Relevant bibliographies by topics / Armed conflicts in the DRC

Academic literature on the topic 'Armed conflicts in the DRC'

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Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Armed conflicts in the DRC":

1

Menge Etamba Gilbert. "Critical Assessment of Geostrategic Infiltration in UN Peacekeeping Operations Deployed in Intra-State Armed Conflicts in Africa: The Case of ONUC in DRC in 1960." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v4i2.4848.

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This study focuses on the deployments of UN peacekeeping operations within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa. The statement of the problem and objective of the study is to demonstrate amidst the significant roles that UN peacekeeping operations deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa have played and are still playing, nonetheless growing geostrategic infiltration from hegemonic states as well as other member states from where troops are drawn from to constitute different operations to mitigate the armed conflicts. This is very important for the successful consolidation of the mandates of different UN peacekeeping operations deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa. The study incorporated both primary and secondary sources of data. The qualitative descriptive analysis and its instruments are the research method that fits the study. The results of the findings were parallel to the problem statement and objective, which proved that geostrategic infiltration aimed at guaranteeing the interests of hegemonic and other member states of the UN that are proved apparent. The study's conclusion and recommendations were proffered to mitigating geostrategic infiltration in UN peacekeeping deployments faced with intra-state armed conflicts in Africa after an in-depth analysis of the case study under review in this study. That is, the United Nations Operations in the Congo deployed in view of the intra-state armed conflict that hit Congo in 1960, where the end of that mission was a debacle. A debacle explained largely by geostrategic infiltration. The Security Council is making every effort to mitigate the numerous challenges that have been and are still impeding the UN peacekeeping operations from successfully consolidating their mandates in different intra-state armed conflicts in Africa where they have been deployed. This study seeks to draw the attention of the international community to a veritable challenge that has become a pertinent stake (geostrategic infiltration), impeding the successful consolidation of the different UN peacekeeping mandates deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa.
2

Kapend, Richard, Jakub Bijak, and Andrew Hinde. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo armed conflict 1998-2004: Assessing excess mortality based on factual and cournter-factual projection scenarios." Quetelet Journal 8, no. 1 (October 28, 2020): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rqj2020.08.01.01.

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To document the scale and scope of the 1998–2004 armed conflicts in the Democrat­ic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the current study combined four different data sources: the 1984 DRC Population Census, the 1995 and 2001 DRC Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and the 2007 DRC Demographic and Health Survey, to reconstruct missing demographic estimates and assess the level of excess mortality associated with the conflict, going from 1998 to 2007. Findings from this study do not corrobo­rate previous estimates on the same armed conflict and for the same period: these range from excess mortality of 5.4 million population according to Coghlan et al. (2009), to 0.2 million according to Lambert and Lohlé-Tart (2008). The cohort component projection method as used in this study is a cost-effective approach as it allows the analysis of a complex issue, that is excess mortality associat­ed with an armed conflict, with relatively modest resources. This study highlights that the choice of baseline rates is a key factor in determining the level of excess mortality when data points are scarce. This study produced a range of plausible estimates of excess mortality between 1 and 1.9 million population rather than a single best estimate. The range of excess mortality produced in this study is narrower and less extreme when compared to previous studies on the same conflict. As a further contribution to the debate in this field, the current study advocates producing a range of plausible estimates rather than a single best estimate of excess mortality. This is justified by the uncertainties associated with the scarcity of the data, the statistical modelling and the overall analysis process.
3

Sjöstedt, Britta. "The Role of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Armed Conflict: ‘Green-keeping’ in Virunga Park. Applying the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in the Armed Conflict of the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Nordic Journal of International Law 82, no. 1 (2013): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08201007.

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This article analyses the application of the 1972 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention (the WHC) in the context of the armed conflicts that have taken place in the Virunga National Park (the Park), a natural world heritage site in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC). Instead of addressing wartime environmental damage under the law of armed conflict, this article seeks to establish how such damage can be addressed using multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). MEAs often consist of general principles and vague obligations and their relevance or applicability during situations of armed conflict may be questioned. However, a number of MEAs, including the WHC, authorise their convention bodies to develop detailed and substantive obligations applicable to their parties. Thus, the decisions and recommendations adopted by the World Heritage Committee, a body established under the WHC, provide substantive content to the provisions of the WHC. These decisions and recommendations may, however, run counter to the requirements of military necessity thereby affecting the application of the law of armed conflict. While the position adopted by the World Heritage Committee does not inevitably imply a clash between the obligations in the WHC and the law of armed conflict, it does raise the question of whether the outstanding values of world heritage should trump the rules of military necessity and other pressing concerns during armed conflict. On an informal basis, the World Heritage Committee and the UN peacekeeping forces deployed in the DRC have agreed to perform operations that jointly address the interconnected concerns of security and conservation of natural resources in the region of the Park. This cooperative ‘green-keeping’ operation represents a useful approach to regime interaction and the harmonisation of obligations set out in different legal regimes that are applicable to the same subject matter.
4

Murgova, A., Z. Ulmann, M. Popovicova, V. Krcmery, I. Kmit, J. Bydzovsky, J. Suvada, et al. "Among Refugees of War from Ukraine, Yemen and Syria, Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome is the Commonest Diagnosis among Health CTR Visits." Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 13, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_13_2_06.

