Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Armillaria'

Necrophylactic periderm (NP) formation and compartmentalization of infected tissue were examined in roots of 20-30 year-old western redcedar (Thujaplicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees infected by Armillaria ostoyae. Microscopic investigation of abiotically wounded roots, as well as roots naturally infected and inoculated with A. ostoyae revealed distinct differences in the types and frequency of host responses between cedar and the other two conifers. Following invasion by A. ostoyae, a higher frequency of successful resistance reactions was induced in western redcedar compared to Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Breaching of non-suberized impervious tissue (NIT) and NP was common in Douglas-fir and western hemlock trees. The barrier zone in cedar formed by the uninjured cambium was comprised of axial parenchyma with pigmented deposits and provided a permanent barrier to spread by the fungus. Unique resistance mechanisms in cedar involving induced rhytidome formation impart increased resistance to the spread of A. ostoyae in host tissue. In three inoculation trials, penetration of living bark on host roots by A. sinapina did not differ from A. ostoyae. However, the frequency of successful resistance reactions induced following invasion by A. sinapina in Douglas-fir and western hemlock was significantly higher than the same species infected with A. ostoyae. Inoculum potential and host-pathogen interactions were key determinants of pathogenicity of A. sinapina on all hosts. In a survey of twenty juvenile mixed species plantations throughout the southern Interior of B.C., cumulative mortality in Douglas-fir trees was significantly higher than in western redcedar trees (p < 0.001). The incidence o f mortality decreased with increasing tree size for both species, however the rate o f decrease was markedly greater among cedar compared to Douglas-fir trees. The proportion of trees that showed compartmentalization and callusing at the root collar increased with increasing tree size, but the increase was markedly greater for cedar than Douglas-fir and occurred much earlier even when the trees were relatively small. Results indicate that the higher degree of resistance against A. ostoyae in western redcedar may help alleviate long-term impacts of root disease when regenerated on sites infested with Armillaria root disease.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

We report here the use of RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction) to identify segregating loci in the haploid progeny of an Armillaria ostoyae basidiocarp and the construction of the first genetic linkage map of this fungus, one of the causal species of Armillaria Root Disease. Upon screening 75 RAPD primers, 18 were found to identify a total of 43 loci segregating with a 1 : 1 Mendelian ratio. These loci were analysed for linkage among 58 monospore progeny. The map constructed with Mapmaker (LOD = 3.0, r = 0.38) was confirmed by GMendel (LOD = 1.5, r = 0.38). This map arranged 30 loci into 6 linkage groups and 4 linkage pairs. Thirteen markers remained unlinked. Using the Kosambi mapping function the linked loci accounted for approximately 450 cM and the genome was estimated to be 1600 cM. This preliminary map covers approximately 28% of the A. ostoyae genome.

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 18, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Les armillaires sont des champignons telluriques qui attaquent les racines et provoquent une destruction des plantes. Plusieurs espèces sont déjà identifiées en Europe, en Amérique du nord et en Australie. En revanche, la détermination des espèces sur le continent africain n'est pas clairement établie. Trois groupes ont été déterminés en Afrique: le groupe I a été identifié à l'espèce a. Heimii de Pegler qui fait preuve d'une très grande variabilité (heterothallique et homothallique), le groupe II qui s'apparente a l'espèce a. Mellea (homothallique) et le groupe III qui correspond à des isolats des hauts plateaux du Kenya et qui pour l'instant n'a pas reçu de nom linnéen. Le présent travail a pour but de caractériser et de discriminer les isolats d'armillaires africaines. A cette fin ont été utilisés les profils isoenzymatiques la croissance et l'activité enzymatique des rhizomorphes poussés sur différents milieux de culture, la production et la caractérisation des b-glucosidases et enfin l'étude immunologique de ses enzymes produites par un isolat d'a. Mellea. L'étude isoenzymatique des sept enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme primaire azote et carbone de dix isolats d'armillaires africaines représentant les trois groupes précédents a permis de séparer ces isolats en trois groupes correspondant à la discrimination basée sur l'aspect morphologique, la physiologie et la compatibilité sexuelle. Les résultats ont montré des différences entre les isolats des hauts plateaux du Kenya et les isolats des autres espèces: a. Mellea et a. Heimii

Two different types of rhizomorphs were produced by A. luteobubalina in vitro conditions - aerial and submerged. They differed in growth rate, amount of mucilage, extent of peripheral hyphae, degree of pigmentation and in the structure of inner cortex. Otherwise they had a similar internal structure comprising 4 radial zones, namely, peripheral hyphae, outer cortex, inner cortex and medulla. Two membrane permeant symplastic fluorescent tracers, carboxy-DFFDA and CMAC which ultimately sequestered in vacuoles, behaved in a similar fashion in aerial and submerged rhizomorphs regardless of whether pigment was present in the outer cortical cell walls or in the extracellular material. Rhizomorphs appeared to be mostly impermeable to these probes with exception of a few fluorescent patches that potentially connected peripheral hyphae to inner cortical cells. In contrast, the apoplastic tracer HPTS which was applied to fresh material and its localisation determined in semi-thin (dry) sections following anhydrous freeze substitution appeared to be impeded by the pigmentation in cell walls and/or the extracellular material in the outer cortical zone. Structures identified as air pores arose directly from the mycelium and grew upwards into the air. A cluster of rhizomorph apices is initiated immediately beneath the air pores. As air pores elongated they differentiated into a cylindrical structure. Mature air pores became pigmented as did also the surface mycelium of the colony. The pigmented surface layer extended into the base of air pores, where it was elevated into a mound by tissue inside the base of the air pore. Beneath the pigmented surface layer there was a region of loose hyphae with extensive gas space between them. This gas space extended into the base of the air pore and was continuous with the central gas canal of rhizomorphs. Oxygen is conducted through the air pores and their associated rhizomorph gas canals into the oxygen electrode chamber with a conductivity averaging 679??68x10-12 m3s-1. The time averaged oxygen concentration data from the oxygen electrode chamber were used to compare three different air pore diffusion models. It was found that the widely used pseudo-steady-state model overestimated the oxygen conductivity. Finally, a model developed on the basis of fundamental transport equations was used to calculate oxygen diffusivities. This model gave a better comparison with the experimental data.

DNA-DNA hybridization experiments were used to examine the genetic variation that has accumulated with the North American Biological Species (NABS) of Armillaria. Forty strains including nine of the ten NABS and A. tabescens were used in this study. The normalized percent hybridization values ranged from 80%-100% similarity within a given biological species and ranged from 30%-85% among the biological species, The NPH data was summarized with UPGMA clustering analysis to give four main clustering groups, two were homogeneous and two were heterogeneous, The first included A. tabescens; the second included A. mellea; the third included A. calvescens, A. gallica, A. sinapina, NABS IX, and NABS X; the fourth included A. gemina and A. ostoyae. One cluster of two A. gallica strains shared greater similarity with NABS X than it had to four other conspecific strains, The NPH data and estimates of genome size (genetic complexity) was analyzed using a stoichiometric approach to calculate equivalents of homologous DNA and low copy repetition frequencies. Reciprocal NPH values did not predict relative genome size as expected, However, as the relative genome size increases, the equivalents of homologous DNA increases in the same proportion. This suggests that as an Armillaria genome increases in total complexity (novel sequences), certain ancestral sequences are duplicated in proportion the increase in total genetic complexity, This interpretation of the data is discussed with respect to interspecific hybridization, diploidy, and chromosomal evolution including alloploidy, aneuploidy, and chromosomal length polymorphisms.
Ph. D.

