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1
Gibson, J. W. "Becoming The Armed Man." Public Culture 4, no. 1 (October 1, 1991): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08992363-4-1-71.
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Jiang, Jin Gang, Ze Xu Tang, Peng Jie Li, Wen Hua Xu, Xue Fei Wang, Jian Tao Li, and Yun Feng Liu. "Structural Design of Assisted Washing-Hand Device for a One-Armed Man Using TRIZ Theory." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.675.
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Aiming to the difficulty of washing-hand for a one-armed man, functional requirements of washing-hand for a one-armed man is analyzed, and TRIZ theory is described in detail. A novel conceptual assisted washing-hand device for a one-armed man is put forward in this paper. Innovative problems of the assisted washing-hand device design were solved based on contradiction conflict matrix theory and material field theory of TRIZ. The whole three-dimensional model of assisted washing-hand device is built. TRIZ theory can provide the reference basis for structural design of assisted washing-hand device for a one-armed man.
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Thetenkov, Nikolai, and Mikhail Openkov. "Historical Understanding of Man-Made Civilization." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 7-2 (July 1, 2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202107statyi65.
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The intensive informatization of modern culture is due to certain reasons. It is a means of balancing those factors that pose a threat to human existence. With the help of widely implemented information technologies, society is trying to prevent global disasters that are the result of uncontrolled human activity. But even the intensive informatization of culture does not protect it from the destructive actions of modern man, “armed” with modern technical means and the latest technologies.
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Kessler, Raymond G., and Stephen P. Halbrook. "That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 77, no. 1 (1986): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143603.
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Calvo, Thomas, Emmanuelle Lavallée, Mireille Razafindrakoto, and François Roubaud. "Fear Not For Man? Armed conflict and social capital in Mali." Journal of Comparative Economics 48, no. 2 (June 2020): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.11.005.
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Pyrykov, Oleksiy V., Sergiy M. Chumachenko, and Yevhenii O. Yakovliev. "Geoinformation system approach to the analysis of the impact of armed conflicts on the ecological condition of the environment." Environmental safety and natural resources 41, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.1.5-17.
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The article considers the experience of solving problems in assessing the impact of armed conflict on the environment. An analysis of international approaches implemented in the framework of relevant UN resolutions to prevent critical changes in environmental parameters caused by direct and indirect effects of armed conflict. The analysis showed that in the conditions of the armed conflict on the territory of Donbass unbalanced military natural-technogenic geosystem MNTGS was formed, which is characterized by destruction and pollution of soils, deterioration of biodiversity, destruction of potentially dangerous objects due to fires and active hostilities. In addition, the decommissioning and flooding of a large number of coal mines increases the environmental and man-made impact of MNTGS on the natural environment and safety of life. Taking into account the above, the article presents the main results of the development of a generalized model for assessing the impact of factors of armed conflict on all components of the environment. Suggested to intensify environmental monitoring of the areas of the armed conflict and increase its information content through the use of GIS, remote sensing and mathematical modeling technologies; organize measures to increase the resilience and accelerate the restoration of critical infrastructure networks in Donbass; to begin research of the newest ecological-technogenic and ecological-resource factors of military-technogenic threats in Europe's largest man-made coal region.
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Hendree, Paula K., and Sandra D. Nicks. "Perceptions of Violent Crimes in Relation to Sex of Perpetrator." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.485.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between criminal behavior and perceived sex of the perpetrator. Participants (26 men and 44 women) reviewed scenarios depicting an armed robbery and a child's murder. 98% of the respondents attributed the armed robbery to a man, whereas an equal number attributed the child's murder to both a man and a woman. The respondents also ascribed the man's behavior to internal characteristics, whereas the woman's criminal behavior was attributed to external situations or to mental illness. These findings are in accord with current sex stereotypes.
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Tsiorupa, Mikhailo. "HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN THE AREA OF ARMED CONFLICTS: HOPE OF A MAN, “WHO SUFFERS EXCESSIVELLY”." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 29 (2021): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.27.
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The title of the article includes the abstract of Albert Camus‘s sad reflections on the relevant for nowadays programmatic work‖ The plague‖ concerning the uselessness of mankind‘s multiple efforts to solve socalled «eternal problems»: disasters of lethal illnesses, social evil of dictatorships and wars. We attribute the problem of extreme sufferings in the times of warfare conflict to the list. It was not for nothing, as doctor Rieux stated, Camus did not answer the question about what a person who extremely suffers should expect and left the future generation to address the problem. Philosophy, according to the ancient authors, starts with reflections on sufferings, although the European tradition, as the French Researcher E. Roudinesco points out in her work «Philosophy in turbulent times» starts with rather late turning to hardships. That influenced to fact that the problem of armed conflicts humanization was mainly solved on the political and legal level along with Geneva conventions in 1949, while the texts of P. Kurtz‘s Humanitarian manifests did not refer to the state of humanitarian crises in warfare armed conflicts. The spreading of armed conflicts in nearly all parts of the world with no regard to pandemics and climate crises is causing more and more severe sufferings the thoughts of which an ordinary person hides in the «remote part» of their mind while mass media focus on battlefield actions and interesting events at negotiating tables. Armed conflicts are involving bigger and bigger percentage of civil people (over 90% now) including about 400 million children who suffer extremely from harassment of human nature unseen before. «We are not treated as humans», mentioned grievously a Tigrayan woman from Ethiopian region where an armed suppression of separatist movement is taking place. We believe that the pivotal issue of relieving inevitable sufferings must include cherishing humanity in individuals rather than material humanitarian assistance in spite of its importance and being measured in tons of food. It is also essential to focus on ideological, philosophical, and moral principles of humanitarian movements‘ activities, as well as on humanitarian techniques and examples of «Righteous among the Nations» characters in order to avoid transition from humanitarian crises to disasters. The concept of the suggested solution of the problem implies resorting to the necessity of adhering to fundamental policies of preventing the transition from humanitarian crises to disasters. They are moral and legal and ideological and not merely military and political which aim at regulation by official means. A humanitarian crisis involves a turning point in lives of all those people who are located in the armed conflict area with children, women and elderly being the least protected of all, when their lives are on the verge of physical and moral survival. A humanitarian disaster will lead to irreversible degree of suffering for tens of thousands or even millions of people. The directly involved in war are protected (if it is possible to say so) by the law of war, combat morality and are prepared for suffering as a whole. Unless people lost their humanity potential ant humane attitude to everyone, the term «adamiiat» introduced by the Arabic poet Saadi should be implemented in the material humanitarian and spiritual spheres.