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War conflicts are not anymore located only to African and Asian subcontinent or to developing and less democratic countries, but after stopping the armed tensions: Zimbabwe in 2018; Ethiopia & Somalia in 2020; Libya in 2021; DRC in 2022, Middle east and Central Europe are surprisingly leading parts of the world with armed conflicts resulting to large numbers of internally displaced(l) war refugees (11) and subsequent unrest migrants(iii). The aim of this survey is to compare the commonest diseases reported by the migrants and refugees at Outpatient Departments (OPD) of clinics being served by SEUC tropic-team and migrant health teams at border spots within the last 6 years.
5

Aroussi, Sahla. "Women, Peace, and Security and the DRC: Time to Rethink Wartime Sexual Violence as Gender-Based Violence?" Politics & Gender 13, no. 03 (July 21, 2016): 488–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x16000489.

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During armed conflicts, women experience extensive gender harm of a physical, sexual, legal, economic, social, cultural, and political nature. Recently, however, we have witnessed unprecedented attention in international law and policy-making arenas to the specific issue of sexual violence as a strategy of warfare. This has been particularly obvious in the agenda on women, peace, and security. Since 2008, the United Nations agenda has increasingly and repeatedly focused on sexual violence in armed conflicts in several Security Council resolutions, calling on and pressuring member states and international agencies to address this issue using militaristic and legalistic strategies. In this article, looking particularly at the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), I argue that the prioritization of sexual harm over other forms of gender harm has had a detrimental impact on women living in aid-dependent societies, and the international obsession with sexual harm has delivered neither justice nor security for victims in the DRC. The article concludes that in order to effectively address sexual violence, we have to rethink sexual harm as gender harm and start listening and responding to women's actual needs and priorities on the ground.
6

Sidorova, G. M. "Who is Responsible for Instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo?" MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-29-36.

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The research focuses on the problem of military-political instability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo experiencing continued armed conflict for a long time. Dozens of illegal armed groups both Congolese and foreign origin continue to destabilize situation in the eastern part of the country causing humanitarian disasters. Due to governmental weakness, economic backwardness, chronical lack of finance resources, interethnic conflicts, all-round and widely spread corruption of the authorities, the Congolese government at the moment is not able to overcome scores of problems including the problem of security. Assistanceprovided to the DRC by itspartnerssuch as, first of all, the former metropolitan country Belgium, as well as the USA, Great Britain, the Europe Union and China works only in favourof these country-donors. They are attracted by rich Congolese natural resources which the DRC remaining one of the poorest countries in the world cannot turn to advantage to the full extent because of its economic backwardness. In exchange for so-calleddevelopment programmes, expensive strategic raw material (such as coltan, wolfram, casseterit, cooper, gold, niobium, and other) is being extracted and exported from the country, in addition, often on the inequivalent basis. This is taking place for the reason that numerous mines and open-cast mines are being controlled by different illegal armed groups and not by the central government. Therefore, it turns out that in the context of a military-political crisis, for so-called partners it is more beneficial to pursue their own interests. Furthermore, western ideologists arouse "separatism-oriented" theories similar to "balkanization", in other words, a breakdown of this giant country into several independent states. The Congolese are tremulous to this issue, they try to counter such approachs and defend the territorial integrity of the DRC. However, it is not an easy task. The impediment is unsettled relations with neighbouring countries - Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi which for tens of years exploit illegally natural resources of the DRC and try to lay hold of frontier Congolese territories.
7

Kabengele Mpinga, Emmanuel, Mapendo Koya, Jennifer Hasselgard-Rowe, Emilien Jeannot, Sylvie B. Rehani, and Philippe Chastonay. "Rape in Armed Conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 18, no. 5 (May 19, 2016): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016650184.

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We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature between 1996 and 2013 on rape in war-ridden Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in order to better understand the interest of the scientific community in describing the magnitude and characteristics of the problem. The literature search was conducted in French and English using several databases (Pubmed, PsycInfo, Sapphire, BDSP, Embase, Rero, and Web of Science) with the key words “rape and DRC” combined with several Medical Subject Headings concepts. Our systematic review yielded 2,087 references, among which only 27 are original studies, that is 20 are based on population surveys and the remaining 7 are original data based on case studies and reviews. Ten studies provided prevalence rates of rape victims, 18 provided specific information on the profile of the victims, 10 reported that most of the perpetrators of rape were military personnel, 14 referred to the negligence of the government in protecting victims, and 10 reported a lack of competent health-care facilities. The awareness of rape in conflict-ridden DRC is still limited as reported in the scientific literature: Published scientific papers are scarce. Yet more research would probably help mobilize local authorities and the international community against this basic human rights violation.
8

Shirambere, Philippe Tunamsifu. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo-China’s Deals on Construction of Roads in Exchange of Mines." Afrika Focus 33, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03302008.

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After 32 years of dictatorship regime and a decade of various armed conflicts. the newly elected DRC government in 2006 was expected to receive US$4 billion from the traditional Western donors for reconstruction and development to help cement peace. Based on the issue of the lack of trust in the public institutions, the West failed to provide its promised aid following its conditionality. Alternatively, Joseph Kabila approached China to secure his cinq chantiers. Without prior conditionality on good-governance and human rights, China agreed to provide its financial support valued at US$ 9 billion in exchange for mines. Using historical and comparative methods, findings reveal that the Chinese presence in the DRC goes back to the colonial era of the 19th century. The conditionality for financial support seems inadequate for post-conflict countries in need of reconstruction. Also, the Chinese non-interference policy as an alternative to the western approach needs to be transparent.
9

Johnson, Dustin. "Letter from the Editor." Allons-y: Journal of Children, Peace and Security 3 (March 29, 2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/allons-y.v3i0.10065.

