Relevant bibliographies by topics / Armour layer

Academic literature on the topic 'Armour layer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Armour layer"

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Agung, Ida Bagus. "PENGARUH DURASI SERANGAN GELOMBANG TERHADAP TINGKAT KERUSAKAN LAPIS LINDUNG PEMECAH GELOMBANG." Science Tech: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 1, no. 1 (August 2, 2015): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/jst.v1i1.471.

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this research tetrapod have been utilized for breakwater cover layer or armour layer. The effect of wave duration on the armor layer tetrapod stability was studied. The models were run in the irregular wave flume, where Bretschneider spectrum may be generated attacking the breakwater. The waves were set to break before reaching the breakwater. The test was conducted until the damage level of armour layer reached more than 5 %. The result of the research showed that waves duration and the high of the wave attack affect the stability of armour layer, especially when the wave was Rayleigh distributed. The effect of waves duration reduced as more and more waves broken before reaching the structure of the breakwater
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MAYSTRENKO, Anatoliy L., Volodymyr I. KUSHCH, Evgeniy A. PASHCHENKO, Vitaliy G. KULICH, Olecksiy V. NESHPOR, and Sergiy P. BISYK. "Ceramic Armour for Armoured Vehicles Against Large-Calibre Bullets." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0279.

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Modelling the armour-piercing bullets B-32 calibre 12.7 mm penetration into the double-layer ceramic-composite armour has been performed for the armour blocks of two designs. The first one is a layer of ceramic square tiles supported by the glass or polyamide fabric. Modelling and subsequent ballistic tests have shown that the conical Hertz crack localized in the ceramic tile is formed. The tile is destroyed from the spread of radial cracks, and the entire armour unit becomes unable to sustain the repeated hit of the bullet. In the second case, the armour block consists of the discrete epoxy-filled cylindrical ceramic elements with spherical ends. The advantage of this "discrete" armour is localization of the damage zone and thus an ability to sustain the multiple bullet hits. The ballistic tests of the compared armour units have shown that both provide effective additional protection of light-armoured vehicles against the normal impact of the calibre 12.7 mm bullet.
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Mouton, le Fras, Alexander Flemming, Michael Bates, and Chris Broeckhoven. "The relationship between generation gland morphology and armour in Dragon Lizards (Smaug): a reassessment of ancestral states for the Cordylidae." Amphibia-Reptilia 39, no. 4 (2018): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181032.

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Abstract To substantiate the claim of a relationship between generation gland morphology and degree of body armour in cordylid lizards, we studied the nine species in the genus Smaug. We predicted that well armoured species in this clade will have multi-layer generation glands, and lightly armoured species two-layer glands. Gland type was determined using standard histological techniques after sectioning a glandular patch of one adult male per species. A total of 133 specimens were examined for data on tail and occipital spine lengths (which were used as indicators of armour). We found that species with multi-layer generation glands (S. giganteus, S. breyeri, and S. vandami) have relatively long tail and occipital spines, while species with two-layer glands (S. mossambicus, S. regius, S. barbertonensis, S. warreni, and an undescribed species) have relatively short spines. Smaug depressus possesses both multi-layer and two-layer glands, and this variation was linked to regional variation in spine length. An ancestral state reconstruction for the Cordylidae showed that the two-layer state always results from the reduction of layers from a multi-layer precursor, and that reduction always culminates in two-layer glands and not in one-layer glands. This finding suggests that the one-layer state in the Ninurta-Chamaesaura-Pseudocordylus clade is most probably plesiomorphic, and therefore the ancestral state at the Cordylidae and Cordylinae nodes. Given the observed relationship between type of generation gland and body armour, this finding would suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the Cordylidae was lightly armoured.
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Van den Bosch, Ilse, Erik Ten Oever, Pieter Bakker, and Markus Muttray. "STABILITY OF INTERLOCKING ARMOUR UNITS ON A BREAKWATER CREST." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.11.

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The hydraulic stability of single layer, interlocking armour units on low crested and submerged breakwaters was investigated in 2D hydraulic model tests. Displacements of armour units and rocking were monitored and have been applied as indicators for the armour layer stability on the crest, front and rear slope. The effect of freeboard, packing density and wave steepness on the armour layer stability have been investigated. The stability of interlocking concrete armour units on low crested and submerged structures is qualitatively different from rock armour. About 40% to 50% larger armour units are required on the seaward slope and crest of low crested structures (as compared to conventional high crested breakwaters). About 35% larger armour units are required on the rear slope. Larger armour units are not required on submerged breakwaters if the water depth on the crest exceeds 50% of design wave height.
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Santos, João Alfredo, Francisco Pedro, Mário Coimbra, Andrés Figuero, Conceição Juana E. M. Fortes, José Sande, Moritz Körner, et al. "3-D Scale Model Study of Wave Run-Up, Overtopping and Damage in a Rubble-Mound Breakwater Subject to Oblique Extreme Wave Conditions." Defect and Diffusion Forum 396 (August 2019): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.396.32.