La premiere partie du travail a ete consacree a l'etude du systeme d'incompatibilite sexcuelle et du cycle caryologique des armillaires europeennes appartenant au groupe "mellea". Ont ete confirmees : le comportement heterothalle tetrapolaire, le caractere diploide du mycellium secondaire, et l'existence d'un stade dicaryotique transitoire pour les especes autres que a. Mellea sensu stricto. Nous avons etudie la signification nucleaire de la "semi-compatibilite" (qui aboutit a l'apparition d'un type particulier de diplonte) et du phenomene de buller. Une etude limitee de l'extension des alleles d'incompatibilite et des formules alleliques a egalement ete menee chez a. Obscura. L'obtention de carpophores in vitro chez a. Obscura pour tous les types de diplontes a permis de boucler in vitro le cycle de cette espece. Une etude de l'evolution nucleaire dans l'hymenium des carpophores obtenus in vitro et in natura a pu etre conduite. L'incompatibilite sexuelle constitue une methode d'identification specifique qui a ete confrontee avec 5 autres methodes dont trois sont nouvelles. L'application conjointe de ces methodes nous a permis de determiner plus de 400 isolats d'armillaire et de preciser le role biologique des especes presentes en france. Seules a. Mellea et a. Obscura sont des parasites agressifs, la premiere surtout sur vignes et en vergers, la seconde sur resineux. Enfin, quelques etudes visent a une meilleure distinction des especes ont ete conduites sur les armillaires d'amerique du nord, afrique, australie et nouvelle-zelande

Species in the genus Armillaria (Fr.:Fr.) Staude are major root pathogens of woody plants. A PCR-based technique was investigated aiming to develop a rapid and accurate method for identification of Armillaria species. Armillaria taxonomy has been extensively studied in Europe, North America and Australia. However, in Africa their taxonomy remains uncertain. A. mellea and A. heimii are the main species described. Morphological characteristics, somatic incompatibility, production of basidiomata in vitro, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), DNA profiles generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the intergenic spacer (lGS) regions of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene cluster and phylogenetic analyses were used for the characterization of Armillaria in Africa. Armillaria species were successfully differentiated using PCR-RFLP-based techniques. A new Armillaria species was found in tea plantations in Kenya with very distinct characteristics from A. heimii and A. mellea. High variability within A. heimii was observed. The possibility of this group being a complex of different species was investigated and it was concluded that it was only one species, A. heimii. The development of a suitable experimental system for the study of the pathogenicity of A. mellea, the behaviour and growth of Armillaria in different types of soils and in wood- and bark-chips were investigated. A successful experimental system was found to work with Armillaria. New methods to study the growth and spread of Armillaria in different substrates were successfully tested. There were no significant differences found in the growth and spread of A. mellea between wood- and bark-chips. However, the survival of A. mellea was more successful in deeper layers of wood-chip mulching. Mulching had no effect on the A. mellea infection process, and the risk of healthy plants being infected by colonised mulch was very low.

Resumo: A armilariose, doença causada por fungos do gênero Armillaria, é conhecida em várias partes do mundo, provocando a mortalidade de culturas agrícolas e florestais. Na região Sul do Brasil, essa doença tem causado a morte de árvores, principalmente em plantios de pínus, e a espécie associada à doença ainda não foi identificada. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visou caracterizar isolados de Armillaria coletados na região Sul do Brasil, por meio de marcadores morfológicos e moleculares (RAPD e sequenciamento de região ITS). Vinte e dois isolados de Armillaria sp. foram coletados de árvores doentes de pínus, pessegueiro e vassourinha-do-campo, nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. Os isolados foram cultivados em meio sólido BDA (batata, dextrose e ágar), a 22ºC, no escuro. As observações de micromorfologia do micélio foram feitas através de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura e demonstraram a presença de estruturas típicas do gênero. Os resultados do RAPD demonstraram haver ariabilidade entre os isolados. Os resultados das análises das sequências ITS demonstraram que os isolados procedentes da região Sul do Brasil formaram um único grupo filogenético, sugerindo se tratar de uma única espécie, a qual parece ser muito próxima das linhagens referências procedentes da Patagônia, as quais parecem se tratar da espécie A. montagnei, intimamente relacionada com a espécie A. luteobubalina.

Species in the genus Armillaria are Basidiomycete, white-rot fungi. A study was done to determine the speciation of southern Arizona field collections. A number of isolates were positively or tentatively identified as belonging to Armillaria intersterility groups I, III, IV, or X. Some isolates had negative mating reactions with all intersterility group testers. Temperature - growth rate studies were done, and other cultural characteristics described. Additional areas of research on the species of Armillaria in southern Arizona were suggested.

Le travail a porte sur une soixantaine d'isolats armillaria (basidiomycete phytopathogene) originaires de 15 pays d'afrique tropicale et responsables du pourridie-agaric sur diverses plantes ligneuses. Nous avions deux objectifs principaux : 1) preciser la taxonomie des armillaires africaines. L'etude taxonomique a fait appel a differentes methodes : utilisation de la compatibilite somatique, etudes morphologiques et morphogenetiques (rhizomorphogenese, carpogenese, morphologie des thalles in vitro), etude des reaction des isolats a la temperature. 2) etudier les phenomenes sexuels et etablir le cycle caryologique des entites taxonomiques mises en evidence dans la premiere partie. Nous sommes parvenue a une classification des isolats en quatre groupes, dont deux correspondent a des especes deja decrites et deux pourraient etre des especes nouvelles. Le systeme sexuel a pu etre determine seulement pour les deux especes principale : #* a heimii comprend a la fois des isolats homothalliques et d'autres heterothalliques bipolaires, ce dernier systeme sexuel etant jusqu'ici inconnu chez les armillaires. L'heterothallisme bipolaire chez l'espece a. Heimii est accompagne d'allelomorphie multiple sur l'unique locus a d'incompatibilite sexuelle. Le phenomene de buller a ete mis en evidence chez a. Heimii, les haplontes des isolats heterothalliques peuvent egalement etre diploidises par des diplontes homothalliques, ce qui confirme l'unicite de l'espece. Les evenements a l'origine de ce phenomene sont plus frequemment lies au remplacement des noyaux de l'haplonte par ceux du diplonte compatible, plus rarement a des recombinaisons entre les noyaux de l'haplonte et du diplonte. #* a. Mellea a montre de nombreuses similitudes avec la meme espece rencontree en zone temperee. La principale difference dans le fait que l'espece africaine est homothallique alors l'espece europeenne est heterothallique tetrapolaire. A. Mellea d'afrique et d'europe ont ete considerees comme deux sous-especes. Deux types de cycle caryologique ont pu etre proposes : un cycle diplobiontique chez les epseces a. Mellea et quelques isolats de l'espece a. Heimii et un cycle haplo-diplobiontique chez certains isolats de l'espece a. Heimii heterothalliques bipolaires correspondant au cycle realise chez les especes europeennes a. Mellea sensustricto (in natura et in vitro) et a. Ostoyae in vitro.

The focus of this dissertation is on the design and micro-fabrication of an all silicon gas chromatography column with a novel two dimensional resistive heater and on its integration with an ultra-low power Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) for fast separation and detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). The major limitations of the current MEMS-GC column are: direct bonding of silicon to silicon, and peak band broadening due to slow temperature programming. As part of this thesis, a new gold eutectic-fusion bonding technique is developed to improve the sealing of the column. Separation of BETX, alkane mixture and VOCs were demonstrated with the MEMS GC column. The time and power required to ramp and sustain the column’s temperature are very high for the current GC columns. To reduce the time required to separate the compounds, a new temperature gradient programming heating method was developed to generate temperature gradients along the length of the column. This novel heating method refocuses eluding bands and counteracts some of the chromatographic band spreading due to diffusion resulting in an improved separation performance. A low power TCD was packaged and tested in a GC by comparison against FID for the detection of a mixture of VOCs. It demonstrated low power operation of a few milliwatts and a very fast response. The MEMS-GC was also demonstrated for rapid detection of the VOC gases released by pathogenic species of Armillaria fungus.