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Palczewska, Milena. "Environmental Impact of Wars and Armed Conflicts." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0015.
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Abstract The article presents the consequences of wars for the natural environment. Research and experience with more and more modern combat equipment are always associated with losses incurred by nature. Subsequent armed conflicts cause that new substances, dangerous for nature and man, enter the ecosystem. Warfare not only destroys the environment, but also frustrates and prevents any action to protect it. After some time, the conflicts that begin are resolved, and the restoration of degraded environments is very difficult, and often even impossible. Wars not only kill soldiers and civilians with weapons, but also put lives at risk by destroying natural resources, impoverishing land and making it impossible to use them for agricultural purposes.
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Haque, Md Anwarul, Ashiqur Rahman, and Mst Ralifa Akter. "Estimation of Lost Man Days among the Viral Hepatitis Patients Attended at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 18, no. 1 (October 16, 2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v18i1.61254.
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Introduction: Viral hepatitis can cause a range of health problems and can be fatal. It is also prevalent in Bangladesh Armed Forces personnel and causing significant number of loss of man days. Objective: To assess the total loss of man days due to viral hepatitis of army personnel admitted/treated in hospital. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka among military persons. Total 103 hepatitis patients were selected by simple random sampling from June to November 2014. Data were collected by semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed by using ‘Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version -19. Results: The age range was between 20 to 43 years and mean age was 33.2 ± 5.8 years. Most of them suffered from hepatitis B (68.9%). Considering the rank structure, majority (51.4%)were Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) and stayed in sainik line (46.6%). Due to reporting at Out Patient Department (OPD), 76.7% got 1-7 days sick rest and 73.8% have lost 1-7 man-days. Mean total man days lost was 55 ± 36 days. Mean admission days at hospital were 17 ± 13.7 days and the highest percentage was NCO (47.1%) followed by Sainik (39.7%). Total admission days of Sainik was not significantly association with admission days of NCO. But significant association was found within losing total man days between these two groups (χ2 = 4.88, p < .05). Conclusion: The results confirm the significant loss of man days due to viral hepatitis infection in Armed Forces Personnel which should be considered as a public health problem. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 1 (June) 2022: 30-33
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Kokoshin, A. A. "Artificial intelligence and some issues of Russian security provision." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 5 (May 6, 2019): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5873895437-439.
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Some cases of using Artificial Intelligence systems are analyzed in order to give reliable warning and optimal response to man-made and natural emergencies. The author considers the set of tasks of information and cyber security, of increasing the combat capability of the armed forces.
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Fredriksen, Paula. "Arms and The Man: A Response to Dale Martin’s ‘Jesus in Jerusalem: Armed and Not Dangerous’." Journal for the Study of the New Testament 37, no. 3 (January 7, 2015): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142064x14566371.
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Gordienko, D. O. "ALL THE KING’S MAN»: MILITIA IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND DURING THE STUART AGE." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 3 (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-90-97.
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The article presents the results of a study devoted to the history of the British armed forces in the “long” 17th century. The militia was the backbone of England's national military system. The author examines the aspects of the development of the institutions of the modern state during the reign of the Stuart dynasty, traces the process of the development of the militia and the formation of the regular army. He reveals the role of the militia in the political events of the Century of Revolutions: the reign of Charles I, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Restoration age, the Glorious Revolution, and also gives a retrospective review of the eventsof the 18th century.
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Onslow, Sue. "The Man on the Spot: Christopher Soames and Decolonisation of Zimbabwe/Rhodesia." Britain and the World 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 68–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2013.0078.
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In the historiography of British imperialism, the role of the ‘man on the spot’ has been identified as an important impulse to the imperial project, and as a key instigator of decision making. Equal attention should be directed to assessing the contribution of ‘the man on the spot’ in the final unravelling of empire. Old fashioned diplomacy and diplomats should not be airbrushed from history as key individuals navigated the rocky terrain of decolonisation. The fraught negotiations at Lancaster House on Rhodesia-Zimbabwe's constitutional arrangements for independence between September-December 1979 were only part of the delicate process of resolution of the intractable UDI problem. The four months of Christopher Soames’ administration as the last British Governor comprised the second vital stage of implementation, particularly given the presence of four competing armed forces in Rhodesia at the time, all of whom had external backers.
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Voichenko, V. V., G. G. Roshchin, O. O. Dyadyk, I. V. Irkin, O. Yu Petrochak, Е. Ya Kostenko, V. V. Vyun, and M. D. Zubko. "Expediemcy of using a comprehensive approach in the identification of missing persons." Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology, no. 37 (December 26, 2019): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/bba37-2019-02.
