Dissertations / Theses on the topic '- Armed man'

The Swedish Armed Forces is Sweden’s second to largest government agency, employing more than 20 000 people. Today, only a fifth of the personnel is female. This, even though women have had full access to the organisation since 1989, and the basic military training has been gender neutral since 2010. The Swedish Armed Forces is aiming to achieve equality by recruiting more women, but they have not been successful in their pursuit.   With a theoretical background in Moss Kanter’s and Hirdman’s feminist theories, as well as critical discourse analysis, control documents were analysed using Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. We chose three campaign images intending specifically to recruit young women to the Swedish Armed Forces. By pursuing focus group interviews with young women eligible for basic military training, focusing on the campaign images, we found that physical and biological differences between men and women are very potent in the young women’s perception of the Swedish Armed Forces and their campaigns. Focus group interviews were analysed using content analysis.   Based on the completed analyses, we could derive that the Swedish Armed Forces is constructing two different types of equality: quantitative and qualitative. The definition of the two differs extensively. Quantitative equality is more detailed, giving it a central and more prioritised position in the agency. The vague concept of qualitative equality is also considered in the focus group discussions, where the young women favor clarity and directness.

For a long time the military arena has been a context that is male-dominated and which even has been described as the arena that produces ideal forms of masculinity. This study examines the conditions for the women who choose to join the male-dominated military arena. The purpose of the study was to provide knowledge about womens experiences from basic military education in Sweden through a gender perspective. And more specifically, give insight into how women who completed education relate to expectations associated with being women and expectations associated with the role of the soldier. Central questions were created and these concerned how women perceived the role of the soldier, the extent to which they perceived gender segregation practices and the strategies used by women to deal with the male-dominated education and its possible gender segregation processes. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with five women who had complete basic military education in Sweden. A theoretical framework was created that contained theories about gender, gender power systems, women's strategies in male dominated professions, gender segregation processes, gender regimes and hegemonic masculinity. Previous research on women's conditions and experiences in the military indicates that women face opposition and exclusion, while women's presence at the same time has challenged discourses about femininity and the normative soldier. The results from the studie pointed out that the women perceived the military arena as a place where they were given the opportunity to do gender in new ways, while highlighting different problem areas during the education. These included that women were not expected to perform in the same degree as men and that the commanders had little understanding of specific female needs or questions.

Cette thèse en micro-économie du développement s'articule autour de l'objectif de développement durable numéro 16 visant à «promouvoir l'avènement de sociétés pacifiques et inclusives aux fins du développement durable, assurer l'accès de tous à la justice et mettre en place, à tous les niveaux, des institutions efficaces, responsables et ouvertes à tous ». Elle propose d'étudier, à partir de données d'enquêtes originales et de première main, les interactions et les effets de la Gouvernance, la Paix et la Sécurité pour les ménages et les entreprises des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Ce projet s'articule autour de deux axes de recherche. Le premier, transversal et méthodologique, interroge la fiabilité des données utilisées. En effet, ces données portent, d'une part, sur des sujets sensibles (respect des droits fondamentaux, démocratie, corruption…) et d'autre part, elles ont été recueillies par des opérateurs publics : les instituts nationaux de la statistique. Les résultats de ce premier chapitre montrent que les instituts publics sont totalement légitimes pour collecter des données de gouvernance : aucun biais de réponse systématique en faveur (ou en défaveur) des pouvoirs publics n'existe quand les enquêtés sont interrogés par des agents d'organisation publique. Le second axe étudie les conséquences micro-économiques de la violence au travers de deux études de cas. Le deuxième chapitre porte sur la violence d'ordre politique et ses effets sur le capital social au Mali depuis le début du conflit en 2012. L'exposition aux violences renforce les liens forts, exclusifs entre individus d'une même communauté, aux détriments des liens inter-groupe dits faibles, inclusifs qui déterminent le développement économique et social individuel et local. Ce repli sur soi est probablement un facteur de l'enracinement des tensions inter-ethniques qui ont explosé après 2016. Enfin, le dernier chapitre analyse les effets de la violence criminelle sur le marché du travail informel à Madagascar. Alors que les victimes de criminalité ajustent relativement peu les conditions de leur travail, la peur de la violence criminelle, largement partagée dans la société malgache, impacte négativement la productivité des ménages agricoles. Ces derniers adoptent des comportements plus risqués sur le marché du travail. Cette inquiétude a deseffets sur les plus jeunes dont le temps de travail augmente
This dissertation in applied development microeconomics centres on Sustainable Development Goal 16 which “promote[s] just, peaceful and inclusive societies”. This work aims at studying the interactions and effects of Governance, Peace and Security through the analysis of first-hand and high-quality household survey data in SubSaharan Africa. It is built around two lines of research. The first line of research is cross-cutting and methodological: it questions the reliability of the data used. Indeed, public organisations, namely National Statistics Offices, administer the surveys and collect information of sensitive nature (dealing with respect of fundamental rights, democracy, corruption among other things). Results show no systematic self-censorship or attenuation bias from adults surveyed by NSOs compared with adults surveyed by independent organisations. We provide evidence of the capacity and legitimacy of government-related organisations to collect data on governance, at much higher levels of precision than other existing data sources. The second line of research focuses on the impacts of violence in two African countries. On the one hand, we study the impacts of political violence on social capital since 2012 in the case of the Malian conflict. The increased association participation in areas exposed to violent events cannot be considered as positive. Indeed, it is observed solely for family and political associations, which are comparatively inward-looking and act as interest groups. We interpret this finding as a form of withdrawal behind group or community boundaries which may exacerbate ethnic divisions and deepen the conflict. On the other hand, I study how workers of the informal labour market cope with criminal violence in Madagascar. Although victims of criminality seem not to adopt different behaviours on the labour market, the fear of crime impact productivity negatively, particularly in the agricultural sector. Fearful workers become more vulnerable to shock occurrence. Adults’ fear of criminal violence also channels to under 15 household members whose participation on the labour market increases