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A set of scale-model tests carried out to enlarge the range of wave steepness values analysed in run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions and on their effects on a gentler slope breakwater’s trunk armour and roundhead, is presented in this paper. A stretch of a rubble mound breakwater (head and part of the adjoining trunk, with a slope of 1(V):2(H)) was built in a wave basin at the Leibniz University Hannover to assess, under extreme wave conditions (wave steepness of 0.055) with different incident wave angles (from 40º to 90º), the structure behaviour in what concerns wave run-up, wave overtopping and damage progression of the armour layer. Two types of armour elements (rock and Antifer cubes) were tested. Non-intrusive methodologies including a new application of laser scanning technique for the assessment of both armour layer damage and wave run-up and overtopping were used. It is expected that such work will contribute also with data to improve empirical formulas as well as to validate complex numerical model for wave-structure interaction.
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Lu, Jiang Ren, Xin Li Sun, Xing Hui Cai, San Qiang Dong, and Guo Liang Wang. "Numerical Study on the Ballistic Impact on Lightweight Composite Armour." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.824.

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A lightweight sandwich composite armours has been established by comparing the ballistic resistance of the potential component materials. The ballistic-resistance properties of the armours under impacting by the bullet with 12.7mm diameter are also numerically investigated by using finite element software LS-DYNA. Numerical modeling is used to obtain an estimate for the ballistic limit velocity (V50) and simulate penetration processes. The focus is placed on the energy absorption capabilities of different component layers with same density per unit area. The influence of stacking sequence and thickness ratio of ceramic/fiber layer has been analyzed in detail. Results indicate that the composite armour having optimal thickness ratio of ceramic/fiber layer in the same density and its mass is 29% lighter than of 4340 steel target.
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Young, Martin, John Hayman-Joyce, and Seok Hyeon Kim. "USE OF SINGLE LAYER CONCRETE ARMOUR UNITS AS TOE REINFORCEMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.48.

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Detailing and optimization of the toe reinforcement is presented as a case study from the construction of the 5.2km long main breakwater for the new Colombo South Harbour in 18m water depth. During the breakwater design the environmental constraints on supply of large rock armour were recognized, and CORE-LOC™ single layer concrete armour units were selected for the primary armour protection. During construction, supply of relatively small quantities of 8-12t rock for use in the toe reinforcement became an issue, and use of CORE-LOC™ units placed on the flat rock armour apron as an alternative to rock armour toe reinforcement was investigated and implemented. This use is unusual as there is no in-plane compression between units as found when they are placed on the slope. A site based prototype scale trial was conducted to evaluate placing method and criteria, and an “alternate opposing cannon” pattern placement, in rows going seaward from the primary armour, was successful. Packing density and unit spacing is the same as for the primary armour. Hydraulic stability of this alternative toe reinforcement was verified in 2D physical hydraulic model testing.
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Bakker, Pieter, Tiemen de Hoop, and Markus Muttray. "STABILITY OF XBLOCPLUS ARMOUR LAYERS AFTER INITIAL DAMAGE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.16.

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XblocPlus is an interlocking single layer armour unit that is placed with uniform orientation. The unit is applied with a large safety margin. Physical model test were performed without damage up to stability numbers of Hs/dDn=5.5 whereas a design stability number of Hs/dDn=2.5 has been adopted. The behaviour of an XblocPlus armour layer after initial damage is has been investigated by physical model tests with broken and manually removed model units. XblocPlus armour layers (with uniform orientation) respond differently to initial damage than interlocking armour units with random orientation. The latter are moving and re-arranging in order to bridge a gap in the armour layer (de Rover et al., 2008). XblocPlus units in contrast hardly move and nonetheless maintain the hydraulic stability of the damaged section. Details of the experiments and findings as well as implications for design and maintenance of breakwater armour layers will be discussed in the final paper.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/izwm60IBx-4
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Latham, John-Paul, Eleni Anastasaki, and Jiansheng Xiang. "A FEMDEM NUMERICAL MODEL STUDY OF RUBBLE-MOUND STRUCTURES ARMOURED WITH CONCRETE ARMOUR UNITS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.posters.37.

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A new method for the numerical creation of random single-layer systems of concrete armour units is illustrated. The armour layer pack is created by a FEMDEM solver that ensures mechanical equilibrium between all concrete units and rocks of the underlayer. The local and average packing density together with geometric constraints indicative of randomness and interlocking are assessed using analysis tools and shown to be in accordance with unit designer requirements. This solids modelling research is an essential pre-requisite to future simulation of the armour layer response to wave loading and more realistic modelling of wave run-up and overtopping on rubble-mound structures.
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Burcharth, Hans Falk, Thomas Lykke Andersen, and Josep R. Medina. "STABILITY OF CUBIPOD ARMOURED ROUNDHEADS IN SHORT-CRESTED WAVES. A COMPARISON BETWEEN CUBIPOD AND CUBE ARMOUR STABILITY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 1, 2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.39.