Relationships between jack pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) and Armillaria root disease (Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink) were examined to determine how these two disease agents contribute to jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) decline and mortality in the Belair Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada. The incidence and extent of Armillaria root disease was strongly related to tree vigor. Dwarf mistletoe infection did not affect either the incidence of Armillaria or the mean percentage of root system colonization within vigorous, declining, and dead classes of trees. However, field observations and other analyses indicate that dwarf mistletoe was primary responsible for jack pine decline and mortality. In dwarf mistletoe mortality centers, Armillaria appeared to act opportunistically, extensively colonizing only the stressed trees. Analysis of distributions of percent Armillaria colonization revealed that rapid root system colonization occurred just prior to, or at the time of tree death.

Armillaria, or the 'honey fungus', is an edible basidiomycete that causes Armillaria root disease on numerous species in forests gardens and agricultural environments worldwide. Armillaria research has been hindered by several factors: the lack of a reliable in vitro fruiting system for heterothallic Armillaria mellea requiring reliance upon intermittently available wild-collected isolates, existing pathogenicity assays that are laborious, time-consuming and often conducted under variable conditions and limited availability of genetic tools. Furthermore, Armillaria is diploid and contains homothallic and heterothallic subspecies but the genetic mechanisms controlling the different heterothallic and homothallic lifestyles and ploidy in this genus are unknown.

Le polymorphisme de l'ADN ribosomal a été étudié en vue de caractériser les espèces d'Armillaires africaines et européennes. Le polymorphisme de taille de la région ITS couplé à la RFLP a permis de caractériser les trois espèces africaines et a permis de distinguer un isolat T7 non encore identifié au niveau de son système sexuel, comme appartenant vraisemblablement à A. Hemii hétérothallique. Les techniques PCR/RFLP, en conjonction avec le séquençage de la région ITS ont permis de caractériser sept espèces européennes. D'autre part, il a été établi que A. Cepistipes est très proche de A. Gallica et que A. Borealis est proche de A. Osioyae, Une hétérogénéité a été notée à l'intérieur de A. Cepistipes qui est par conséquent composée de plusieurs types. A. Ectypa, espèce localisée uniquement dans les tourbières est clairement différente des autres espèces. L'approche moléculaire associant PCR/RFLP et au séquençage semble être un outil prometteur pour analyser et identifier dans le milieu naturel un grand nombre d'espèces
Polymorphism of ribosomal DNA has been studied in order to characterize the African and European Armillaria species. Size polymorphism of the ITS region coupled with RFLP allowed characterising three African species, as well as the T7 isolate, which very likely belongs to the heterothallic A. Heimii species. PCR/RFLP techniques, used with sequencing of the ITS region allowed discriminating the seven European species. In addition, it has been shown that A. Cepistipes is closely related to A. Gallica and A. Borealis to A. Ostoyea. A. Cepistipes was found to be composed of several types. A. Ectypa which is exclusively found in peat bogs was clearly different from the ether species. Such molecular tools, combining PCR/RFLP and DNA sequencing appear as efficient and reliable to discriminante and identify a large number of Armillaria species in field conditions

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Celso Garcia Auer
Co-orientadores : Prof. Dr. Alvaro Figueiredo dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa: Curitiba, 29/08/2014
Inclui referências
Área de concentração : Silvicultura
Resumo: Especies do genero Armillaria causam doencas em raizes, em varias partes do mundo, promovendo a mortalidade de plantas em culturas agricolas e florestais. Na regiao Sul do Brasil, essa doenca tem causado a morte de arvores, especialmente em plantacoes de pinus. Assim, o presente trabalho visou caracterizar isolados de Armillaria sp. da regiao Sul do Brasil, por meio de caracteristicas morfologicas, fisiologicas e patogenicas, e induzir a producao de basidiomas a fim de auxiliar a identificacao da especie. Trinta isolados de Armillaria sp. provenientes dos estados do Parana, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul foram utilizados neste estudo. As observacoes da morfologia do micelio, rizomorfas e placa micelial foram feitas atraves de microscopias de luz e estereoscopica, em estruturas fungicas produzidas em meio solido BDA (extrato de batata-dextrose-agar), a 20 oC, no escuro, por 30 dias. Para analisar o crescimento in vitro e determinar a temperatura otima de crescimento, seis temperaturas (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 e 28 oC) foram testadas em meio liquido BD (extrato de batata-dextrose). Com o proposito de determinar a patogenicidade dos isolados, oitenta plantas envasadas de Pinus taeda foram inoculadas. A producao de basidiomas tambem foi testada in vitro. As analises morfologicas revelaram a presenca de estruturas tipicas do genero Armillaria, como grampos de conexao, septos e massas resinosas sobre a superficie de hifas. As analises tambem mostraram grande variacao na morfologia do micelio, mesmo dentro de um unico isolado. A morfologia das rizomorfas mostrou-se variavel de acordo com o ambiente. A temperatura media otima para o crescimento dos isolados de Armillaria foi de 17 oC. No teste de patogenicidade, somente uma planta de pinus foi morta (inoculada com o isolado A2) indicando a dificuldade em se induzir a doenca in vivo. Um basidioma foi produzido, demonstrando a possibilidade de frutificacao in vitro de isolados brasileiros de Armillaria, tratando-se do primeiro relato no Brasil. Palavras-chave: armilariose, basidioma, etiologia, fungo, patogeno, Pinus.
Abstract: Armillaria species cause root disease in various parts of the world, promoting the death of plants in agricultural and forest crops. In Southern Region of Brazil, this disease has caused the death of trees, mainly in the pine plantations. Thus, the present study has the objective to characterize isolates of Armillaria collected in Southern Brazil, through morphological, physiological and pathogenic aspects, and inducing basidiomes production aiming to identify the species. Thirty isolates of Armillaria sp. from the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul were used in this study. The observations of the morphology of the mycelium, rhizomorphs and mycelium fans were made through light microscopy and stereoscopic microscopy, in fungal structures produced on solid medium PDA (potato extract-dextrose-agar) at 20 °C in the dark, for 30 days. In order to analyze in vitro growth and to determine the optimal growth temperature, six different temperatures (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 °C) were tested in liquid medium PD (potato extract-dextrose). Concerning to determine the pathogenicity of isolates, eighty potted plants of Pinus taeda were inoculated. The production of basidiomes was also tested in vitro conditions. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of typical structures of the Armillaria genus, as clamp connection, septa and resinous masses on the surface of hyphae. The analysis also showed wide variation in hyphal morphology, even within a single isolate. Rhizomorphs morphology appeared variable depending on the environment. The optimum temperature for Armillaria isolates growth was 17 °C. In pathogenicity test, only a pine plant was killed (inoculated with isolate A2) indicating the difficulty to reproduce the disease in vivo. One basidiome was produced, demonstrating the possibility of in vitro fruiting of Brazilian Armillaria isolates, being the first report in Brazil. Keywords: Armillaria root rot, basidiome, etiology, fungus, pathogen, pine Title: Morphological, Physiological and Pathogenic Characterization of Armillaria isolates from the Southern Region of Brazil.