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The identification of missing persons in armed conflict and with mass casualties in emergencies has its own characteristics and requires an integrated approach to increase accuracy and objectivity. The aim of the study justification of the appropriateness of an integrated approach in identifying persons missing in an armed conflict with mass casualties. In the work, archival materials of forensic medical examinations of the commemorative institution “Dnipropetrovsk Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination” were used regarding those who died during the armed conflict with mass casualties in eastern Ukraine during 2014-2019. Research methods: anthropometric, morphometric, photographic, radiological, forensic methods, computer simulation method, molecular genetic, statistic. The article sets out the domestic experience of increasing the objectivity and accuracy of identifying missing persons and determining the characteristics of bodily injuries and traumatic factors through an integrated approach using anthropometric, morphometric, photographic, radiological, molecular genetics and medical and criminalistics methods and in situations of armed conflict with mass casualties. However, the presence of only a modern morgue and the latest equipment in the laboratory department of the forensic medical examination bureau is not a guarantee of a successful examination to identify the deceased. As the experience of different countries in the case of mass natural and man-made disasters shows – the key element is the correct and consistent organization of research. The experience of conducting identification studies in Ukraine of missing persons in an armed conflict with mass casualties of people indicates the appropriateness of applying an integrated approach that improves the objectivity and accuracy of the study.
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Farmer, J. Forbes, Sal Ali, and Jean Dawson. "Pocket-Picking to Armed Robbery to Prison: The Life and Criminological Analysis of Good Boy, Bad Boy and Wiser Man, Sal Ali." Journal of Sociological Research 12, no. 2 (March 23, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v12i2.18161.
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This case study examines the self-reported life story of a prisoner who has spent much of his life in juvenile detention and adult prison. His criminal history began with pocket-picking, then breaking and entry, and then advanced to armed robbery. Social learning theory, self-control theory and rational choice theory are discussed and the inmate’s reflections on them are offered in his words with illustrations from his experience.
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Im Hyeongmo. "An Odyssey to ‘Look for Another Hometown' and the Armed Struggle Against Japan of the Marginal Man." Society for Korean Language & Literary Research 42, no. 1 (March 2014): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15822/skllr.2014.42.1.261.
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Malovanyy, Myroslav, and Nataliia Bohach. "Russian armed aggression against Ukraine – the impact on the environment of the temporarily occupied territories." Environmental Problems 6, no. 2 (2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2021.02.088.
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The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which has been going on since 2014, caused severe consequences for our state. Besides killing and injuring dozens of thousands of Ukrainian citizens, expelling hundreds of thousands of people from their homes, seizing and destroying infrastructure, Russia has inflicted large-scale environmental damage in the occupied territories. Thus, as a result of the occupation of Crimea, the situation with fresh water on the peninsula is rapidly deteriorating, which can significantly change the ecosystem in the future. In addition, the warfare launched by the aggressor against Ukraine in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions caused serious environmental and man-made consequences, among which the main are pollution of groundwater and surface water, flooding of mines, subsidence, air pollution, destruction of agricultural lands, destruction and damage of nature reserves, forest fires, etc. Ignoring the environmental threats caused by Russian armed aggression can lead to catastrophic aftermath in the future. To prevent this scenario, an effective response is needed not only from Ukraine but also from the entire international community.
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Buaphuean, Songyot. "Mass Media and Ideology Dissemination against Democracy in Thailand." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v33i1.2240.
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The study on “Mass Media and Ideology Dissemination against Democracy in Thailand” is qualitative study with the method of documentary research from text books, books, newspapers and online newspapers to find the definition of democracy which was the system of forming the elected government with the principle of sovereignty, majority, equality, freedom and laws. However, some mass media had false consciousness of democracy which included: election brought bad quality politicians; recruitment of persons to form the government was better than election; promotion of superstition; one man one vote was not for Thai society; capitalism deteriorated the nation; The Armed Forces worked for the people. Another concept was the idea that believed Thai society was praising the elite groups. The ideology said the society should obey the senior citizen who had morals, and the Armed Forces forced people to obey.
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Zemmali, Ameur. "The protection of water in times of armed conflict." International Review of the Red Cross 35, no. 308 (October 1995): 550–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400089610.
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Water, life-giving and bounteous, the symbol of fertility and purity, is also a source of fear, risk and danger, of covetousness and conflict. Serving many purposes, all equally necessary, it constitutes a vital resource of which man has always tried to regulate the use and management. But unlike peacetime legislation, reflected in the customs and practices of the most ancient societies as well as in the domestic and international legal instruments of modern times, the law of armed conflicts has devoted only few of its provisions expressly — and belatedly — to water. This is not so much a criticism as an observation and may be explained by the fact that water is indispensable in all circumstances. Apart from the consequences of natural disasters, when water may be either threatening or threatened, some human activities can harm the environment and impair the population's means of survival, of which water is the most essential. The effects of pollution or armed conflict are a case in point. The experience of modern warfare has shown, alas, that the civilian population and civilian objects are exposed to military operations and that in some cases thirst can prove to be more deadly than weapons. The only remedy lies in respect for the universally recognized rules, and in the following article attention will be drawn to the provisions of humanitarian law which apply to the protection of water in wartime (I).
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Oliveira, Maria de Lourdes Abreu de. "O visual na escritura - a revolução do olhar." Cadernos de Linguística e Teoria da Literatura 11, no. 22-24 (December 30, 2016): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/0101-3548.11.22-24.212-228.
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Resumo: O visual na escritura - a revolução do olhar - O visual entre o homem da Idade Média e o contemporâneo. Presença da máquina e realização de dois mitos: o de Ícaro e o da imagem total. Importância do olhar e o do olho armado na escritura brasileira contemporânea.Abstract: The visual in the literary writing - The revolution of looking. The visual from the man of the Middle Ages to the contemporary man. The presence of the machine and the realizing of two myths: the myth of Icarus and the myth of the total image. The importance of looking and of the armed eye in the Bralizian contemporary literary writing.
