Journal articles on the topic 'Arithmetic Examinations'
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Hu, Xin Bu, and Fen Ni Zhao. "Research on Single Critical Resource-Constrained Multiple Projects Scheduling Problem Based on Critical Chain Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 2975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.2975.
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In view of the characteristic of the Single Critical Resource-Constrained Multiple Projects Scheduling Problem, the paper first describes the SCRCMPSP, then establishes the model upon SCRCMPSP based on the Critical Chain Method and designs the corresponding arithmetic , at the same time it puts forward an Arithmetic flow for the Problem. In order to verify degree of adaptability of model and calculate way, the thesis selects a real examinations form the engineering in the related cultural heritage to carry on solving and analyses, it prove the model and calculate way's opposite to the traditional item progress' method is more valid.
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Zhang, Chi Jun, and Wang Sheng Liu. "Research on VR-Based Experiment Space for Complex Electromagnetic Environment." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 2923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.2923.
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Virtual Reality technology is a hot research field in simulation of complex electromagnetic and its practical environment in the condition of information and high technology war. The paper discussed the main framework of spatial electromagnetic environment computing and simulating, presented realizing method and key arithmetic designing based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language. The work is evidently valuable for quantitative examinations, evaluation, and analysis of complex electromagnetic environment function, diversification, and effect on human beings, electronic units.
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Mandal, Debarshi, and Debasish Sarkar. "A Dismal Story of Academic Performance of Primary Students in West Bengal, India." Indian Economic Journal 68, no. 1 (March 2020): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220959577.
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This study is an attempt to look at the academic achievement in three core subjects, such as First Language, English and Arithmetic, of the primary school students studying in classes II and III in External Evaluation and Diagnostic Achievement Test in West Bengal, India. We try to provide an insight into the group disparity in academic achievement of the students in the three subjects through classifying the sample by caste, gender and sector. Besides, we also employ the logistic model of regression to assess likelihood of success of different groups in the minimum level of learning of these three subjects in the said examinations. The study found considerable disparity in academic skills among social groups, males and females and rural and urban students. Performance of the students was quite poor in Arithmetic compared to First Language and English. Findings of this study will enable the policy makers to design appropriate policies, which will enable the society to achieve better performance in education in future.
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Ellerton, N. F., and M. A. Clements. "Reshaping School Mathematics in Australia 1788–1988." Australian Journal of Education 32, no. 3 (November 1988): 387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494418803200310.
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An examination of nineteenth and early twentieth century events reveals the origins of the following three traditions of school mathematics in Australia: 1. Many groups in society will not benefit from having access to any branch of mathematics other than elementary arithmetic. Such groups include females, working-class children, and Aboriginal and other children whose cultures differ from the dominant Anglo-Saxon culture. 2. The main purpose of school mathematics is to prepare students for tertiary courses. 3. Rote teaching and learning procedures associated with rigidly defined courses of study, prescribed text books, and written examinations are desirable. Over the last 25 years the validity of these traditions has been questioned. This paper argues that the heavy dependence on overseas ideas, and the acceptance of tertiary mathematicians' views on school mathematics, which characterised earlier times, have diminished because of the greater involvement of school teachers, and tertiary and government mathematics educators, in discussions on school mathematics.
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K., Imasuen, and Stanley O.E. "Proficiency in Algebraic Equations as a Predictor of Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Mathematics." African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies 5, no. 3 (September 11, 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajmss-3myqulvv.
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Mathematics is a tool for achieving educational and economic goals and aims in a nation or society. Thus, being good in mathematics will pave the way to excel in other subjects. Algebra has always been one of the main subjects in mathematics all over the world. This is probably due to the fact that algebra is the door to the extension of complex arithmetic calculations. This study therefore examined proficiency in algebraic equation as predictors of secondary school students’ performance in mathematics in Benin Metropolis. To achieve this, four research questions were raised. The design of this study was survey. The population of the study consisted of all the public junior secondary schools in Benin Metropolis, Edo State. One thousand one hundred and forty (1,140) students from 38 junior secondary schools serve as the sample for the study. The instrument for the data collection was an achievement test constructed by the researcher, which was drawn from past Basic Education Certificate Examination conducted by the National Examination Council for the 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 academic sessions. The validity of the instrument was presumed to have been carried out by the National Examination Council, being an examination body saddled with the responsibility of conducting examinations in Nigeria. The reliability of the instrument was ascertained using the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 and it gave the reliability indices of 0.90 and 0.93 respectively. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, two-way Analysis of Variance, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r). The finding that emerged from the study revealed that the level of students’ proficiency in solving algebraic equations and mathematics was low. A significant relationship existed between proficiency in solving algebraic equations and students’ performance in mathematics, and sex was not a determining factor in students’ proficiency in algebraic equations and performance. It was recommended among others that teachers should ensure that students are well taught using various methods that will promote their comprehension of mathematical concepts.
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Chou, Jason Chih-sheng, Yi-Fong Lin, and Scott Shu-Cheng Lin. "A Further Study on Multiperiod Health Diagnostics Methodology under a Single-Valued Neutrosophic Set." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2020 (August 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6093545.
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Employing the concept and function of tangency with similarity measures and counterpart distances for reliable medical consultations has been extensively studied in the past decades and results in lots of isomorphic measures for application. We compared the majority of such isomorphic measures proposed by various researchers and classified them into (a) maximum norm and (b) one-norm categories. Moreover, we found that previous researchers used monotonic functions to transform an identity function and resulted in complicated expressions. In this study, we provide a theoretical foundation to explain the isomorphic nature of a newer measure proposed by the following research paper against its studied existing one in deriving the same pattern recognition results. Specifically, this study initially proposes two similarity measures using maximum norm, arithmetic mean, and aggregation operators and followed by a detailed discussion on their mathematical characteristics. Subsequently, a simplified version of such measures is presented for easy application. This study completely covers two previous methods to point out that the complex approaches used were unnecessary. The findings will help physicians, patients, and their family members to obtain a proper medical diagnosis during multiple examinations.
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Bereskin, D., and I. A. Gorbunov. "Features of Bioelectric Activity of the Cerebral Cortex and Thinking Disorders in Children with Various Borderline Disorders of Residual Organic Genesis." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 14, no. 1 (2021): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2021140107.
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The article presents the results of a study of the features of cognitive function and bioelectric activity cerebral cortex in children with borderline mental disorders of residually organic genesis. 80 children participated with the following diagnoses: organic emotionally labile [asthenic] disorder [F 06.06]; inorganic enuresis [F 98.0], encopresis [F 98.1], stereotypical motor disorders [F 98.4], other specified emotional and behavioral disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood [F 98.8]. The features of bioelectric activity of the cerebral cortex, the ability to spatial analysis and synthesis, arithmetic counting, assimilation of logical and grammatical structures, the presence of viscosity, detail and diversity intellectual activity were studied in children. Data of electroencephalographic examinations were compared with the results of psychodiagnostic methods using the methods of mathematical statistics. Differences of bioelectric activity and features of thinking in children were investigated depending on features of boundary disorder. It is shown that on the background of asthenization more pronounced cognitive impairment is observed. Children with asthenic disorders [06.06] have the largest scatter of data than patients with enuresis [F98.0], encopresis [F 98.1], stereotypical movement disorders [F 98.4], disorders of behavior [F 98.8]. At the same time, on average, they have the most significant violations of thinking, what happens against the background of increasing spectral power of low-frequency activity of delta and theta rhythms in general, as well as of delta rhythm in the frontal part of the brain. Increase of low-frequency activity in the frontal lobes of both hemispheres leads to more pronounced disorders of thinking, than similar changes in the temporal, parietal, occipital regions of the right hemisphere and speech zones of the left hemisphere. In the first case, they are manifested in violations of spatial analysis and synthesis, viscosity, detail and diversity of thinking, as well as in difficulties in the semantic and symbolic activity, in the assimilation of logical and grammatical structures and arithmetic. In the second case — only in violations of spatial analysis and synthesis, viscosity, detail and diversity of thinking.
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Sakibaev, Kyialbek Sh, Dmitry B. Nikityuk, Aiperi A. Alimbekova, Nurbek M. Mamashov, Ravshanbek M. Dzhumaev, and Gulay T. Dzholdosheva. "Constitutional Characteristics of Physical Development in the Kyrgyz Population." BIO Web of Conferences 29 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20212901011.