Dans un scénario avec plusieurs réseaux sans fil de différentes technologies, ce travail a comme objectif la conception d'un moteur cognitif capable de reconnaitre l'environnement radio et de sélectionner un réseau avec le but final de maximiser la "qualité d'expérience" (QoE) de l'utilisateur. Un accent particulier est mis sur la simplicité de tous les éléments impliqués, du hardware aux algorithmes, afin de garder la faisabilité pratique de ce dispositif.Deux aspects ont été étudiés. Pour la reconnaissance de l'environnement radio une identification de réseau et une classification automatique sur la base de caractéristiques de la couche MAC a été proposée et testée. En ce qui concerne la sélection du réseau, des "Key Performance Indicators" (KPIs), qui sont des paramètres de la couche application, ont étés pris en compte afin d'obtenir la QoE désirée. Un modèle général pour la sélection du réseau a été proposé et testé avec de différents types de trafic par des simulations et par la réalisation d'un démonstrateur (application pour Android). De plus, comme il y a le problème de quand mesurer pour estimer la performance d'un réseau et quand l'utiliser effectivement pour transmettre et recevoir, le problème du bandit manchot ("Multi-armed bandit", MAB) a été appliqué à ce contexte et un nouveau modèle de MAB a été proposé afin de mieux répondre aux cas réels considérés. L'impact du nouveau modèle, qui introduit la distinction de deux actions différentes, mesurer et utiliser, a été testé par des simulations en utilisant des algorithmes déjà disponibles dans la littérature et deux algorithmes conçus spécifiquement
In a scenario where multiple wireless networks of different technologies are available, this work addresses the problem of the design of a cognitive engine, core of a cognitive radio device, able to perform the surrounding radio environment recognition and the network selection with the final goal of maximization of final user Quality of Experience (QoE). Particular focus is put on the requirement of simplicity of all the elements involved, from hardware to algorithms, in order to keep in mind the importance of its practical realizability.Two aspects were investigated. For the surrounding radio environment recognition step, a network identification and automatic classification method based on MAC layer features was proposed and tested. As regards the network selection, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), i.e. application layer parameters, were considered in order to obtain the desired goal of QoE. A general model for network selection was proposed and tested for different traffic types, both with simulations and a practical realization of a demonstrator (implemented as an application for Android OS). Moreover, as a consequence of the originated problem of when measuring to estimate a network performance and when effectively using the network for data transmission and reception purposes, the multi-armed bandit problem (MAB) was applied to this context and a new MAB model was proposed, in order to better fit the considered real cases scenarios. The impact of the new model, that introduces the distinction of two different actions, to measure and to use, was tested through simulations using algorithms already available in literature and two specifically designed algorithms

Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous étudions les réseaux sans fil et les appareils reconfigurables qui peuvent accéder à des réseaux de type radio intelligente, dans des bandes non licenciées et sans supervision centrale. Nous considérons notamment des réseaux actuels ou futurs de l’Internet des Objets (IoT), avec l’objectif d’augmenter la durée de vie de la batterie des appareils, en les équipant d’algorithmes d’apprentissage machine peu coûteux mais efficaces, qui leur permettent d’améliorer automatiquement l’efficacité de leurs communications sans fil. Nous proposons deux modèles de réseaux IoT, et nous montrons empiriquement, par des simulations numériques et une validation expérimentale réaliste, le gain que peuvent apporter nos méthodes, qui se reposent sur l’apprentissage par renforcement. Les différents problèmes d’accès au réseau sont modélisés avec des Bandits Multi-Bras (MAB), mais l’analyse de la convergence d’un grand nombre d’appareils jouant à un jeu collaboratif sans communication ni aucune coordination reste délicate, lorsque les appareils suivent tous un modèle d’activation aléatoire. Le reste de ce manuscrit étudie donc deux modèles restreints, d’abord des banditsmulti-joueurs dans des problèmes stationnaires, puis des bandits mono-joueur non stationnaires. Nous détaillons également une autre contribution, la bibliothèque Python open-source SMPyBandits, qui permet des simulations numériques de problèmes MAB, qui couvre les modèles étudiés et d’autres
In this PhD thesis, we study wireless networks and reconfigurable end-devices that can access Cognitive Radio networks, in unlicensed bands and without central control. We focus on Internet of Things networks (IoT), with the objective of extending the devices’ battery life, by equipping them with low-cost but efficient machine learning algorithms, in order to let them automatically improve the efficiency of their wireless communications. We propose different models of IoT networks, and we show empirically on both numerical simulations and real-world validation the possible gain of our methods, that use Reinforcement Learning. The different network access problems are modeled as Multi-Armed Bandits (MAB), but we found that analyzing the realistic models was intractable, because proving the convergence of many IoT devices playing a collaborative game, without communication nor coordination is hard, when they all follow random activation patterns. The rest of this manuscript thus studies two restricted models, first multi-players bandits in stationary problems, then non-stationary single-player bandits. We also detail another contribution, SMPyBandits, our open-source Python library for numerical MAB simulations, that covers all the studied models and more

