "Control of Beet Armyworm and Southern Armyworm with Biological Insecticides on Bell Pepperfall 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.107a.

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Arthur, A. P., and P. G. Mason. "LIFE HISTORY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF THE PARASITOID MICROPLITIS MEDIATOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), REARED ON THE BERTHA ARMYWORM MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 5 (May 1986): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent118487-5.

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AbstractMicroplitis mediator (Haliday) is being considered for introduction into Saskatchewan to augment the biological control of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker. It was reared in the laboratory on larvae of the bertha armyworm. Notes on the life history and descriptions of the egg and three larval stages are given.

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Daudi, Salamida, Livingstone Luboobi, Moatlhodi Kgosimore, and Dmitry Kuznetsov. "Dynamics for a non-autonomous fall armyworm-maize interaction model with a saturation functional response." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 1 (2022): 146–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022008.

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<abstract><p>In this study, we present a non-autonomous model with a Holling type II functional response, to study the complex dynamics for fall armyworm-maize biomass interacting in a periodic environment. Understanding how seasonal variations affect fall armyworm-maize dynamics is critical since maize is one of the most important cereals globally. Firstly, we study the dynamical behaviours of the basic model; that is, we investigate positive invariance, boundedness, permanence, global stability and non-persistence. We then extended the model to incorporate time dependent controls. We investigate the impact of reducing fall armyworm egg and larvae population, at minimal cost, through traditional methods and use of chemical insecticides. We noted that seasonal variations play a significant role on the patterns for all fall armyworm populations (egg, larvae, pupae and moth). We also noted that in all scenarios, the optimal control can greatly reduce the sizes of fall armyworm populations and in some scenarios, total elimination may be attained. The modeling approach presented here provides a framework for designing effective control strategies to manage the fall armyworm during outbreaks.</p></abstract>

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Ishiwaka, Reiko, and Yasuhisa Masuda. "Possible biological control of the armyworm by the harvest mouse." Grassland Science 54, no. 1 (March 2008): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-697x.2008.00105.x.

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Agboyi, Lakpo Koku, Georg Goergen, Patrick Beseh, Samuel Adjei Mensah, Victor Attuquaye Clottey, Raymond Glikpo, Alan Buddie, et al. "Parasitoid Complex of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Ghana and Benin." Insects 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020068.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth originating from the American continent, has recently invaded most African countries, where it is seriously threatening food security as a pest of cereals. The current management methods rely heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides but there is a need for more sustainable control methods, including biological control. Surveys were conducted in two West African countries, Ghana and Benin, to determine the native parasitoid complex and assess parasitism rates of S. frugiperda. Samples of S. frugiperda eggs and larvae were collected in maize fields located in 56 and 90 localities of Ghana and Benin, respectively, from July 2018 to July 2019. Ten species were found parasitizing the pest, including two egg parasitoids, one egg–larval, five larval and two larval–pupal parasitoids. The two most abundant parasitoids in both countries were two Braconidae: the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus bifoveolatus and the larval parasitoid Coccygidum luteum. Parasitism rates were determined in three Ghanaian regions and averages varied from 0% to 75% between sites and from 5% to 38% between regions. These data provide an important baseline for the development of various biological control options. The two egg parasitoids, Telenomus remus and Trichogramma sp. can be used in augmentative biological control and investigations should be conducted to assess how cultural practices can enhance the action of the main parasitoids, C. luteum and Ch. bifoveolatus, in the field. Understanding the parasitoid complex of S. frugiperda in Africa is also necessary before any development of classical biological controls involving the introduction of parasitoids from the Americas.

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Ugyen Dorji, Dorji Khando, Chimi Kinley, and Thinley Jamtsho. "Preliminary inventory of native natural enemies of the new pest; Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)." Bhutan Journal of Natural Resources and Development 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17102/cnr.2022.71.

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Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), which began to spread in Bhutan in recent years, is a highly destructive pest of maize that is native to the Americas. Due to the limited information available for developing sustainable management options for the new pest, current management practices are largely chemical-dependent. For use as a biological control option, we present a preliminary list of native natural enemies associated with Fall Armyworm that is collected from infested maize fields in west-central Bhutan. Visual observation, sweep net collection, and rearing of different Fall Armyworm stages were used for detection of the natural enemies. We identified 48 natural enemy species associ- ated with the Fall Armyworm infested maize fields. Parasitism was noted for Chelonus formosanus, Trichogramma sp., Winthemia trinitatis, Linnaemya sp. and Campoletis sonorensis while predation was observed by Polistes olivaceus, Stenodynerus smilibaronii, Tetraponera allaborans, Crematogaster rogennhoferi and Dolichoderus thoracicus on the Fall Armyworm.

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Acharya, Rajendra, Hwal-Su Hwang, Md Munir Mostafiz, Yeon-Su Yu, and Kyeong-Yeoll Lee. "Susceptibility of Various Developmental Stages of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to Entomopathogenic Nematodes." Insects 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120868.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, which is native to Central and South America, has recently invaded Africa and Asia, causing serious damage to various crops. Although management to date has been largely unsuccessful, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a potential biological control agent that could be used to control the late larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda that dwell under the ground. Here, we compared the virulence of seven EPNs against larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda. In a Petri dish assay, both Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae were highly virulent against younger larvae, whereas S. arenarium and S. longicaudum were highly virulent against older larvae. In contrast, H. bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis sp., and S. kushidai showed low virulence against all larval stages. In soil column and pot assays, H. indica, S. carpocapsae, and S. longicaudum were highly virulent against late larval and pupal stages compared with the other EPN species. Thus, H. indica, S. carpocapsae, and S. longicaudum are recommended for the biological control of S. frugiperda. Our study provides important information of EPNs for the practical application of biological control of fall armyworm.

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Allen, Tabea, Marc Kenis, and Lindsey Norgrove. "Eiphosoma laphygmae, a classical solution for the biocontrol of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda?" Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 128, no. 5 (June 6, 2021): 1141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00480-9.