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Marenin, Otwin. "The Anini Saga: Armed Robbery and the Reproduction of Ideology in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 2 (June 1987): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000380.
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At the conclusion of a meeting of the Armed Forces Ruling Council in October 1986, President Ibrahim Babangida turned to the Inspector- General of the Nigeria Police Force, Etim Inyang, and asked, ‘My friend, where is Anini?’. At about this time, Nigerian newspapers and journals were publishing numerous articles and editorials on the ‘Anini Challenge’, the ‘Anini Saga’, the ‘Anini Factor’, ‘Lawrence Anini – the Man, the Myth’, ‘Anini, Jack the Ripper’, and ‘Lawrence Anini: A Robin Hood in Bendel’. The Guardian asked, almost plaintively, ‘Will they ever find Anini, “The Law”?’, and when he was finally captured in early December, the cover of the magazine Thisweek blared forth, above a picture of the badly injured criminal in his hospital bed, ‘Anini. Face to Face with The Law’.
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Arcaro Conci, Luiz Guilherme, and Konstantin Gerber. "Conventionality Standards for Children in Conflict Zones: Colombian Case study." Opinión Jurídica 17, no. 35 (December 31, 2018): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22395/ojum.v17n35a7.
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The main objective of this paper is to identify the multilevel perspective of hu-man rights protection for children in armed conflicts. For that, the pro persona or pro homine principle may be applied. It consists of an interpretative instru-ment provided by art. 29 of the American Convention of Human Rights and by art. 41 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The present analysis tackles distinct levels of protection, both at an international level and at the national level in Colombia and uses the pro homine principle to resolve eventual conflicts between the International Human Rights Law and domestic law.
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ROMANIUK, Valentyn, Olena Andriiuk, and Nataliya Volodchenkova. "STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF THE MECHANISM FOR REGULATING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF MILITARY-TECHNOGENIC ORIGIN." Geoengineering, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2707-2096.3.2020.219327.
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Purpose. Violation of the technological mode of operation potentially hazardous objects and high-risk objects, this is caused by joint military operations, it causes a significant increase in the risks of man-made disasters with large-scale negative consequences due to the threat of destruction of such objects.To ensure stable management of natural and man-made safety in these conditions, a structural and logical model of natural and man-made safety management has been developed under different conditions of application of the Armed Forces of Ukraine ensuring minimal risks and threats of emergencies of military-technological origin.Findings. The functioning of the management system for natural and technogenic safety is carried out by the following models:- model of natural and man-made safety management in the area of joint forces operations in a stable mode;- model of natural and man-caused safety management in the area of joint forces operations in the state of emergency of natural or man-made origin;- a model of natural and man-made safety management in the area of joint forces operations in the state of emergency of military-technogenic origin.This regulation should be carried out through specific mechanisms, which include: 1 - legislative and regulatory; 2 - licensed; 3 - economic.Severe disturbance of unstable equilibrium natural and industrial Geosystems, which was formed in the Eastern region, as a result of the accumulation of imbalances in nature management over the years of totalitarianism, with the decline of industrial production due to the armed confrontation, led to the development of catastrophic situations.Practical implications. Rehabilitation of areas at a time when emergencies and disasters have occurred and have been eliminated, should also be carried out by implementing environmental rehabilitation programs of a certain level in accordance with the scale of the latter and projected duration of exposure and their effects on the environment and living conditions of the population.Practical implications. A model of the index-indicator approach has been developed for the further development of a structural and functional model of the mechanism for regulating natural and technogenic safety during emergencies of military and technogenic origin. The model creates the prerequisites for the development of effective procedures for the state management of natural and technogenic safety in emergency situations of military and technogenic origin.
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Schiller, Rachel. "Reconciliation in Aceh: Addressing the social effects of prolonged armed conflict." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 4 (2011): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x597297.
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Abstract Aceh, Indonesia is one of the few societies that have successfully navigated a post-disaster transition following simultaneous natural and man-made disasters. Since the August 2005 peace agreement, Aceh’s road to recovery from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 30 years of separatist war has been largely successful. However, key challenges remain to consolidate the success of Aceh’s post-disaster transition and ensure sustainable peace in the province. Reconciliation is among the challenges that has to date been largely neglected. While significant political and economic change has occurred, prolonged armed conflict left behind a legacy of negative intergroup relations in Aceh that has yet to be addressed. As political realities have delayed implementation of mechanisms designed to promote reconciliation such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Human Rights Court, this paper argues that peacebuilding practitioners should adopt complementary approaches to reconciliation such as intergroup contact programs that are being proven effective in various international contexts. It will explore an important, and largely neglected aspect of Aceh’s post-disaster transition by providing an overview of the literature on reconciliation and intergroup contact, and highlighting key efforts to pilot these techniques and advance reconciliation in Aceh.
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Žnidaršič, Vinko, Marko Radovanović, and Dragan Stevanović. "Modeling the organisational implementation of a drone and counter-drone operator into the Serbian Armed Forces rifle section." Vojno delo 72, no. 3 (2020): 84–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2003084z.
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Drones are one of the new threats to tactical units. The armed forces use them with various successes in operations. However, the smallest tactical unit such as rifle section is generally still unprepared to operate drones and perform counter measures. Drones have a wide range of capabilities and therefore can be used for both civilian and military purposes. Along with the development of drones, counter-drone systems have also been developed. Several small drones and counter-drone systems suitable for the use by one man are presented in the first part of the research results to show that there is more than one system that can be selected for operational use. This also shows that one soldier in rifle section is capable of operating a small drone and counter-drone systems. This research has aimed to survey the organizational structure and determine organizational capabilities to implement a drone and counter-drone operator duty in rifle section. For that purpose, the research team has conducted a series of interviews with officers and non-commissioned officers of the Serbian Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense. This duty is defined as "a drone operator" and in this research the Serbian Armed Forces rifle section is modeled in such a way to include a duty for 1) a specialized rifleman, 2) a converted sniper, or 3) an embedded soldier.