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For this volume of Allons-y we asked young authors to write about how armed conflict impacts children in the countries on International Crisis Group’s ten conflicts to watch in 2018 list. Much has changed in these conflicts since then, but all continue to do grave harm to children, which we struggle to address in the aftermath. The militarization and abuse of children are often used by autocratic regimes and armed groups to further their aims, and the trauma can have a lasting impact on the children and their societies. The four papers and their accompanying commentary in this volume illustrate these challenges and collectively highlight the importance of prevention.The authors, all young scholars who are in or have recently completed graduate school, wrote about the ways in which children are ripped from their communities in order to be used for military and political ends in armed conflict, and the difficulties of repairing these harms afterwards, whether in countries affected by armed conflict like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) or when people flee as refugees to new lands. The first two papers explore how children are weaponized: Peter Steele writes about the North Korean Songbun system that militarizes children from birth, and Airianna Murdoch-Fyke writes about the systematic use of rape as a weapon of war targeted at girls in the DRC. Both methods are designed to disrupt a child’s connection to their family and community. The last two papers explore the difficulties of addressing the resulting trauma: Arpita Mitra writes about the failures of the demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration process in the DRC, and Emily Pelley writes about the difficulties of aiding young refugees exposed to wartime violence when they come to Northern countries such as Canada. Collectively, these papers highlight the need to invest more in prevention of wartime abuses, rather than scrambling to catch-up and repair the damage already done.While it may be cliché to say that young people are the future, it is also the truth, and it is important for them to have platforms to discuss and present their ideas and contribute to the most pressing challenges facing our world. Whether it is young politicians challenging our complacency on climate change, students fighting for safer schools, young activists towards peace in their countries and around the world, or young scholars such as the authors of this volume, we must turn to and support the younger generations who are invested in making a better world for themselves and all of humanity. In this spirit, Allons-y seeks to pair the academic and practical work of young people with the commentary of those who are more experienced in their field to demonstrate how young people can contribute to and create a brighter tomorrow.
10

Ossi, Gnamien Yawa. "Vécu Des Enfants Soldats Pendant La Guerre: Une Analyse À Partir Des Projets De l’Organisation Non Gouvernemental Caritas Makeni En Sierra Léone." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n2p256.

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The phenomenon of «child soldier» has become very rampant these last years. In Africa, they are very common in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), in Chad, in Uganda, in Sierra Leone, and in Côte d’Ivoire. More recently, they are in Mali and in the Central African Republic. However, armed conflicts have imposed various situations on populations. The children are the main victims. The focus of this study is on child soldiers during times of war. The main objective of this study is to analyze the ways they join the armed groups and the difficulties of their social reintegration. The objective of this study is to analyze the recruitment conditions of children and the difficulties of social reintegration. The hypothesis postulates that there is a link between the passage of the children in armed groups and their psychosocial outcome. The study took place in Sierra Leone. The quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The results of the study show that: the mode of recruitment of children has an influence on their social reintegration. Also, the violent practices in armed conflicts are obstacles to their social reintegration.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Armed conflicts in the DRC' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Armed conflicts in the DRC":

1

Iraguha, Ndamiyehe Patient. "Internally displaced children and HIV in situations of armed conflict in the DRC : a study of the obligations of the government and selected non-state actors." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37290.

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The mini-dissertation analyses the international law obligations of the government and nonstate actors regarding the protection of internally displaced children living with HIV in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The war and armed conflicts in the Eastern DRC have exacerbated the vulnerability of children, causing them to be separated from their families, to experience sexual violence and forced conscription into armed groups, to experience the violent deaths of a parent or friend, resulting in insufficient adult care. They further are subject to a lack of safe drinking water and food, insufficient access to health care services, discrimination and stigmatisation, and so on. These factors increase their risk of contracting HIV and, if they are already living with HIV, they adversely affect their welfare. The mini-dissertation illustrates that international, regional and domestic human rights instruments protecting children can be applied in situations of armed conflicts to supplement humanitarian law instruments. It demonstrates that the government of the DRC has not implemented and fulfilled its international obligations to ensure these children adequate access to health services and to humanitarian assistance for displaced persons living with HIV; security and protection within displaced persons camps; and that children are protected from abuse and human rights violations. The dissertation recommends the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes tied to the conflicts which have targeted children, as well as the ratification by the DRC of regional instruments such as the African Union Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa, and the African Charter on the Rights and the Welfare of the Child, as this may enhance the legal protection of displaced children in the DRC.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
2

Kochani, Lawin. "Does higher quality peacekeepers equal better civilian protection? : A qualitative research study on UN-peacekeeping effectiveness in Mali and the DRC." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-430686.

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The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether higher quality troops would perform better in civilian protection within UN-peacekeeping missions. The appropriate method to answer this question was through a Structured Focused Comparison and the most similar system design. The theory suggested that higher quality peacekeepers would be more effective in combating armed groups and directly protecting civilians during civil wars. However, the case comparison did not fully answer the given hypothesis. Instead, it showcased another dilemma that high-quality troops exhibit. These peacekeeping troops seemed reluctant to utilize their high-quality equipment and assets effectively for the mission. Instead, they displayed risk-aversive behaviour and difficulty to cooperate with other troop contributing nations. These findings have important implications for policy making.
3

Samphansakul, Attaphorn Mason T. David. "Child soldiers and intrastate armed conflicts an analysis of the recruitments of child soldiers in civil wars between 2001 and 2003 /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9038.

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4

Omoali, Quionie. "Vers un modèle évolué de prise en charge des victimes des violences sexuelles basées sur le genre commises en période de conflits armés. Cas de la République Démocratique du Congo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU2156.

