Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aristocratic women'
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Payne, Helen Margaret. "Aristocratic women and the Jacobean Court, 1603-1625." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395983.
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Aristocratic women were integral to Jacobean court life and actively involved in royal service, in the ceremonial of court and state, in the pursuit of financial benefit, in marriage strategies and court family networks, and in court, foreign and religious politics and patronage. The time scale of the thesis encompasses James VI's reign as James I of England, 1603-1625, as court life for aristocratic women did not end with the death of his queen consort, Anne of Denmark. As ladies-in-waiting and/or the kin or clients of powerful men at court, aristocratic (and other elite women) could exercise a degree of power, authority and influence and participate both formally (through their Privy Chamber posts) and informally in the life and functions of the Jacobean court. This study moves beyond, reappraises, and revises recent published work on the Jacobean court by literary scholars, which focuses on the court masque, literary pursuits and cultural patronage of a small number of aristocratic court women, and extends recent published work by historians who have included women in their studies of the Jacobean court. Together with the insights gained through extensive new archival research, this study provides a broader and deeper understanding than hitherto available, of the significant roles these women could play at court and the place of the court in their lives. Moreover, this view of the Jacobean court from a female perspective reveals much about that institution, about the nature of politics and patronage beneath the level of high politics and the careers of great ministers and royal favourites, and about early seventeenth century British aristocratic society and its relationship with the monarchy.
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Cha, Ga-ju. "The Lives of the Liao (907-1125) Aristocratic Women." Diss., Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1292%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Henderson, Nancy Ann. "British Aristocratic Women and Their Role in Politics, 1760-1860." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4799.
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British aristocratic women exerted political influence and power during the century beginning with the accession of George III. They expressed their political power through the four roles of social patron, patronage distributor, political advisor, and political patron/electioneer. British aristocratic women were able, trained, and expected to play these roles. Politics could not have existed without these women. The source of their political influence was the close interconnection of politics and society. In this small, inter-connected society, women could and did influence politics. Political decisions, especially for the Whigs, were not made in the halls of government with which we are so familiar, but in the halls of the homes of the social/political elite. However, this close interconnection can make women's political influence difficult to assess and understand for our twentieth century experience. Sources for this thesis are readily available. Contemporary, primary sources are abundant. This was the age of letter and diary writing. There is, however, a dearth of modern works concerning the political activities of aristocratic women. Most modern works rarely mention women. Other problems with sources include the inappropriate feminization of the time period and the filtering of this period through modern, not contemporary, points of view. Separate spheres is the most common and most inappropriate feminist issue raised by historians. This doctrine is not valid for aristocratic women of this time. The material I present in this thesis is not new. The sources, both contemporary and modern, have been available to historians for some time. By changing our rigid definition of politics by enlarging it to include the broader areas of political activities such as social patron, patronage distributor, political advisor, and political/electioneer, we can see British aristocratic women in a new light, revealing political power and influence.
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Reynolds, K. D. "Aristocratic women and political society in early- and mid-Victorian Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260136.
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Rowley-Wiliams, Jennifer Ann. "Image and reality : the lives of aristocratic women in early Tudor England." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/image-and-reality--the-lives-of-aristocratic-women-in-early-tudor-england(600bd565-69c7-4ace-97fe-55ddb1f444c6).html.
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The thesis examines both the image and the reality of upper class English women's lives in the period c. 1520 - c. 1560. The image is investigated through a study of the 'conduct books' and some other books written or published in English in that period, with a special emphasis on The Instruction of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives. This material upholds the conventional patriarchal image which required woman to be chaste, submissive and home-based. A further aspect of the image of women is considered by a study of the law relating to women, based on The Lawes Resolution of Women's Rights by 'T E', and on relevant statutes. Much of the law relates to women and their rights regarding property The second part of the thesis examines the reality of women's lives. This is done firstly through a small selection of litigation involving women in the Courts of Star Chamber, Chancery and Requests under Edward VI. Here again the main emphasis is on property The major part of the study of 'reality' consists of case studies of the lives of five aristocratic women (two are gentlewomen rather than noblewomen). These are Honor Lady Lisle, Mary Countess of Northumberland (wife of the sixth Earl), Jane Lady Rochford, Susan Clarencius (chief lady in waiting to Mary Tudor) and Sabine Johnson (wife of a prosperous merchant) Both the law cases and the biographies show that women did not always follow the prescriptive literature, and were often assertive especially when dealing with their property rights However it becomes clear from the case studies and examples that the extent to which women followed the prescriptions varied with individual personalities and also with individual circumstances.
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Payne, Helen M. "Aristocratic women and the politics of marriage at the Jacobean court, 1603-1625 /." Title page, contents and preface only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arp3462.pdf.
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Wolfson, Sara Joy. "Aristocratic women of the household and Court of Queen Henrietta Maria, 1625-1659." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/527/.