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The paper presents a comparison of the stability of concrete cube armour and Cubipod armour in a breakwater roundhead with slope 1:1.5, exposed to both 2-D (long-crested) and 3-D (short-crested) waves. The model tests were performed at the Hydraulics and Coastal Engineering Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark. The model tests showed that Cubipod armour is more stable than cube armour when exposed to longer waves (steepness approx. 0.025) and has equal stability to cubes in shorter waves. The Cubipod armour layer contained due to its high porosity approximately 6-17% less concrete than the cube armour layer. Therefore, it was concluded that per used volume of concrete the Cubipods perform better than the cubes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Armour layer"

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Silva, Diogo Filipe Teixeira Cerqueira da. "Parameter analysis of the armour layer incoastal structures." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13993.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
Coastal erosion is a serious problem that affects numerous countries and particularly Portugal. The sediment deficit, increasing urbanistic pressure and highly energetic coastal areas anticipate the necessity of large investments in shore protection structures. The design process of coastal structures is mainly dependent on empirical formulations, followed by tests on physical models to validate the design solutions. In these empirical formulations, the incorporation of several parameters in to coefficients, adds a level of subjectivity that is relevant on the results. This document intends to address the subjectivity problem through the analysis of the stability coefficient in the Hudson formula. In the original formula, this coefficient expresses the influence of a certain amount of parameters on the armour layer stability of coastal structures. However, there is an absence of recommended values that take into account some important parameters. By increasing the knowledge over the several parameters that influence the stability coefficient, a better accuracy can be achieved. The main focus is on the parameters considered by the Van der Meer formulations (permeability, storm duration, damage level and slope angle) and on the incidence angle in which the wave attacks the structure. A sensitivity analysis was performed for various parameters, in order to evaluate the influence of each parameter on the stability coefficient and final stability values. Using two study cases, a comparison was performed on the design stability coefficient and the coefficient that resulted from physical tests.
A erosão costeira é um problema grave que afecta muitos países do mundo e em particular, Portugal. O défice sedimentar e a crescente pressão urbanística, aliadas a um regime costeiro energético, anteveem a necessidade de avultados investimentos em estruturas de proteção costeira. O processo de dimensionamento de estruturas costeiras passa pela utilização de formulações empíricas, seguido de testes em modelo físico para validar as soluções. Nestas formulações, a incorporação de diversos aspectos em coeficientes, adiciona um nível de subjetividade relevante aos resultados. A intenção deste trabalho é abordar o problema da subjetividade pela análise do coeficiente de estabilidade, presente na fórmula de Hudson. Na fórmula original, este coeficiente exprime a influência de um certo número de parâmetros na estabilidade do manto de proteção de estruturas costeiras. No entanto, existe uma ausência de valores recomendados que tenham em conta alguns parâmetros importantes. Ao amentar o conhecimento sobre os diversos parâmetros que influenciam o coeficiente de estabilidade, é possível alcançar uma maior precisão. De entre os parâmetros que influenciam a estabilidade, o foco principal da análise é sobre os parâmetros considerados nas fórmulas de Van der Meer (permeabilidade, duração da tempestade, nível de dano e ângulo do talude da estrutura) e no ângulo de incidência da onda sobre a estrutura. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi feita para avaliar a influência de cada parâmetro no valor do coeficiente de estabilidade e na estabilidade final. Usando dois casos de estudo, foi feita uma comparação do coeficiente de estabilidade obtido na fase de projeto e o coeficiente que resulta dos testes em modelo físico.
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Pratola, Luigi. "Studio dell'interazione tra moto ondoso e strutture marittime mediante modellazione fisica." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1921.

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2012 - 2013
Le aree costiere rappresentano sistemi naturali del tutto unici, così come unici sono i fenomeni che le caratterizzano. L’erosione dei litorali, divenuta ormai un fenomeno di interesse planetario, ha spinto verso un approfondimento delle conoscenze dei processi costieri, consentendo di operare nella lotta ai suddetti fenomeni, attraverso strategie sempre più mirate e attente. Una migliore conoscenza dei processi costieri, infatti, può consentire agli ingegneri di adottare approcci più corretti nella progettazione di opere di protezione costiera. La principale fonte di supporto per l’ingegneria costiera è rappresentata dalla letteratura tecnica e scientifica relativa ad interventi già posti in essere nel passato. Strumenti di conoscenza aggiuntivi possono essere forniti da fonti di diversa natura. Uno su tutti la modellistica fisica, che rappresenta senza dubbio un importantissimo mezzo di conoscenza al servizio della progettazione del tipo di opere in parola. Tramite la modellistica fisica è possibile, ad esempio, studiare fenomeni quali la propagazione del moto ondoso nel suo percorso dal largo verso riva, l’agitazione ondosa all’interno dei porti, la stabilità delle strutture sottoposte alle azioni dinamiche del moto ondoso, così come il wave runup, l’overtopping, la riflessione e la trasmissione ad esse associati. Si tratta di fenomeni la cui conoscenza risulta di fondamentale importanza quando nasce l’esigenza di progettare un’opera di difesa costiera. E il risultato è tanto migliore, quanto più sono specifiche le conoscenze su cui viene fondato il progetto. Si consideri, ad esempio, il caso delle dighe a scogliera, il cui strato di armatura più classico è costituito da massi naturali di grandi dimensioni: laddove non ci dovesse essere sufficiente disponibilità del suddetto materiale, o laddove si sia in presenza di condizioni meteomarine particolarmente gravose, le unità di armatura in massi naturali vengono normalmente sostituite da unità in calcestruzzo, per le quali esiste ormai una gran varietà. E’ evidente che, a seconda della forma e delle dimensioni delle suddette unità, nonché del numero di strati con cui esse vengono posizionate sulla mantellata, cambia sensibilmente il comportamento idraulico della struttura. Ne consegue la necessità, in fase di progettazione, di poter disporre di parametri che siano caratteristici della tipologia di unità di armatura della mantellata che si deve realizzare. L’individuazione dei suddetti parametri deve essere necessariamente il risultato di prove sperimentali eseguite in laboratorio su modelli fisici di strutture realizzate con quelle specifiche unità di armatura. Oggetto del presente lavoro, dunque, è lo studio dei fenomeni che intervengono nell’interazione tra il moto ondoso e le strutture di difesa costiera, in particolare per un’opera a gettata costituita da una tipologia di unità di armatura in calcestruzzo non presente in mercato, attualmente sottoposta a procedura brevettuale. Il lavoro è stato condotto mediante sperimentazione su un modello fisico bidimensionale realizzato presso il Laboratorio di Ricerca e Sperimentazione per la Difesa delle Coste (LIC) del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh) del Politecnico di Bari. Lo studio ha permesso di individuare alcuni parametri caratteristici delmasso in oggetto, quali ad esempio il coefficiente di stabilità e il coefficiente di scabrezza, necessari per il calcolo delle grandezze con cui poter effettuare il dimensionamento dell’opera. Inoltre, sono state valutate alcune delle formulazioni presenti in letteratura per il calcolo delle suddette grandezze, al fine di analizzare la loro adattabilità al nuovo masso. [a cura dell'autore]
XII n.s.
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Don, Rasika Perera Solangarachchige. "Investigation of fretting behaviour in pressure armour layers of flexible pipes." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2007. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20219/.