L'amillaire (Amillaria ostoyae) manifeste une activité pathogène vis-à-vis du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) extrêmement dommageable. Parmi les méthodes de lutte étudiées, la lutte biologique semble être applicable dans le massif forestier de Gascogne. Elle a fait l'objet de notre étude. L'activité antagoniste d'isolats de Trichoderma harzianum a été évaluée vis-à-vis de l'amillaire. Ceux-ci, montrant une certaine efficacité in vitro et in situ, n'assurent qu'une protection temporaire de jeunes pins dans un système d'inoculation contrôlée en pépinière. La recherche de champignons de l'ordre des basidiomycètes, lignivores et antagonistes a été entreprise au niveau du massif forestier. Une campagne de récolte a permis de récupérer divers isolats. Parmi ceux-ci, les basidiomycètes responsables de pourriture blanche manifestant une forte activité lignivore ont été retenus. Une méthode pour quantifier leur activité antagoniste in vitro a été mise au point puis appliquée à l'ensemble des isolats sélectionnés précédemment. Pour les plus efficaces, une étude de leur activité antagoniste en conditions semi-naturelles a été effectuée. Quatre basidiomycètes Bjerkandera adusta, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca et Hypholoma fasciculare peuvent coloniser le bois rapidement en conditions non stériles. De plus, ils sont capables d'éliminer l'inoculum d'amillaire présent dans la racine. Les phénomènes intervenant dans l'expression des activités antagonistes et lignivores ont été étudiés. La production d'enzymes, de toxines a été révélée lors de confrontations entre l'amillaire et différents basidiomycètes (Bjerkandera adusta, Coriolus versicolor, Gymnopilus spectabilis et Hypholoma fasciculare en milieu liquide. L'activité mycoparasite de certains de ces isolats vis-à-vis du pourridié a été démontrée. L'étude des activités enzymatiques impliquées dans la dégradation du bois de pin a été effectuée. Pour Bjerkandera adusta, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Hydrophoropsis aurantiaca et Hypholoma fasciculare, les systèmes ligninolytiques sont plus efficaces que ceux de l'amillaire. Le pourridié se caractérise par sa production en activité pectinase supérieure à celle observée chez les autres champignons
Amillaria exerts a powerful, pathogenic action against the maritime pine. Among control methods sudied, biological control seems to be appropriate for use in the forest massif of Gascony. This is the subject of the author's study. The antagonistic action of isolates of T. Harzianum on Amillaria were evaluated. The isolates demonstrating a certain efficaciousness in vitro and in situ provide only temporary protection of young pines in the contex of controlled inoculation in the nursery. The search for fungi of the order Basidiomycetes being wood-degrading and antogonistic was understaken on a forest-wide scale. Intensive collection allowed for obtaining diverse isolates. Among these the white not fungi which demonstrated considerable wood-degrading action were singled out. A method for quantifying antagonistic action in vitro was perfected then applied to the group of isolates previously selected. For the most efficacious among these, a study of their individual antagonistic action in semi-natural conditions was carried out. Four basidiomycetes Bjerkandera adusta, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Hygropsis aurantiaca and Hypholoma fasciculare are able to colonize wood rapidly under non sterile conditions. Additionally, they are capable of eliminating the amillaria inoculum present in the root. The various phenomena present in antagonistic and wood-degrading action were identified. The production of enzymes and of toxins was revealed when amillaria and the different basidiomycetes were paired in a liquid medium. The mycoparasitic action of certain isolates on the root not fungus was demonstrated. The study of enzymatic action inherent in the degradation of the wood was carried out. For B. Adusta ; G. Spectabilis, H. Fasciculare and H. Aurantiaca the lignolytic systems are lire efficacious than these of amillaria. The root bot fungus is characterized by a greater pectinase action than that of the other fungi

Etude comparative de : morphologie, morphogenese des rhizomorphes, spectres proteiques, reactions a : temperatures ph, substances diverses. Les 2 especes parasites dominent les 3 especes saprophytes, differences de pouvoir pathogene et specialisation d'hotes

La cartographie des clones d'armillaire, déterminés par l'incompatibilité somatique, a permis de définir la répartition spatiale des espèces Armillaria gallica, Armillaria cepistipes et Armillaria ostoyae, et de leurs clones, au niveau de quatre peuplements forestiers de montagne formant les maillons d'une chaîne écologique dans laquelle l'importance d'Armillaria ostoyae va croissant: deux hêtraies pures, une hêtraie enrésinée en sapin pectine et un jeune semis de pin sylvestre succédant à un peuplement mixte feuillus-pin. D’autres méthodes de définition des clones ont aussi pu être mises en oeuvre et comparées: l'utilisation des allèles d'incompatibilité sexuelle comme marqueurs génétiques et l'analyse de l'adn nucléaire par RAPD valident l'utilisation de l'incompatibilité somatique en routine. Les allèles d'incompatibilité sexuelle et l'analyse de l'adn mitochondrial apportent des renseignements supplémentaires sur la variabilité génétique et la filiation entre clones, alors que l'analyse des isoenzymes demande à être approfondie. La succession écologique des différentes espèces d'armillaire dans la hêtraie d'altitude enrésinée et la stratégie de colonisation d'Armillaria ostoyae dans une forêt de conifères, où cette espèce peut être pathogène, sont discutées

Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kile is a common and destructive primary pathogen in a number of plant species. The pathogen is widely distributed in the wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, and the coastal dune system in south-western Australia. The current study was conducted to _determine the nuclear behaviour during the life cycle and the spatial distribution of genotypes within disease centres. Basidiomes were collected from two disease centres: one in the coastal dune system; and the other from the Eucalyptus wandoo Blakey woodland. Monosporous isolates, putative diploid isolates and gill tissue were obtained from the basidiomes. Overall, 71 and 173 monosporous and diploid isolates, respectively, across the two sites. A preliminary study with streptomycin and lactic acid to enhance the recovery of non-contaminated basidiospores was conducted. In order to determine the ploidy and nuclear arrangement during different stages of the life cycle, the isolates and gill tissue were stained with orecein, 4', 6-diaminodino-phenylindol, phloxine or trypan blue. Additionally, mycelial interactions were utilised to describe the spatial distribution of genotypes at both disease centres by pairing haploid-haploid, diploid haploid and diploid-diploid. Additionally, the identity of the collected basidiomes were confirmed by interspecific pairings of vegetative isolates. The results of this investigation clearly demonstrate that the addition of streptomycin had no adverse effects on basidiospore gennination and was used successfully to isolate monosporous isolates. Additionally, 4°C was the optimum temperature for the long-term storage of viable spores. A. luteobubalina was shown to be amphithallic and to produce binucleate (8.45 %) and uninucleate (91.55 %) basidiospores. The results provide evidence that the variation in the nwnber of sterigmata between basidia is responsible for the incorporation of two nuclei within the basidiospores. The heterothallic life cycle of A luteobubalina begins with the germination of a haploid basidiospore to produce a haploid mycelium. The mating of two compatible monokaryotic isolates produce a vegetative diploid. The vegetative diploid persists until it undergoes a somatic nuclear reduction within the subhymenium, prior to basidium formation and subsequent basidiospore production. The mating interactions demonstrated that the Trigg disease centre is dominated by one diploid genotype, compared to 2 diploid genotypes at the Pykes road disease site. During the intraspecific pairing of monokaryotic and diploid isolates, 5 A and 6 B alleles were identified. The study demonstrates for the first time: the vegetative diploid stage in the secondary mycelia; a somatic haploidisation occurs within the basidia; and the pseudohomothallic behaviour of A. luteobubalina.