Nas páginas desta Tese, procuramos entender o surgimento e a trajetória de um grupo de ex-marinheiros, que participou da diretoria da Associação dos Marinheiros e Fuzileiros Navais do Brasil, AMFNB, entre maio de 1963 e o Golpe de 1964. Suas origens remontam à crise de 1961, quando os ministros militares brasileiros tentaram impedir a posse do vice-presidente João Goulart, após a renúncia de Jânio Quadros. Esse grupo, que denominamos Coletivo, inseriu-se no movimento mais amplo dos militares subalternos das Forças Armadas, que teve seu auge na chamada Revolta dos Sargentos de setembro de 1963. A partir do Golpe de 1964, o Coletivo entrou nas organizações guerrilheiras, passando por uma transição de nacionalistas a revolucionários. Os membros desse Coletivo, algumas vezes, estiveram dispersos, mas voltavam sempre a se reunir como se estivessem ligados a um compromisso surgido nos tempos da AMFNB. O grupo foi preso e encaminhado para a Penitenciária Professor Lemos Brito. Nesse lugar, ocupando pontos estratégicos na Administração Penitenciária, pode executar atividades que melhoraram a vida dos presos comuns, bem como de preparar sua fuga da prisão. Para a execução do plano de fuga, denominado Operação Liberdade, criou-se uma organização guerrilheira clandestina, com o sugestivo nome MAR Movimento de Ação Revolucionária (a sigla se confundia com o substantivo mar), envolvendo várias pessoas de fora da Penitenciária. Sua fuga da prisão não significou afastamento da política. Ingressaram novamente na guerrilha no combate à ditadura civil-militar. Alguns de seus membros foram presos novamente, outros saíram do país e seu líder, Marcos Antônio da Silva Lima, foi morto numa emboscada da polícia, quando militava no PCBR. O caminho percorrido pelo Coletivo, após o Golpe, permite compreender as estratégias e a ideia que tinham as organizações guerrilheiras de revolução. Realizando as entrevistas com membros desse Coletivo, conseguimos acesso a suas avaliações sobre as organizações guerrilheiras pelas quais passaram e sobre aquela jornada histórica.
This thesis tries to understand the emergence and trajectory of a ex-sailors group who attended the board of the Association of Sailors and Marines of Brazil (Associação dos Marinheiros e Fuzileiros Navais do Brasil, AMFNB) from May 1963 to the coup of 1964. Its origins date back to the 1961 crisis, when Brazilian military ministers tried to prevent the vice-president João Goulart possession, after the resign of president Janio Quadros. This group, which we call Collective, was part of the broader movement of the subaltern Armed Forces personnel, which had its heyday in the named Revolt of the Sergeants September 1963. From the 1964 coup, the Collective entered guerrilla organizations, through a transition from the nationalist to revolutionaries. The members of this Collective sometimes been dispersed, but they always returned to meet as if they were connected to a compromise emerged in AMFNB times. The group was arrested and taken to the Penitentiary Teacher Lemos Brito. There, occupying strategic points in Prison Administration, it could perform activities that improved the lives of ordinary prisoners, and to prepare his escape from prison. They created for the implementation of the escape plan, called Freedom Operation, a clandestine guerilla organization, with the suggestive name MAR - Revolutionary Action Movement (the acronym was confused with the noun SEA), involving several people outside the penitentiary. Their prison break did not mean retirement from politics. Once again joined the guerrillas in fighting Brazilian civil-military dictatorship. Some of its members were arrested again, others left the country and its leader, Marcos Antonio da Silva Lima, was killed in a police ambush, when militated in PCBR. The path taken by the Collective after the coup allows us to understand the strategies and the concept of revolution which guerrilla organizations had. We got access to their reviews of the guerrilla organizations through which passed and on that historic journey conducting interviews with members of the Collective.