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The incidence of fretting damage in the pressure armour wires of flexible pipes used in offshore oil explorations has been investigated. A novel experimental facility which is capable of simulating nub and valley contact conditions of interlocking wire winding with dynamic slip, representative of actual pipe loading, has been developed. The test set-up is equipped with a state of the art data acquisition system and a controller with transducers to measure and control the normal load, slip amplitude and friction force at the contact, in addition to the hoop stress in the wire. Tests were performed with selected loading and the fretted regions were examined using optical microscopy techniques. Results show that the magnitude of contact loading and the slip amplitude have a distinct influence on surface damage. Surface cracks originated from a fretting scar were observed at high contact loads in mixed slip sliding while surface damage predominantly due to wear was observed under gross slip. The position of surface cracks and the wear profile have been related to the contact pressure distribution. The evolution of friction force and surface damage under different slip and normal pressure conditions has been analysed. A fracture mechanics based numerical procedure has been developed to analyse the fretting damage behaviour. A severity parameter is proposed in order to ascertain whether the crack growth is in mode I or mode II cracking. The analysis show the influence of mode II cracking in the early stages of crack growth following which the crack deviates in the mode I direction making mode I the dominant crack propagation mechanism. The crack path determined by the numerical procedure correlates well with the experimental results. A numerical analysis was carried out for the fretting fatigue condition where a cyclic bulk stress superimposes with the friction force. The analysis correlates well with short crack growth behaviour. The analysis confirms that fretting is a significant factor that should be taken into account in design and operation of the pressure armour wires of flexible pipes at high contact pressure if the bulk cyclic load superimposes with the friction force. As predicted by the numerical procedure and further by experimental investigations, the surface cracks initiating on the wire in this condition are self arresting after propagating into a certain depth.
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Alavandimath, Shivaraj. "Local plastic deformation in pressure and tensile armour layers of flexible risers." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2009. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/7113/.

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Flexible pipes are commonly used for connecting seabed flow-lines to floating production facilities. The general riser design consists of an internal carcass for collapse resistance, a polymer fluid barrier, carbon steel interlocked circumferential pressure armour layer for resisting internal pressure loads, helically wound carbon steel tensile armour layers to resist axial loads and a watertight external sheath. Much of the analytical work that has been carried out on flexible composite pipe is based on the early stress analyses of wire ropes, and this is primarily because of the helical geometry of many of the metallic elements such as pressure armour and tensile armour layers of a flexible riser. The general design philosophy of the layer is defined in API 17J (American Petroleum Institute) in terms of the stress "utilisation" factor that specifies the maximum allowable average hoop stress in the layer, which is conventionally produced by the elastic stress analysis. The layers are subjected to severe cyclic bending and twisting deformation during manufacturing of the pipe which makes the material to exceed the yield point. Consequently, residual stresses are developed in the pipe material and variable amounts of non zero stresses exist in the metallic layers of the newly manufactured pipes. An attempt has been made to model the amount of residual stress evolved during manufacturing stage for two different metallic layers, namely; pressure armour and tensile armour layers and its effects on overall pipe's performance while in service. The strategy is to apply the finite element (FE) method by creating a3 dimensional wire model of the segment of pipe. Solid structural elements with plasticity were employed for the analyses. Kinematic hardening with Baushinger effect, contact and friction effects were also taken into account. Precise boundary conditions were applied to the model for elastic-plastic bending. The resulting residual stresses have been transferred to 3D axisymmetric model to investigate the internal and external pressure effects. This new procedure was carried out for both layers satisfying equilibrium and compatibility conditions for the pressure and tensile armours to find the common interface pressure and contact loading. FAT (Factory Acceptance Test) condition is simulated to investigate the level of residual stress variation. Experimental measurements of residual stress by X-Ray diffraction are in well agreement with FE results.
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Johnson, Andrew. "Establishing design characteristics for the development of stab resistant Laser Sintered body armour." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16743.