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AbstractThe fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, an American Lepidoptera, is invasive in Africa and Asia and currently one of the most damaging cereal pests in the tropics. The ichneumonid parasitoid, Eiphosoma laphygmae, is a potential classical biological control agent. We assessed existing knowledge on biology, identified natural distributions, collated reported parasitism rates from field studies and determined which other parasitoids co-occurred. We discussed the suitability of E. laphygmae for classical biological control as well as identified limitations and knowledge gaps. We conducted a systematic literature review and had 185 hits, retaining 52 papers. Reports on the natural distribution of E. laphygmae were restricted to the American tropics, ranging from North-East Mexico to Sao Paulo State, Brazil. There were only two single and unconfirmed records of it on other hosts, suggesting that the parasitoid may be specific to S. frugiperda, but this needs confirmation. In fields where E. laphygmae occurred naturally, it was the second most important contributor to fall armyworm mortality, after the braconid Chelonus insularis. On average, E. laphygmae parasitized 4.5% of fall armyworm in field studies. The highest parasitism rates were from Costa Rica (13%) and Minas Gerais, Brazil (14.5%). However, these parasitism rates are probably largely underestimated because of likely biases in sampling and parasitism rate calculations. Eiphosoma laphygmae appeared to establish better in more diverse, weedy systems. As African farming systems often have high diversity, this may favour the establishment and parasitism of E. laphygmae if eventually introduced as a classical biological control agent.

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Ojumoola, Olusegun Adebayo, Adebayo Amos Omoloye, and Kehinde Adesina Thomas. "Maize farmers’ knowledge and management of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frupigerda) in southwest Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 26, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v26i4.4.

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This study investigated maize farmers’ knowledge, control methods, and perception of the invasive and highly destructive insect pest, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in southwest Nigeria. A four-stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 195 maize farmers in the study area. Data were obtained with the aid of structured questionnaire and analysed using percentages, means, standard deviations, and chi-square test. The majority (88.7%) of respondents observed fall armyworm attack within two months after sowing, only 30.8% of them reported total damage to maize plants by fall armyworm. Most (75.9%) of the respondents could describe the destructive larval stage of fall armyworm, 58.5% of respondents exclusively applied synthetic insecticides for fall armyworm management. The most common insecticides used by respondents were organophosphates (37.2%), pyrethroids (29.0%) and avermectins (18.2%). Perception of fall armyworm damage as a serious and worrisome problem was very high (4.82) amongst maize farmers. Strong and significant association (χ2 = 41.3) was found between farmers’ agroecological zones and the severity of fall armyworm damage reported. Integrated pest management approach is a sustainable alternative to the sole use of insecticides and should be promoted. Information provided in the study will enhance decision-making for fall armyworm management interventions in southwest Nigeria.

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Palumbo, J. C., C. H. Mullis, and F. Reyes. "Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of Beet Armyworm in Lettuce, 1991." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/17.1.115.

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Abstract Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. The plots were not thinned prior to the experiment. Each plot consisted of three, 50 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Foliar treatments were applied on 10 Oct with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (2 TX-8 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi, delivering 35 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Raincoat) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 12 oz/acre. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (> 2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on all lettuce seedlings in 3, 0.33 meter lengths of row per replicate. Samples were conducted on 10 and 15 Oct. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan's Q-test.

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Stansly, P. A., and B. M. Cawley. "Insecticidal and Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Florida Sweet Corn, 1991." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.126.

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Abstract Sweet corn was planted on 10 Sep with 10 in. between plants in double rows spaced 10 inches apart on raised beds mulched with polyethylene film. Three 240 ft beds on 6 ft centers were divided into four replicate blocks, containing nine, 15 ft single row treatment plots and one, 15 ft control plot (5 ft per row). One neonate fall armyworm was placed in each leaf whorl 1 week prior to treatment. Six weekly applications were made beginning on 2 Oct. Biosafe (nematodes) was applied the first 3 weeks only, followed by Lannate on subsequent dates. The first Biosafe application was made by automatic pipette to the whorl (into which 3.5 g of washed sand had already been introduced in treatment 3), and subsequently by hand-held trigger sprayer. Dipel 10 G was applied directly to the whorl from pre-weighed cups for the first two applications, followed by spray applications with Dipel 2 X. Remaining applications were made with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at a tank pressure of 40 psi, timed to deliver 100 gal/acre.

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Mason, P. G., J. D. Pinto, Z. L. Long, and J. L. Harris. "FIRST RECORD OF TRICHOGRAMMA INYOENSE (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) ATTACKING THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 1 (February 1998): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130105-1.

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The bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, is a major pest of canola in western Canada. In 1994, 1995, and 1996 more than 670 000, 650 000, and 250 000 ha of canola were sprayed for bertha armyworm, respectively (Anonymous 1994, 1995, 1996). Despite the current trend towards increased acreage of canola production in western Canada, canola acreages declined markedly in 1996 from that planted in 1995 (Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Statistical Facts 1996) in part because of the perception by farmers of the impact of bertha armyworm outbreaks in 1994 and 1995. Much research has been carried out in western Canada on the bertha armyworm with the aim of developing an integrated pest management program which includes the understanding of its biological control agents. Turnock (1984) reported that the native parasitoid complex of larval M. configurata consists of five species of Hymenoptera and 10 species of Diptera. Only two of these, namely Banchus flavescens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Athrycia cinerea (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae), have large negative impacts on its populations (Wylie and Bucher 1977).

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Brown, Molly E., Stephen Mugo, Sebastian Petersen, and Dominik Klauser. "Designing a Pest and Disease Outbreak Warning System for Farmers, Agronomists and Agricultural Input Distributors in East Africa." Insects 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030232.