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Penna, L. R. "Written and customary provisions relating to the conduct of hostilities and treatment of victims of armed conflicts in ancient India." International Review of the Red Cross 29, no. 271 (August 1989): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400074519.
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Two thousand years before Grotius, Rachel, or Ayala recalled Europe to humanitarianism, ancient Indians had a body of rules for governing the relations between the States of the sub-continent in the event of armed conflicts. According to Professor A. L. Basham:“…in no other part of the ancient world were the relations of man and man, and of man and the state, so fair and humane… No other ancient law-giver proclaimed such noble ideals of fair play in battle as did Manu. In all her history of warfare Hindu India has few tales to tell of cities put to the sword or of the massacre of non-combatants. The ghastly sadism of the Kings of Assyria, who flayed their captives alive, is completely without parallel in ancient India. There was sporadic cruelty and oppression no doubt, but in comparison with conditions in other cultures, it was mild. To us the most striking feature of ancient Indian civilization is its humanity.”
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Neal, Leigh A., and Cpl Michael C. Rose. "1. Factitious Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report." Medicine, Science and the Law 35, no. 4 (October 1995): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249503500414.
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A 24-year-old man presented with a convincing history of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). He claimed to be the victim of a widely publicized ‘human bomb’ attack by the IRA in Northern Ireland when he was serving with the armed forces. Psychometric tests for PTSD confirmed his symptoms. A subsequent check of public and military records demonstrated that he was a serviceman at that time, but showed conclusively that he could not have been present at the terrorist incident.
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Lazenby, J. F., and David Whitehead. "The myth of the hoplite's hoplon." Classical Quarterly 46, no. 1 (May 1996): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/46.1.27.
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‘Hoplites are troops who take their name from their shields’. ‘The individual infantryman took his name, hoplites, from the hoplon or shield’. Such is the orthodox view. This paper will endeavour to show that its basis is inadequate. Rather, we shall argue, hoplites took their name from their arms and armour as a whole, their hopla in that all-encompassing sense; so that the original and essential meaning of the word hoplite was nothing more than ‘(heavily-)armed (infantry-)man’.
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O'Donovan, Joan E. "Man in the Image of God: The Disagreement Between Barth and Brunner Reconsidered." Scottish Journal of Theology 39, no. 4 (November 1986): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600031069.
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The task of understanding the uniqueness of human being which underlies the obligations obtaining among men in distinction from all other creatures, is a perennial task of Christian theology. The one complete and final revelation of God in Jesus Christ has planted this task firmly and unalterably at the centre of theological reflection rather than at its periphery. In our generation the search for theological clarity on this matter receives heightened urgency from the pervasive assault on dignity of human being coming from recent developments in the modern sciences and technologies. This assault is conducted simultaneously in the theoretical and practical realms, armed by the increasing coalescence of the two realms in advanced scientific method.1 Today the most consequential knowledge of human life is produced by the most exact, intricate, and complex forms of manipulation and control. In the enthralling feats of biochemical technology the coming–into–being of individual human life is now the object of experimental making.2 Whetheror not our mastery of the reproductive process will ever lay bare the mystery of human generation, it certainly throws open to an unprecedented degree the question of what human being is, and by what its uniqueness is constituted.
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Scanlon, T. Joseph, and John Handmer. "The Halifax Explosion and the Port Arthur Massacre: Testing Samuel Henry Prince's Ideas." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 19, no. 2 (August 2001): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700101900203.
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Samuel Henry Prince wrote that major catastrophes lead to change. Despite his status in the field, there have been few attempts to examine empirically Prince's ideas about change. In this paper the authors describe a massacre in Port Arthur, Tasmania, in 1996 in which a man armed with automatic weapons killed 35 persons and injured 19 others. As a result of the massacre, changes occurred in Australian gun-control laws. The fallout from the massacre is examined in light of Prince's thesis about change following catastrophes.
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Tikhomirov, Sergey. "1939-1945: Environmental Aspects of the War in Europe." Review of Central and East European Law 31, no. 1 (2006): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598806x111622.
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AbstractWorld War II made it clear that the realization of the potential of existing military technology and methods for using it—along with the extraction of natural resources during the prosecution of the war—constitute a man-made burden for the environment threatening the sustainability of the ecosystems of the combatant countries. The discovery of this danger to the environment was made possible by the implementation of the doctrine of "total destruction" that was conducted under Hitler's direction.The subsequent sixty years have shown, however, that progress in society has been too slow with respect to the subordination of military expediency to environmental sensibility and the adoption of measures toward the ecologization of armed combat. An important strategic resource for resolving the environmental problem of armed conflicts—time—is being lost much more quickly than states are taking steps aimed at the elimination of the threat that was revealed by World War II and that has increased multifold in the six intervening decades.Using historical hindsight, the author proposes his own view of the problem from the perspective of international law.
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Johansen, Sigrid Redse. "So Man Created Robot in His Own Image: The Anthropomorphism of Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict." Oslo Law Review 5, no. 02 (September 25, 2018): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn.2387-3299-2018-02-03.
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Gonzalez, Matilde. "The Man Who Brought the Danger to the Village: Representations of the Armed Conflict in Guatemala from a Local Perspective." Journal of Southern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 2000): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070050010147.