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Personalized medicine is one of the priorities of the development of modern medical science. The aim of this study was to identify somatotypological features of physical development in men and women of the Kyrgyz population. The physical status of 1083 men and women in the Kyrgyz population (Osh, Kyrgyzstan) was studied by the method of complex anthropometry and somatotyping. The whole complex of the conducted anatomical and anthropometric examinations corresponded to generally accepted ethical standards, with the registration of informed consent from all the examined persons. The statistical analysis included the calculation of the arithmetic mean of the indicators of their mistakes. The differences were evaluated using the Student’s method at p<0.05. The results show that among women of youth and mature age, representatives of hypersthenic and normosthenic body types predominate; women of asthenic type are a minority (classification of M. V. Chernorutsky). Women of indeterminate somatotype (scheme of I. B. Galant et al.) belong either to the normal or hypersthenic type and never to the asthenic type. In men, the abdominal somatotype corresponds to a hypersthenic, thoracic-asthenic physique; men of the muscular type-mainly normosthenics; men of indeterminate type are both hypersthenics and normosthenics. The obtained data, undoubtedly, have not only theoretical, but also significant practical significance.
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WASILUK, Agnieszka, Jerzy SACZUK, and Małgorzata KRECH. "LEVEL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS OF ADOLESCENTS FROM SECONDARY AVIATION SCHOOL IN DĘBLIN." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 161, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3141.
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This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the level of physical fitness of boys from the Secondary Aviation School (SAS) (OLL) in Dęblin in respect of a comparative group. Examinations of physical fitness were conducted in December 2009 and covered 129 pupils. Their fitness was evaluated with the use of a battery of motor tests being a part of the European Physical Fitness Test (EUROFIT). In each age category, arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated for the results achieved in all motor tests. Differences in the level of physical fitness between the surveyed boys and their average peers inhabiting the Lubelskie Province were determined with a T point scale. In turn, the significance of difference was evaluated with the use of the Student’s test for independent variables. The boys from SAS in Dęblin were characterized by a higher level of general physical fitness, as compared to their average peers. Distinct differences were noted in the tests of upper limb speed, explosive strength, trunk strength, trunk suppleness and functional strength. It should be noticed, however, that the boys examined were characterized by a significantly lower level of balance. In the other analyzed tests, the differences in the level of physical fitness were not so remarkable
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Giordani, Bruno, Elise K. Hodges, Kenneth E. Guire, Deborah L. Ruzicka, James E. Dillon, Robert A. Weatherly, Susan L. Garetz, and Ronald D. Chervin. "Changes in Neuropsychological and Behavioral Functioning in Children with and without Obstructive Sleep Apnea Following Tonsillectomy." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 2 (January 25, 2012): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711001743.
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AbstractThe most common treatment for sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is adenotonsillectomy (AT). Following AT, SDB resolves in most cases, and gains in cognitive and behavior scores are consistently reported, although persistent neuropsychological deficits or further declines also have been noted. This study presents results of the comprehensive 1-year follow-up neuropsychological examinations for children in the Washtenaw County Adenotonsillectomy Cohort I (95% return rate). After adjusting for normal developmental and practice-effect related changes in control children, significant improvements 1 year following AT were noted in polysomnography and sleepiness, as well as parental reports of behavior, although cognitive outcomes were mixed. Children undergoing AT with and without polysomnography-confirmed obstructive sleep apnea improved across a range of academic achievement measures, a measure of delayed visual recall, short-term attention/working memory, and executive functioning, along with parental ratings of behavior. On the other hand, measures of verbal abstraction ability, arithmetic calculations, visual and verbal learning, verbal delayed recall, sustained attention, and another measure of visual delayed recall demonstrated declines in ability, while other measures did not improve over time. These findings call into question the expectation that AT resolves most or all behavioral and cognitive difficulties in children with clinical, office-based diagnoses of SDB. (JINS, 2012, 18, 212–222)
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Tukurah, Haruna Audu. "Re-thinking Curriculum Design and Development for Optimizing Change in Education." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38163.
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Abstract: A developing world like Africa inherited an educational system that laid high emphasis on what is known as the 3Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic). This teaching/learning method was perhaps relevant then, due to the enlightenment gap that existed between learners and their instructors (Missionaries/Colonial masters). The 3Rs known as rote learning regurgitation of facts is teacher-centered that subjects learners to memorization of information for the expansion of knowledge. This learning principle mostly evaluate learners through the use of tests and examinations to ascertain their learning levels. However, as good as the 3Rs learning method is, it only prepares learners for job acquisition, not problem-solving. This paper will argue for a paradigm shift, to key in with the developed world like America and start wrestling with an educational curriculum that is learners focused; a curriculum that is concerned with the ‘how’ to think in learning than the ‘what to think.’ Urbanization, globalization, complex factories/technologies in this dispensation are calling for learning principles that can guide learners on how to move from learning assumptions to the application of daily realities of life using both the cognitive, affective and the psychomotor domains. The paper attempt to define the ‘how’ approach using. the perspective of applying critical thinking skills before drawing a conclusion. Keywords: Curriculum design, the 3Rs and the 4Cs, critical thinking, instructors and learners, reflective teaching.
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Doukas, Nikolaos, and Antonios Andreatos. "Advancing Electronic Assessment." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2007.1.2337.
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A computer-aided assessment system is presented that has been designed to produce and deliver tests to the Hellenic Air Force Academy students and assess their performance. The system is called e-Xaminer and is intended for use in both undergraduate courses and distance learning post-graduate programs of the Academy. The e-Xaminer uses meta-language concepts to automatically generate tests, based on parametrically designed questions. Tests intended for different students may entail differences in the arithmetic parameters. Additionally, different tests may be composed from different but equivalent and randomly chosen sub-questions. The system may also present each student with a scrambled sequence of the same questions, as a counter-measure against cheating. Examinations are delivered via a webbased interface; an automatically generated program marks the answers submitted by each student. e-Xaminer allows the implementation of question parameterisation and counter cheating measures, so that electronic tests become significantly different and more powerful than traditional ones. Sample problems are presented which show the additional features of the e-Xaminer, intended to facilitate the work of the course organiser in issuing and marking the tests, as well as in combating cheating. This paper focuses on some new, advanced types of questions enabled by electronic assessment; it then compares paper-and-pencil exams to electronic exams; results from a small student poll on the electronic exams are also presented. Finally, the directions for planned future work are outlined.
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Cheng, Dazhi, Kaihui Shi, Naiyi Wang, Xinyang Miao, and Xinlin Zhou. "Examining the Differential Role of General and Specific Processing Speed in Predicting Mathematical Achievement in Junior High School." Journal of Intelligence 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10010001.
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Processing speed is divided into general (including perceptual speed and decision speed) and specific processing speed (including reading fluency and arithmetic fluency). Despite several study findings reporting the association between processing speed and children’s mathematical achievement, it is still unclear whether general or specific processing speed differentially predicts mathematical achievement. The current study aimed to examine the role of general and specific processing speed in predicting mathematical achievements of junior high school students. Cognitive testing was performed in 212 junior school students at the beginning of the 7th grade year, along with assessment of general and specific processing speed. Relevant academic achievement scores were also recorded at the end of the 7th and 9th grade years. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that specific processing speed made a significant unique contribution in mathematical achievement by the end of the 7th grade and could significantly predict mathematical achievements in the high school entrance examinations by end of the 9th grade after controlling for age, gender, and general cognitive abilities. However, general processing speed could not predict mathematical achievements. Moreover, specific processing speed could significantly predict all academic achievements for both the 7th and 9th grade. These results demonstrated that specific processing speed, rather than general processing speed, was able to predict mathematical achievement and made a generalised contribution to all academic achievements in junior school. These findings suggest that specific processing speed could be a reflection of academic fluency and is therefore critical for long-term academic development.
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John, Kristine, Andreas Rauh, Martin Bruschewski, and Sven Grundmann. "Towards Analyzing the Influence of Measurement Errors in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Fluid Flows." Acta Cybernetica 24, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actacyb.24.3.2020.5.
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Magnet resonance imaging does not only have a large number of applications in the field of medical examinations. In addition, several promising applications were also reported for the measurement of technical fluid flows and for the measurement of temperature fields in technical devices which do not allow for a classical access by either arrays of flow meters on the one hand or by arrays of temperature sensors such as thermocouples on the other hand. Due to the fact that magnet resonance imaging can be performed in a non-invasive manner, it has the advantage to provide relevant data without disturbing the velocity and temperature fields by external sensor devices. Moreover, measurement information can also be obtained for scenarios in which a direct access to the media under investigation is hardly possible due to constructive limitations. To make this kind of measurement applicable also for dynamic scenarios, not only the spatial resolution but also the temporal one needs to be sufficiently accurate. If the temporal resolution is of interest, an acceleration of the measurement process becomes possible by compressed sensing techniques which make use of an undersampling of the so-called $k$-space. However, such compressed sensing approaches require a reconstruction of the original fields of the physical variables to be measured. In this paper, it is shown how interval arithmetic approaches can be employed to solve the necessary optimality criteria for the fluid velocity reconstruction under the assumption of bounded measurement errors.
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Peluce, V. Alexis. "Epistemic predicates in the arithmetical context." Journal of Logic and Computation 30, no. 8 (September 25, 2020): 1695–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa051.