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Early warnings of the risks of pest and disease outbreaks are becoming more urgent, with substantial increases in threats to agriculture from invasive pests. With geospatial data improvements in quality and timeliness, models and analytical systems can be used to estimate potential areas at high risk of yield impacts. The development of decision support systems requires an understanding of what information is needed, when it is needed, and at what resolution and accuracy. Here, we report on a professional review conducted with 53 professional agronomists, retailers, distributors, and growers in East Africa working with the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. The results showed that respondents reported fall armyworm, stemborers and aphids as being among the most common pests, and that crop diversification was a key strategy to reduce their impact. Chemical and cultural controls were the most common strategies for fall armyworm (FAW) control, and biological control was the least known and least used method. Of the cultural control methods, monitoring and scouting, early planting, and crop rotation with non-host crops were most used. Although pests reduced production, only 55% of respondents were familiar with early warning tools, showing the need for predictive systems that can improve farmer response.

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Kassie, Menale, Tesfamicheal Wossen, Hugo De Groote, Tadele Tefera, Subramanian Sevgan, and Solomon Balew. "Economic impacts of fall armyworm and its management strategies: evidence from southern Ethiopia." European Review of Agricultural Economics 47, no. 4 (January 10, 2020): 1473–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbz048.

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Abstract This paper explores the economic implications of fall armyworm (FAW) and its management strategies by exploiting exogenous variation in FAW exposure amongst households in southern Ethiopia. We find that FAW exposure affects maize yield and sales negatively, but not consumption. Furthermore, we find evidence of crowding-in and intensification of insecticide use in response to FAW exposure. We also find suggestive evidence that existing extension service arrangements lack the capacity to deal with emerging threats such as FAW. Results imply that targeted interventions aimed at improving the effectiveness of control measures and institutional capacity would be key to reduce the adverse effects of FAW. Highlights The economic impact of fall armyworm (FAW) in southern Ethiopia assessed Fall armyworm significantly reduces maize yields and maize sales A positive correlation observed between FAW exposure and intensity of insecticide use Existing individual FAW control strategies do not significantly abate losses from FAW Improving institutional capacity is essential to control FAW

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Sun, Jia-Wei, Hong-Ying Hu, Phillip O. Y. Nkunika, Peng Dai, Wei Xu, He-Ping Bao, Nicolas Desneux, and Lian-Sheng Zang. "Performance of Two Trichogrammatid Species from Zambia on Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Insects 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100859.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a noctuid moth native to the tropical and subtropical Americas that has successfully invaded Africa and Asia, where it is has become a serious threat to food security as a pest of cereals and other crops. Biological control is an environmentally friendly means of combating the pest and contributes to an integrated pest management approach. In our study, two egg parasitoid species (Trichogramma mwanzai and Trichogrammatoidea lutea) found in parasitized fall armyworm eggs in Zambia were identified by using a combination of both molecular and morphological characteristics. To evaluate their potential and efficiency on 0- to 2-day-old fall armyworm eggs, we compared their parasitism capabilities with three Trichogramma species native to China (T. ostriniae, T. leucaniae and T. japonicum) under laboratory conditions. The results showed that both parasitoid species would accept 0-, 1- and 2-day-old fall armyworm eggs, and complete their development successfully. Trichogramma mwanzai and T. lutea preferred parasitizing 0- and 1-day-old eggs over 2-day-old eggs. Trichogrammatoidea lutea females supplied with fall armyworm eggs produced the highest parasitism rate of host eggs among the five tested species, while T. mwanzai had the shortest developmental time on all test age eggs. In general, T. lutea was the best performing of the five species when reared on fall armyworm eggs, while T. japonicum was the worst. There were no significant differences, however, in percent emergence in the five test species when reared on fall armyworm eggs.

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Tian, Tai-An, Li-Chen Yu, Guang-jun Sun, Xiao-Fei Yu, Li-Tao Li, Cheng-Xu Wu, Yi-Chai Chen, Mao-Fa Yang, and Jianfeng Liu. "Biological control efficiency of an ectoparasitic mite Pyemotes zhonghuajia on oriental armyworm Mythimna separata." Systematic and Applied Acarology 25, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.9.13.

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The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a notorious migratory pest of cereal crops. Pyemotes zhonghuajia Yu, Zhang & He (Prostigmata: Pyemotidae) is an ectoparasitic mite with great potential in controlling many species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Homoptera. To evaluate the control efficiency of P. zhonghuajia on M. separata, we tested how initial density (1, 5, 10, or 20 mites) of P. zhonghuajia affected the mortality of oriental armyworm and the number of P. zhonghuajia fed upon individual hosts, and also determined the diameter growth of the opisthosoma and reproduction of P. zhonghuajia at different life stages of M. separata. Our results show that differing densities of P. zhonghuajia could significantly affect the mortality rate of different life stages of M. separata and the recruitment number of P. zhonghuajia on hosts, and there were significant differences in the development and reproduction parameters of P. zhonghuajia on different immature stages of M. separata. A single P. zhonghuajia could cause at least a 50% mortality rate of M. separata first to third instar larvae within 48 h. At higher density of 20 P. zhonghuajia, 100% of first to fourth and 30% of fifth instar larvae of M. separata were killed within 24 h. All prepupae and pupae of M. separata died when they were exposed to 10 and 20 P. zhonghuajia, respectively. In addition, density of P. zhonghuajia significantly influenced their adult recruitment of the body surface of M. separata. Pyemotes zhonghuajia could only complete development and reproduction on M. separata eggs, prepupae and pupae. However, the longevity, opisthosoma size and fecundity of P. zhonghuajia paralyzed on prepupae and pupae were significantly higher than those on eggs. In conclusion, P. zhonghuajia might be a suitable biological control agent against the oriental armyworm, and M. separata prepupae and pupae may be used as alternative prey for the mass rearing of P. zhonghuajia.

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TAVARES, RAFAEL MARCÃO, JOÃO EDUARDO RIBEIRO DA SILVA, GUILHERME SOUSA ALVES, THALES CASSEMIRO ALVES, SÉRGIO MACEDO SILVA, and JOÃO PAULO ARANTES R. CUNHA. "TECNOLOGIA DE APLICAÇÃO DE INSETICIDAS NO CONTROLE DA LAGARTA-DO-CARTUCHO NA CULTURA DO MILHO." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 16, no. 1 (November 7, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v16n1p30-42.