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Depuis environ vingt-sept ans, la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) est en proie aux conflits armés qui se poursuivent actuellement dans l'Est de ce pays. On y compte plusieurs milliers de morts et de femmes et filles violées. Ces dernières ont subi des préjudices divers et exceptionnels causés par les actes de violences sexuelles, amplifiés par la stigmatisation et l'ostracisation sociale.Nonobstant l'existence d'un cadre juridique national et international progressiste, l'impunité persiste. Les victimes n'ont toujours pas accès au droit à réparation. Le système judiciaire national dysfonctionnel, conforté par les principes du droit pénal et du droit à réparation classiques en vigueur, se révèle la faiblesse de la réponse nationale aux crimes internationaux en cause.Dans le cadre de la relance de la justice transitionnelle, les réponses nationales de justice pénale et de réparation s'inscrivant dans l'approche classique apparaissent inadaptées au contexte national et international.Au travers d'une approche globale sui generis de prise en charge des crimes internationaux centrée sur l'affirmation de l'autonomie des violences sexuelles utilisées comme arme de guerre en RDC, émerge un mécanisme de justice transitionnelle à visée judiciaire et extrajudiciaire.Dans un contexte géopolitique contrasté par le désengagement des Nations Unies ou de l'effritement de la responsabilité internationale, la perspective d'un modèle de mécanisme judiciaire construit selon l'approche crescendo d'internationalisation ou de dénationalisation de la compétence concurrente entre les juridictions nationales (les Chambres Judiciaires Spécialisées) et le Tribunal Pénal Spécial pour la RDC, juridiction internationale, constitue l'innovation de la présente thèse
For approximately 27 years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been plagued by armed conflicts, currently persisting in the eastern part of the country. Thousands have lost their lives, and women and girls have endured various and exceptional harms from sexual violence, compounded by stigma and social ostracization. Despite progressive national and international legal frameworks, impunity persists, denying victims access to the right to redress. The dysfunctional national judicial system, guided by conventional criminal and reparative principles, reveals the weakness of the domestic response to the implicated international crimes. In the context of transitional justice revival, traditional national approaches to criminal justice and reparations prove inadequate in the dual national and international setting. A unique comprehensive approach addressing international crimes, focusing on the autonomy of sexual violence as a weapon of war in the DRC, gives rise to a transitional justice mechanism encompassing both judicial and extrajudicial aspects. In a geopolitical landscape marked by UN disengagement and the erosion of international responsibility, the prospect of a judicial mechanism constructed with a crescendo approach to the internationalization or denationalization of concurrent jurisdiction between national courts (Judicial Special Chambers) and the Special Criminal Court for the DRC, an international tribunal, constitutes the innovation of this thesis
5

Williams, Jack F. "Archaeological ethics in armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28187.

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Like its ancestral disciplines, archaeology is no stranger to human conflict. Greek and Roman warfare often resulted in the sacking of cities, with all property (public, private, temple) taken as booty and the population and heritage exterminated or absorbed (men killed, women and children sold into slavery). In addition to the personal danger risked in a hostile region, archaeologists may also be thrust into deep and divisive cultural embattlements. Cultural property may be destroyed, intentionally or unintentionally. Graves, including potential evidence of genocide or mass murder, may be disturbed. Archaeologists may find themselves embroiled in many of these disputes and violent events, leading to difficult and complex ethical issues. This viperous nest of ethical concerns is amplified where an archaeologist is present as part of, or perceived to be related to, an invading or occupying military force. The goal of this thesis is to develop an engaging and pragmatic virtue-based professional ethic that may guide an archaeologist and archaeology through the ethical bramble bush raised by modern human conflict. The present ethical systems, based primarily on utilitarian or deontological principles manifested in ethical codes, are deficient because they fail to establish the archaeologist as a trustee (active or passive) in a political dynamic, elevate the archaeological record even when these professional codes purport to discount its importance, fail to address adequately the matrix of relationships in a manner that ensures trust across the interests of all stakeholders – both present and past, and dramatically fail to identify and develop the central thrust of a professional ethic (as opposed to personal moral judgment) in the first instance.
6

Al-Kraisha, Abeer Jamal. "Law of internal armed conflicts." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271566.

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Macak, Jakub (Kubo). "Internationalized armed conflicts in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:793d605d-dea3-403c-95df-c88bfe0cf19f.

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In a world shaped by the simultaneous forces of globalization and fragmentation, very few armed conflicts remain isolated from any foreign involvement and confined to the territory of one State. On the contrary, many begin as internal conflicts that gradually acquire international characteristics of varying degree and nature. Yet, the law of armed conflict forces each such conflict into one of two legal categories: it must either be a non-international, or an international armed conflict. Accordingly, the prevailing approach in the literature is to examine what type of conflict, if any, corresponds to a certain situation in reality at a given time. In contrast, this thesis opts for a dynamic approach, focussing on the combination of factors that transform a prima facie non-international armed conflict into an international armed conflict. It argues that four such modalities of internationalization have emerged thus far: (1) outside intervention; (2) State dissolution; (3) wars of national liberation; and (4) relative internationalization by way of recognition of belligerency, unilateral declarations, or special agreements. Since some situations feature more than two conflict parties, the thesis puts forward an autonomy-based interpretive model, which enables to determine whether such situations should be seen as a single internationalized armed conflict or a number of independent international and non-international armed conflicts. On the basis of this comprehensive map of conflict internationalization, the thesis turns to the effects brought about by this process. It analyses two areas of the law of armed conflict considered to be regulated differently in the two respective types of conflict, namely matters of combatant status and belligerent occupation. It argues that fighters belonging to non-State armed groups participating in internationalized armed conflicts are in principle eligible for combatant status and it proposes an interpretive model for the determination whether they in fact meet the relevant criteria in practice. Finally, the thesis argues in favour of the applicability of the law of belligerent occupation to internationalized armed conflicts. To substantiate this claim, it delineates the temporal, geographical, and personal scope of the law of occupation in such conflicts. In its totality, the thesis analyses the meaning, process, and effects of conflict internationalization and on this basis argues for a particular interpretation of the concept of internationalized armed conflict in international law.
8

Roos, Ebba, and Elsa Holmgren. "Twenty years of the UNSCR 1325 - progress for whom? : Emxamining the impact at grassroot levels in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49214.