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Mendie, John Gabriel, and Stephen Nwanaokuo Udofia. "THE IDEA OF THE GOOD LIFE IN ARISTOTLE AND CONFUCIUS." Jurnal Sosialisasi: Jurnal Hasil Pemikiran, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Keilmuan Sosiologi Pendidikan, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/sosialisasi.v0i1.14529.
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Man, by nature, desires to live a good and happy life. But often times, the enduring quest for the blissful and delightful, eludes man. This constant questing and concurrent yearning make man restless, until his hopes and aspirations of the good or happy life, are crowned with an éclat. But, can man ever attain or realize this feat in the society? Is the idea of the good life, a mirage, a myth or reality? Even more seriously, what does the good life really entail? Is it predicated on material things, that is, on the mundane? Or is the good life, a kind of utopia, an ideal that seeks to bring to the glare of publicity, the “oughts” of life as the case may be? Since the idea of the good life is something well-defined, does it also imply that there is such a thing as the bad life? If, such exist, what would it consist of? Armed with these cogitations, this paper, attempts an expository-comparative study of the good life, its constitutive elements and its attainability in the thoughts of two distinguished philosophers: Confucius (in the East) and Aristotle (in the West).
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Mr. Karma D Denzongpa. "International Humanitarian Law – An Overview." Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 1, no. III (March 30, 2017): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v1n3.10.
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Ever since its inception over a century ago, the Red Cross has been providing protection and assistance to those in distress. In normal circumstances, in the organised society in which usually lives man, is protected by laws and finds sustenance close at hand. Paradoxically, there are also situations, such as armed conflicts or natural disasters, when society is thrown out of killer, laws areviolated, man’s natural environment is turned into chaos, and his safety, health and very survival are threatened: In times like these the Red Cross strives to help and protect the victims through International Humanitarian law.
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Cabezas Sarmiento, Karen Michell. "De masculinidades, distorsiones y fracturas. Una mirada a tres obras de dramaturgas colombianas." Catedral Tomada. Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana 8, no. 15 (January 5, 2021): 176–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ct/2020.471.
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The man’s behavior in society is regulated by the concept of masculinity. This is a cultural concept which varies according to the place where the man grows up. In Colombia, the masculinity concept is permeated by the reality of armed conflict. In this context, masculinity has three fundamental characteristics: heterosexual, vigorous, provider/protector. In this article, the Colombian masculinity concept is analyzed in three contemporary Colombian plays written by women. This analysis allows for understanding the theater as the scenery where the masculinity concept can be broken. Also, a scenery where the society can recognize the multiplicity of masculinities which live in men.
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Meyer, Paul. "Could an optional protocol be the way to stop the weaponization of outer space?" International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 76, no. 2 (June 2021): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207020211020521.
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Since the early 1980s, the United Nations General Assembly and its affiliated forum, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, has had the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space issue on its agenda. In the intervening years, the threat of weapons being introduced into the outer space realm has waxed and waned, but, in the main, a benign environment free from man-made threats has prevailed, allowing for great strides in the exploration and use of space. Recently, a renewal of great power rivalry including the development of offensive “counter-space” capabilities has resurrected the spectre of armed conflict in space. With widespread political support for the non-weaponization of outer space, has the time come to give legal expression to this goal by means of an optional protocol to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty?
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Henderson, Frances B. "“We Thought You Would Be White”: Race and Gender in Fieldwork." PS: Political Science & Politics 42, no. 02 (April 2009): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509090581.
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After an exhausting 22-hour trip from St. Louis, I landed in Maputo, Mozambique, alone, for the first time in July 2003 to begin my dissertation research on women and women's organizations in Mozambique since democratization. I spent an hour talking to a young man who was returning home (to Maputo) from Brazil. Seeing it as an opportunity to practice my Portuguese with someone who spoke English, I did not realize that an hour had passed and my “welcoming party” still had not arrived. The young man and I switched from Portuguese to English as he began telling me the “cool places to hang out and get a drink” in Maputo. I had no idea who was coming to pick me up as I was armed only with the information that it was my in-country advisor's brother who would be there. As this young man and I were talking someone came up to me and asked, “Are you Frances?” With a sigh of relief, I said yes, and he replied, “I was here all of the time and I did not realize that you were here until I heard you speaking English with this young man. I did not recognize you; we thought you would be white.”
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Majchút, Ivan, and Tatiana Vaššová. "Príčiny rozpadu Juhoslávie." Krízový manažment 19, no. 2 (2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/krm.c.2020.2.37-45.
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Conflicts have been part of the existence of man and human society since its inception and we have encountered them throughout human history. Factors that influence the emergence of conflicts are different, but in countries with a diverse ethnic structure, the risk of armed conflict is significantly higher. The bloody conflict in the former Yugoslavia, which erupted in the early 1990s, is a complex problem that we are trying to analyze as comprehensively as possible in this article. The aim of the article is to describe the individual factors of ethnic tension and to point out their influence on the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia.
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Biswas, Animesh, Aminur Rahman, Saidur Rahman Mashreky, Tasnuva Humaira, and Koustuv Dalal. "Rescue and Emergency Management of a Man-Made Disaster: Lesson Learnt from a Collapse Factory Building, Bangladesh." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/136434.