Le but de cette thèse est d’analyser l’emploi des blindés dans globalité et jusqu’aux plus petits échelons (pelotons, équipages) c’est-à-dire à hauteur d’hommes (slogan devenu à la mode depuis). En effet beaucoup d’écrits et d’études précédents restent souvent au niveau tactique voire stratégique. Il s’agit également d’étudier les éventuelles différences entre la théorie doctrinale et son application sur le terrain, voir si l’emploi des blindés variait en fonction des acteurs et si oui pourquoi. Cette étude se veut globale, elle prend en compte, les hommes (donc leur formation, leur origine, leur passé), la doctrine et le matériel car l’emploi au combat est la réunion de tous ces facteurs. Les recherches montrent que les trois GU blindées françaises n’étaient pas employées de la même façon, la raison principale résidant dans les conceptions d’emploi des chefs. Les unités blindées françaises étaient composées d’hommes au passé et au parcours différents. Des Gaullistes historiques au jeune engagé d’aout 1944 en passant par les rappelés de l’armée d’Afrique. Tous se retrouvèrent dans les tourelles avec un même but libérer le pays. Elles-mêmes avaient des origines diverses. Certaines n’avaient cessé de combattre, d’autres étaient restées en Afrique du nord ou en Afrique occidentale jusqu’au débarquement allié de novembre 1942. Mais toutes montrèrent un haut niveau de maîtrise tactique et de professionnalisme Leur équipement et leur organisation étaient homogènes car d’origine américain. Leur concept d’emploi était celui dicté par les FM qu’elles adaptèrent à leur main pour combattre à la Française et parfois marquer leur différence par rapport aux alliés. Une fois engagées, elles tinrent toute leur place aux côtés des unités alliés, prouvant leur valeur et marquant ainsi la renaissance de l’armée française. Cette unicité d’organisation, de doctrine et d’équipement masque cependant des différences dans l’emploi. Elles furent tributaires des grandes unités auxquelles elles étaient rattachées et de leur chef. L’emploi des unités blindées dépendait en grande partie des hommes. Des chefs d’abord dont tous n’avaient pas les mêmes conceptions d’emploi des unités blindées ce qui se traduisit par des frustrations et des conflits en particulier entre les généraux Leclerc et de Lattre. Mais également des équipages qui firent preuve d’un état d’esprit remarquable mais particulier et de beaucoup d’abnégation
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the use of armored vehicles globally and up to the smallest levels (platoons, crews), that is to say at the level of men (slogan that has become fashionable ever since). Indeed, many previous writings and studies often remain at the tactical or strategic level. It is also a question of studying the possible differences between the doctrinal theory and its application in the field, to see if the use of armored vehicles varied according to the actors and if so why. This study is intended to be comprehensive, it takes into account, men (thus their training, their origin, their past), doctrine and equipment because employment in combat is the meeting of all these factors. Research shows that the three French armored GUs were not employed in the same way, the main reason residing in the chiefs' conceptions of employment. French armored units were made up of men with different backgrounds and backgrounds. From the historical Gaullists to the young worker of August 1944, passing by the recalled African army. All found themselves in the turrets with the same goal to liberate the country. They themselves had various origins. Some had continued to fight, others had remained in North Africa or West Africa until the Allied landings of November 1942. But all showed a high level of tactical mastery and professionalism. Their equipment and organization were homogeneous because of American origin. Their concept of employment was that dictated by the FM that they adapted to their hand to fight the French and sometimes mark their difference compared to the allies. Once engaged, they held their place alongside the allied units, proving their value and thus marking the rebirth of the French army. This uniqueness of organization, doctrine and equipment, however, masks differences in employment. They were tributaries of the great units to which they were attached and of their leader. The use of armored units depended largely on men. Chiefs first, all of whom did not have the same conceptions of the use of armored units, which resulted in frustrations and conflicts in particular between Generals Leclerc and de Lattre. But also crews who showed a remarkable state of mind but particular and a lot of self-sacrifice

The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse the military involvement of the USA in the security of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) during the era of the Clinton administration (1993-2001). The study is based on the assumption that the US did not have that much interest in the security of SSA during the Clinton era and that it did not want to become militarily involved in SSA. Its position as the only remaining superpower in the post-Cold War era, however placed a responsibility on the US to be militarily involved in the creation of a more secure SSA. The study relies on two theoretical constructs. On the one hand the changing nature of security in the post-Cold War world in general, but specifically in SSA, serves as a theoretical starting point. This is, on the other hand, supported by a theoretical focus on the nature of military involvement globally, but also specifically in SSA in the era after the Cold War. The latter is to a large extent related to the changing nature of military force and the use thereof in the post-Cold War era. The military involvement of the US in the management of the security of SSA during the Clinton era is analysed against the background of the US interests, policy, and strategy – specifically its security strategy – in SSA. The reality of the absence of concrete US interests in SSA is highlighted. This lack of interest led to a situation whereby SSA could not be a priority in US foreign policy. The US policy objectives in SSA were nevertheless aimed at the promotion of democracy, the improvement of the security situation and the support of economic progress. The reluctance of the US to deploy military forces in SSA underpins its security strategy and military involvement in SSA. The security strategy of the US was in essence preventive in nature since it aimed at preventing the manifestation of threats from SSA against the US by promoting the stability of SSA. However, the US was still militarily involved in SSA in a variety of ways, from the provision of military training and the conduct of military exercises to military operations. Military involvement centred around the empowerment of armed forces in SSA. It was argued that the capacity of the armed forces of SSA should be developed to support democratic governance and economic progress. The capacity building programmes of the US armed forces in SSA concentrated on defence reform, military professionalism, the creation of indigenous conflict resolution and peace support capabilities, the provision of equipment, and the improvement of health and environmental conditions.
Dissertation (MA (Security Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Political Sciences
unrestricted