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Abstract In this paper, we investigate epistemic predicates in extensions of arithmetic. We use as our case study Kurt Gödel’s 1951 thesis that either the power of the human mind surpasses that of any finite machine or there are absolutely unsolvable problems. Because Gödel also claimed that his disjunction was a mathematically established fact, we must ask the following: what sort of syntactical object should formalize human reason? In this paper, we lay the foundations for a predicate treatment of this epistemic feature. We begin with a very general examination of the Gödel sentence in the arithmetical context. We then discuss two systems of modal predicates over arithmetic. The first, called coreflective arithmetic or ${\textsf{CoPA}}$, extends ${\textsf{PA}}$ with a coreflective modal predicate but does not contain a consistency statement. The second, called doxastic arithmetic or ${\textsf{DA}}$, has as its characteristic feature the consistency statement but does not contain coreflection or its instance, the ${\textsf{4}}$ axiom. We examine the logical properties of, motivations for and criticisms of both systems. We close with a brief comparison of the systems in the context of Gödel’s disjunction.
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Lenček, Mirjana, and Iva Sladović. "Uspješnost osnovnoškolaca u osnovnim aritmetičkim operacijama." Logopedija 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/log.7.1.3.
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145 elementary school students from third to eighth grade with no difficulties in mathematics have been tested for their abilities in basic arithmetic operations. The aim of the examination was to gain insight into the level of mastery in mathematics in each of the grades.The observed variable in this experiment is the success in solving arithmetic problems in addition, subtraction, multiplying and dividing, as well as in applying the rules of mathematical operations depending on ascending educational age. The observed results showed that the group of third graders statistically significantly differs from all other educational levels, so it can be concluded that the strategies of problem solving in basic mathematical operations shift exactly in the third grade, which is consistent with other similar studies. It seems that counting based strategies give way to data retrieval strategies. As no statistically significant differences in problem solving of basic arithmetical operations from fourth to eighth grade were observed, it can be concluded that the levels of basic mathematical competences are levelled out in terms of accuracy. As the research has been performed on a relatively small sample in each grade, it is not possible to generalise the results. However, they can provide guidelines for shaping the examination material for recognising difficulties in mathematics, as well as for determining the direction of intervention in those difficulties or in dyscalculia.
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Eraliyevna, Amreyeva Kymbat, Abdikadirova Khamida Rakhimovna, Ayaulym K. Rakymzhan, Talaspekova Yuliya Pavlovna, Zauresh T. Mukhametzhanova, Gaziza T. Abuova, Zhanat K. Shaikhina, Atshabarova Saule Shaimuratovna, B. T. Chergizova, and Kaiyrbekova Karlygasn Kaiyrbekovna. "Assessment of Students Nutritional Consumer Preferences and Behavior." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (November 15, 2021): 1194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7408.
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BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is an important risk factor for the development of many diseases. Medical examinations reveal that 80–85% of students have health disorders. The incidence of sickness among students has increased by 35% over the past 10 years, which is due to the malnutrition of students of higher educational institutions. AIM: The objective of the study was to study the peculiarities and socio-organizational aspects of students’ nutritional consumer preferences. MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS: The assessment of the characteristics of students’ eating behavior was carried out on the base of the questionnaire survey data among students (n = 333) at the age of 18–24 years. Data were presented as arithmetic mean and standard deviation (M ± SD). The distribution normality was determined by the Kolmogorov – Smirnov test. The Mann – Whitney test was used to compare the groups (p < 0.05). RESULTS: About 77% of students save money on food. Only about 22% of students receive the desired food, 64% of men have to save money on food, while the share of women was 78%. 67% of the surveyed group regularly and at least 1–2 times a week visit catering establishments. Assessed by type of food service, 24% of students gave their marks to a fast-food establishment, while only 12% of students gave marks to a traditional canteen. Men consume fast food per day 1.6 times more than women. The relationship between material well-being and nutritional quality was analyzed (r = 0.72). Evaluation of nutritional status showed that 25% of girls and 17% of boys were underweight, overweight and obesity – in 10 and 18% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: More than 50% of the participants do not have an idea of a rational and balanced diet; do not have the skills of preliminary planning and organization of meals. Therefore, we propose to improve the organizational and economic mechanisms of the public catering system of universities to solve the problem of nutrition improving in students.
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Wadisman, Cendra, and Irohito Nozomi. "Metode Couple Linear Congruential Generator (CLCG) untuk Ujian Sekolah Berbasis Web." INTECOMS: Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/intecoms.v2i2.939.
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IN SMA N 2 Kota Pariaman school exams still use the answer sheet media at the time of publication. After the exam is complete the answer sheet of the exam will also be corrected by the subject teacher who will discuss the students' problems, each student also receives the same question. SMA N 2 Kota Pariaman was chosen as a research location because this school has not used the Application during school exams, it is easy to achieve and economical. The application to be used can randomize randomly so that exam questions can be varied and dynamic. With the application of the application that is expected to carry out school examinations will be better and obtained optimally by students, teachers, school management and parents / guardians of students. For this reason, the authors will conduct research consisting of the design of Computer Based Test applications using the Coupled Linear Congruential Generator (CLCG) method. The development of the Computer Based Test (CBT) model by using a Coupled Linear Congruent Generator (CLCG) can prevent the questioning of questions for students. CLCG is a random number generator based on the Linear Congruent Generator (LCG). CLCG uses the xj matrix to get random numbers. organized by rows and columns. The matrix prefers a range of numbers and has no arithmetic relationship between its elements. The matrix will have different row and column addresses. The value of the elements of the matrix obtained from the process with the Linear Congruent Generator to get as many random numbers as is done. CBT is one way of overcoming questions in each student. The use of LCG in the matrix value element can have a more complicated random pattern. Reducing the question answer key by entering the answer key time after the exam is finished. Languages supported using the CLCG method can optimize student abilities and reduce the level of cheating. Reducing the question answer key by entering the answer key time after the exam is finished.
Keywords: CBT Appliaction, Couple Linear Congruential Generator, Linear Congruential Generator, Random Number, School Exam.
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Echavarria-Heras, Leal-Ramirez, Villa-Diharce, and Castro-Rodríguez. "A Generalized Model of Complex Allometry I: Formal Setup, Identification Procedures and Applications to Non-Destructive Estimation of Plant Biomass Units." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 4965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224965.
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(1) Background: We previously demonstrated that customary regression protocols for curvature in geometrical space all derive from a generalized model of complex allometry combining scaling parameters expressing as continuous functions of covariate. Results highlighted the relevance of addressing suitable complexity in enhancing the accuracy of allometric surrogates of plant biomass units. Nevertheless, examination was circumscribed to particular characterizations of the generalized model. Here we address the general identification problem. (2) Methods: We first suggest a log-scales protocol composing a mixture of linear models weighted by exponential powers. Alternatively, adopting an operating regime-based modeling slant we offer mixture regression or Takagi–Sugeno–Kang arrangements. This last approach allows polyphasic identification in direct scales. A derived index measures the extent on what complexity in arithmetic space drives curvature in arithmetical space. (3) Results: Fits on real and simulated data produced proxies of outstanding reproducibility strength indistinctly of data scales. (4) Conclusions: Presented analytical constructs are expected to grant efficient allometric projection of plant biomass units and also for the general settings of allometric examination. A traditional perspective deems log-transformation and allometry inseparable. Recent views assert that this leads to biased results. The present examination suggests this controversy can be resolved by addressing adequately the complexity of geometrical space protocols
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Gündüz, Gülten Feryal. "Views of the parents of secondary school students on supporting their children's learning." Uluslararası Eğitim Programları ve Öğretim Çalışmaları Dergisi 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 145–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31704/ijocis.2019.007.
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The aim of this research is determining the support behaviors and activities parents realized for their children’s learning and revealing it relationships with some demographical properties of parents. The translational simultaneous mixed method was used. This study in which quantitative and qualitative methods used together, firstly survey was applied and the semi-structured interviews was done. Data obtained by these data collection tools were analysed simultenously. The participants of this study are 360 parents who are parents of students studying in 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades at a secondary school in İstanbul. Semi-structured interviews were realized with 43 parents chosen from these participants. The questionnaire consists of three dimensions and 66 items. In the analysis of quantitative data percentage, frequency, arithmetic means and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) were used. Descriptive analysis was used for analysing qualitative data. According to data obtained from the research, parents realized the activities which are related to motivate their children to learning and the activities that parents do with the other education stakeholders more than the activities that parents do for helping their children’s lessons. The academical supporting activities parents do are mostly general ones. The general academical supporting activities parents stated that they do generally are following their children’s homeworks/examinations, encouraging them for studying, researching form different learning sources, doing test, providing appropriate learning environments at home, sending their children to school courses and following their academic scores. The motivational supporting activities parents stated that they do mostly are praising their children when they achieve something, encouraging them when they couldn’t be successful in their lessons and talking about what they do at school. The activities mostly stated by parents that they realized collaboratively with other people and insititutions which are related to their children’s learning are attending parents’ meeting and speaking out their negative and positive thoughts about school and teachers. Parents’ opinions about the supporting activities they realised don’t differ according to their educational levels and occupations but they differ according to their ages. It can be said that younger parents (ages between 20 and 30) do supporting activities more than others.