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RESUMO – A lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) é uma praga-chave na cultura do milho, e aplicações de inseticidas têm sido necessárias para reduzir a população do inseto. O controle desta praga tem sido difícil porque a lagarta encontra-se comumente protegida no interior do cartucho, o que pode reduzir a deposição e eficácia do inseticida. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de taxas de aplicação, pontas de pulverização e inseticidas no controle de S. frugiperda no milho. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram duas taxas de aplicação (100 e 200 L ha-1), duas pontas de pulverização (jato plano com e sem com indução de ar) e dois inseticidas (triflumuron e fenpropatrina). Também se utilizou um tratamento controle correspondente à aplicação de clorpirifós utilizando a ponta jato plano simples na taxa de 200 L ha-1. As características avaliadas foram espectro de gotas, deposição de calda, eficácia biológica e produtividade da cultura. A taxa de aplicação de 100 L ha-1 produziu maior deposição de calda do que a 200 L ha-1 para ambas as pontas de pulverização e não reduziu a eficácia dos inseticidas. Ambos os inseticidas tiveram eficácias semelhantes no controle da lagarta-do-cartucho aos 10 dias após a aplicação (DAA), embora a eficácia do inseticida fenpropatrina tenha sido maior do que a do triflumuron aos 3 DAA.Palavras-chave: lagarta-do-cartucho, Zea mays, ponta de pulverização, taxa de aplicação, manejo de pragas.INSECTICIDE APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY ON FALL ARMYWORM CONTROL IN CORNABSTRACT - The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a key pest in corn, and insecticide applications have been needed to reduce the insect population. The fall armyworm has been difficult to control because its larvae is commonly protected in the whorl of corn, which may reduce insecticide deposition and its efficacy. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of application rate, nozzle type and insecticide on control of S. frugiperda in corn. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design and a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme with four replications. The factors were two application rates (100 e 200 L ha-1), two hydraulic nozzles (standard and air induction flat-fan) and two insecticides (triflumuron and fenpropathrin). An additional treatment was also included, composed of chlorpyrifos sprayed at 200 L ha-1 using a standard flat-fan nozzle. Parameters of interest were droplet spectrum, spray deposition, biological efficacy and crop yield. A 100 L ha-1 application rate produced greater spray deposition than at 200 L ha-1 for both nozzle types and did not reduce the insecticide efficacy. At 10 days after application (DAA) both insecticides provided similar efficacy on fall armyworm control, although it was greater using fenpropathrin than triflumuron at 3 DAA.Keywords: fall armyworm, Zea mays, spray nozzle, spray volume, pest management.

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Gross, H. R., and S. D. Pair. "The Fall Armyworm: Status and Expectations of Biological Control with Parasitoids and Predators." Florida Entomologist 69, no. 3 (September 1986): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495383.

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Baldé, A., B. Labou, E. Tendeng, S. Sylla, M. Diatte, I. A. Ndiaye, O. Seydi, P. Diop, S. O. Sène, and K. Diarra. "Impact of parasitoids on the biological control of the fall armyworm in Senegal." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1348 (October 2022): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1348.28.

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Bortolotto, Orcial Ceolin, Ayres de Oliveira Menezes Júnior, Adriano Thibes Hoshino, and Geraldo Salgado-Neto. "Incidence of Mythimna sequax parasitized in wheat crop." Ciência Rural 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 2121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141286.

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ABSTRACT: This study investigated the natural parasitism of Mythimna sequax Franclemont, 1951, in wheat during the crop season of 2008. In total, 237 larvae were captured, of which 10.12% were parasitized. The Tachinidae species Winthemia trinitatis (Thompson, 1963), Winthemia tricolor (Wulp, 1890), Lespesia aletiae (Riley, 1879), and Lespesia archippivora Beneway, 1963 are reported for the first time parasitizing the wheat armyworm in Brazil. In addition, two other genus of parasitoids were identified, one Tachinidae Peleteria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and one Ichneumonidae Ophion (Fabricius, 1798). This study reported for the first time four Tachinidae species parasitizing W. sequax, and further studies are needed to promote the conservation of these parasitoids in agroecossystem and development biological control programs for management of the wheat armyworm.

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Zimba, Kennedy J., Quentin D. Read, Muhammad Haseeb, Robert L. Meagher, and Jesusa C. Legaspi. "Potential of Silicon to Improve Biological Control of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda on Maize." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091432.

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Silicon (Si) accumulation in plants confers a mechanical barrier to insect herbivory and may alter plant chemistry to increase the attraction of natural enemies to host insect herbivores on Si−treated plants. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major insect pest of grain crops, including maize (Zea mays L.). This study examined whether Si supplementation alters maize volatile compounds that mediate host location in Euthyrhynchus floridanus, a generalist predator of FAW. A four-arm olfactometer was used to test the olfactory preference of nymphs and adults of E. floridanus to the odor of maize leaf materials from plants that were; Si−treated and infested, Si−treated without infestation, Si−deprived and infested, and Si−deprived without infestation. The probabilities of individual insects choosing between the four treatments were estimated using a multinomial generalized linear mixed model. There were no statistical differences in the olfactory preference of E. floridanus between Si−treated and Si−deprived maize leaf materials. However, the median estimate showed that nymphs were almost twice likely to be attracted to Si−supplemented leaf material, indicating a potential positive effect of Si. However, a more robust follow-up study is needed to further assess the impact of Si on E. floridanus.

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Hussain, Ahmed G., Jörg T. Wennmann, Georg Goergen, Astrid Bryon, and Vera I. D. Ros. "Viruses of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: A Review with Prospects for Biological Control." Viruses 13, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112220.