Chacun de leur côté, les phénomènes de la guerre et des tournois au Moyen Âge ont déjà bénéficié d’études nombreuses et approfondies. En revanche, on a négligé d’analyser en profondeur le lien entre ces deux mondes, accusé pourtant de s’étioler au XVe siècle au profit de spectacles grandioses n’ayant plus rien à voir avec la réalité d’un champ de bataille. Par ailleurs, dans le domaine militaire, les gentilshommes imprégnés d’un idéal chevaleresque obsolète se débattraient pour essayer de faire encore croire au maintien de leur suprématie guerrière.La réalité est bien plus complexe et les interactions entre le domaine de la guerre et celui des lices sont multiples. Ce sont d’abord les mêmes personnes qu’on peut retrouver à combattre dans tous les contextes, des hommes censés être nobles, adoubés ou non, qui possèdent un équipement caractéristique, armes et armures, ainsi qu’un cheval entraîné au combat. Les adaptations de leur matériel aux rencontres normées, prévues pour augmenter leur sécurité, ne changent fondamentalement rien à leur façon de combattre. Leurs techniques martiales se révèlent riches et variées, tout comme leurs tactiques collectives, qui savent s’adapter aux différentes configurations rencontrées à la guerre grâce à une surprenante polyvalence. Enfin, la mentalité avec laquelle les hommes d’armes abordent les rencontres armées montrent d’importantes similitudes dans tous les contextes : on attend d’eux qu’ils donnent le meilleur d’eux-mêmes, en démontrant leur prouesse, sans renoncer face à l’adversité. Ainsi, à tous les niveaux, la frontière entre les lices et le champ de bataille s’avère finalement assez floue
The phenomena of war and tournaments in the Middle Ages have already benefitted from several individual in-depth studies. However, a detailed analysis of the link between the two themes has always been lacking, even though we often accusingly claim that this link declined during the 15th century to be replaced by spectacular shows which had nothing to do with the reality of battlefields anymore. Moreover, some people would argue that, in the military field, noblemen – immersed in an obsolete chivalrous model – would have desperately tried to maintain a semblance of belligerent dominion.But the truth is far more complex and the interactions between the world of war and the world of lists are numerous. First, the same persons could be found in each context: men supposed to be noble – knighted or not – with characteristic pieces of equipment – arms and armours – and horses trained for combat. Adjusting their equipment for formal combats to improve their safety did not fundamentally change the way they fought. Their martial techniques were, in fact, rich and diverse – and so was their group tactic, which could adapt to different configurations encountered at war thanks to their surprising versatility. Lastly, the ways of men-at-arms in martial encounters reveals important similarities in every context: we expected them to give their best and achieve feats with no sign of renouncement while facing the enemy. Thus, the boundary between lists and battlefields actually turns out to be quite vague at every level