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Twenty years has passed since the adopted of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, which aims to strengthen the gender perspective in conflict settings as well as address inequalities related to sexually gender-based violence. Still, the concrete impact it has had on sexual violence in armed conflict, is questioned. Additionally, it is questioned if it reaches the grassroot level in armed conflict settings. Thus, this study has examined what factors that may have hindered a successful implementation on a grassroot level in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. Furthermore, it has examined the concrete impact on the efforts against sexual violence in these areas. This was done by firstly, conducting a policy analysis using the “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” approach to identify underlying problematics within the resolution. Additionally, semi-structed interviews were conducted with respondents having experience in working with the resolution and/or sexual violence in armed conflict. The results showed, among other things, that the complex construction of the resolution have been a hindering factor for a successful implementation. Additionally, the concrete change for the efforts against sexual violence in conflict settings is lacking. However, the empowerment that the resolution has provided to those working with these issues, is still an important impact.
9

Pech, Lisa. "Armed Conflict and Urban Growth Patterns." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21130.

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Soziale, politische und geografische Prozesse der Stadtentwicklung in Konflikt- und Grenzregionen werden in dieser Dissertation durch eine Kombination von Satellitenbildern und Feldforschung analysiert. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist die Grenzregion zwischen der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (DRK) und Ruanda, die seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre von zwischen- und innerstaatlichen bewaffneten Konflikten betroffen ist. Im Fokus der Analyse liegt Goma, die Provinzhauptstadt von Nord-Kivu im Osten der DRK. Zusätzlich wird ein Vergleich mit Gomas Zwillingsstadt Gisenyi in Ruandas Westprovinz gezogen. Die Literatur zu urbanen Räumen im Kongo und in gesamt Subsahara-Afrika bezieht sich häufig auf Primärstädte. Über die Entwicklung von Sekundärstädten in Konfliktzonen, für die es kaum räumlich explizite Studien gibt, ist wenig bekannt. Diese Arbeit bietet zwei sich ergänzende Perspektiven durch die Kombination von Satellitenbildanalyse mit semi-strukturierten Interviews und Beobachtungen aus mehreren Forschungsaufenthalten. Das zweite Kapitel verwendet eine Zeitreihe hochaufgelöster Landsat-Szenen, um die Expansion von Goma zwischen 1986 und 2015 zu analysieren. Dieser Zeitrahmen umfasst internen Konflikt in Ruanda (1990-1994), die Kongo-Kriege (1996-2003) und deren von Gewalt geprägte Folgezeit. Das dritte Kapitel basiert auf der Analyse sehr hochauflösender Satellitenbilder. Eine feinskalige Kartierung von Urbanisierungsmustern zwischen 2005 und 2014 wird mit verantwortlichen Akteursgruppen verbunden. Das vierte Kapitel erweitert die Analyse auf Gomas ruandische Nachbarstadt Gisenyi. Es untersucht und vergleicht, wie sich zwischen- und innerstaatliche Konflikte und die jüngste Phase von Stabilität in Ruanda auf die räumliche Stadtentwicklung über die nationale Grenze hinweg auswirken. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer kritischen Reflexion über Nutzen und Grenzen des angewendeten Methodenmix und zeigt mögliche Bereiche für weitere Forschung auf.
This dissertation combines satellite imagery analysis and field research to investigate the influence of armed conflict on urban spatial development in the eastern periphery of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and western Rwanda. This border region continues to be affected by inter- and intra-state conflict since the early 1990s. The primary study area is the city of Goma in Congo's North Kivu province. Additionally, a comparison is drawn to the adjacent city of Gisenyi in Rwanda's Western Province. The literature on urban areas in Congo and throughout Sub-Saharan Africa often refers to large primary cities. Little is known about urban development of secondary cities in conflict zones, and spatially explicit studies are rare. By combining satellite imagery analysis with semi-structured interviews and observations from field visits, this dissertation provides two complementary perspectives. The second chapter uses a time series of high-resolution Landsat images to analyze Goma's expansion between 1986 and 2015, a timeframe that includes conflict in Rwanda (1990-1994), the Congo Wars (1996-2003), and their violent aftermath. It shows how stages of urban growth relate to waves of forced displacement. The third chapter relies on very high-resolution (VHR) images for a fine-scale mapping of urbanization patterns between 2005 and 2014, and attributes them to groups of key actors. The fourth chapter extends the analysis to Goma’s Rwandan twin-city Gisenyi. It compares how inter- and intra-state conflict, and recent stability in Rwanda affect urban development across a national border. The dissertation concludes by reflecting on the utility and limitations of this methodological combination for conflict regions, highlighting areas for further research.
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Wa, Baya Mutombo Joseph. "Sexual rights violations during the conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2005 and 2015." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6991.