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A tragic disaster occurred on April 24, 2013, in Bangladesh, when a nine storied building in a suburban area collapsed and killed 1115 people and injured many more. The study describes the process of rescue operation and emergency management services provided in the event. Data were collected using qualitative methods including in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion with the involved medical students, doctors, volunteers, and local people. Immediately after the disaster, rescue teams came to the place from Bangladesh Armed Forces, Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Air Force, and Dhaka Metropolitan and local Police and doctors, medical students, and nurses from nearby medical college hospitals and private hospitals and students from colleges and universities including local civil people. Doctors and medical students provided 24-hour services at the disaster place and in hospitals. Minor injured patients were treated at health camps and major injured patients were immediately carried to nearby hospital. Despite the limitations of a low resource setting, Bangladesh faced a tremendous challenge to manage the man-made disaster and experienced enormous support from different sectors of society to manage the disaster carefully and saved thousands of lives. This effort could help to develop a standard emergency management system applicable to Bangladesh and other counties with similar settings.
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Fialko, O. Ye. "AMAZONS IN VIKING AGE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 26, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.01.05.
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Amazons are usually associated with the period of the early Iron Age. However, a large number of graves of armed women of the early Middle Ages are known in the territory of Eurasia. In the Scandinavian countries, the period of the 9th — the first half of the 11th centuries was called the «Viking Age». This period is related to the military, commercial and demographic expansion of the Scandinavians. During the archaeological researches, burials of women with weapons were recorded in the cemeteries of Denmark, Norway and Southern Sweden. They constitute a small series of 16 funerary complexes.
Typically, the female warriors were buried in individual graves, and only occasionally they were accompanied by a woman or a child. Only in two cases armed man and woman of equal social level were placed in one grave. In the necropolis, the graves of the Amazons are usually localized among the military graves. On the territory of Western Europe, both rites of burial of warriors — inhumation and cremation are registered.
The age range of female warriors is quite wide — from 10 to 50—60 years, with the domination of young women. The material complex showed that women’s weapons were intended for both remote (bows and arrows, spears) and close combat (swords, knives, axes). And in this period preference was given to axes. Several graves of female warriors were accompanied by a horse or a set of horse ammunition. This means that women could also fight in the equestrian battles.
Based on the range and the number of weapons, the Amazons of the Viking Age mainly were part of the lightly armed units. These women took up arms on a par with men in moments of acute necessity — periods of seizing of new territories or defending their lands from an external enemy.
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Maria Mohammed Mahmoud Zaki, Maria Mohammed Mahmoud Zaki. "Protection of the environment in times of international armed conflict: الحماية الدولية للبيئة من التلوث في زمن النزاعات المسلحة." مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 5, no. 21 (November 30, 2021): 181–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.r210321.
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The study aims to identify the most important international principles for protecting the environment in times of armed conflict, Whereas the environment is an ecosystem that consists of an interconnected group that differs in size and type of organisms and organic and inorganic elements that are balanced in a relatively stable manner. Since man is one of the most important living creatures, which necessitates human protection to preserve the environment and its balance, the international community has set controls for the use of military force, since wars are an inevitable evil, Among the most important of them is the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations. And we used the analytical method in the study by analyzing and studying the principles of international humanitarian law. And from the above, we divided the study into three demands, the first demands dealt with the concept of military necessity in international humanitarian law, while we discussed in the second demands the concept of the principle of balance in international humanitarian law, and in the third demands we dealt with the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations. One of the most important findings of this study is that the principle of military necessity protects the natural and civilian environment through its association with the principle of humanity, which constitute the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations, The principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations regulates the use of weapons during armed conflicts and prohibits the use of weapons of mass destruction to protect the environment during armed conflicts. The researcher recommends that the United Nations Organization renew international agreements prohibiting the use of weapons of mass destruction in line with modern science and developments in scientific fields.
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Ilyushchenko, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. "Legal Regulation ensuring Security in the Regions of the Russian Federation bordering Ukraine." Вопросы безопасности, no. 3 (March 2022): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2022.3.38492.
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The subject of the study is the legal norms regulating the basics of protection of the population and territories from emergency situations, including in conditions of armed conflict. The object of the study is the social relations developing in the field of provision of public security in the border territories of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the research topic is due to the combination of legal and practical circumstances. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as issues of internal and external security, fire safety and protection of the population and territories from man-made emergencies, civil defense measures and actions to counter terrorism in the regions bordering Ukraine since the beginning of a special military operation on February 24, 2022. The novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of legal and organizational problems in the event of new threats with the use of weapons in the Russian border regions with the proposed differentiation of individual processes for the protection of the population, which is necessary to build a high-quality and understandable system for ensuring public security on the territory of the Russian Federation. The mechanism of the established interrelations in the system of ensuring defense and security in armed conflicts outside the territory of the Russian Federation to ensure the state of protection of the individual, society and the state in the border regions of Russia is substantiated. It is proposed to comprehend the legal regime through which, in reality, the ordering of both the public security system itself should be achieved in conditions of regular manifestations of hostile military actions, and the components of this system for military security, civil defense, protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, fire safety.
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Pacey, Laura. "Tim Elmer: 'In the armed forces we lose thousands of man hours each year to people leaving to have dental care delivered.'." British Dental Journal 217, no. 1 (July 2014): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.570.
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Fastovtsov, G., and E. Sokolova. "Essessment of criminal aggression at combatants with posttraumatic stress disorder by horowitz scale." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72483-x.
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As an observation object for this research were taken veterans of local wars with posttraumatic stress disorder. Research materials were based at analysis of representative group, contains of 478 man, who were doing their military service at the areas of local armed conflicts with clinics of posttraumatic stress disorder. The main group contains of 344 man who committed an aggressive crime and passed an examining in Serbsky National Research Center for Social and Forensic psychiatry, Moscow. For the contrast group were taken 134 man, who were under the treatment in military hospitals.To educate specialty and estimate severity of posttraumatic stress disorder was used the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R. Reliable difference were received. Clinics of this disorder includes not only intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal, but organic mental disorders also.This scale was officially accepted in Russian science academy. Intrusion scale contains of such factors as obsessive flashbacks at the influence of stress factors and nightmares. Avoidance scale includes attempts to avoid experience, connected with stress event and reactivity reduce. Symptoms of third scale includes irritability, tension, emotion instability, difficulties of attention concentration. For patients who committed crimes the level of intrusion and hyperarousal was reliably higher. No difference was found at the avoidance. For assessment of aggression risk were created special models, based on subscale IES-R. The results of regression analysis showed the predictors of criminal aggression. The research permits to make prognosis for criminal aggression as a complicated form of posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Miller, Maureen C. "Masculinity, Reform, and Clerical Culture: Narratives of Episcopal Holiness in the Gregorian Era." Church History 72, no. 1 (March 2003): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700096955.