Cette thèse étudie les techniques de gestion intelligente du spectre et de topologie des réseaux via une approche radio intelligente dans le but d’améliorer leur capacité, leur qualité de service (QoS – Quality of Service) et leur consommation énergétique. Les techniques d’apprentissage par renforcement y sont utilisées dans le but d’améliorer les performances d’un système radio intelligent. Dans ce manuscrit, nous traitons du problème d’accès opportuniste au spectre dans le cas de réseaux intelligents sans infrastructure. Nous nous plaçons dans le cas où aucune information n’est échangée entre les utilisateurs secondaires (pour éviter les surcoûts en transmissions). Ce problème particulier est modélisé par une approche dite de bandits manchots « restless » markoviens multi-utilisateurs (multi-user restless Markov MAB -multi¬armed bandit). La contribution principale de cette thèse propose une stratégie d’apprentissage multi-joueurs qui prend en compte non seulement le critère de disponibilité des canaux (comme déjà étudié dans la littérature et une thèse précédente au laboratoire), mais aussi une métrique de qualité, comme par exemple le niveau d’interférence mesuré (sensing) dans un canal (perturbations issues des canaux adjacents ou de signaux distants). Nous prouvons que notre stratégie, RQoS-UCB distribuée (distributed restless QoS-UCB – Upper Confidence Bound), est quasi optimale car on obtient des performances au moins d’ordre logarithmique sur son regret. En outre, nous montrons par des simulations que les performances du système intelligent proposé sont améliorées significativement par l’utilisation de la solution d’apprentissage proposée permettant à l’utilisateur secondaire d’identifier plus efficacement les ressources fréquentielles les plus disponibles et de meilleure qualité. Cette thèse propose également un nouveau modèle d’apprentissage par renforcement combiné à un transfert de connaissance afin d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique (EE) des réseaux cellulaires hétérogènes. Nous formulons et résolvons un problème de maximisation de l’EE pour le cas de stations de base (BS – Base Stations) dynamiquement éteintes et allumées (ON-OFF). Ce problème d’optimisation combinatoire peut aussi être modélisé par des bandits manchots « restless » markoviens. Par ailleurs, une gestion dynamique de la topologie des réseaux hétérogènes, utilisant l’algorithme RQoS-UCB, est proposée pour contrôler intelligemment le mode de fonctionnement ON-OFF des BS, dans un contexte de trafic et d’étude de capacité multi-cellulaires. Enfin une méthode incluant le transfert de connaissance « transfer RQoS-UCB » est proposée et validée par des simulations, pour pallier les pertes de récompense initiales et accélérer le processus d’apprentissage, grâce à la connaissance acquise à d’autres périodes temporelles correspondantes à la période courante (même heure de la journée la veille, ou même jour de la semaine par exemple). La solution proposée de gestion dynamique du mode ON-OFF des BS permet de diminuer le nombre de BS actives tout en garantissant une QoS adéquate en atténuant les fluctuations de la QoS lors des variations du trafic et en améliorant les conditions au démarrage de l’apprentissage. Ainsi, l’efficacité énergétique est grandement améliorée. Enfin des démonstrateurs en conditions radio réelles ont été développés pour valider les solutions d’apprentissage étudiées. Les algorithmes ont également été confrontés à des bases de données de mesures effectuées par un partenaire dans la gamme de fréquence HF, pour des liaisons transhorizon. Les résultats confirment la pertinence des solutions d’apprentissage proposées, aussi bien en termes d’optimisation de l’utilisation du spectre fréquentiel, qu’en termes d’efficacité énergétique
Future cellular network technologies are targeted at delivering self-organizable and ultra-high capacity networks, while reducing their energy consumption. This thesis studies intelligent spectrum and topology management through cognitive radio techniques to improve the capacity density and Quality of Service (QoS) as well as to reduce the cooperation overhead and energy consumption. This thesis investigates how reinforcement learning can be used to improve the performance of a cognitive radio system. In this dissertation, we deal with the problem of opportunistic spectrum access in infrastructureless cognitive networks. We assume that there is no information exchange between users, and they have no knowledge of channel statistics and other user's actions. This particular problem is designed as multi-user restless Markov multi-armed bandit framework, in which multiple users collect a priori unknown reward by selecting a channel. The main contribution of the dissertation is to propose a learning policy for distributed users, that takes into account not only the availability criterion of a band but also a quality metric linked to the interference power from the neighboring cells experienced on the sensed band. We also prove that the policy, named distributed restless QoS-UCB (RQoS-UCB), achieves at most logarithmic order regret. Moreover, numerical studies show that the performance of the cognitive radio system can be significantly enhanced by utilizing proposed learning policies since the cognitive devices are able to identify the appropriate resources more efficiently. This dissertation also introduces a reinforcement learning and transfer learning frameworks to improve the energy efficiency (EE) of the heterogeneous cellular network. Specifically, we formulate and solve an energy efficiency maximization problem pertaining to dynamic base stations (BS) switching operation, which is identified as a combinatorial learning problem, with restless Markov multi-armed bandit framework. Furthermore, a dynamic topology management using the previously defined algorithm, RQoS-UCB, is introduced to intelligently control the working modes of BSs, based on traffic load and capacity in multiple cells. Moreover, to cope with initial reward loss and to speed up the learning process, a transfer RQoS-UCB policy, which benefits from the transferred knowledge observed in historical periods, is proposed and provably converges. Then, proposed dynamic BS switching operation is demonstrated to reduce the number of activated BSs while maintaining an adequate QoS. Extensive numerical simulations demonstrate that the transfer learning significantly reduces the QoS fluctuation during traffic variation, and it also contributes to a performance jump-start and presents significant EE improvement under various practical traffic load profiles. Finally, a proof-of-concept is developed to verify the performance of proposed learning policies on a real radio environment and real measurement database of HF band. Results show that proposed multi-armed bandit learning policies using dual criterion (e.g. availability and quality) optimization for opportunistic spectrum access is not only superior in terms of spectrum utilization but also energy efficient

The thesis deals with the chaplaincy role, taking into consideration man´s religious dimension in a specific Czech Republic Armed Forces environment. It conducts a survey of military chaplaincy history at first, from a biblical ages to the present days and outlines possibilities for it´s further orientation. It deals with a cornerstone of the chaplaincy services afterwords, which is chaplain´s personality and his particular roles. The thesis subsequently analyses the subject of ethics of a soldier as well as marginally deals with the theme of war defense and pacifism. The end of the thesis describes stress and it´s impact to a soldier, including consequences of such an impact and it is dealing with the question of the military chaplaincy role, during following care about soldiers, affected by post traumatic stress disorder, in a context of holistic philosophy. Comparing and assessing the obtained information, this thesis finds out, if the military chaplaincy has an irreplaceable position in the Czech Republic Armed Forces.