El síndrome de replante es consecuencia de una explotación continua y repetida del terreno en el que los problemas de estrés, principalmente de origen patogénico, juegan un papel importante. En los viñedos españoles, el hongo Armillaria mellea que produce la podredumbre blanca de raíz, está considerado como una de sus principales causas. Existen pocas medidas de control disponibles, puesto que no hay portainjertos comerciales que confieran resistencia frente a A. mellea, y la fumigación del suelo está prohibida en los suelos de los viñedos y es probablemente ineficaz. Por este motivo, el control biológico de la podredrumbre blanca es una alternativa a considerar.
Entre los grupos de microorganismos del suelo capaces de proteger a las plantas frente a patógenos se encuentran los hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (MA), que forman una simbiosis con la mayoría de las especies de interés agrícola. La importancia de esta simbiosis en la supervivencia y crecimiento de las plantas frente a patógenos de raíz ha sido previamente demostrada pero para avanzar en el estudio de la micorrización como sistema de control, es necesaria la implementación de nuevas técnicas tanto en campo, como en condiciones controladas en invernadero/umbráculo y en condiciones in vitro.
Los resultados obtenidos en dos suelos de replante, demuestran que la introducción de inóculo seleccionado puede producir beneficios a corto plazo en las vides. No obstante, es esencial realizar un estudio previo de las condiciones agronómicas antes de decidir la conveniencia de aplicar un inóculo micorrícico, y es igualmente importante adecuar el procedimiento de inoculación a cada situación para conseguir la máxima eficacia.
También las combinaciones de microorganismos (hongos antagonistas del género Trichoderma y hongos MA) como sistema de control se plantean como posible alternativa. Los resultados obtenidos en condiciones semicontroladas revelaron que la inoculación temprana de las plantas del portainjerto de vid 110 Richter con el hongo micorrícico Glomus intraradices y Trichoderma harzianum podía ayudar a controlar la podredumbre blanca de raíz en condiciones experimentales, aunque la elección de la cepa y su formulado es importante ya que la efectividad entre ellos puede variar.
En experimentos realizados en condiciones controladas, el mayor crecimiento vegetativo y menor avance de los síntomas de A. mellea en las plantas inoculadas con G. intraradices, indicó que las plantas micorrizadas son más tolerantes al patógeno. Las técnicas desarrolladas para el estudio de la respuesta fisiológica de las plantas a la inoculación con G. intraradices y/o con A. mellea mediante el análisis de los cambios en los niveles de hormonas y en los parámetros micromorfométricos demostraron ser adecuadas para la detección temprana de ambas infecciones. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que tanto las poliaminas como el ácido abscísico podrían estar implicadas en la señalización temprana de los procesos de incremento de tolerancia en las plantas micorrizadas frente al patógeno. Entre los parámetros micromorfométricos, la medida de contracción máxima diaria del sarmiento demostró ser eficaz para la detección temprana de los cambios en el estado hídrico de las plantas en respuesta a la colonización por G. intraradices y a la infección por A. mellea.
Por último, la puesta a punto de sistemas experimentales para estudiar la interacción y la evolución de la simbiosis y la infección patogénica in vitro, permitió observar un efecto de bioprotección de la micorriza frente a A. mellea a nivel de la planta, aunque el patógeno indujo un menor desarrollo de G. intraradices en su fase extraradical. Además, la detección de la excreción de enzimas hidrolíticas del A. mellea en medios de cultivos específicos permitió relacionarlas con el proceso de infección del patógeno y el desarrollo de síntomas en las plantas de los sistemas in vitro.
The grapevine replant disease is a consequence of continuous land exploitation and repeated cropping in which stress problems, mainly of pathological origin, play an important role. In Spanish vineyards the root rot fungus Armillaria mellea is considered the principal causal agent of replant disease.
Few control measures are available, as there are no commercial grapevine rootstocks conferring resistance against A. mellea, and soil fumigation is banned in vineyard soils. Alternative biological and cultural control methods are under study, and among them, the inoculation of grapevines with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could be a good alternative, as they are able to increase the tolerance against soil borne plant pathogens. However, in order to consider the inoculation with AMF as a control system against A. mellea, the symbiosis in grapevines had to be evaluated in the field, in greenhouse / shadowhouse and in vitro.
The results obtained in the field indicated that the inoculation with AMF can be beneficial for grapevines in replant soils. Nevertheless, a preliminary study of the agronomic situation is essential before considering the suitability of both AMF application and inoculation procedure.
In an experimental microplot set-up, the early inoculation of plants with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum contributed to control A. mellea, but the choice of the strain and its formulation proved to be important because the effectiveness may vary among them.
In the greenhouse, the techniques developed to study the physiological response of plants to inoculation with G. intraradices and/or with A. mellea demonstrated that the analysis of polyamine and abscisic acid levels and of micromorphometric parameters are suitable tools to detect the early response of plants to both microorganisms. The slower development of pathogenic symptoms and the greater biomass in mycorrhizal plants inoculated with A. mellea, indicate that plants inoculated with G. intraradices are more tolerant to the pathogen than non mycorrhizal plants.
Finally, an in vitro autotrophic culture system developed for grapevine plants allowed to observe the development of the mycorrhizal symbiosis and of the pathogenic infection, and a bioprotection effect of the mycorrhizal fungus against A. mellea was confirmed.