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Historical narrations of the Gregorian Reform tend to cultivate a certain machismo. The traditional narrative emphasizes a struggle for dominance between two men, Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV, which escalated from epistolary sparring to armed combat and culminated in a dramatic scene in which one man was on his knees before the other at Canossa. Even the newer narratives, such as the late Karl Leyser's “Gregorian Revolution,” while highlighting broad social and religious transformations attendant upon the movement, still privilege a revolutionary cadre, a handful of reformers (all male, of course) gathered around Gregory VII, who artfully channeled the discontents of the masses into a permanent reordering of western society.
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Zuravsky, O. "ORGANIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE NAVY OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 2, no. 14 (January 25, 2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.14.2.112-120.
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The purpose of this article is to substantiate the need to create an environmental monitoring system in the Ukrainian Navy.The object of research of this article is to study the possibility of creating a system of environmental monitoring in the Ukrainian Navy. The subject of research is the system of environmental monitoring in the Ukrainian Navy. The scientific task of the work is to provide a justification for the creation of an environmental monitoring system in the Ukrainian Navy, based on the trends of increasing man-made pressure on the Black Sea ecosystems. To achieve this goal in this work solved the following individual tasks: the tendencies of deterioration of an ecological condition of the Black Sea are resulted; the analysis of currently existing types of environmental monitoring, taking into account their shortcomings; recommendations were provided on the establishment of an environmental monitoring system in the Ukrainian Navy. The above individual problems were solved on the basis of the analysis of literary sources on military, ecological and oceanographic topics. Recommendations on ways to create an environmental monitoring system in the Ukrainian Navy, which will allow researchers to assess the impact of the Ukrainian Navy on vulnerable ecosystems of the Northwest Black Sea to make appropriate management decisions in the field of nature. The article proposes the creation and implementation of a new system of environmental monitoring of the Ukrainian Navy (SEM Navy) and its inclusion in the system of monitoring the environmental condition of the Black Sea. The implementation of the SEM Navy will control the impact on the environment, predict changes in environmental parameters and harmonize the interaction of the Ukrainian Navy and nature. Keywords: Navy, ecological monitoring, forecasting, ecological condition.
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M, Dhanesh. "Towards the New Paradigm of Existence, Human to Posthuman: Reflections on Subash Chandran’s A Preface to Man." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i1.10354.
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The term “Posthumanism” is a contemporary theoretical term put forward by researchers with disciplinary backgrounds in philosophy, science and technology and literary studies, for these groups, Posthumanism designates a series of breaks with foundational assumptions of modern Western culture. It claims to offer a new epistemology that is not anthropocentric and therefore not centred in Cartesian dualism. It seeks to undermine the traditional boundaries between the human, the animal, and the technological. The postmodern theorist Ihab Hassan coined the term and offered a seminal definition in an article entitled "Prometheus as Performer: Towards a Posthumanist Culture?". As its name suggests, a defining characteristic of Posthumanism is its rejection of the values held on top by the traditional Western Humanism. In the words of Rosi Braidotti, “From Protagoras’ assertion that it is “the measure of all things”, to Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man, the privileging of the human instils a set of “mental, discursive and spiritual values” (13). This notion comes to form the basis for political policies of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe. Man is understood as an “intrinsically moral” being, functioning as a kind of vessel for perfect rationality and reason. Armed with these tools, man is capable of a limitless expansion toward his own perfection, and entitled to claim, as his own, whatever objects or others he encounters along the way. This privileging of man as the centre of everything is what Posthumanism aims to attack. Hassan says that posthuman does not mean the literal end of man but the end of an image of man shaped by Descartes, Thomas More and Erasmus. Braidotti in her book The Posthuman outlines that with the rise of ideologies like Fascism and Communism, Humanism started its ascending in the 1960s and 70s. Both these former ideologies represent a significant break from European Humanism: Fascism promoted a “ruthless” departure from the Enlightenment reverence for human reason, while Communism advocated a “communitarian notion of humanist solidarity” (17).
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Kochaniewicz, Bogusław. "Pojęcie pokoju we współczesnych wypowiedziach Urzędu Nauczycielskiego Kościoła." Studia Warmińskie 48 (December 31, 2011): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sw.292.
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The article deals with the notion of peace in contemporary documents of the Magisterium Ecclesiae. The analysis shows a significant development of theological reflection on the subject. John XXIII didn’t limit the Christian definition of peace to a lack of armed conflicts, but issues it from the mystery of creation. Paul VI ascribed the foundations of peace to social order (common good). John Paul II draws attention to the mystery of man (human heart as the place of peace) and presents peace as God’s gift. Benedict XVI underscores contemporary threats to peace in the world (poverty, ecologic crisis, religious freedom) and indicates ways of resolving those problems. The presented panorama of statements reveals a deepening of reflection on the subject of peace: from peace as God’s gift to peace as a task for which man is responsible; from a static definition of peace to its dynamic one. The very important task have the international institutions, too. They should resolve problems that prevent many people from fully enjoying peace.