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Stab resistant body armour had been used throughout history, with examples ranging from animal hide construction to the moulded Polycarbonate units typically used by United Kingdom (UK) Police Officers. Such protective articles have historically, and continue to present a number of issues which have shown to impair the operational performance of its wearer including but not exclusive to poor thermal regulation, large masses, and reduced manoeuvrability. A number of developments have been made in an attempt to minimise the effects of such issues. One potential solution yet to be fully explored is the utilisation of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies. In recent years the use of such manufacturing technologies, particularly Laser Sintering, has successfully demonstrated their suitability for a range of high performance applications ranging from Formula 1® to aerospace. Due to the fundamental additive nature of AM build processes, the utilisation of such technologies have facilitated the realisation of design concepts that are typically too expensive, difficult or impossible to create using traditional manufacturing processes. In order for AM technologies to be used for the generation of stab resistant body armour a number of historical issues and performance characteristics fundamental to ensure stab resistance is achieved must be satisfied. This body of research firstly evaluated the stab resistive performance of two of the most common materials suitable for Laser Sintering as highlighted by an initial review of AM technologies. Once an appropriate material had been highlighted it was used as the basis for further experimental testing. Such tests focussed on minimising the material thickness required to maintain an appropriate level of stab resistance within United Kingdom Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB) KR1-E1 requirement of 24 Joules of stab impact energy. Test results demonstrated that specimens manufactured from Duraform EX® required a minimum single layer thickness of 11.00 mm, and a dual layer total thickness of 9.00 mm to provide an appropriate level of stab protection within the HOSDB KR1-E1 standard. Coupled with the results generated from an investigation identifying the overlapping/imbricated assembly angle required to maintain an appropriate level of coverage across a scale structure, the stab resistant characteristics initially identified were used for the development of an imbricated scale-like assembly. Additional design features were also investigated to further minimise the total thickness of the final element design and corresponding assembled imbricated structure such features included angling strike surfaces and integrating a dual layered structure within individual elements. When the finalised imbricated assemblies were stab tested, they successfully demonstrated levels of stab resistance to the UK HOSDB KR1-E1 impact energy of 24 Joules.
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Fehmi, Jeffrey S. "Research note: A rock mulch layer supported little vegetation in an arid reclamation setting." TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627088.

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Adding a surface rock layer (also called rock armor or rock mulch) to constructed slopes improves erosion resistance but has had mixed effects on revegetation. This study investigated the effects of rock layer depth (no rocks, 10-, 15-, and 20-cm rock layers) and rock size (5-20cm diameter rocks) on vegetation cover. Seeding was applied four times in the first 2 years. After 3 years, plots with a rock layer averaged 7% vegetative cover compared to 85% on plots without a rock layer. There was a nonsignificant trend toward less vegetation with a deeper rock layer.
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Dedeoglu, Mehmet Rifat. "An Experimental Study On The Stability Of Eastern Black Sea Coastal Highway Defense Structures." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1088178/index.pdf.

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Coastal regions are extensively utilized by constructing coastal structures and facilities, as a result of the economical potential they offer. In designing and construction of coastal structures, it is important to achieve an optimum design satisfying both the stability and the engineering economy requirements effectively, regarding the natural balance of the coastal region. In this study, first step model tests on the stability of the coastal protection structures of Eastern Black Sea Highway Project under construction, proved that the structure is not stable and safe under severe wave action. As an innovative approach, using Van der Meer&
#8217
s approach and berm design guidelines alternative cross sections were generated.In the second step of the model studies, 8 different models were constructed using a model scale of 1/31.08 and they were tested both for breaking and non-breaking waves. The experiments took place in the Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory of the Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department. The newly designed and optimized berm type structure was proved to be successful and economical.
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Hinton, Darren D. "Complexity of Bed-Load Transport in Gravel Bed Streams: Data Collection, Prediction, and Analysis." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3384.

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Bedload transport has long been known for its complexity. Despite decades of research, significant gaps of understanding exist in the ability to assess and predict bedload movement. This work introduces a comprehensive bedload database that is a compilation of field samples collected over the past 40 years; compares prediction formulae using a subset of the database; evaluates the influence of the armor layer on stream response to sediment input based on a hypothesis linked to one of the tested formulae, presents a mathematically manipulation of the empirical Pagosa Good/Fair formula for bedload transport into a format similar to the semi-empirical Parker Surface-Based 1990 formula; and addresses the complications of bedload transport by collecting bedload samples on a stream in Central Utah. A comprehensive review of available bedload data resulted in a publicly available database with more than 8,000 individual bedload samples on gravel bed streams. Each measurement included extensive and detailed information regarding channel, site, and hydraulic characteristics. A subset of this database was used to compare four calibrated (a single calibration point of a measured bedload transport rate near bankfull discharge is used to improve formula prediction accuracy) and two un-calibrated bedload prediction formulae. The four calibrated formulae include three semi-empirical (a theoretical treatment adjusted to fit bedload measurements) formulae and one empirical (solely based on regression of bedload measurements) formula; the two un-calibrated formulae are both semi-empirical. Of the formulae compared, the empirical Pagosa Good/Fair formula (a calibrated formula) provided the most accurate prediction results with an overall root mean square error of 6.4%, an improvement of several orders of magnitude over the un-calibrated formulae. The Pagosa Good/Fair formula is cast in a form similar to the Parker 1990 formula, suggesting that criticisms stating that the empirical Pagosa method lacks a theoretical basis are unfounded. The hypothesis of equal mobility that states the gradation of the average annual gravel bedload yield for a given stream matches the particle size distribution of the subsurface material is evaluated with relation to the armor layer. Equal mobility is found to correlate to armor layer such that lower armor ratios indicate a greater tendency to uphold the equal mobility hypothesis and increasing armor ratio values tending to move toward supply limited conditions. This correlation provides an upper limit for lightly armored streams. Bedload sampling efforts described in this work compare the Helley-Smith sampler with the net trap sampler and duplicate previous observations that bedload transport collected using net traps increase more rapidly with discharge than for data collected using Helley-Smith samplers. An alternative, relatively low-cost method for collecting bedload during relatively high discharges on highly urbanized streams is also proposed.
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Novák, Jan. "Měření dynamických charakteristik zpětných armatur." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318147.