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Magister Legum - LLM
This thesis examines the sexual rights violation in Eastern DRC, which has been described as the worst in the world. The sexual violence against women and children in this country is systematic and widespread and perpetrated by armed groups, and increasingly also by civilians. The prosecution of sexual offences should contribute to the reduction of these offences, but the Congolese state prosecutes very few cases. The resulting impunity became an obstacle to the state to stop sexual violence, which become unable to overcome the obstacles to prosecutorial action. The successful prosecution of sexual offenders in Eastern DRC faces many obstacles and requires an exceptional jurisdiction which must provide a minimum of better freely conditions to the prosecutors and better unrestrained justice access to the victims. The enforcement of the international instruments of justice will be possible only by this jurisdiction. The victims of sexual violence need more confidence in the jurisdiction which is really working for them to attain justice.
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Books on the topic "Armed conflicts in the DRC":

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Studies, Institute of Peace and Conflict. Armed Conflicts Report 1993. Waterloo: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1993.

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Ploughshares, Project, ed. Armed conflicts report 1997. Waterloo, Ont: Project Ploughshares, 1997.

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Chenoy, Anuradha M. Maoist and other armed conflicts. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2010.

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Dienelt, Anne. Armed Conflicts and the Environment. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99339-9.

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Schütte, Robert. Civilian Protection in Armed Conflicts. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02206-8.

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Jarbāwī, ʻAlī. Armed conflicts & security of women. Birzeit, Palestine: Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Institute of International Studies, Birzeit University, 2009.

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Germany. Bundesministerium der Verteidigung. Abteilung Verwaltung und Recht., ed. Humanitarian law in armed conflicts. [Bonn]: Federal Ministry of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany, VR II 3, 1992.

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Waikar, Shrikant, ed. Ocular Trauma in Armed Conflicts. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4021-7.

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Quest, Hendrik. Tracing Gender Practices After Armed Conflicts. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08541-3.

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Vasileski, Voislav. International humanitarian law in armed conflicts. Skopje: Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski", 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Armed conflicts in the DRC":

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Deogratias, Musoke. "Developing sustainable transnational collaboration in the post-armed conflict areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda." In Managing Transnational UNESCO World Heritage sites in Africa, 121–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80910-2_11.

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AbstractThe Virunga National Park (Parc National des Virunga) is situated in the Albertine Rift Valley in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the south-western part of Uganda near Lake George and Lake Edward, and the north-western part of Ruhengeri in Rwanda. It was created in 1925 and is one of the first protected areas in Africa, enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage property in 1979. The park is host to one of the world’s most famous populations of mountain gorillas but it has been hit by rising instabilities, an influx of refugees, poaching, smuggling activities and violence caused by various rebel groups, such as the Mai-Mai militia and other smugglers, including the recent killing of 12 rangers and the abduction of 2 British tourists in 2018.
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Katona, Csete. "Armed conflicts." In Vikings of the Steppe, 42–67. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003037859-3.

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Fairbank, John A., Matthew J. Friedman, and Steven Southwick. "Veterans of Armed Conflicts." In The Mental Health Consequences of Torture, 121–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1295-0_8.

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Hofmann, Rainer, Juliane Kokott, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Stefan Oeter, and Andreas Zimmermann. "Law of Armed Conflicts." In World Court Digest, 108–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-37779-6_14.

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Cook, Chris, and David Killingray. "Conflicts, Armed Forces and Coups." In African Political Facts Since 1945, 193–211. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09437-0_6.

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Lanoszka, Anna. "Armed conflicts, violence, and development." In International Development, 125–51. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315617671-5.

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Lazányi, Kornélia. "Human Dynamics in Armed Conflicts." In Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications, 519–34. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47990-8_45.

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Schütte, Robert. "Civilians in War: Victimization and Protection throughout History." In Civilian Protection in Armed Conflicts, 17–106. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02206-8_1.

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Schütte, Robert. "The Post-Cold War World: Civilian Victimization and the Four Revolutions in Human Security." In Civilian Protection in Armed Conflicts, 107–44. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02206-8_2.

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Schütte, Robert. "The Evolution and Implementation of Civilian Protection in UN Peace Operations." In Civilian Protection in Armed Conflicts, 145–212. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02206-8_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Armed conflicts in the DRC":

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Yang, Haoyu, Kaiming Xiao, Lihua Liu, Hongbin Huang, and Weiming Zhang. "An Online Learning Approach towards Far-sighted Emergency Relief Planning under Intentional Attacks in Conflict Areas." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/649.

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A large number of emergency humanitarian rescue demands in conflict areas around the world are accompanied by intentional, persistent and unpredictable attacks on rescuers and supplies. Unfortunately, existing work on humanitarian relief planning mostly ignores this challenge in reality resulting a parlous and short-sighted relief distribution plan to a large extent. To address this, we first propose an offline multi-stage optimization problem of emergency relief planning under intentional attacks, in which all parameters in the game between the rescuer and attacker are supposed to be known or predictable. Then, an online version of this problem is introduced to meet the need of online and irrevocable decision making when those parameters are revealed in an online fashion. To achieve a far-sighted emergency relief planning under attacks, we design an online learning approach which is proven to obtain a near-optimal solution of the offline problem when those online reveled parameters are i.i.d. sampled from an unknown distribution. Finally, extensive experiments on a real anti-Ebola relief planning case based on the data of Ebola outbreak and armed attacks in DRC Congo show the scalability and effectiveness of our approach.
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Richard, Richard Stojar. "THE ROBOTIZATION OF ARMED CONFLICTS." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/12/s01.034.

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Fowmina, C. "Crime against Women during Armed Conflicts." In World Conference on Women's Studies. The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/wcws.2017.2102.

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Ibarra, Tatiana Polycarpo dos Santos, Julia Inacio Runge, and Bárbara Thaís Pinheiro Silva. "Refugee protection in the context of armed conflicts." In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-221.