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Hockenberry, M. J., K. Krull, I. M. Moore, A. Pasvogel, M. Gregurich, and K. Kaemingk. "Longitudinal evaluation of fine motor deficits in children with leukemia." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 8559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.8559.
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8559 Background: Fine motor assessments are important tools to use in screening children undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that may provide decisive data that can reveal subtle changes in neurodevelopment over time. Methods: Fine motor and visual-motor skills were assessed longitudinally in a group of 83 children receiving treatment for ALL. Children in this study had the first fine motor assessment at an average of 8 weeks into treatment and had already received several doses of Vincristine. Fine motor and visual-motor skills assessments were repeated at years 1 and 2 into therapy. The mean age at time of first assessment was 7.2 years and 58% were female. Results: Fine motor speed deficits were evident at the first assessment, and for many, continued to be problematic at Years 1 and 2. In addition to fine motor speed deficits, a significant decline in visual motor integration skills was noted from the baseline level (p = 0.019). Visual motor integration skills observed at Years 1 and 2 were predicted by the baseline performance on the Purdue Pegboard test. Our results indicate that the factors underlying these declines in higher-level skills begin within six months of the onset of chemotherapy. Conclusions: Early reductions in fine motor speed, possibly due to Vincristine, steroids and/or acute Methotrexate toxicity, may lead to reduced visual motor integration and construction abilities. The reduced fine motor skills, which predict eventual declines in visual motor integration, may be part of the underlying process for reduced perceptual abilities and nonverbal intellect often reported in long-term follow-up studies. For children with ALL, motor and sensory-perceptual examinations during treatment may identify those most at risk for significant long-term effects interfering with integration of visual spatial construction. These basic processing skills are necessary elements to the development of higher-level cognitive abilities, including nonverbal intelligence and academic achievement, particularly in arithmetic and written language. Early identification of reduced processing skills can provide an opportunity to identify at risk patients and intervene prior to reduction in these higher-level skills. Supported by NIH/NICHD RO-1 Funding: Grant number HD 37816 No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Holova, I. "SOME ASPECTS IN CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGES FOR VIOLATION OF RELATED RIGHTS." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.73.
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The article discusses the methodology for calculating the amount of material damage that is inflicted on the owners of related rights to distribute television programs (television companies and individuals who have acquired exclusive and non-exclusive property rights to distribute television programs). The legislative framework for economic examinations in the field of intellectual property is analyzed. The main cases of calculating the amount of damages depending on the category of the owner of related rights to broadcast TV channels are given. The calculation of the amount of material damage for the violation of related property rights to broadcast television channels is carried out for the period proven, as part of investigative actions, the time of violation. Usually, economic expertise in the field of intellectual property is preceded by a number of technical examinations, which are carried out by experts in the field of telecommunications in order to confirm the fact of illegal broadcasting of TV channels. According to paragraph 26 of the National Standard № 4 «Evaluation of Intellectual Property Rights», the amount of damages for illegal use of an object of intellectual property rights is determined as of the valuation date using the valuation procedure for accumulating profit (income) that the subject of the intellectual property right did not receive and / or the licensee, as a result of the illegal use of the object of intellectual property rights and, based on the volume of production and / or sale of counterfeit products. Now, in the field of broadcasting, the main media groups enter into licensing agreements for broadcasting with legal entities that represent their interests and conclude sublicensing agreements on their own behalf. They are of two types – with the transfer of an exclusive license to distribute programs using DVB-C / MITPIC / MMDS / TELESELO / analog network, IPTV, OTT and DTH and a non-exclusive license to distribute programs using DVB-C / MITPIC / MMDS / TELESELO / analog network, IPTV, OTT and DTH. In the case of the transfer of exclusive property rights to calculate the amount of material damage, the author considers it expedient to obtain information from the investigation (by sending a corresponding petition) under similar sub-licensing agreements with other providers, which are “similar” to the so-called company-violator. Consequently, the amount of material damage caused to the owner of related property rights, as a result of an illegal broadcast, is calculated as an arithmetic average of the amounts of similar sublicensing contracts, that is, using the procedure of income accumulation. If a legal entity applies to law enforcement agencies that owns non-exclusive proprietary rights to distribute programs using DVB-C / MITPIC / MMDS / TELESELO / analog network, IPTV, OTT and DTH, then Art. 1108 of the Civil Code of Ukraine “A non-exclusive license does not exclude the possibility for the licensor to use an object of intellectual property rights in an area that is limited by this license and to issue licenses to others to use this object in this area” So, according to the author, a legal entity that owns non-exclusive property rights does not bear material damage. Key words: exclusive license, nonexclusive license, material damage.
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Kirschner, C., G. L. Albright, and J. L. Andreassi. "Personality and Performance: An Examination of Type A and B Constructs." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1107.
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This study was designed to ascertain the effects of Type A behavior, as measured by Vickers' scale on performance and self-estimation of performance in completing two tasks simultaneously. The relations between Type A behavior and specific personality components that appear related to Type A as defined by Friedman and Rosenman (1974) were also examined. 100 male undergraduate subjects, divided into groups of 8 to 15 subjects each, completed Vickers' Type A Questionnaire, Berger's Expressed Acceptance of Self Scale, Stein Self-description Questionnaire, and a Self-estimate of Performance Questionnaire. In a second session, each subject was randomly assigned to three tasks involving visual checking, auditory arithmetic, or both tasks simultaneously. Type A persons' performance was significantly poorer than Type B subjects' on simultaneous arithmetic problem solving. In addition, Type A persons who believed they would perform more poorly actually did so compared to Type B subjects when solving arithmetic items in the simultaneous task condition. These results are contrary to expectations that Type A persons will perform better and estimate performance as higher when compared to Type B subjects in completing multiple tasks. Further analyses also indicated that Type A subjects were significantly higher than Type B in self-acceptance (self-esteem), need for achievement, dominance, counteraction, and need for order. They were lower in need to play and blamavoidance.
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Previc, Fred H., and Shannon J. Murphy. "Vertical Eye Movements during Mental Tasks: A Re-Examination and Hypothesis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3 (June 1997): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3.835.
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Previous research has shown that both vertical and lateral eye movements occur during mental tasks, although the neuropsychological basis for such movements remains unclear. Vertical and lateral eye movements were recorded from 24 right-dominant subjects as they performed three different mental tasks: a mental arithmetic task, a visuospatial imagery task, and a proverb interpretation task. Significant upward biases in the direction of the initial eye movement were observed as subjects answered a series of arithmetic and visuospatial questions along with a nonsignificant upward bias following a series of proverbs that subjects had to interpret. By contrast, no consistent lateral eye movement biases were found during any task. The results are interpreted according to Previc's recent theory linking processing in the upper and lower visual fields to ventral versus dorsal posterior cortical activation, respectively.
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Pisano, Raffaele, and Paolo Bussotti. "ON POPULARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION IN ITALY BETWEEN 12TH AND 16TH CENTURY." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 57, no. 1 (December 25, 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.57.90.
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Mathematics education is also a social phenomenon because it is influenced both by the needs of the labour market and by the basic knowledge of mathematics necessary for every person to be able to face some operations indispensable in the social and economic daily life. Therefore the way in which mathematics education is framed changes according to modifications of the social environment and know–how. For example, until the end of the 20th century, in the Italian faculties of engineering the teaching of mathematical analysis was profound: there were two complex examinations in which the theory was as important as the ability in solving exercises. Now the situation is different. In some universities there is only a proof of mathematical analysis; in others there are two proves, but they are sixth–month and not annual proves. The theoretical requirements have been drastically reduced and the exercises themselves are often far easier than those proposed in the recent past. With some modifications, the situation is similar for the teaching of other modern mathematical disciplines: many operations needing of calculations and mathematical reasoning are developed by the computers or other intelligent machines and hence an engineer needs less theoretical mathematics than in the past. The problem has historical roots. In this research an analysis of the phenomenon of “scientific education” (teaching geometry, arithmetic, mathematics only) with respect the methods used from the late Middle Ages by “maestri d’abaco” to the Renaissance humanists, and with respect to mathematics education nowadays is discussed. Particularly the ways through which mathematical knowledge was spread in Italy between late Middle ages and early Modern age is shown. At that time, the term “scientific education” corresponded to “teaching of mathematics, physics”; hence something different from what nowadays is called science education, NoS, etc. Moreover, the relationships between mathematics education and civilization in Italy between the 12th and the 16th century is also popularized within the Abacus schools and Niccolò Tartaglia. These are significant cases because the events connected to them are strictly interrelated. The knowledge of such significant relationships between society, mathematics education, advanced mathematics and scientific knowledge can be useful for the scholars who are nowadays engaged in mathematics education research. Key words: Abacus schools, mathematics education, science & society, scientific education, Tartaglia
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Silva, José Hyppolito da. "Pelvic lymphoscintigraphy: contribution to the preoperative staging of rectal cancer." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 57, no. 2 (2002): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812002000200002.