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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a native pest species in the Western hemisphere. Since it was first reported in Africa in 2016, FAW has spread throughout the African continent and is now also present in several countries in Asia as well as Australia. The invasion of FAW in these areas has led to a high yield reduction in crops, leading to huge economic losses. FAW management options in the newly invaded areas are limited and mainly rely on the use of synthetic pesticides. Since there is a risk of resistance development against pesticides in addition to the negative environmental and human health impacts, other effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient control alternatives are desired. Insect pathogenic viruses fulfil these criteria as they are usually effective and highly host-specific with no significant harmful effect on beneficial insects and non-target organisms. In this review, we discuss all viruses known from FAW and their potential to be used for biological control. We specifically focus on baculoviruses and describe the recent advancements in the use of baculoviruses for biological control in the native geographic origin of FAW, and their potential use in the newly invaded areas. Finally, we identify current knowledge gaps and suggest new avenues for productive research on the use of viruses as a biopesticide against FAW.

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Mink, J. S., and R. G. Luttrell. "Chemical Control of the Fall Armyworm on Cotton, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.236a.

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Abstract First and third instar fall armyworm larvae were exposed to cotton structures treated with several insecticides. The insecticides were applied using a motorized spray table calibrated to spray 6.0 gal per acre with a TX-4 hollow cone nozzle mounted above the conveyor belt. Leaf disks cut from untreated cotton leaves and then treated on the spray table were used to determine mortality of first instar larvae. The treated leaf disks were placed on moist filter paper in 100 × 15 mm pitre dishes and 10 neonate larvae were placed on each disc using a small camel's hair brush. The covered dishes were placed in a 30�C temperature chamber and mortality was observed 24 h post-treatment. Each treatment contained 5 dishes and was replicated twice. A "water-pic" bioassay system was used to obtain mortality of third instar larvae due to insecticide treatment. Cotton terminals were obtained from an untreated field by cutting the top ca. 30 cm of the stem using pruning shears. The plant material was washed, trimmed and placed in 30 ml test tubes filled with water. The test tubes were then placed in an upright position in wooden holding boxes (0.5 × 0.8 m). After spraying the material on the spray table, one third instar larva was placed on each terminal and caged using a 472 ml styrofoam cup. The boxes were held at room temperature and mortality was observed 48 h post-treatment. After 48 h survivors were placed in diet cups and held in a 30�C temperature chamber until pupation, at which time mortality was again observed. This was necessary to allow appropriate time for several biological treatments to cause mortality. Each treatment consisted of 20 larvae and was replicated 4 times. All tests included a water control treatment.

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Kenis, Marc, Hannalene du Plessis, Johnnie Van den Berg, Malick Ba, Georg Goergen, Koffi Kwadjo, Ibrahim Baoua, et al. "Telenomus remus, a Candidate Parasitoid for the Biological Control of Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa, is already Present on the Continent." Insects 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040092.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth originating from tropical and subtropical America, has recently become a serious pest of cereals in sub-Saharan Africa. Biological control offers an economically and environmentally safer alternative to synthetic insecticides that are being used for the management of this pest. Consequently, various biological control options are being considered, including the introduction of Telenomus remus, the main egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda in the Americas, where it is already used in augmentative biological control programmes. During surveys in South, West, and East Africa, parasitized egg masses of S. frugiperda were collected, and the emerged parasitoids were identified through morphological observations and molecular analyses as T. remus. The presence of T. remus in Africa in at least five countries provides a great opportunity to develop augmentative biological control methods and register the parasitoid against S. frugiperda. Surveys should be carried out throughout Africa to assess the present distribution of T. remus on the continent, and the parasitoid could be re-distributed in the regions where it is absent, following national and international regulations. Classical biological control should focus on the importation of larval parasitoids from the Americas.

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Idrees, Atif, Ayesha Afzal, Ziyad Abdul Qadir, and Jun Li. "Bioassays of Beauveria bassiana Isolates against the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8070717.

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The control of Spodoptera frugiperda, the key invasive pest of maize, is a serious concern due to its biology and the current global restriction on applying synthetic pesticides. Entomopathogenic fungi are considered to be a potential biological control strategy. The pathogenicity of 12 isolates of Beauveria bassiana in the immature stages and feeding efficacy of S. frugiperda were evaluated. The B. bassiana isolates QB-3.45, QB-3.46 and QB-3.428 caused the highest egg mortality rates of 87.3, 82.7 and 79.3%, respectively, when applied at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/mL and measured at 7 days post-treatment. Neonate mortality rates of 45.6 to 53.6% were observed with the same isolates. The B. bassiana isolates caused significant cumulative mortality rates ranging from 71.3 to 93.3% at 14 days post-treatment and reduced larval feeding efficacy from 69.4 to 77.8% at 48 h post-treatment. This study supports using the effective B. bassiana isolates as a biological control agent against S. frugiperda. The significant mortality of the eggs and neonatal larvae and the reduction in the feeding efficacy of the second instar larvae of the S. frugiperda that were treated with isolates of B. bassiana supports the application of entomopathogenic fungi as a biocontrol agent for the effective control of the S. frugiperda population.

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Haq, Inzamam Ul, Aroosa Khurshid, Rehan Inayat, Zhang Kexin, Liu Changzhong, Shahbaz Ali, Ali Tan Kee Zuan, Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi, and Arshad Mehmood Abbasi. "Silicon-based induced resistance in maize against fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)]." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): e0259749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259749.

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The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major economic pest in the United States and has recently become a significant concern in African and Asian countries. Due to its increased resistance to current management strategies, including pesticides and transgenic corn, alternative management techniques have become more necessary. Currently, silicon (Si) is being used in many pest control systems due to its ability to increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic factors and promote plant growth. The current experiments were carried out at the College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China, to test the effect of Si on lifetable parameters and lipase activity of fall armyworm and vegetative and physiological parameters of maize plants. Two sources of Si (silicon dioxide: SiO2 and potassium silicate: K2SiO3) were applied on maize plants with two application methods (foliar application and soil drenching). The experiment results revealed that foliar applications of SiO2 and K2SiO3 significantly (P≤0.05) increased mortality percentage and developmental period and decreased larval and pupal biomass of fall armyworm. Similarly, both Si sources significantly (P≤0.05) reduced lipase activity of larvae, and fecundity of adults, whereas prolonged longevity of adults. Among plant parameters, a significant increase in fresh and dry weight of shoot, stem length, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant activity was observed with foliar applications of Si. Root fresh and dry weight was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in plants treated with soil drenching of SiO2 and K2SiO3. Moreover, SiO2 performed better for all parameters as compared to K2SiO3 and control treatment. The study conclusively demonstrated a significant negative effect on various biological parameters of fall armyworm when plants were treated with Si, so it can be a promising strategy to control this pest.