El decaïment de l'avet (Abies alba) va començar als anys 90 als Pirineus espanyols sense una
causa clara que l'expliqués. Les condicions climàtiques de la darrera part del segle XX semblen estar associades al començament d'aquest fenomen. Paral·lelament als processos de decaïment, apareixen nombroses alertes de plagues i patògens que afecten aquests boscos, fet que fa necessari conèixer la relació entre aquests agents biòtics i l'actual decaïment. Els Pirineus han estat utilitzats per l'home durant segles; la gestió i la dinàmica dels Pirineus, han de ser també considerats quan es pretén i) entendre si les condicions ambientals, la gestió i la dinàmica forestal estan associades a l'actual decaïment de l'avet, parant especial atenció al paper que determinats patògens com ara Viscum àlbum, Armillaria, Heterobasidion annosum i Melampsorella caryophyllacearum puguin tenir en el procés, mitjançant; ii) l'estudi de la seva epidemiologia i la identificació de quina és la gestió associada a la seva incidència i severitat.
Es van mesurar 29 parcel·les escollides a l'atzar en avetoses dels Pirineus. A cada una de les parcel·les es va mesurar el decaïment dels arbres i la presència de patògens o plagues. Es va
mesurar, també, la incidència d'Armillaria i H.annosum a l'interior dels arbres, mitjançant el cultiu de cilindres de fusta extrets de l'interior del tronc. Es va mesurar la presència de patògens a les soques i als arbres morts. Les soques i els arbres morts van ser utilitzats per estimar la composició d'espècies arbòries que hi havia en un passat. Es van mesurar 42 variables per tal de descriure els arbres, les condicions ambientals i la gestió que s'havia dut a terme en cada una de les parcel·les. Es van recollir mostres d' Armillaria i H. annosum, es van cultivar i es van identificar mitjançant tècniques moleculars d'anàlisi de l'ADN. Per examinar algunes de les hipòtesis plantejades va ser necessari emprar models mixtos no lineals a causa de la falta de normalitat i de la correlació espacial de les dades. Un 15% i un 10% dels avets dels Pirineus estaven defoliats i cloròtics, respectivament. Els arbres de l'estrat dominant eren els que presentaven més decaïment. Cap característica de la massa es va trobar associada al decaïment dels arbres. Es va observar que l'avet havia augmentat la seva àrea basimétrica en els últims anys i que els pins (Pinus sylvestris i P. uncinata) n'havien perdut. Les pèrdues d'àrea basimétrica de l'avet van ser, en la majoria dels casos, degudes a augments d'àrea basimétrica de faig (Fagus sylvatica); aquest fet es va trobar associat a la presència de danys sobre la regeneració d'avet produïts per ungulats. La presència de V. album es va veure associada a la mortalitat i al decaïment de l'avet. En boscos purs es va observar que V. album s'havia dispersat fàcilment entre i dins dels arbres, però en masses mixtes la dispersió de V. album semblava significativament reduïda. H. abietinum va ser identificat als Pirineus i la seva severitat a les soques era més alta en aquells boscos on les tallades havien afectat un major percentatge d'avet respecte a altres espècies forestals. La presència de H. abietinum es va veure associada amb la presència de V. album. La mortalitat d'avet era més gran quan els dos patògens apareixien junts. El rovell M. caryphyllacearum es va trobar associat al decaïment de l'avet. Aquest és un fong comú als Pirineus i la seva severitat era més alta en masses amb una major presència de plantes tolerants a l'ombra al sotabosc. A. cepistipes és l'espècie del gènere Armillaria més freqüent a les avetoses. A. ostoyae es va trobar més freqüentment en masses situades a major altitud, i on l'avet estava colonitzant més ràpidament altres tipus de bosc. El decaïment de l'avet és relativament baix i és més evident en els arbres dominants de la massa, cosa que suggereix que es podria tractar d'aquells arbres deixats després de les tallades com a arbres de llavor. V. album sembla ser el patogen amb un paper més important en el decaïment de l'avet. La seva severitat podria estar associada a l'augment de la temperatura als Pirineus i podria haver estat afavorida per la presencia de H. abietinum. Armillaria sembla tenir un paper notable en la dinàmica dels boscos de pi i avet. M. caryophyllacearum sembla trobar unes millors condicions per infectar avets en masses tancades que en masses obertes. Un augment de la sequera als Pirineus sembla que ha incitat
el decaïment de les avetoses. La gestió sembla que en general ha afavorit l'avet, però podria haver predisposat determinats arbres a decaure. L'augment de la diversitat d'espècies i la reducció de la competència s'haurien d'examinar com a possibles tècniques per augmentar la salut d'aquests boscos.
El decaimiento del abeto (Abies alba) empezó en los años 90 en los Pirineos sin una causa clara que lo explicara. Las condiciones climáticas de la última parte del siglo XX parecen asociadas al comienzo de este proceso. Paralelamente al proceso de decaimiento aparecieron numerosas alertas de plagas y patógenos que estaban afectando estos bosques. Los Pirineos han sido usados durante siglos por el hombre, la gestión y la dinámica de estos debe ser tenida en cuenta cuando se pretende i) entender si las condiciones ambientales, la gestión y la dinámica forestal están asociadas al presente decaimiento del abeto, haciendo hincapié en el papel que determinados patógenos como Viscum album, Armillaria, Heterobasidion annosum y Melampsorella caryophyllacearum podrían tener en el proceso, mediante ii) el estudio de su epidemiología y mediante la identificación de cual es la gestión asociada a su incidencia y severidad. Se midieron 29 parcelas escogidas al azar en abetales del Pirineo. En cada una de las parcelas se midieron los síntomas de decaimiento y la presencia de signos y síntomas de ataques de plagas y patógenos en todos los árboles vivos. Se midió también la presencia de Armillaria y H. annosum mediante el cultivo de cilindros de madera extraídos del interior del tronco. Se midió la presencia de patógenos y plagas en árboles muertos y tocones. Los árboles muertos y los tocones se usaron para estimar la composición de especies arbóreas que tenían las parcelas en el pasado. Se midieron 42 variables para describir los árboles, las condiciones ambientales y la gestión que se había practicado en las parcelas. Se recogieron muestras de Armillaria y H. annosum, se cultivaron y se identificaron mediante técnicas moleculares de análisis del ADN. En ciertos casos fue necesario usar modelos mixtos no lineales, debido a la falta de normalidad y a la correlación espacial de los datos. Un 15% y un 10% de los abetos del Pirineo fueron considerados defoliados y cloróticos, respectivamente. Los árboles del estrato dominante fueron aquellos que mostraron un mayor decaimiento. Ninguna característica de masa se vio asociada al decaimiento de los árboles. Se observó que el abeto había aumentado su área basimétrica en los últimos años, y que la de los pinos (Pinus sylvestris y P. uncinata) había disminuido. Las perdidas de área basimétrica del abeto se debieron en la mayoría de los casos a un aumento de área basimétrica del haya (Fagus sylvatica), este hecho se vio también asociado a la presencia de daños sobre la regeneración de abeto producidos por ungulados. La presencia de V. album se encontró asociada al decaimiento y a la mortalidad del abeto. En masas puras se vio que V. album se había dispersado fácilmente entre y dentro de los árboles, pero en masas mixtas esta dispersión se había visto significativamente reducida. H. abietinum fue identificado en los Pirineos y su severidad era mayor en aquellos bosques donde las cortas habían afectado a un mayor porcentaje de abeto respecto a otras especies forestales. La presencia de H. abietinum se vio asociada a la presencia de V. album y la mortalidad de abeto fue mayor donde ambos patógenos ocurrían juntos. La roya M. caryophyllacearum se vio asociada al decaimiento del abeto. Este hongo pareció ser común en los Pirineos, pero su severidad era más alta en aquellas masas con un sotobosque con un mayor porcentaje de plantas tolerantes a la sombra. A. cepistipes fue la especie del género Armillaria más frecuente en los abetales. A. ostoyae se observó más frecuentemente en masas situadas a mayor altitud, y en aquellas en las que el abeto estaba colonizando más rápidamente otros tipos de bosque.
El decaimiento del abeto es relativamente bajo en los Pirineos, afecta a los árboles dominantes
de la masa, lo que sugiere que podría tratarse de aquellos árboles dejados después de las cortas como árboles de semilla. V. album parece el patógeno con un papel más importante en el decaimiento del abeto. Su severidad podría estar asociada al aumento de temperatura registrado en los Pirineos, y podría haber estado favorecida por la presencia de H. abietinum. Armillaria parece tener un papel notable en la dinámica de los bosques de pino y abeto, y podría estar asociada al aumento de F. sylvatica observado en los abetales. M. caryophyllacearum parece encontrar mejores condiciones para infectar el abeto en masas cerradas que en masas abiertas. El aumento de la sequía registrado en el Pirineo parece que ha incitado el decaimiento en el Pirineo. La gestión en general ha favorecido al abeto, sin embargo podría haber predispuesto a determinados árboles a decaer. El aumento de la diversidad de especies así como una reducción de la competencia deberían examinarse como posibles técnicas para aumentar la salud de estas masas.
Silver fir (Abies alba) decline was reported in the 1990s in the Spanish Pyrenees without a clear
explanation of its occurrence. Climatic conditions of the last part of the 20th century seem associated with the onset of the decline. In parallel with the decline process numerous reports of high incidences of pest and pathogen appeared making necessary to understand the role of the biotic factors in this process. Pyrenean forests have been used for centuries by humans, the role of management and the dynamics of this forests should also be considered when aiming to i) elucidate whether the environmental conditions, the management and the forest dynamics are associated to the fir decline in the Spanish Pyrenees, paying special attention to the role of the critical pathogens Viscum album, Armillaria, Heterobasidion annosum and Melampsorella caryophyllacearum, by means of ii) studying their epidemiology and to identify the management practices that are associated to their incidence and severity. Twenty nine randomly selected stands were measured throughout the Pyrenees. In each stand all living trees were observed for symptoms of decline and for pathogen evidences. Armillaria and H. annosum incidence in living trees was also assessed by culturing inner wood cores. Stumps and dead trees were observed for the presence of pathogen signs, and were used for assessing the past species composition of present fir stands. Up to 42 variables were measured describing the trees characteristics and the environmental conditions and the management practised in the stands. Armillaria and H. annosum samples were collected, cultured and afterwards typed by molecular techniques. Hypotheses were often tested by means of non-linear mixed models due to the lack of normality and the spatial correlation of the data. Defoliation and chlorosis were observed in 15% and 10% of trees respectively. Decline symptoms appeared more often in the dominant layer trees. No stand variables seemed associated with the decline. Silver fir basal area increases were observed coupled with pines (Pinus sylvestris and P. uncinata) basal area losses. Fir losses were mostly due to beech (Fagus sylvatica) colonisations and correlated with ungulate browsing of fir seedlings. V. album correlated with both decline and mortality of fir. V. album was found spreading easily between and within trees in pure fir stands, whilst in mixed stands seemed to find significant difficulties of spread. H. abietinum was identified in the Pyrenees and its severity on stumps was higher where cuttings had focussed more in silver fir than in other tree species. H. abietinum presence related with V. album presence and the silver fir mortality was higher
where both species appeared together. M. caryophyllacearum was also found associated to fir decline. This rust fungus was frequent in Pyrenees and its severity appeared associated with the presence of shade tolerant plants in the understory of the stands. A. cepistipes was the most frequent Armillaria species in silver fir stands. A. ostoyae was more frequent in higher elevations and related to the increase of silver fir against other tree species. Silver fir decline incidence is relatively low and is more evident on dominant trees. Their characteristics suggest that they were those left after cuttings. V. album was the most likely pathogen implied in the decline of silver fir. Its severity could associate to the warming conditions of Pyrenees, and might be enhanced by the presence of H. abietinum in the stands. Armillaria seems to play a role in the dynamics of silver fir-pine forests. M. caryophyllacearum infection could find better infection chance in thick than in open stands. Aridity conditions of the second half of the 20th century seem to have incited the onset of decline. Management practices seem to have favoured silver fir in the Pyrenees, but also might have predisposed some trees to decline.
Altogether, either the promotion of mixed stands or the reduction of the competition could be
tested to improve the health of these forests.