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PURPOSE: Preservation of the anal sphincter in surgery for cancer of the distal rectum in an attempt to avoid colostomy has been a main concern of colorectal surgeons. Various proposed procedures contradict oncological principles, especially with respect to pelvic lymphadenectomy. Therefore, prior knowledge of pelvic lymph node involvement is an important factor in choosing the operative technique, i.e., radical or conservative resection. Introduction of ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance have made preoperative study of the area possible. Nevertheless, these resources offer information of an anatomical nature only. Lymphoscintigraphy enables the morphological and functional evaluation of the pelvic area and contributes toward complementing the data obtained with the other imaging techniques. The objective of this prospective study is twofold: to standardize the lymphoscintigraphy technique and to use it to differentiate patients with rectal cancer from those with other coloproctologic diseases. CASUISTIC AND METHODS: Sixty patients with various coloproctologic diseases were studied prospectively. Ages ranged from 21 to 96 years (average, 51 and median, 55 years). Twenty-six patients were male and 34 were female. Thirty patients had carcinoma of the distal rectum as diagnosed by proctologic and anatomic-pathologic examinations, 20 patients had hemorrhoids, 5 had chagasic megacolon, 2 had diverticular disease, 2 had neoplasm of the right colon, and 1 had ulcerative colitis as diagnosed by proctologic exam and/or enema. The lymphoscintigraphy method consisted of injecting 0.25 mL of a dextran solution marked with radioactive technetium-99m into the right and left sides of the perianal region and obtaining images with a gamma camera. The results were analyzed statistically with a confidence level of 95% (P < .05) using the following statistical techniques: arithmetic and medium average, Fisher exact test, chi-square test corrected for continuity according to Yates, and distribution tables for the number of patients. RESULTS: In rectal cancer, the tracer progresses unilaterally or is absent; in other patients, the progress of the tracer is bilateral and symmetrical, although its progress may be slow. Statistical tests showed with high significance that the agreement index between the clinical diagnosis and the result of the lymphoscintigraphic exam was 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphoscintigraphy is a standardized, painless, and harmless test that can be performed in all cases; it differentiates patients with rectal cancer from those with other coloproctological diseases.
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Garnica, Antonio Vicente Marafioti, Leandro Josué de Souza, and Maria Ednéia Martins Salandim. "On C. S. Peirce´s primary arithmetic." Revista Pesquisa Qualitativa 8, no. 18 (October 7, 2020): 454–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33361/rpq.2020.v.8.n.18.340.
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his paper presents the initial studies on Peirce´s Primary Arithmetic, a set of manuscripts, never published by the author, written at the end of the XIX century. The originals – organized and published by Carolyn Eisele in 1976 – was translated to Portuguese and some initial studies are being developed focusing on the possibility that some features of Peirce´s Philosophy could be pragmatically – but implicitly – present in such manuscripts. Our partial conclusions, now, show that Peirce´s life circumstances, more than his Philosophy, characterize the texts under examination. Keywords: Charles S. Peirce; Primary Arithmetic; Mathematics Education; History; Philosophy; Peirce´s Mathematical Writings.
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KIŞOĞLU, Mustafa. "An Examination of Science High School Students’ Motivation towards Learning Biology and Their Attitude Towards Biology Lesson." International Journal of Higher Education 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n1p151.
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The purpose of this study is to examine motivation of students studying in Science High School towards learning biology and their attitude towards biology lesson. The sample of the study consists of 564 high school students (308 females, 256 males) studying at two science high schools in Aksaray, Turkey. In the study relational screening method which is a descriptive survey model was utilized. “Academic Motivation Scale for Learning Biology” consisting of 4 sub-dimensions (intrinsic motivation, amotivation, extrinsic motivation-career and extrinsic motivation-social) and 19 items and “Biology Science and Course Attitude Scale” consisting of 3 sub-dimensions (interest, pleasure and anxiety) and 23 items were utilized. Data were interpreted in accordance with arithmetic mean, percentage, frequency and significance level. Significance level was taken as 0.05. As a result of the research arithmetic means of students’ intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation-career sub-dimensions were found to be above the scale mean. Students’ mean score in amotivation and extrinsic motivation-social sub-dimensions were below the scale mean. However, students’ arithmetic mean in each of sub-dimensions in attitude scale were average. Highest relation among sub-dimensions of motivation and attitude scales was found to be between intrinsic motivation and interest, and intrinsic motivation and pleasure sub-dimensions. Nevertheless, as a result of the evaluation done in terms of students’ gender and class level it was determined that there is significant difference between their gender and class levels in sub-dimensions of motivation and attitude scales.
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Grulovic, Milan. "A few remarks on n-infinite forcing companions." Publications de l'Institut Math?matique (Belgrade), no. 96 (2007): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pim0796099g.
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We show that the basic properties of Robinson?s infinite forcing companions are naturally transmitted to the so called n-infinite forcing companions and start with the examination of mutual relations of n-infinite forcing companions of Peano arithmetic.
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C., T. E. "HEALTH HAZARDS OF EXCESSIVE STUDY IN THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS (1854)." Pediatrics 84, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.1.93.
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During the mid-nineteenth century American physicians were greatly troubled by what they thought were the evils of excessive academic demands placed on children in our public schools. The editorial below, published in 1854 in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, is typical of many of a similar nature. Our city prides itself on the superiority of its public schools; and we think Boston is justly entitled to take the highest rank among the cities of the civilized world for the facilities afforded by its citizens for the education of youth. But notwithstanding the large expenditure of money for the erection of beautiful and commodious school-houses, for mathematical and other instruments, for teachers, &c., all which give a character to our Boston schools, there exists an evil in the present system of educating, which seriously demands attention, and, if possible, a remedy. It is the ambition of the teachers of our schools, to have their scholars thoroughly instructed, and that they may appear well before the committees at examinations; and for that purpose, lessons in great numbers and requiring toilsome study, are imposed upon them. No discrimination is made, as regards the mental or physical capacity of the individual members of the class, but all are required to be perfect in their answers, or else they lose their position in the class and school. Not one fifth of the time devoted to school hours is allowed for study, being occupied in recitations; and the severe tasks the poor children have in getting their lessons must be apparent, when it is known that so long a time is required in reciting them. The scholars of the second class, for instance, have to commit to memory from twelve to twenty-five pages of geography, three to six pages of arithmetic, the same of grammar, three pages in spelling, besides exercises in reading, writing, &c. Now these lessons must be studied out of school, at the time which should be devoted to exercise and recreation. The imposition of such severe tasks upon the young and growing children, must enfeeble their constutions, and often incapacitates them, if they arrive at maturity, for enjoying life. We have seen many children who were ambitious to accomplish all that was required of them by teachers; and to do so, the greatest portion of the twenty-four hours was necessarily devoted to their books, scarcely allowing any time for taking their meals. It must be obvious to every one, that such close application to study, produces, in their turn, a train of diseases which cannot always be eradicated. Aching heads, loss of appetite, sleepless nights, inflamed eyes, with other deviations from health, are the accompaniments and the consequences of excessive mental exertion.
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Periyasamy, Thirukumaran, Shakila Parveen Asrafali, and Seong-Cheol Kim. "Investigating the effects of amine-functionalized carbon balls in a polybenzoxazine matrix." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 28 (2020): 12384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj00698j.
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Saito, Fuyuki. "Impact of arithmetic asymmetries on simulated thermodynamic ice-sheet evolution." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 210 (2012): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j247.
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AbstractNumerical ice-sheet model experiments sometimes exhibit asymmetries in the solutions, despite the symmetric conditions imposed. By first identifying arithmetic asymmetry in the models as one of the reasons for symmetry-breaking through loss of trailing digits, this paper presents a numerical procedure to preserve the symmetries by restructuring the order of the floating-point evaluation of the equations in the numerical ice-sheet model. Re-examination of the series of experiments in the HEINO topic of the ISMIP demonstrates that small perturbations triggered by arithmetic asymmetries significantly amplify and cause qualitative differences in the simulated ice-sheet evolutions. This study shows that it is imperative to apply a symmetric scheme to maintain overall symmetries in the simulation of ice-sheet evolution, at least under a highly idealized configuration.
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Baj, Jacek, Elżbieta Radzikowska, Marcin Maciejewski, Andrzej Dąbrowski, and Kamil Torres. "Prediction of acute pancreatitis in the earliest stages – role of biochemical parameters and histopathological changes." Polish Journal of Surgery 89, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.9153.