碩士
國立中正大學
戰略暨國家安全碩士在職專班
106
People’s Republic of China ‘s armed forces have sufficient money supported by the Government. By their leader’s arrangement, the armed forces upgraded themselves. And all the armed forces upgraded their strategy and power. The way to use their forces will change. This event will influence Asia and Taiwan. [Attack Taiwan to unify] always as Main China’s main mission. If Mainland China don’t want use landing warfare, but using Navy, Airforce, missiles and other far distance weapons to conduct [assault operation] to destroy Taiwan’s political, ecumenic, and armed forces, how can Taiwan armed forces do to face it? This article is talking about how possible Mainland China’s armed forces conduct the [assault operation] to Taiwan. We can identify it as three parts. First: assault operation’s identification, it includes what is the identification of assault operation, assault operation and its history of Mainland China’s methods of assault operation. Second: discussing how possible the new Mainland China’s armed forces conduct new tactical assault operation and new weapons to Taiwan. Third: discussing how Taiwan armed forces react to Mainland China’s [assault operation], and how to establish quick react and defense new armed forces. Over all speaking, it is a hard time for Taiwan by the new Mainland China’s armed forces. Both sides of the armed forces get far more different power. How Taiwan armed forces use our resources to create initiative, and effectively defense Taiwan. Then, recently military drill in Taiwan, we still use 10 years ago plan to simulate Mainland China’s assault procedure. Using [unify air defense], [unify marine time defense], [unify ground forces defense] as procedure of military drill. If Mainland China armed forces using new assault operation, Taiwan armed forces still using the same methods to react. Taiwan armed forces can’t defense effectively. We need to think about having a method to react Mainland China’s assault and create new doctrine. It is a critical military mission to defense our nation, hope the people who got the authority can understand it.

In this thesis, we address several generic problems concerned with procurement of tasks from a crowd that consists of strategic workers with uncertainty in their qualities. These problems assume importance as the quality of services in a service marketplace is known to degrade when there is (unchecked) information asymmetry pertaining to quality. Moreover, crowdsourcing is increasingly being used for a wide variety of tasks these days since it offers high levels of flexibility to workers as well as employers. We seek to address the issue of quality uncertainty in crowdsourcing through mechanism design and machine learning. As the interactions in web-based crowdsourcing platform are logged, the data captured could be used to learn unknown parameters such as qualities of individual crowd workers. Further, many of these platforms invite bids by crowd workers for available tasks but the strategic workers may not bid truthfully. This warrants the use of mechanism design to induce truthful bidding. There ensues a complex interplay between machine learning and mechanism design, leading to interesting technical challenges. We resolve some generic challenges in the context of the following problems. Design of a quality eliciting mechanism with interdependent values We consider an expert sourcing problem, where a planner seeks opinions from a pool of experts. Execution of the task at an assured quality level in a cost effective manner turns out to be a mechanism design problem when the individual qualities are private information of the experts. Also, the task execution problem involves interdependent values, where truthfulness and efficiency cannot be achieved in an unrestricted setting due to an impossibility result. We propose a novel mechanism that exploits the special structure of the problem and guarantees allocative efficiency, ex-post incentive compatibility and strict budget balance for the mechanism, and ex-post individual rationality for the experts. Design of an optimal dimensional crowdsourcing auction We study the problem faced by an auctioneer who gains stochastic rewards by procuring multiple units of a service from a pool of heterogeneous strategic workers. The reward obtained depends on the inherent quality of the worker; the worker’s quality is fixed but unknown. The costs and capacities are private information of the workers. The auctioneer is required to elicit costs and capacities (making the mechanism design dimensional) and further, has to learn the qualities of the workers as well, to enable utility maximization. To solve this problem, we design a dimensional multi-armed bandit auction that maximizes the expected utility of the auctioneer subject to incentive compatibility and individual rationality while simultaneously learning the unknown qualities of the agents. Design of a multi-parameter learning mechanism for crowdsourcing We investigate the problem of allocating divisible jobs, arriving online, to workers in a crowd-sourcing platform. Each job is split into a certain number of tasks that are then allocated to workers. These tasks have to meet several constraints that depend on the worker performance. The performance of each worker in turn is characterized by several intrinsic stochastic parameters. In particular, we study a problem where each arriving job has to be completed within a deadline and each task has to be completed, honouring a lower bound on quality. The job completion time and quality of each worker are stochastic with fixed but unknown means. We propose a learning mechanism to elicit the costs truthfully while simultaneously learning the stochastic parameters. Our proposed mechanism is dominant strategy incentive compatible and ex-post individually rational with asymptotically optimal regret performance.