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Lei, Chengfeng, Jian Yang, Jia Wang, Jia Hu, and Xiulian Sun. "Molecular and Biological Characterization of Spodoptera frugiperda Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Field Isolate and Genotypes from China." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110777.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a new invading pest in China. The baculovirus Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) is a pathogenic agent of the fall armyworm and a potential agent for its control in integrated pest management strategies. In this work, we analyze the molecular and biological characteristics of an SfMNPV isolate collected from maize in China (SfMNPV-Hub). Two genotypes were further isolated from SfMNPV-Hub by an in vivo cloning method. The PstI profile of one genotype (SfHub-A) was similar to genotype A of the SfMNPV Colombian isolate, and the other (SfHub-E) was similar to genotype E of the Colombian isolate. The bioactivity of SfHub-A against second-instar S. frugiperda larvae was not significantly different from that of SfMNPV-Hub, whereas SfHub-E was 2.7–5.5 fold less potent than SfMNPV-Hub. The speed of kill of SfHub-E was quicker than SfMNPV-Hub, while SfHub-A acted slower than SfMNPV-Hub. Occlusion body (OB) production of SfHub-A in an S. frugiperda cadaver was significantly higher than that of SfMNPV-Hub, while SfHub-E yielded far fewer occlusion bodies (OBs) in the host larvae. These results provide basic information for developing a virus-based pesticide against the invading pest S. frugiperda.

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Camargo, L. F., R. A. Brito, and A. M. Penteado-Dias. "Redescription of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron, 1886) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae), parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 4 (November 10, 2015): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04914.

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Abstract The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) is a voracious pest of numerous crops of economic importance throughout the New World. In Brazil, its larvae are attacked by several species of parasitoid wasps, making them potential candidate as biological control agents against this pest. A survey of the parasitoid fauna on S. frugiperda in maize crops throughout Brazil reveals two species of Campoletis, which are morphologicaly very similar species. In this paper we combine these data with pictures from the type material of C. sonorensis and C. flavicincta, as well as their descriptions to provide a redescription to Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron, 1886) using for this both morphological characters and DNA Barcoding (Hebert et al., 2003) information, in an attempt to help with the correct identification of the taxa to improve biological control studies.

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Abissi, Marc ADJAOKE, ADANDONON Appolinaire, and TEPA YOTTO Ghislain. "Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): State of knowledge and control methods." African Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2021.15666.

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Liao, Yong-Lin, Bin Yang, Miao-Feng Xu, Wei Lin, De-Sen Wang, Ke-Wei Chen, and Hua-Yan Chen. "First report of Telenomus remus parasitizing Spodoptera frugiperda and its field parasitism in southern China." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73 (November 18, 2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.39136.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a lepidopteran pest that feeds on many economically important cereal crops such as corn, rice, sorghum, and sugarcane. Native to the Americas, it has become a serious invasive pest in Africa and Asia. Recently, this pest was found in China and has spread quickly across the country. As S. frugiperda will most likely become a major pest in China, Integrated Pest Management strategies, including biological control methods, should be developed to manage its populations. Here, we report the detection of Telenomus remus parasitizing S. frugiperda eggs in cornfields in southern China based on morphological and molecular evidence. Our preliminary surveys indicated that the parasitism rates of T. remus on S. frugiperda could reach 30% and 50% for egg masses and per egg mass, respectively. Further application of T. remus against S. frugiperda in biological control programs are discussed.

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Lasa, Rodrigo, Iñaki Pagola, Itxaso ibañez, José E. Belda, Trevor Williams, and Primitivo Caballero. "Efficacy ofSpodoptera exiguamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus as a biological insecticide for beet armyworm control in greenhouses of southern Spain." Biocontrol Science and Technology 17, no. 3 (March 2007): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150701211335.

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Trisnaningsih, Trisnaningsih, and Arifin Kartohardjono. "Formulasi Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) untuk Mengendalikan Ulat Grayak Padi (Mythimna separata Walker) pada Tanaman Padi." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.6.2.86.

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Several methods can be used to control pest infestation, especially by the use of biological agents that do not contaminate environment. Virus as a biological agent has already been used to control army worm on some plants. Some benefits can be obtained when biological agents are used to control insect infestation. The objectives of these studies were to obtain: a method to produce MsNPV formulation from rice army worm; an effective and efficient method to pack and store MsNPV formulation as biological agent of rice army worm and an efficient application method of MsNPV formulation to control rice army worm. These studies were conducted at laboratory and green house in Bogor and rice field in Indramayu and Sukabumi, West Java during the planting season of 2005. The experiment consisted of several parts: production of suspension and MsNPV formulation from the larvae of ricearmy worm, packing and period storing of MsNPV formulation, observe the effect of MsNPV formulation on rice army worm in the rice fileds. Results from these studies show that the number of larvae used will effect production of suspension and formulation of MsNPV. The number of larvae used would increase the production of suspension and the value of formulation will also increase. While method of packing, period of time and location of storing showed that time period of 1; 2; and 3 months at different colour of plastic also location of storing refrigerator vs room temperature did not effect on mortality of larvae rice armyworm.

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Tepa-Yotto, Ghislain T., Henri E. Z. Tonnang, Georg Goergen, Sevgan Subramanian, Emily Kimathi, Elfatih M. Abdel-Rahman, Daniel Flø, et al. "Global Habitat Suitability of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): Key Parasitoids Considered for Its Biological Control." Insects 12, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040273.