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For many years, there has been a search for a set of biochemical parameters that could facilitate the assessment of severity, prognosis, and administration of early and appropriate treatment in acute pancreatitis. Administration of treatment within the first 48 hours since admission is associated with many problems of distinguishing patients with a mild form of acute pancreatitis (AP) from those with a severe form of acute pancreatitis. Study aim: To assess the relationship between the extent of change in the concentration of 10 selected biochemical indicators: amylase, lipase, total bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, glucose, magnesium, and iron and histopathological lesions in the pancreas within 2 and 6 hours since induction of AP. The selected time periods correspond to the first and the second day of the disease in people, respectively. Material and methods: The experiments were conducted in 110 male Wistar rats weighing from 250 to 300 g. Experimental animals were divided into three groups: Z – a group in which the ranges of the studied factors and histological structure were established; K – a group of animals operated on which were injected with 0.9% NaCl into the biliary-pancreatic duct; E – a group of animals operated on in which acute pancreatitis was induced by an injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliary-pancreatic duct. Animals from the K and E groups were randomly assigned to one of five subgroups from which the material for biochemical and histological examinations was collected at 2 h and 6 h since the induction of AP. Whole pancreases were dissected for histological examinations, and the samples were dyed with hematoxylin and saturated alcoholic eosin solution. The degree of pancreatic lesions was assessed according to the Spormann score. Quantitative variables were characterized by arithmetic means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values, and 95% CIs. Results: In histological preparations from rats from the E group, after 2 hours, edematous lesions, neutrophilic infiltrations in the pancreatic parenchyma, together with single petechiae started to appear and were observed. After 6 hours, the lesions became more intense, and minor foci of coagulation necrosis and minor foci of purulent inflammation in the fatty tissue appeared. Within 2 hours, statistically significant differences in the amount of four markers: creatinine, ALT, amylase, and magnesium were observed. After six hours, statistically significant differences in the amount of two markers: AST and glucose were seen. The correlations between histological assessments according to the Spormann scale and biochemical indicators were investigated, and it was observed that within 2 hours the intensity of pancreatitis increased together with an increase in AST. In group K, within 6 hours, the intensity of inflammatory infiltration increased together with an increase in creatinine concentration (correlation coefficient 0.95; p=0.0138). In group E, in the period of 2 hours, lesion intensity in the form of inflammatory infiltration increased together with an increase in the AST level (correlation coefficient 0.90; p=0.0063) and an increase in the iron level (correlation coefficient 0.78; p=0.0399). In the same group and in the same period, an increase in the AST level (correlation coefficient 0.79; p=0.0343) was associated with an increase in lesion intensity in the form of ecchymoses. Inflammatory infiltration increased (correlation coefficient -0.87; p=0.0117) within 6 hours, whereas the creatinine level decreased. Interesting results were obtained with the use of regression analysis – forward stepwise regression. In the period of 2 hours, if the creatinine level increased by 1, the intensity of lesions in acute pancreatitis decreased by 9.02, according to the Spormann score, while the other variables remained at a stable level. However, if ALT level increased by 1, the intensity of lesions in acute pancreatitis increased by 0.02, according to the Spormann score; and if the amylase level increased by 1, the intensity of lesions in acute pancreatitis increased by 0.01, according to the Spormann score, while the other variables remained at a stable level. Conclusions: Histopathological lesions occurred prior to changes in laboratory test results, whereas significant correlations with Spormann scores were seen in the case of changes in AST and creatinine levels. The study results confirm the fact that diagnostics in acute pancreatitis is very difficult and requires monitoring of many laboratory parameters.
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Sir Anderson, and Sirnikson. "Perancangan, Pembuatan dan Pengaturan Temperatur Pemanas Alat Uji Konduktivitas Termal." Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa 11, no. 1 (October 15, 2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jipr.11.1.19.
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Severally material thermal character momentous deep arithmetic balans energy on hot transfer application. Data of thermal character for some type substance and significant have available deep tabular or graph on hot transfer textbooks and material knowledge and hand book. Along with epoch progress, there are many found new materials. By undertaking examination on tool tests conductivity significant this, conductivity significant examinee can be known. Examination is done to significant non metal in this case glass. Examination result points out kecendrungan descent of thermal conductivity significant to temperature ascension. Over and above mass factor, chemical composition, and crystal structure; processing factor determine material thermal conductivity price. To do thermal conductivity examination significant needful temperature which constant. Temperatures regulatory series manage tension of current source with action controls two on off's positions bases accepted DC tension
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Knyazev, Pavel. "Charles Davenant on the objectives and principles of “political arithmetic” as an instrument of public administration." Философия и культура, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2020.1.31953.
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In the late XVII century in England has establishes the school of “political arithmetic”, which goal consisted in the analysis of social phenomena on the basis of quantitative indicators. Its main representatives became William Petty, John Graunt and Charles Davenant (1656-1714). The latter left a mark in the history of England as a philosopher, politician and publicist, who made a significant contribution to the development and implementation of the methods of “political arithmetic”. The object of this research is the views of the English thinker, reflected in his pamphlets and treatises of the 1690’s. The subject is the Davenant’s views on the principles and tasks of “political arithmetic” in the context of his political theory. Special attention is given to correlation between Davenant’s views on the development of “political arithmetic’ and his concept of public administration. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive examination of the political and economic views of Charles Davenant within the framework of his attitude on the method of “political arithmetic”. The author delivers a thesis on the importance of the political and epistemological context, which formed Davenant’s views on the quantitative indicators. Grasp of quantitative data Davenant correlated directly with the practice of administration. According to the philosopher, a public official having the capacity for “evaluation” and proper interpretation of data could avoid many mistakes in decision-making and reliance on “bad” advices. The thinker suggested that possession of quantitative data and their competent interpretation could increase the efficiency of administration.
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Chiu, Yuan-Shyi Peter, Hong-Dar Lin, and Hsu-Hung Cheng. "Optical inspection of appearance faults for auto mirrors using Fourier filtering and convex hull arithmetic." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 19, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2021.19.4.958.
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Auto mirrors are indispensable essential in reflection of objects behind the car and act a crucial part in driving security. In manufacturing stages of auto mirrors, certain tasks operated unusually will cause producing scratches, chips, pinholes, bubbles, damaged edges, the general surface and profile faults on auto mirrors. Those appearance faults sometimes will severely have an impact on standard of the mirror reflection and grow the driving hazard. At traditional examination of auto mirrors in manufacturing process, almost all works are performed by human examiners. Manual examination is simple to be disturbed by foreign objects reflected on the mirror surfaces and arouse causing mistaken determinations of fault examination. Thence, this study works toward investigating the automatic appearance fault detection of auto mirrors. We propose a fault enhancement technique based on Fourier high-pass filtering and the convex hull arithmetic to inspect appearance faults on auto mirrors. This approach only utilizes their own information of testing images to judge whether there are any irregular appearance changes without the need of standard patterns for matching. Experimental outcomes illustrate that the appearance fault detection rate reaches to 95.13%, and the false alarm rate decreases to 1.88%, and the correct classification rate attains to 98.11%.
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Yildirim, Tahsin. "An Examination on Geography Teachers’ Reflective Thinking Tendencies." International Journal of Higher Education 6, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n6p78.
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This study is a descriptive research executed via scanning model with the purpose of examining geography teachers’ tendency towards reflective thinking according to different variables. Study group consists of 218 geography teachers serving in schools bounded on Ministry of National Education in 2017/2018 education period. As a data collection tool personal information form developed by the researcher and “Reflective Thinking Tendency Scale” were used in this study. Arithmetic average, standard deviation, t-test and one-way variance analysis were used in the analysis of the data obtained. As a result of the research, generally geography teachers are determined to have a high degree of reflective thinking. That, female geography teacher have higher degree of reflective thinking tendency than male geography teachers are determined. It is detected that professional seniority, place of duty and faculty of graduation don’t change geography teachers’ tendency of reflective thinking. While a significant difference for the good of geography teachers serving in other high schools in sub-dimension of the scale “critical and effective teaching” according to the type of duty school Anatolian high school, occupational high school, other high schools (fine arts high school, science high school, social sciences high school, private high schools), there is no significant difference in total scores and other sub-dimensions.
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LOFT, PHILIP. "POLITICAL ARITHMETIC AND THE ENGLISH LAND TAX IN THE REIGN OF WILLIAM III." Historical Journal 56, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000489.
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ABSTRACTThis article explores the role of the method of political arithmetic and political arithmeticians in the changing methods of raising finance during the Nine Years War. It discusses the actions of parliament-men in committees and their interaction with reports containing data, and the influence of projectors on the decision to introduce, and later abandon, the pound rate. Throughout this period, political arithmeticians were active participants, providing data, advice, and schemes to the treasury and parliament, and when they were not, ‘country’ MPs, in particular, were active in calling for data and leading its cross-examination. This article suggests that debates on public finance did not occur along party lines, with ‘county communities’ given fresh presence by the quantification of the inequality of the land tax burden. Political arithmetic is shown to have played an important role in the processes and negotiations that occurred over the setting of taxation policy in the ‘long eighteenth century’.