Le Goladīpikā (L’illumination de la sphère) est un traité composé par Parameśvara. Il existe deux versions de ce texte : l’une a été éditée avec une traduction anglaise et l’autre n’est qu’une édition utilisant trois manuscrits. Cette thèse donne une nouvelle édition de la deuxième version en utilisant onze manuscrits dont un commentaire anonyme nouvellement trouvé. Elle se compose aussi d’une traduction anglaise et de notes explicatives. Pour l’essentiel, le Goladīpikā est une collection de procédures pour déterminer la position des objets célestes. Cette thèse décrit les outils mathématiques qui sont utilisées dans ces procédures, en particulier les Règles de trois, et discute de la manière dont Parameśvarales fonde. Il y a une description d’une sphère armillaire au début du Goladīpikā. Donc ce doctorat examine aussi comment cet instrument a pu être utilisé pour expliquer ces procédures. Ce travail tente aussi de positionner le Goladīpikā au sein du corpus des oeuvres Parameśvara et d’autres auteurs
The Goladīpikā (Illumination of the sphere) is a Sanskrit treatise by Parameśvara, which is extant in two distinctly different versions. One of them has been edited with an English translation and the other has only an edition using three manuscripts. This dissertation presents a new edition of the latter version using eleven manuscripts, addinga newly found anonymous commentary. It further consists of an English translation of the base text and the commentary as well as explanatory notes. The main content of the Goladīpikā is a collection of procedures to ind the positions of celestial objects in the sky. This dissertation highlights the mathematical tools used in these procedures, notably Rules of Three, and discusses how the author Parameśvara could have grounded the steps. There is a description of an armillary sphere at the beginning of the Goladīpikā, and the dissertation also examines how this instrument could have been involved in explaining the procedures. In the course of these arguments, the dissertation also attempts to position the Goladīpikā among the corpus of Parameśvara’s text as well as in relation to other authors

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-06-15T14:58:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius de Oliveira Cardoso.pdf: 848877 bytes, checksum: fe763aa5d3e08d692e2c53a7d7bb14cb (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T14:58:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius de Oliveira Cardoso.pdf: 848877 bytes, checksum: fe763aa5d3e08d692e2c53a7d7bb14cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-02
The skeletal muscle cells are constant target for damage the exercise, direct trauma, inflammatory processes, among others. In order to contain or reset the loss of muscle mass, begins a highly organized repair process with activation, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. The use of phototherapy resources that can promote faster and efficient repair as the Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has shown good results in the regeneration of skeletal muscle. The use of herbal medicines has also been described in the literature and has shown promising results with regard to tissue repair. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with LED on cell viability, Nitric Oxide (NO) synthesis and total protein dosage in C2C12 muscle cells cultured with Melaleuca armillaris extract in differentiation medium. We analyzed eight experimental groups: (1) Control C2C12; (2) LED 0,2J; (3) LED 2,0J; (4) LED 4,0J; (5) 1% Melaleuca; (6) Melaleuca 1% + LED 0,2J; (7) Melaleuca 1% + LED 2,0J; (8) Melaleuca 1% + LED 4,0J. Cells received Melaleuca extract at a concentration of 1.0% (v/v) and were irradiated with infrared LED (850nm, 30mW power for 7, 67 and 134 seconds at full power 0,2J, and 2,0J 4,0J, respectively) according to the group. Cell viability was assessed by MTT method, the synthesis of NO by the Griess method and total protein determination was performed using the Bradford method after periods of 1, 2 and 3 days of incubation. The results showed that cell viability increased TLED the three periods energies and tested without changing the total concentration of protein and NO. Since the herbal remedy promoted a significant reduction in cell viability compared to control small a reduction in the dosage of NO after 24 hours and no change in the protein assay. However, the combined use of the two resources, the energy value of 0.2 and showed viability 2,0J, NO and protein similar to the group treated only with 1% Melaleuca a tendency to increase in these levels in the group irradiated with 2,0J energy. However, the group associated 4,0J showed a growth recovery in cell viability in the three periods analyzed and behavior similar to nitric oxide and total protein compared to the control. In conclusion, the TLED positively modulated the proliferation of C2C12 cells without deterioration in nitric oxide synthesis and total protein, while incubation with associated or not to TLED Melaleuca needs more specific analyzes to elucidate their contribution in this context.
As células do músculo esquelético sofrem constantes lesões provocadas por exercício, traumas diretos, processos inflamatórios entre outros. A fim de conter ou repor a perda de massa muscular, inicia-se um processo de reparo altamente organizado com ativação, proliferação e diferenciação das células satélites. A utilização de recursos fototerápicos que possam promover um reparo mais rápido e eficiente como o Laser de Baixa Potência (LBP) tem apresentado bons resultados na regeneração do músculo esquelético. O uso de fitoterápicos também tem sido descrito na literatura e tem evidenciado resultados promissores no que diz respeito ao reparo tecidual. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com LED sobre a viabilidade celular, síntese de Óxido Nítrico (NO) e dosagem total de proteínas em células musculares C2C12 cultivadas com extrato de Melaleuca armillaris em meio de diferenciação. Foram analisados 8 grupos experimentais, sendo: (1) Controle C2C12; (2) LED 0,2J; (3) LED 2,0J; (4) LED 4,0J; (5) Melaleuca 1%; (6) Melaleuca 1%+LED 0,2J; (7) Melaleuca 1%+LED 2,0J; (8) Melaleuca 1%+LED 4,0J. As células receberam extrato de Melaleuca na concentração de 1,0% (v/v) e foram irradiadas com LED Infravermelho (850nm, potência de 30mW) por 7, 67 e 134 segundos, com energia total de 0,2J, 2,0J e 4,0J, respectivamente de acordo com o grupo. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelo método de MTT, a síntese de NO pelo método de Griess e a dosagem total de proteínas foi feita utilizando o método de Bradford após os períodos de 1, 2 e 3 dias de incubação. Os resultados demonstraram que a TLED aumentou a viabilidade celular nas três energias e períodos testados sem alterar a concentração de proteína total e NO. Já o recurso fitoterápico promoveu uma grande redução da viabilidade celular comparada ao controle, pequena redução na dosagem de NO após 24h e nenhuma alteração na dosagem de proteína. Contudo, o uso associado dos dois recursos, na energia de 0,2 e 2,0J apresentaram valor de viabilidade, NO e proteína semelhante ao grupo tratado somente com Melaleuca 1% com uma tendência no aumento destes níveis no grupo irradiado com 2,0J de energia. Entretanto, o grupo 4,0J associado evidenciou uma retomada de crescimento na viabilidade celular nos três períodos analisados e comportamento semelhante para óxido nítrico e proteína total comparados ao controle. Em conclusão, o TLED modulou positivamente a proliferação das células C2C12 sem apresentar alterações na síntese de óxido nítrico e proteína total, enquanto que a incubação com Melaleuca associada ou não ao TLED necessita de análises mais específicas para elucidar sua contribuição neste contexto.