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Master thesis presents overview of existing types of check valves, their features, uses and issue called "cracking". Experimental part of this thesis focuses on the lift and swing check valves. Results of the measurement are evaluated from non-stationary flow point of view by developing and analyzing static and dynamic characteristics. This thesis takes into account losses and dynamic effects as main viewpoints. Two methods for measuring non-stationary velocities are used. Direct method called Gibson and indirect method laser doppler anemometry. Goal of the master thesis is to increase understanding of the check valves and their applicability.
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Newberry, Simon David. "An experimental investigation into the influence of geometric properties and construction techniques on the packing density of rock armour layers for coastal engineering structures." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406440.

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Books on the topic "Armour layer"

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Wolf, John R. Study of breakwaters constructed with one layer of armor stone; Detroit District. [Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1989.

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Wees, Hans van. Citizens and Soldiers in Archaic Athens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.003.0004.

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A reconsideration of the precise nature and extent of the military obligations of citizens in classical Athens reveals that under Athens’ democratic regime these obligations were relatively limited and not systematically enforced. The relevant classical legislation, later historical tradition, and some contemporary archaic evidence are combined to show that in archaic Athens, by contrast, formal military obligations were more extensive and more stringently enforced, but applied only to the leisured elite. The bulk of the working population was also obliged to serve, but only in ‘general levies’, with whatever arms and armour they could afford. This system was fully developed already under Solon and remained in operation until the late fifth century BC, when social and economic changes and the exceptional strain of the Peloponnesian War caused it to be abandoned.
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Book chapters on the topic "Armour layer"

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van Gelderen, Peter, and Stephen Auld. "Innovative technique for single layer armour unit placement." In Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters: Adapting to change, 1: 425–436. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cmsb.41301.0037.

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Phillip, Besley, and Michel Denechere. "Single layer armour systems - toe, crest and roundhead details." In Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters: Adapting to change, 1: 128–141. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cmsb.41301.0011.

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Latham, John-Paul, and Jiansheng Xiang. "Application of the finite-discrete element method to dynamic stress development in armour units and armour layers." In Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters: Adapting to change, 1: 272–284. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cmsb.41301.0023.

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Wang, Tao, and Xingnian Liu. "The Breakup of Armor Layer in a Gravel-Bed Stream with No Sediment Supply." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 919–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_161.

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de Oliveira Braga, Fábio, Pedro Henrique L. M. Lopes, Fernanda Santos da Luz, Édio Pereira Lima, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Influence of the Areal Density of Layers in the Ballistic Response of a Multilayered Armor System Using Box-Behnken Statistical Design." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 557–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72484-3_59.

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Evans, Dorinda. "7. The Death and Legacy of a Maverick Artist." In William Rimmer, 197–208. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0304.07.

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The concluding chapter weighs Rimmer's recognition or historical status at the time of his death and now. His first biography, written by someone who did not know him –Truman H. Bartlett – has had a disproportionate impact on how he is seen, even today. That is, his sheer originality – attested to by students as well as contemporaries – has been largely overlooked or misunderstood. The fact that he critiqued neoclassicism has been lost. So has his strong spiritual orientation and his emphasis, in teaching and in his own work, on imagination and self-expression. Despite his attachment to subject matter as a Romantic, he can be seen as a forerunner of modernism – in purely formal terms – in his fragmented statues. These precede, by a decade, similar work by Auguste Rodin. His personal symbolism is also prescient in being evocative of the production of the later Symbolists. Fortunately, Rimmer had loyal students and friends who tried to keep his memory alive after his death. Their efforts resulted in three of his plaster-cast sculptures being cast in bronze, and a selection of his drawings exhibited at the famous 1913 International Exhibition of Modern Art (the Armory Show) in New York. He also had two paintings in the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition.But the fact that Rimmer did not explain his seemingly aberrant creations, and Bartlett did not understand him, has had a detrimental impact on his reputation. His importance for the period and today lies in his insistence on working solely from imagination which was a radical idea at the time. According to his thinking, the artist’s contribution in creating a work of art should be self-expression.
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Dunster, J. A., A. R. Wilkinson, and N. W. H. Allsop. "9. Single layer armour units." In Design of Breakwaters, 177–88. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/dob.13513.0012.

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Burcharth, H. F., Morten Christensen, Thomas Jensen, and Peter Frigaard. "Influence of core permeability on Accropode armour layer stability." In Coastlines, structures and breakwaters, 34–45. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/csab.26681.0004.