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It's fair to say that the "laws of war" have existed since the dawn of time, since the existence of war itself. Even if in a rudimentary way, limits and rules used in conflicts were established among the most diverse civilizations and peoples (BOUVIER; LANGHOLTZ, 2020). Many scholars consider the First Geneva Convention (1864) to be the emergence of what we understand in modern times as International Humanitarian Law (IHL), but it is worth saying that many of the principles established there, such as respect for and protection of human life in the context of wars, were already supported in earlier times, often in the form of customary law (BOUVIER; LANGHOLTZ, 2020). However, it is possible to argue that in ancient times, the establishment of limits on the use of force in armed conflicts was motivated by economic reasons, which resulted in humanitarian benefits. Examples include restrictions on the use of poison in conquered areas, so that the territory could later be exploited by the victorious party (BOUVIER; LANGHOLTZ, 2020).
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Kutuzov, Andrey, Erik Velldal, and Lilja Øvrelid. "Tracing armed conflicts with diachronic word embedding models." In Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-2705.

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Shevchuk, Zinaida. "THE LOGIC OF ARMED CONFLICTS IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b21/s4.057.

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Golovko, Liudmyla, Olena Gulac, and Roman Oleksenko. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DURING ARMED CONFLICT AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS APPLICATION IN UKRAINE." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/5.1/s23.79.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze international legal documents regarding the possibility of their application for the purpose of environmental protection during armed conflict. Special attention was paid to the provisions of international humanitarian law. The gaps that exist in this area were identified. The topic is especially relevant nowadays, when we are witnessing the significant damage caused to the environment during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Already now, the damage caused to the environment in Ukraine has reached catastrophic values. Therefore, the issue of holding the Russian Federation accountable for the damage caused to the environment is acute. The article pays special attention to this issue. A comparative analysis of the international legal support of environmental protection during armed conflicts was made. In addition, several legislative acts of Ukraine aimed at monitoring and identification of environmental damage, reports of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine were examined. International legal regulation of bringing states to responsibility for environmental damage during armed conflicts was analyzed. The insufficiency of international legal regulation in this area was revealed. The need for timely recording of damage caused to the surrounding natural environment during armed conflicts, involvement of the widest range of subjects in the collection of evidence has been proven. The article reveals Ukraine's experience in this area, which may be useful for other states.
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Belonozhko, A. A. "MODERN PROBLEMS OF COMPLIANCE WITH NORMS INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW DURING THE ARMED CONFLICTS." In Правовая система России: история, современность, тенденции развития. Благовещенск: Амурский государственный университет, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/9785934934065_6.

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Dzhindzholiya, Raul'. "On the right of children to protection in armed conflict." In Development of legal systems of Russia and foreign countries : problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02110-1-50-61.

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The article deals with the rights of children in international conflicts. The author focuses on international legal mechanisms for the protection of children in armed conflict, on the issues of compliance and fulfillment of obligations defined by international agreements and the activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The article proposes measures to improve international legal instruments for the protection of the rights of children in armed conflict
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Thøgersen, Marie. "Obligations of Non-participating States When Hackers on Their Territory Engage in Armed Conflicts." In 2023 15th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Meeting Reality (CyCon). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cycon58705.2023.10182021.

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Reports on the topic "Armed conflicts in the DRC":

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Marchais, Gauthier, Marchais, Gauthier, Sweta Gupta, Cyril Owen Brandt, Patricia Justino, Marinella Leone, Eustache Kuliumbwa, Olga Kithumbu, Issa Kiemtoré, Polepole Bazuzi Christian, and Margherita Bove. Marginalisation from Education in Conflict-Affected Contexts: Learning from Tanganyika and Ituri in the DR Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.017.

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This Working Paper analyses how violent conflict can enhance or reduce pre-existing forms of marginalisation and second, how new forms of marginalisation emerge as a result of violent conflict. To do so, we focus on the province of Tanganyika in the DRC, where the so-called ‘Twa-Bantu’ violent conflict has been disrupting the education sector since 2012, and secondarily on the province of Ituri, which has been affected by repeated armed conflicts since the 1990s. We use a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data collection methods and several months of qualitative fieldwork. The study shows that the political marginalisation of ethno-territorial groups is key in understanding marginalisation from education in contexts of protracted conflict. Our results show that the Twa minority of Tanganyika has not only been more exposed to violence during the Twa-Bantu conflict, but also that exposure to violence has more severe effects on the Twa in terms of educational outcomes. We analyse key mechanisms, in particular spatial segregation, and the social segregation of schools along ethnic/identity lines. We also analyse the interaction between ethno-cultural marginalisation and economic, social and gender-related marginalisation.
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Marchais, Gauthier, Sweta Gupta, Cyril Owen Brandt, Patricia Justino, Marinella Leone, Eustache Kuliumbwa, Olga Kithumbu, Issa Kiemtoré, Polepole Bazuzi Christian, and Margherita Bove. Marginalisation from Education in Conflict-Affected Contexts: Learning from Tanganyika and Ituri in the DR Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.048.

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This Working Paper analyses how violent conflict can enhance or reduce pre-existing forms of marginalisation and second, how new forms of marginalisation emerge as a result of violent conflict. To do so, we focus on the province of Tanganyika in the DRC, where the so-called ‘Twa-Bantu’ violent conflict has been disrupting the education sector since 2012, and secondarily on the province of Ituri, which has been affected by repeated armed conflicts since the 1990s. We use a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data collection methods and several months of qualitative fieldwork. The study shows that the political marginalisation of ethno-territorial groups is key in understanding marginalisation from education in contexts of protracted conflict. Our results show that the Twa minority of Tanganyika has not only been more exposed to violence during the Twa-Bantu conflict, but also that exposure to violence has more severe effects on the Twa in terms of educational outcomes. We analyse key mechanisms, in particular spatial segregation, and the social segregation of schools along ethnic/identity lines. We also analyse the interaction between ethno-cultural marginalisation and economic, social and gender-related marginalisation.
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Hunter, Janine. Street Life in the City on the Edge: Street youth recount their daily lives in Bukavu, DRC. StreetInvest, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001257.