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The present study is the first modeling effort at a global scale to predict habitat suitability of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda and its key parasitoids, namely Chelonus insularis, Cotesia marginiventris,Eiphosoma laphygmae,Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum, to be considered for biological control. An adjusted procedure of a machine-learning algorithm, the maximum entropy (Maxent), was applied for the modeling experiments. Model predictions showed particularly high establishment potential of the five hymenopteran parasitoids in areas that are heavily affected by FAW (like the coastal belt of West Africa from Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to Nigeria, the Congo basin to Eastern Africa, Eastern, Southern and Southeastern Asia and some portions of Eastern Australia) and those of potential invasion risks (western & southern Europe). These habitats can be priority sites for scaling FAW biocontrol efforts. In the context of global warming and the event of accidental FAW introduction, warmer parts of Europe are at high risk. The effect of winter on the survival and life cycle of the pest in Europe and other temperate regions of the world are discussed in this paper. Overall, the models provide pioneering information to guide decision making for biological-based medium and long-term management of FAW across the globe.

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Stansly, P. A., and J. M. Conner. "Control of Fall Armyworm and Corn Earworm with Chemical and Biological Insecticides in Florida Sweet Corn, Fall 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.113.

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Abstract The efficacy of azadirachtin formulations alone and in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai, two formulations of cyhalothrin, and Lannate were compared. Six polyethylene-mulched beds 32 inches wide configured in 2 sets of 3 on 6 ft centers separated by a 15 ft drive middle were planted on 29 Aug in double rows 12 inches between rows and plants. The center bed was used as an untreated source of inoculum and the remaining beds divided into 33 ft plots and assigned treatments in a RCBD with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Whorls of all plants were inoculated with 1-2 neonate fall armyworm larvae on 5 Oct using a bazooka gun and Grito-O-Cobs at 24-4O mesh. Treatments were applied weekly for 6 weeks beginning 7 Oct using a high clearance sprayer configured with 1 overhead nozzle per row equipped with a diaphragm pump operating at 200 psi and calibrated to delivery 21 gpa at 2.5 mph. APSA 80 was tank mixed with Karate and Lannate treatments at 5 oz/100 gallon. The dispersants Petro and Morwet were added to 25% of the spray water at a rate of 0.38 gram of 3% microencapsulated azadirachtin (WRC7305) and mixed for 3 minutes before adding remaining water containing the adjuvant B-1956 at 2 oz/gal. Feeding on inner 3 whorl leaves or tassel was rated weekly for 16 plants on a scale of 1 to 6 corresponding to 0, >1%, 2-5%, 6-10%, 11-30%, and >30% damage respectively. The same 16 plants per plot were harvested twice and number and ears evaluated for weight and marketability. Culls were evaluated as to cause of damage and larvae identified and counted. In addition, 10 stalks from each plot were opened to search for borers but none were found.

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Bianchi, Felix J. J. A., Just M. Vlak, Rudy Rabbinge, and Wopke Van der Werf. "Biological Control of Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, with Baculoviruses in Greenhouses: Development of a Comprehensive Process-Based Model." Biological Control 23, no. 1 (January 2002): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.2001.0989.

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Agboyi, Lakpo Koku, Samuel Adjei Mensah, Victor Attuquaye Clottey, Patrick Beseh, Raymond Glikpo, Ivan Rwomushana, Roger Day, and Marc Kenis. "Evidence of Leaf Consumption Rate Decrease in Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, Larvae Parasitized by Coccygidium luteum." Insects 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2019): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110410.

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Biological control is one of the best options for the sustainable management of the invasive maize pest Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa. However, there is limited knowledge of the efficacy of native natural enemies of S. frugiperda and their potential use in integrated pest management. The endoparasitoid wasp Coccygidium luteum is one of the natural enemies of S. frugiperda in Africa. This study assessed, under laboratory conditions, the effect of C. luteum on the leaf consumption rate of its host. Fifty first instar S. frugiperda larvae were exposed to C. luteum for oviposition and the maize leaf consumption rate of parasitized larvae was assessed and compared to 50 unparasitized larvae from the same cohort. Coccygidium luteum completed a generation, from egg to adult emergence, in 16.7 days. The leaf consumption rate of parasitized S. frugiperda larvae declined gradually compared to unparasitized larvae and the overall consumption reduction by parasitized S. frugiperda larvae was 89%. Our findings show that C. luteum could reduce damage caused by S. frugiperda to maize farms but, prior to its use in biological control programmes, further studies are needed to assess potential parasitism rates in field conditions and develop a cost-effective mass production system.

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Hernández-Juárez, Agustín, Luis A. Aguirre-Uribe, Aideé González-Ruíz, Julio C. Chacón-Hernández, Jerónimo Landeros-Flores, Ernesto Cerna-Chávez, Mariano Flores-Dávila, and Marvin K. Harris. "Impact of endosulfan on the predatory efficiency of larval Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on the eggs of Heliothis virescens and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.41.

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AbstractThe effect of the insecticide endosulfan on the predatory efficiency of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on the eggs of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was measured with Holling’s disc equation. Though the type II functional response was maintained in C. carnea exposed to endosulfan, the functional response parameters: attack rate (a′), handling time (Th), total handling time (Tht), searching time (Ts), and search efficiency (E) were affected for both prey offered. The predator took more time to identify, pursue, capture, consume, and digest the prey, and in general, the efficiency of the predator as a biological control agent was adversely affected.

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Joshi, Dipesh, Dinanath Banjade, Bijay Chauhan, and Rita Bhandari. "EMERGING IMPACT OF Spodoptera frugiperda (FALL ARMYWORM) ON MAIZE IN NEPAL AND ITS CONTROL MEASURES." Big Data In Agriculture 4, no. 2 (2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bda.02.2022.42.47.