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Wynn, James. "Arithmetic of the Species: Darwin and the Role of Mathematics in his Argumentation." Rhetorica 27, no. 1 (2009): 76–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2009.27.1.76.
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Abstract Historians of science resist recognizing a role for mathematics in The Origin of Species on the grounds that Darwin's arguments are inductive and mathematics is deductive, while rhetoricians seem to oppose the idea that deductive mathematical arguments fall within the jurisdiction of rhetorical analysis. A close textual analysis of the arguments in The Origin and a careful examination of the methodological/philosophical context in which Darwin is doing science, however, challenges these objections against and assumptions about the role of mathematical warrants in Darwin's arguments and their importance to his rhetorical efforts in the text.
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Echavarria-Heras, Hector A., Juan R. Castro-Rodriguez, Cecilia Leal-Ramirez, and Enrique Villa-Diharce. "Assessment of a Takagi–Sugeno-Kang fuzzy model assembly for examination of polyphasic loglinear allometry." PeerJ 8 (January 6, 2020): e8173. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8173.
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Background The traditional allometric analysis relies on log- transformation to contemplate linear regression in geometrical space then retransforming to get Huxley’s model of simple allometry. Views assert this induces bias endorsing multi-parameter complex allometry forms and nonlinear regression in arithmetical scales. Defenders of traditional approach deem it necessary since generally organismal growth is essentially multiplicative. Then keeping allometry as originally envisioned by Huxley requires a paradigm of polyphasic loglinear allometry. A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy model assembles a mixture of weighted sub models. This allows direct identification of break points for transition between phases. Then, this paradigm is seamlessly appropriate for efficient allometric examination of polyphasic loglinear allometry patterns. Here, we explore its suitability. Methods Present fuzzy model embraces firing strength weights from Gaussian membership functions and linear consequents. Weights are identified by subtractive clustering and consequents through recursive least squares or maximum likelihood. Intersection of firing strength factors set criterion to estimate breakpoints. A multi-parameter complex allometry model follows by adapting firing strengths by composite membership functions and linear consequents in arithmetical space. Results Takagi-Sugeno-Kang surrogates adapted complexity depending on analyzed data set. Retransformation results conveyed reproducibility strength of similar proxies identified in arithmetical space. Breakpoints were straightforwardly identified. Retransformed form implies complex allometry as a generalization of Huxley’s power model involving covariate depending parameters. Huxley reported a breakpoint in the log–log plot of chela mass vs. body mass of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax), attributed to a sudden change in relative growth of the chela approximately when crabs reach sexual maturity. G.C. Packard implied this breakpoint as putative. However, according to present fuzzy methods existence of a break point in Huxley’s data could be validated. Conclusions Offered scheme bears reliable analysis of zero intercept allometries based on geometrical space protocols. Endorsed affine structure accommodates either polyphasic or simple allometry if whatever turns required. Interpretation of break points characterizing heterogeneity is intuitive. Analysis can be achieved in an interactive way. This could not have been obtained by relying on customary approaches. Besides, identification of break points in arithmetical scale is straightforward. Present Takagi-Sugeno-Kang arrangement offers a way to overcome the controversy between a school considering a log-transformation necessary and their critics claiming that consistent results can be only obtained through complex allometry models fitted by direct nonlinear regression in the original scales.
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BAJ, JACEK, IWONA ŁUSZCZEWSKA-SIERAKOWSKA, ELŻBIETA RADZIKOWSKA, JACEK SOMPOR, MARCIN MACIEJEWSKI, and ANDRZEJ DĄBROWSKI. "Role of biochemical parameters in predicting histopathological changes at 24 and 48 hours from acute pancreatitis induction." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 1 (2020): 6168–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6168.
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The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between the degree of changes in concentrations of the biochemical indicators in serum such as: creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lipase, amylase, glucose, iron and magnesium, and histopathological lesions occurring in the pancreas within 24 and 48 hours from the induction of acute pancreatitis (AP). An attempt was made to assess the relation between the changes in concentrations of biochemical indicators and the enhancement of histological lesions in the pancreas based on Spormann score. In the experimental model, the laboratory and histological changes in the 24th hour from administration of taurocholan correspond to the seventh day of the disease in humans. Experiments were conducted on 55 male Wistar rats weighing from 250 g to 300 g. The animals were divided into three groups: Z – a group serving to establish the ranges of studied factors and histological structure; K – a group of animals operated on which were injected with 0.9% NaCl into the biliary-pancreatic duct; E – a group of animals operated on in which acute pancreatitis was induced by an injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliary-pancreatic duct. The material for biochemical and histological examinations was collected after 24 and 48 hours from the induction of AP. Whole pancreases were dissected for histological examinations and the samples were dyed with hematoxylin and saturated alcoholic eosin solution. The degree of pancreatic lesions was assessed according to the Spormann score. Quantitative variables were characterised by arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum value and 95% CI. After administration of 0.9% NaCl in the K group, foci of purulent inflammation in the fatty tissue of the pancreas and minor foci of Balser’s necrosis appeared. In the E group, after injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliary-pancreatic duct, more intense lesions were observed: foci of fatty tissue necrosis, hemorrhagic necrosis, multifocal fatty tissue necrosis and inflammatory infiltration. The model was developed in order to assess histological lesions, indicating the character of AP, taking into account edema, inflammatory infiltration, fatty tissue necrosis, glandular necrosis, and ecchymoses. In the period of 24 hours, statistically significant differences between the K group and E group were observed for creatinine, total bilirubin, ALT, lipase, amylase, iron and magnesium, while in the period of 48 hours, statistically significant differences were observed for total bilirubin and ALT. In the group E, in the period of 24 hours concentrations of creatinine, total bilirubin, ALT, lipase, amylase and magnesium were significantly higher than in the group K, but concentrations of iron were significantly lower. In the period of 48 hours, in the E group total bilirubin was significantly lower and ALT was significantly higher than in the K group. In the E group, the intensity of pancreatitis increased together with an increase in ALT concentration in the period of 24 hours; in the period of 48 hours, the intensity of pancreatitis increased together with a decrease in ALT in the E group. In the K group, in the period of 48 hours, intensity of fatty tissue necrosis increased together with a decrease in ALT level. In the period of 48 hours, in the E group intensity of glandular necrosis increased together with a decrease in total bilirubin and AST concentration. In the E group, in the period of 24 hours intensity of edema increased together with an increase in magnesium level. In the period of 48 hours, in the E group intensity of glandular necrosis increased together with a decrease in magnesium or AST level, and the intensity of lesions in the form of ecchymoses increased together with an increase in glucose level. Histopathological lesions occurred prior to changes in laboratory test results, whereas significant correlations with the Spormann score concerned changes in: total bilirubin, AST, ALT, glucose and magnesium. The use of regression analysis with the Spormann score shows statistically significant differences for most of the biochemical parameters in the period of 24 hours correspond to the seventh day of the disease in humans. The presented study results confirm the fact that diagnostics of acute pancreatitis is very difficult and requires monitoring of many laboratory parameters. A search is still going on for an ideal marker of AP which would enable an early prognosis of the progress of the disease and the confirmation of its etiology. A discovery of a simple marker which is cheap to use may turn out to be useful if it is confirmed in prospective studies. The current state of knowledge based on scientific and clinical findings makes it possible to apply interdisciplinary clinical procedures based on matching appropriate laboratory and radiological tests, and on implementing therapeutic procedures...
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KASAMAKI, YUJI. "On nonivasive predictive index of heart atrium vulnerability, electrophysiological examination and comparative study by arithmetic mean electrocardiography." Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 11, no. 3 (1991): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5105/jse.11.258.
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Saito, Ken. "Re-examination of the different origins of the arithmetical books of Euclid's Elements." Historia Mathematica 47 (May 2019): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2019.03.002.
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Chuprun, Natalia, and Igor Yurchenko. "Optimization of movement activity and the mental state of students by dance aerobics." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 3, no. 1 (2020): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2020.03.07.