By examining five types of astronomical and celestial phenomena—comets, constellations, the zodiac, planets, and the music of the spheres—this thesis posits not only that early modern dramatists were influenced by established and emerging natural philosophy as habits of thought that manifested in their writing, but also that astronomical phenomena operate within the drama, performance, and in the theatre as elements for creating and developing a distinctly spatial dramaturgy. Using theories from the spatial turn, this thesis maps the positions, edges, disturbances, and motions of celestial properties within the imaginary and physical space of early modern drama and theatre. It argues that the case study plays examined within this thesis demonstrate a period-wide engagement, rather than an authorial-, company-, theatre-, or even genre-specific practice. Dramatists developed techniques using astronomical phenomena as dramatic methods that occasionally underscored early modern astronomical thought. However, in many cases constructed plots, characters, visual and sound effects, and movements transgressed astronomical expectations. Dramatists broke down constellations, inserted new stars in the heavens, created zodiacal females, launched pyrotechnical comets, moved planets unexpectedly across the stage, and played (and refrained from playing) celestial "music" for the audience. Recognising composite and often contradictory astronomical constructions within the drama, this thesis moves the critical discussion away from an intellectual history of natural philosophy and gravitates toward an active astronomical dramaturgy.

Dans la forêt de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) des Landes de Gascogne (sud-ouest de France), la mortalité des pins causée par le champignon pourridié Armillaria ostoyae (Basidiomycète) a augmenté au cours des 30 dernières années. Les premiers cas de cette maladie ont été signalés quelques années après un changement majeur dans l'utilisation des terres, qui a eu lieu dans cette région suite au remplacement des landes et marais d'origine par une forêt plantée et gérée da façon intensive. Notre objectif était de comprendre les facteurs à l'origine de cette maladie émergente. Pour cela, nous avons étudié la distribution spatiale des dommages causés par le pathogène en relation avec des facteurs historiques, estimé la variabilité des traits fongiques liés au parasitisme et saprophytisme, et étudié l'histoire démographique d'A. ostoyae. La répartition actuelle de la mortalité induite par A. ostoyae est apparue dépendre de la présence des forêts préexistantes, ce qui suggère qu'A. ostoyae était fréquent dans ces zones forestières anciennes, qui ont agi comme un réservoir pour la colonisation des forêts plantées récentes. La production de rhizomorphes était significativement corrélée avec la virulence, suggérant que ce trait joue un rôle important dans le stade parasitaire d'A. ostoyae. Aucune relation significative entre le parasitisme et saprophytisme n'a été détectée, suggérant une absence de compromis évolutif entre ces traits. Enfin, le meilleur scénario démographique pour expliquer la structure de la population d'A. ostoyae dans la forêt des Landes est un scénario en deux étapes : il y aurait eu d'abord une diminution puis une expansion de la population fongique, qui semblait suivre la dynamique de la population d'hôtes. Le temps de génération d’A. ostoyae a été estimé entre 10 et 20 ans
In the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forest of the Landes de Gascogne (south-western France), pine mortality due to the root rot fungus Armillaria ostoyae (Basidiomycete) has been increasing over the last 30 years. The first cases of this disease were reported a few years after a major change in land use which occurred in this region following the replacement of original moors by an intensively managed planted forest. Our aim was to understand the factors driving this disease emergence. For this, we investigated the spatial distribution of pathogen damage related to historical factors, estimated the variation in fungal traits related to parasitism and saprophytism and investigated the demographic history of A. ostoyae. The current distribution of A. ostoyae mortality appeared depending on the pre-existing forests, suggesting that A. ostoyae was commonly distributed in pre-existing forest areas which acted as a reservoir for the colonization of recent planted forests. The rhizomorphs production was significantly correlated with virulence, suggesting that this trait plays an important role in the parasitic stage of A. ostoyae, but no significant relationship between parasitism and saprophytism components was detected, which may suggest that there is no trade-off between these traits. Finally, the best demographic scenario to explain A. ostoyae population structure in the Landes forest is a two step scenario: there was first a decrease and then an expansion in the fungal population, which appeared to follow the dynamics of the host population. The generation time of A. ostoyae was estimated between 10 and 20 years

There are many health issues surrounding Alberta’s forests today and for the future. Health impacts of diseases, pests and climate change are currently being predicted in order to implement new management ideas and solutions, and identify specific research needs. This study examines state of the art knowledge on the current impacts of Armillaria root disease (ARD) (Armillaria spp.) in Alberta’s boreal forest region. It also assesses the biology and structure of the disease within this region to predict the extent to which the boreal forest may be impacted. In the next 50 years, both Armillaria ostoyae (Romag.) Herink and Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessureault will become more of a problem, due to climate change and the current mature state of Alberta’s forests. A. sinapina, as a less-pathogenic but more opportunistic species, is predicted to be more prevalent that A. ostoyae, since the former will flourish when there are environmental stresses. Management practices will require research and evaluation of the use of alternative native tree species that have a higher resistance to the Armillaria species within Alberta and the impacts of such alternatives to the forestry industry and community structure. Future research is also essential to determine if one promising biological control agent and fungus, Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex. Fr.), will be a viable and cost effective method to control Armillaria species within Alberta.

Mycoviruses are widespread among the fungi. Most mycoviruses reported have dsRNA genomes. The first mycovirus was found in the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Mycoviruses do not have an extracellular phase of their life cycle and are transmitted only by intracellular routes. Many mycoviruses reveal no apparent effect on their hosts. The genus Armillaria represents economically important edible fungal pathogens causing root rot in conifers and broadleaves trees. From this viewpoint, genus Armillaria presents an important subject of research studies. In this study we tried to find evidence for the presence of RNA elements in the respective genus. Total amount of collected strains was 52. CF-11 method for nuclei acids extraction was applied to 40 strains. The method is based on the affinity of cellulose powder for nuclei acids and specifically, the adsorption of dsRNA at ethanol concentrations of 15%. According to our results, there is no evidence for dsRNA elements occurence in the tested strains. The study was also focused on basic characterization of physiology of isolates, esp. to optimum growth conditions on agar plates and milled straw as well as on rhizomorph formation and fructification. No effect of pH changes and addition of various alcohols on rhizomorph formation was found, while primordia...

Armillaria spp. are important root pathogens that cause considerable plant mortality throughout the world. The nomeclatural and taxonomic placement of the genus has been intensely debated for a long time. Early identification relied exclusively on mating tests and morphological similarities. The introduction of DNA and protein based methods has greatly increased the understanding of the phylogeny of Armillaria species. The literature surrounding Armillaria, Armillaria root disease, characters that are distinct to Armillaria, means of disease spread and techniques that have been used to identify Armillaria spp. are considered in this thesis. The controversy surrounding the proper genus name and which species should be included in the genus is also discussed. In this study a collection of isolates obtained from Zimbabwean plantations are characterized. IGS-1 sequence data and AFLP data grouped these isolates into four groups while RFLP data separated them into five groups. One group has been tentatively identified as A. fuscipes whilst the remaining ones have not been described due to scarcity of basidiocarps in the field. A broad selection of Armillaria spp. representing most of the known species were characterized using EF 1-a DNA sequences and pectic enzymes. Isolates from the Southern Hemisphere were clearly separate from those originating in the Northern Hemisphere. Within these two large clades, isolates formed subclades indicating their relatedness. Both techniques confirm relationships between species reported previously using other techniques. This is however the first study that presents the molecular phylogeny of Armillaria based on a single copy protein coding gene. The identification techniques used in this study were valuable for species characterisation. Absence of fruiting bodies however, made morphological classification impossible. The results of this thesis should be useful in the process of developing future disease management strategies for Armillaria root rot in Zimbabwe.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Genetics
Unrestricted