The increase of piracy and armed robbery attacks has led to the growth of the hiring of private security companies (PSC) to protect ships, merchandise and crew. How-ever, the presence of armed guards on board ships gives rise to some legal prob-lems. The absence of a specific international treaty on PSCs that provide security on board ships, coupled with the fact that a ship may be in contact with various juris-dictions during its navigation raises questions about how States can regulate these companies and enforce the applicable international law. Thus, this dissertation aims to examine the international regulatory framework and to understand the interna-tional legal obligations applicable to States regarding the use of PSC in the mari-time environment. The delimitation of those obligations requires the analysis of the international binding (hard law) and non-binding (soft law) instruments relevant to this matter; a reflection on the adaptation of the Montreux Document definitions and obligations to the maritime context. Relevant international legal obligations of States can be found on this matter, although not as exhaustively as found in the Montreux Document.
O aumento dos ataques de pirataria e roubo armado tem levado ao crescimento da contratação de empresas de segurança privada (ESP) para proteção dos navios, mercadoria e tripulação. No entanto, a presença de guardas armados a bordo dos navios origina alguns problemas jurídicos. A ausência de um tratado internacional específico sobre as ESP que prestem segurança a bordo de navios, juntamente com a circunstância de um navio poder estar em contato com várias jurisdições, origina dúvidas sobre como poderão os Estados melhor regulamentar estas empresas e fazer cumprir o Direito Internacional aplicável. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo perscrutar o quadro normativo internacional e perceber quais as obrigações jurídicas internacionais aplicáveis aos Estados, relativamente ao uso de ESP em ambiente marítimo. A delimitação daquelas obrigações requer a análise dos instrumentos internacionais vinculativos (hard law) e não vinculativos (soft law) relevantes para esta matéria e uma reflexão sobre a adaptação das definições e obrigações do Documento de Montreux para o contexto marítimo. Sobre esta matéria, é possível encontrar obrigações legais internacionais dos Estados, embora não de forma tão exaustiva como se encontram no Documento de Montreux.

Dany Laferrière, récemment admis à la prestigieuse Académie française, a produit une œuvre considérable au cours des trente dernières années. Deux de ces premiers romans, Comment faire l’amour avec un Nègre sans se fatiguer et Cette grenade dans la main du jeune Nègre est-elle une arme ou un fruit?, sont caractérisés par une intertextualité riche et variée. La trame narrative de ces deux romans est construite par fragments. Dans le premier texte, on retrouve un écrivain fictif qui procède à l’écriture d’un roman qu’il nomme Paradis du dragueur nègre. Dans le deuxième roman, nous retrouvons le même écrivain, mais ce dernier est plutôt employé par un magazine de la côte est afin de rédiger un reportage sur l’Amérique. Dans les deux cas, il y a une mise en scène de l’écriture par un écrivain fictif qui présente beaucoup de ressemblances avec Laferrière lui-même. Le lecteur assiste à la construction du récit qu’il est en train de lire à travers une autofiction originale. Il y a donc une multitude de ressemblances, et mêmes correspondances, entre les deux récits. Les deux romans de Laferrière s’inscrivent par leur thème, leur style et leur genre dans une « généalogie » de textes qui peuvent être regroupés en « familles » littéraires. Nous tenterons, dans le mémoire qui suit, de définir et de comprendre le rôle de ces « familles » et d’illustrer comment l’appropriation de ces textes permet à l’auteur à la fois de s’en inspirer et de s’en distancer. Il s’agira donc, dans les deux premiers chapitres, d’étudier les références intertextuelles appartenant à ces deux « familles » d’écrivains pour ensuite étudier plus particulièrement la construction de la figure de l’écrivain et de son espace littéraire à travers ces deux œuvres. MOT-CLÉS : Dany Laferrière ; intertextualité ; autofiction ; roman contemporain ; littérature québécoise.
Dany Laferrière, recently admitted to the prestigious Académie française, has produced a considerable work in the past thirty years. Two of his first novels, Comment faire l'amour avec un Nègre sans se fatiguer and Cette grenade dans la main du jeune Nègre est-elle une arme ou un fruit? are characterised by a rich and varied intertextuality. The thread of the narrative of these two novels is built by fragments. In the first text, a fictional writer is working on a novel titled Paradis du dragueur nègre. In the second novel, we find the same writer, but he travels through the United States in order to write a report on America. In both cases, we find staged writing by a fictional writer who has many similarities to Laferrière himself. The reader witnesses the construction of the story he is reading through an original « autobiographical novel ». In fact, there are many resemblances, even correspondences, between the two stories. Both Laferrière's novel themes, style and genre, are part of a « genealogy » of texts that can be grouped into literary « families ». We will then try, in the following research, to define and understand the role of theses « families » and illustrate how the appropriation of these texts allows the author to be inspired and to question these texts from the past. We will therefore study the intertextual references of these literary « families » in the first two chapters of our research and then study more specifically the construction of the figure of the writer and his literary space through these two novels. KEY WORDS : Dany Laferrière ; intertextuality ; autofiction ; contemporary novel ; Quebec literature.