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Bukavu, a city on the shores of Lake Kivu on the eastern edge of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), is home to over one million people, many displaced by poverty and the consequences of armed conflicts that continue to affect the east of the country. More than 10,000 street children and youth live here in street situations. 19 street youth helped to create this story map by recording all the visual data and sharing their stories about their daily lives. The story map includes 9 sections and 2 galleries showing street children and youth’s daily lives in Bukavu and the work of Growing up on the Streets civil society partner PEDER to help them. Chapters include details of how street children and youth collect plastics from the shores of Lake Kivu to sell, they cook, and share food together, or buy from restaurants or stalls. Young women earn their living in sex work and care for their children and young men relax, bond and hope to make extra money by gambling and betting. The original language recorded in the videos is Swahili, this has been translated into English and French for the two versions of the map.
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Caparini, Marina. Conflict, Governance and Organized Crime: Complex Challenges for UN Stabilization Operations. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/nowm6453.

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This SIPRI Report examines how organized crime is intertwined with armed conflict and hybrid governance systems in three states that currently host United Nations stabilization missions. It surveys the conflict/crime/governance nexus in the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Mali, and how UN stabilization missions, in particular the UN Police, have engaged with the challenge of organized crime. The report argues that improving how UN stabilization interventions engage with organized crime will require a frank assessment of the significance of organized crime in systems of governance and patronage, of its role as a driver and enabler of armed conflict by non-state armed groups, and of the involvement of state-embedded actors in illicit markets. The complex links between conflict and governance actors and organized crime in the settings examined raise fundamental questions about the assumptions underlying peace operations. The report concludes with a set of recommendations on how to move to more realistic analyses and bases for peace operations.
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Henn, Soeren J., Gauthier Marchais, Christian Mastaki Mugaruka, and Raúl Sánchez de la Sierra. Indirect Rule: Armed Groups and Customary Chiefs in Eastern DRC. Institute of Development Studies, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.011.

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This paper leverages a novel panel dataset covering the histories of 306 chiefs and 256 episodes of village governance and taxation by armed groups in 106 villages in eastern DRC in order to analyse the relationship between the governance of armed groups and the power of rural chiefs. The paper devises a strategy to measure chiefs’ power, as well as the governance and taxation arrangements established by armed groups along several dimensions. We find that, when chiefs are powerful, armed groups are less likely to adopt direct rule and more likely to adopt indirect rule governance arrangements. We also find that the use of direct rule increases with an armed group’s tenure.
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Henn, Soeren J., Gauthier Marchais, Christian Mastaki Mugaruka, and Raúl Sánchez de la Sierra. Indirect rule: armed groups and customary chiefs in eastern DRC. UNU-WIDER, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2024/476-2.

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Bolton, Laura. Armed Groups and Mining. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.137.

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The relationship between armed groups and mining is complex. Reports of armed interference in mining are provided by the United Nations (UN) Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and reported in the literature, including which groups have been found to operate in which areas. Academic analysis finds the presence of industrial mining companies reinforces the power of politico-military entrepreneurs. This rapid review found a relatively large body of literature on the issue of armed groups and mining. Articles are a mix of academic literature and agency report prioritised based on relevance to the question, date, and location. The complexity of the issue requires broader investigation than is possible within the scope of a K4D helpdesk.
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Wager, James B., and Jr. Towards the Attenuation of Hardship: Is There Room for Combatant Immunity in Internal Armed Conflicts? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381222.

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Adelaja, Adesoji, Justin George, Thomas Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Titus Awokuse, Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie, and Adebayo B. Aromolaran. Role of Resilience Factors in Mitigating the Negative Effects of Conflict on Land Expansion. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.010.

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Shocks and stresses from natural disasters, climate change, economic volatility, armed conflicts and political instability could hinder expansion efforts by smallholder farms (SHFs). The application of the resilience concept as a mitigator of the impacts of such shocks on land expansion by farmers is an important developmental challenge. In this paper, we hypothesise that the resilience capacity of SHFs mitigate the adverse effects of conflict shocks and examine how assets, off-farm income, access to social safety nets, and education level of the household lead contribute to household-level resilience to armed conflicts.
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Lyammouri, Rida. Central Mali: Armed Community Mobilization in Crisis. RESOLVE Network, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags2021.4.

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The proliferation of community-based armed groups (CBAGs) in Mali’s Mopti and Ségou Regions has contributed to transforming Central Mali into a regional epicenter of conflict since 2016. Due to the lack of adequate presence of the state, certain vulnerable, conflict-affected communities resorted to embracing non-state armed groups as security umbrellas in the context of inter-communal violence. These local conflicts are the result of long-standing issues over increasing pressure on natural resources, climate shocks, competing economic lifestyles, nepotistic and exclusionary resource management practices, and the shifting representations of a segregated, historically constructed sense of ethnic identities in the region. This report untangles the legitimacy of armed groups, mobilizing factors, and the multi-level impact of violence implicating CBAGs. It further explores the relations amongst different actors, including the state, armed groups, and communities. The findings provide relevant insight for context-specific policy design toward conflict resolution and hybrid security governance.

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