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Spodoptera frugiperda is a migratory pest that infects maize and is noted for its high likelihood of dispersing quickly. It was originally discovered in central and western Africa in 2016, and Nepal’s first incidence of FAW was discovered in a maize crop on May 9th, 2019. S. frugiperda severely harmed maize harvests across the country in 2020, at a greater rate than the previous year. The cause and impact of FAW in Nepal have been identified as Nepal’s open border and a lack of seed quarantine control for late-maturing hybrids and late planting maize types. By heavily feeding on leaves, younger larvae inflict significant crop damage. Integrated pest management (IPM) techniques, which combine physical and mechanical, cultural, botanical, biological, and chemical methods, have been found to be effective in controlling and monitoring FAW in Nepal. As a result, the focus of this research is on the developing implications of FAW in Nepal, as well as control and prevention approaches to reduce the loss caused by FAW through appropriate management alternatives.

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Tahir, Ahmad Hassan, Muhammad Tariq, Aqsa Mazhar, and Muhammad Shehzad. "SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AN INVASIVE PEST IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS MANAGEMENT." Plant Protection 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.004.03.3424.

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Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) commonly known as fall armyworm (FAW), is a pest that invaded the sub-tropical and tropical regions of America. In 2016, it was reported for the first time in central Africa and within a year it was reported from many countries of Africa. It then spread in Asia and in 2018 it was reported in India, and now its infestation was seen in Pakistan. Its strong flight, climatic adaptableness and large host range makes it a good colonizing agent as compared to other species of Spodoptera. In potential managing strategies we must know about its primary information such as its biology, host range, habitat and favorable conditions. Identification and life cycle is the most important process in the management of this pest. IPM strategies include physical and cultural control, botanical control, biological control and chemical control. These strategies will help in management of FAW. All these aspects have been reviewed in this article.

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Sisay, Birhanu, Josephine Simiyu, Esayas Mendesil, Paddy Likhayo, Gashawbeza Ayalew, Samira Mohamed, Sevgan Subramanian, and Tadele Tefera. "Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Infestations in East Africa: Assessment of Damage and Parasitism." Insects 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10070195.

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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, threatens maize production in Africa. A survey was conducted to determine the distribution of FAW and its natural enemies and damage severity in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania in 2017 and 2018. A total of 287 smallholder maize farms (holding smaller than 2 hectares of land) were randomly selected and surveyed. FAW is widely distributed in the three countries and the percent of infested maize fields ranged from 33% to 100% in Ethiopia, 93% to 100% in Tanzania and 100% in Kenya in 2017, whereas they ranged from 80% to 100% and 82.2% to 100% in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, in 2018. The percent of FAW infestation of plants in the surveyed fields ranged from 5% to 100%. In 2017, the leaf damage score of the average of the fields ranged from 1.8 to 7 (9 = highest level of damage), while 2018, it ranged from 1.9 to 6.8. In 2017, five different species of parasitoids were recovered from FAW eggs and larvae. Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the main parasitoid recorded in Ethiopia, with a percent parasitism rate of 37.6%. Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the only egg-larval parasitoid recorded in Kenya and had a 4.8% parasitism rate. In 2018, six species of egg and larval parasitoids were recovered with C. icipe being the dominant larval parasitoid, with percentage parasitism ranging from 16% to 42% in the three surveyed countries. In Kenya, Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was the dominant egg parasitoid, causing up to 69.3% egg parasitism as compared to only 4% by C. curvimaculatus. Although FAW has rapidly spread throughout these three countries, we were encouraged to see a reasonable level of biological control in place. Augmentative biological control can be implemented to suppress FAW in East Africa.

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Pujiastuti, Y., B. Gunawan, Arsi, Suparman, D. P. Sulistyani, and Sandi. "Bacillus thuringiensis propagated in bio-urine media as a biological control of termite Coptotermes curvignathus and armyworm Spodoptera litura." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 468 (April 28, 2020): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/468/1/012009.

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Beserra, Eduardo Barbosa, and José Roberto Postali Parra. "Impact of the number of Spodoptera frugiperda egg layers on parasitism by Trichogramma atopovirilia." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 2 (April 2005): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000200016.

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Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) can be found in several crops attacking Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. It is therefore necessary to demonstrate the capacity of these natural enemies in suppressing populations of the pest to allow them to be used in biological control programs against that species. This work had the objective of evaluating the impact of egg layer distribution in S. frugiperda egg masses on the parasitism capacity of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983. Masses containing one, two, and three layers were used as treatments, and 1.6 parasitoid per egg of the pest were released. Parasitism percentage differences were observed among the three types of masses under study, on average 66.24 ± 8.56%, 45.20 ± 6.20%, and 40.10± 3.46% for egg masses with one, two, and three layers, respectively, demonstrating the potential of use of the parasitoid for the control of fall armyworm.

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Sumarmi, Siti, Mifta Arlinda, and Sukirno Sukirno. "The Effectiveness of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Green Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.) Extracts for Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Protectant against UVB Radiation for the Control of Armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.)." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.53004.

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Spodoptera litura Fab. is an insect that damage cultivated plants in Indonesia. Efforts to control it can be done by using biological agents for example by using Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk.). Unfortunately, the Btk. is easily degraded by UV radiation. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of red and green spinach as UVB protection for Btk. and to observe the pathogenicity of Btk. formulations against armyworm. Furthermore, the sublethal effect of Btk. against S. litura was investigated. The morphology of the endospore, protein crystal, and bacterium were observed under a contrast phase microscope. The extracts at 2% (w/v) were mixed with Btk. suspensions at 5 x 104, 5x105, and 5x106 (spores/ml), respectively. The formulations then exposed under Ultraviolet B (UVB) lights for 3, 6, and 9 hours then tested against the 3rd larval instar of armyworm. The larval mortality was observed daily and the analysis of variance was analyzed by one way anova. The sublethal effects of the treatment to the pupal and adult stages were observed when the moths emerge. The results showed that the larval mortality caused by Btk. mixed with red spinach ranged from 11.7 to 26.7%. The sublethal effects of Btk. resulted in smaller sizes of pupae and imago, darker pupae, and wings abnormality of the adult stage, compared to any control treatment. The morphological observation of the bacteria showed that extracts gave UV protection against UVB. These results suggested that red and green spinach potentially can be used as a protectant for Btk. against UVB.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Armyworms Biological control'

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