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Hettiárachchi, S. S. L., and P. Holmes. "P3. Performance of single layer hollow block armour units." In Design of Breakwaters, 363–81. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/dob.13513.0026.

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Iglesias Rodriguez, Gregorio, Alberte Castro Ponte, Rodrigo Carballo Sanchez, and Miguel Ángel Losada Rodriguez. "Artificial Intelligence and Rubble-Mound Breakwater Stability." In Machine Learning, 1499–506. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-818-7.ch519.

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Breakwaters are coastal structures constructed to shelter a harbour basin from waves. There are two main types: rubble-mound breakwaters, consisting of various layers of stones or concrete pieces of different sizes (weights), making up a porous mound; and vertical breakwaters, impermeable and monolythic, habitually composed of concrete caissons. This article deals with rubble-mound breakwaters. A typical rubble-mound breakwater consists of an armour layer, a filter layer and a core. For the breakwater to be stable, the armour layer units (stones or concrete pieces) must not be removed by wave action. Stability is basically achieved by weight. Certain types of concrete pieces are capable of achieving a high degree of interlocking, which contributes to stability by impeding the removal of a single unit. The forces that an armour unit must withstand under wave action depend on the hydrodynamics on the breakwater slope, which are extremely complex due to wave breaking and the porous nature of the structure. A detailed description of the flow has not been achieved until now, and it is unclear whether it will be in the future in view of the turbulent phenomena involved. Therefore the instantaneous force exerted on an armour unit is not, at least for the time being, amenable to determination by means of a numerical model of the flow. For this reason, empirical formulations are used in rubble-mound design, calibrated on the basis of laboratory tests of model structures. However, these formulations cannot take into account all the aspects affecting the stability, mainly because the inherent complexity of the problem does not lend itself to a simple treatment. Consequently the empirical formulations are used as a predesign tool, and physical model tests in a wave flume of the particular design in question under the pertinent sea climate conditions are de rigueur, except for minor structures. The physical model tests naturally integrate all the complexity of the problem. Their drawback lies in that they are expensive and time consuming. In this article, Artificial Neural Networks are trained and tested with the results of stability tests carried out on a model breakwater. They are shown to reproduce very closely the behaviour of the physical model in the wave flume. Thus an ANN model, if trained and tested with sufficient data, may be used in lieu of the physical model tests. A virtual laboratory of this kind will save time and money with respect to the conventional procedure.
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Conference papers on the topic "Armour layer"

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de Schoesitter, Philippe, Sarah Audenaert, Leen Baelus, Annelies Bolle, Andrew Brown, Luciana Das Neves, Tiago Ferradosa, et al. "Feasibility of a Dynamically Stable Rock Armour Layer Scour Protection for Offshore Wind Farms." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24426.

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Armour layer scour protections around offshore wind turbine foundations are commonly designed to provide a static protection in storm conditions, which means no or limited movement of rock is allowed (Den Boon et al., 2004, De Vos et al., 2011). This approach often results in large stone sizes and high scour protection costs. Therefore, a dynamic approach can be an interesting alternative. Such a dynamic design can be achieved by decreasing the armour stone size allowing movement of the stones and increasing the armour layer thickness to prevent filter layer exposure. A physical test program was conducted to investigate the feasibility and behaviour of such a dynamically stable scour protection. In this model, a monopile foundation exposed to typical North Sea combinations of unidirectional currents and waves was reproduced in a wave flume. The program included a number of test series each with different water depths. In each test series, the armour layer stone size and the armour layer thickness were varied, in order to obtain a reshaping scour protection, without filter material exposure. Damage and failure were assessed both visually and using a 3D-laser profiler. Because previous works on damage numbers of rock armour layer scour protections mainly focus on static design, a new damage number was introduced and compared to the visual observation. This allowed the definition of a ‘dynamic area’ between static design and failure. Scour pit development in time and equilibrium profiling were also analyzed. The results of the tests showed that the concept of a dynamically stable scour protection is feasible.
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Reedijk, Bas, Markus Muttray, Arnoud van den Berge, and Richard de Rover. "EFFECT OF CORE PERMEABILITY ON ARMOUR LAYER STABILITY." In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814277426_0278.

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de Rover, Richard, Henk Jan Verhagen, Arnoud van den Berge, and Bas Reedijk. "BREAKWATER STABILITY WITH DAMAGED SINGLE LAYER ARMOUR UNITS." In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814277426_0279.

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Thompson, Alex C., and Hans F. Burcharth. "Stability of Armour Units in Flow Through a Layer." In 19th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780872624382.176.

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Fernando, Upul S., Michelle Davidson, Iwan Harries, Andrew Thompson, and Terry Sheldrake. "Assessment of Loading on the Carcass and Pressure Armour due to Environment Swelling of Polymer." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11238.