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PURPOSE: to test the effectiveness of dance aerobics to optimize the motor activity and the psychophysical state of female students. METHODS: medical and biological: body weight (kg), BPM and BPD(mmHg), ChSS in a state of rest and the Stange test. All the data obtained by the study were processed by the procedures of descriptive and comparative statistical methods. From the area of the descriptive statistics the following parameters were defined: representative central and dispersive parameters: arithmetic average –; standard deviation –; initial and final measuring. Unpaired test, applied in comparative statistics, was performed in order to compare the arithmetic means of two independent data sets (experimental and control groups). Statistical analysis was performed by applying SPSS statistical software.RESULTS: During the studying, and especially the examination time, students experiencestrong psycho-emotional stress andthephysical state becomes worse. The use of dance aerobics has a positive influence on the psychophysical state of female students and the optimization of their physical activity.CONCLUSIONS:Comparative analysis of data confirmed the effectiveness of dance aerobics tools not only in the absence of negative changes during the examination session, but also improvement of the psychophysical state (state of health by the method of WAM in KG – 3,8 points, EG1 – 4,3 points, EG2 – 4,5 points, ЕG3 – 4.8 points) and the level of somatic health of students (in KG 0.23 ± 0.04 points, ЕG1 8.78 ± 0.50 points, ЕG2 8.77 ± 0.61 points, ЕG3 11, 65 ± 0.55 points)
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Kubitz, Karla A., and Daniel M. Landers. "The Effects of Aerobic Training on Cardiovascular Responses to Mental Stress: An Examination of Underlying Mechanisms." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 1993): 326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.3.326.
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This study examined the effects of an 8-week aerobic training program on cardiovascular responses to mental stress. Dependent variables included electrocardiographic activity, blood pressure, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, state anxiety, and state anger. Quantification of indicators of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and central nervous system activity (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia, T-wave amplitude, and EEG activity, respectively) allowed examination of possible underlying mechanisms. Subjects (n = 24) were randomly assigned to experimental (training) and control (no training) conditions. Pre- and posttesting examined cardiorespiratory fitness and responses to mental stress (i.e., Stroop and mental arithmetic tasks). MANOVAs identified a significant effect on cardiorespiratory fitness, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and EEG alpha laterality. The results appear consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced parasympathetic nervous system activity and decreased central nervous system laterality serve as mechanisms underlying certain aerobic training effects.
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Ozdenk, Serhat, and Ebru Olcay Karabulut. "Examination of Youth Team Athletes' Social Values According to Some Variables." International Journal of Higher Education 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n2p189.
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In this study, it was aimed to examine of youth team athletes' social values according to some variables. The study was carried out by screening model and includes in range of 9-17 years 273 youth team athletes who take part in individual and team sports such as Taekwondo, Handball, Badminton, Wrestling, Volleyball and Football."A tool for Measuring Values: Multi-Dimensional Social Values Scale" developed by Bolat (2013) and "Demographic Characteristic Questionnaire" were used.For statistical analysis of the data obtained from the study, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were applied. Since the variable did not meet the normal distribution and homogeneity conditions, t-test and ANOVA test were applied from the parametric tests and significance level of .05 was selected for statistical significance.As a result of the study, according to the age variable, statistically significant differences were found in the Family Values, Scientific Values, Working-Job Values, Religious Values, Traditional Values and Political Values sub-dimensions of 11-12 age group athletes. There was a significant difference in Scientific Values, Working-Job Values, Religious Values and Traditional Values sub-dimension scores of the athletes according to gender variable. It was also found out that team athletes' scores of Family Values, Scientific Values, Religious Values and Traditional Values sub-dimension were higher than individual athletes.
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Bye, Jeffrey K., Rina M. Harsch, and Sashank Varma. "Decoding fact fluency and strategy flexibility in solving one-step algebra problems: An individual differences analysis." Journal of Numerical Cognition 8, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.7093.
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Algebraic thinking and strategy flexibility are essential to advanced mathematical thinking. Early algebra instruction uses ‘missing-operand’ problems (e.g., x – 7 = 2) solvable via two typical strategies: 1) direct retrieval of arithmetic facts (e.g., 9 – 7 = 2) and 2) performance of the inverse operation (e.g., 2 + 7 = 9). The current study investigated the strategies people choose when solving these problems, and whether some people are more flexible in their choices than others. U.S. undergraduates (n = 59) solved missing-operand problems and made speeded verifications of arithmetic sentences corresponding to the direct- and inverse-matched facts. To ‘decode’ their strategy as direct or inverse, each participant’s response times (RTs) for missing-operand problems were regressed on their RTs for the corresponding direct and inverse facts. Our findings replicated the problem size effect for the arithmetic verification task and extended this effect to missing-operand (i.e., one-step) algebra problems, suggesting that the two tasks draw on common representations and processes in the addition (but not subtraction) context. We found individual differences in strategy choice and flexibility such that participants varied both in terms of fluency for retrieving the direct fact and sensitivity to the potential benefit of switching to the inverse fact, which was validated by self-report. We did not find a predicted relation between strategy flexibility and standardized mathematical achievement. These findings inform our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in strategy flexibility in algebra and establish an RT-decoding paradigm for future examination of individual differences in students’ learning of early algebra concepts.
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Guthrie, Lisa G., and Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau. "Interactivity And Mental Arithmetic: Coupling Mind And World Transforms And Enhances Performance." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0019.
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AbstractInteractivity has been linked to better performance in problem solving, due in part to a more efficient allocation of attentional resources, a better distribution of cognitive load, but perhaps more important by enabling the reasoner to shape and reshape the physical problem presentation to promote the development of the problem solution. Interactivity in solving quotidian arithmetic problems involves gestures, pointing, and the recruitment of artefacts to facilitate computation and augment efficiency. In the experiment reported here, different types of interactivity were examined with a series of mental arithmetic problems. Using a repeated-measures design, participants solved series of five 11-digit sums in four conditions that varied in the type of interactivity: (i) no interactivity (participants solved the problems with their hands on the table top), (ii) pointing (participants could point at the numbers), (iii) pen and paper (participants could note interim totals with a pen), and (iv) tokens (the sums were presented as 11 numbered tokens the arrangement of which participants were free to modify as they proceeded to the solution). Performance in the four conditions was measured in terms of accuracy, calculation error, and efficiency (a ratio composed of the proportion correct over the proportion of time invested in working on the sums). These quantitative analyses were supplemented by a detailed qualitative examination of a participant’s actions in the different conditions. The integration of artefacts, such as tokens or a pen, offered reasoners the opportunity to reconfigure the physical presentation of the problem, enacting different arithmetic strategies: the affordance landscape shifts as the problem trajectory is enacted through interactivity, and this generally produced better “mental” arithmetic performance. Participants also felt more positive about and better engaged with the task when they could reconfigure the problem presentation through interactivity. These findings underscore the importance of engineering task environments in the laboratory that offer a window on how problem solving unfolds through a coalition of mental and physical resources.
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Serbenyuk, Symon. "On Some Aspects of the Examination in Econometrics." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 8, no. 3 (November 3, 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.8.3.7-16.
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Teaching econometrics has been studied by a number of researchers, however, there is little information available on the quality of examination and on simplification of tests for demonstration the high-quality knowledge by students in concrete topics of econometrics or mathematical economics.One can note the following main goals of studying the basics of mathematical economics or econometrics by students: forming the notions of mathematical model and of modeling economic processes and phenomena; understanding a role of using mathematical models for economics research and obtaining scientific results; formatting skills for constructing mathematical models in economics, for solving economics problems by mathematical modeling.The main goal of this paper is to simplify test tasks, is to help to students to demonstrate the high-quality knowledge in certain areas of mathematical economics, and also is to construct a system of testing tasks, in which the emphasis was placed on the knowledge and understanding of an algorithm of solving the problem.In the present paper, to quality examine the student knowledge in the basics of mathematical economics, a certain system of tests was constructed and is considered. The main attention is also given to algorithms and techniques of solving some tasks (problems) of mathematical economics. The following topics of mathematical economics are viewed: constructing mathematical models of linear programming, the input-output model, the Monge-Kantorovich transportation problem, the simplex method of linear programming, the graphic method of linear and nonlinear programming, the method of Lagrange multipliers in mathematical optimization. Some primary basic results of studying linear programming, nonlinear programming, and the input-output model are noted.A new system of tests that satisfies the aim of this paper is modeled. The described tests require less time for solving than usual tasks. Here we do not focus on the repetition of auxiliary mathematical knowledge and arithmetic skills. These tests are simplified versions of standard tasks and help students to demonstrate knowledge in the mentioned topics of mathematical economics. The tasks are focused only on the knowledge of basic formulas, techniques, and connections between mathematical objects, economic systems, and their elements.
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Vargo, Frank E., George S. Grosser, and Carol S. Spafford. "Digit Span and other WISC–R Scores in the Diagnosis of Dyslexia in Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3_suppl (June 1995): 1219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3c.1219.
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The examination of subtest scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale is needed to provide confirmatory evidence for various subtest categorizations as there is no consensus about what patterns might be diagnostically useful. The present study supports the use of the ACID/AVID profiles (Arithmetic, Coding or Vocabulary, Information, and Digit Span) as elements in the diagnosis of dyslexia. WISC–R scores from 44 subjects were analyzed for specific subtest patterns of scores which might separate dyslexic individuals from the WISC–R standardization group. Perhaps some WISC–R ACID/AVID profile pattern analyses may be valid in the diagnosis of a stringently defined population of learning disabled individuals such as dyslexic children.