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Flexible pipes consist of multi-layer structures comprising polymer extrusions, tapes and insulation that are trapped between layers of helically-wrapped steel wires. Under certain pressure and temperature service conditions, and when the polymers are in contact with certain chemicals (such as supercritical CO2), these polymer layers may experience significant volumetric changes caused by permeation, solubility and absorption of chemicals into the polymer structure. The swelling of the polymer barrier can result in a significant increase in load on the carcass and pressure armour that may compromise the integrity of the pipe. This paper investigates the effect of the volumetric changes in the barrier and how that can influence the extra loading exerted on carcass and pressure armour under service conditions. A simple analytical model has been proposed to predict the extra loading acting on the carcass and the pressure armour. The proposed procedure has been validated using FE results. Experiments have been performed using a three-layer simulated setup and full-scale pipe to investigate the load acting on the carcass and pressure armour. A brief description of the test program and the results are presented. Tests clearly show that there is only a limited increase in hoop stress in the carcass or the pressure armour in pipes immersed in acetone, although the barrier swelled considerably under unconstrained conditions. An empirical procedure has been proposed to account for this swelling retardation behavior. The effect of the PVDF barrier swelling in pressurized supercritical CO2 environments is discussed.
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Saevik, Svein, and Naiquan Ye. "Armour Layer Fatigue Design Challenges for Flexible Risers in Ultra-Deep Water Depth." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79924.

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Fatigue design of armor layers of flexible risers in ultra-deep water depth fields is challenging. Very high internal pressure and tension impose extreme contact pressure between steel armor layers. The paper outlines how these challenges were handled focusing on the physical effects that needed to be included in the structural mechanics model and the procedure used to calculate the lifetime. Residual stresses due to manufacturing plays an important role in reducing the fatigue performance of the pressure layer by affecting the mean stress level. However, this effect can be improved by selecting appropriate factory acceptance test (FAT). A tailor-made finite element program (BFLEX) has been designed to make this sort of analyses possible and ensure the safety of the flexible riser design for ultra-deep water depth. The study is also extended to discuss the fatigue damage owing to friction in the armor layer for the ultra-deep water flexible because of higher contact pressure on the armor layer. Finally, the fatigue behavior of the pressure amour is a typical multi-axial fatigue problem. Various models are proposed to address how different stress components are exposed for the fatigue calculation.
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Marzeddu, Andrea, Jordi De Leau, Alexander Mathijs, Xavi Gironella, Hofland Bas, Vicente Gracia, and Agustin Sanchez Arcilla. "Effects of Storm Duration and Sequencing on Armour Layer Damages." In ICE Coasts, Marine Structures and Breakwaters. ICE Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cmsb.63174.1189.

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Rytter, Jan. "Qualification Approach to Unbonded Flexible Pipes With Fibre Reinforced Armour Layer." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51175.

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The future water depth capabilities for unbonded flexible pipes is being pushed by NKT Flexibles I/S through the development of an innovative flexible pipe structure, taking full advantage of the material characteristics of metallic, polymeric and fibre reinforced materials. The fluid tight liner and possible insulation of this pipe structure are supported by an inner armour, capable of carrying the external hydrostatic pressure, clamp and crushing loads, as well as axial compression load, and an outer armour, consisting of two cross wound layers of carbon/epoxy composites, carrying the internal pressure as well as end cap forces and applied tension. A permeable and radially flexible outer layer protects the composite armour. Combining known and well-proven flexible pipe technologies and new solutions for materials, structure and functionality of the flexible pipe, positions this future product outside the present industry standards for flexible pipes, e.g. API-17J. The analysis tools used for the conventional flexible pipes are validated by NKT according to the API-17J specification. The API-17J describes load cases and corresponding allowable utilization ratios, stated as design criteria. However, this approach is not directly applicable to the composite pipe, where the same analysis tools will be used, but the material in one of the two primary load bearing layers is made of fibre reinforced polymer, a material class not covered by the API allowable utilization factors. The DNV offshore standard DNV-OS-C501 considers any offshore structure in which the load bearing material is a composite. An accompanying Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F202 for composite risers has also been issued, but is not applicable to the composite flexible pipe. The design equations of the DNV standard are formulated in the so-called Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format, where partial safety factors are applied to the load effects and to the resistance variables that enter the design equations. The DNV standard DNV-OS-C501 covers composite materials and composite metal interfaces of a structure, metal parts should be designed according to other relevant standards. The API standard can therefore be used for the metal parts. One of the challenges in using this combined approach is the different ways loads are defined in the two standards. In short, this will result in a conventional API design check of the inner armour, the polymer layers, and the secondary layers, whereas the composite tensile armour, special intermediate layers and the interfaces will be analyzed with composite specific tools based on the criteria derived from the DNV standard. The qualification procedure is described and exemplified in the following.
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Bradbury, AP, J.-P. Latham, and NWH Allsop. "Rock Armour Stability Formulae-Influence of Stone Shape and Layer Thickness." In 22nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780872627765.110.

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Hušek, Martin, Jiří Kala, Petr Král, and Filip Hokeš. "Concept and numerical simulations of a reactive anti-fragment armour layer." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (ICNAAM 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4992643.

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Reports on the topic "Armour layer"

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Pirie, Douglas, Bradd Schwichtenberg, Thomas J. Bender, Jeff Wiggin, George Young, and Jack McKellar. Design Guidance for Selectively Placed Quarrystone Revetment Armor Layers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1003870.

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Melito, Ivano, and Jeffrey A. Melby. Wave-Induced Runup and Overtopping Transmission for Core-Loc(TM) Armor Layers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada383460.

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Wolf, John R. Study of Breakwaters Constructed with One Layer of Armor Stone, Detroit District. Repair, Evaluation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation Research Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada212631.

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