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My doctoral thesis is not a gender study, but examines instead the political, social and religious roles that the aristocratic women of the court and household of Queen Henrietta Maria played predominantly in the period 1625-1642. It builds upon David Starkey’s and Kevin Sharpe’s emphasis on the royal court and social networks of the elite to demonstrate that early modern politics are defined increasingly by access to, and intimacy with, the monarch. In doing so, the PhD thesis highlights how aristocratic women played a pivotal role in Caroline domestic and international policy that has hitherto been ignored in Stuart historiography as politically insignificant. Consequently, the thesis presents not only new conclusions on aristocratic women and wider Stuart policies, but also on Henrietta Maria herself. It argues that the queen was a significant political figure from the start of her marriage with Charles I in 1625, re-evaluating, therefore, domestic and foreign policy up until the outbreak of the Anglo-French war of 1627-1629. The traditional understanding of Henrietta Maria’s court as solely Catholic is reassessed in light of new evidence and a greater concentration on the queen’s Protestant female attendants. Finally, the study of women at the apex of power demonstrates how they were integral to establishing their family at court. Patronage networks created or maintained by women placed Henrietta Maria’s establishment within an international and national dynamic. Accordingly, the thesis adds to the continuing debate on the ‘court’ versus ‘country’ divide and the definition of the royal court itself.
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Johns, Susan M. "Aristocratic and noblewomen and power in the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman realm." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368506.
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Rendell, Jane. "Ramblers and cyprians : gender and architectural space, London's St James, 1821-8." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313054.
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Armstrong, Fiona Kathryne. "Highlandism : its value to Scotland and how a queen and two aristocratic women promoted the phenomenon in the Victorian age." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28740.
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In 1859 a queen, a duchess and a clan chief’s daughter came together in Scotland for the inauguration of a pumping station. Piping water into Glasgow from distant Highland hills was an “engineering marvel.” The monarch opened the Loch Katrine Waterworks, a duke’s kilted army gave the royal salute - and city and countryside were linked. Victorian engineering skills mixed with tartan nostalgia. In these ‘Rob Roy’ haunts a progressive age beckoned, but it was one that took with it an invented past…This thesis will examine ‘Highlandism’, a phenomenon viewed with suspicion because it is a product of the British Empire, the British army, royalty and aristocracy. It will examine its authenticity, analyse its worth and detail the contribution made by three women to this male driven trend. Queen Victoria was a patron, the Duchess of Athole an enabler, and Miss MacGregor an intellect behind this plaid and piping craze. This work will show that Highlandism’s intellectual foundations are deeper than thought and that royal and aristocratic roles in its development are more positive than imagined. ‘Tartan and shortbread’ traditions are accused of impeding cultural and political change. Yet Highlandism has stimulated trade and tourism. It has encouraged a global piping tradition,boosted the Gaelic movement and engendered worldwide emotional support for Scotland. With the “tartan monster” possibly being viewed more kindly, perhaps the “haggis” can sit more comfortably with the “culture”.
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Meinhart, Michelle M. "Remembering the “Event": Music and Memory in the Life Writing of English Aristocratic and Genteel Women of the Long Nineteenth Century." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367945216.
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Stoltz, Taylor. "Aristocrats, Republicans, and Cannibals: American Reactions to French Women in Violence." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52780.
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This thesis discusses the reactions of American newspapers and elite individuals to French women in violence as perpetrators and victims during the French Revolution. Canvassing the years between 1789 and 1799, it includes papers, especially politically aligned ones, from across the states of America and attempts to assess the prescriptive nature of various reports. In includes case studies of common/working-class women, aristocratic revolutionaries (Charlotte Corday and Madame Roland), and Queen Marie Antoinette. Using newspapers with and without political affiliations, to either the Federalist or Democratic-Republican Party, it argues that the dividing ideological lines between these factions were not as steadfast and rigid as previously believed during this period. Though papers and individuals did adhere to party lines, their opinions toward women in violence were affected by other factors, such as their ideologies about violence. Building on historiographies of colonial and revolutionary American attitudes toward women in violence, gender ideology in the early Republic, and political parties in the 1790s, it seeks to illuminate American views toward women in violence during the years of the early Republic.Master of Arts
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Soustre, de Condat Bérangère. "Entre memoria et conscience aristocratique : femmes, art et religion dans le Royaume de Sicile (XIe-1ère moitié XIIIe siècle)." Université catholique de Louvain, 2009. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-03152009-123913/.
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Dans le Royaume de Sicile, le patronage religieux entrepris par les femmes des dynasties normande et Hohenstaufen sous-tend la question de l'affirmation de l'individu dans la société médiévale. Comme dans les représentations iconographiques des reines et des princesses, ces actions mettent l'accent plus sur le pouvoir de la dame aristocratique que sur son appartenance au genre féminin. Mais le patronage féminin est aussi lié à la question de la mémoire du lignage; l'individu se définissant par rapport à un groupe formé de morts et de vivants, la commémoration des ancêtres disparus participe aussi à la création d'un mémoire aristocratique véhiculée par les femmes. / In the Realm of Sicily, the religious patronage begun by the women of the dynasties Norman and Hohenstaufen underlies the question of the assertion of the individual in the medieval society. As in the iconographic representations of the queens and the princesses, these actions emphasize more the power of the aristocratic lady than her membership in the feminine genre.But the feminine patronage is also connected to the question of the memory of the nobility; the individual defining itself with regard to a group formed by deaths and by alive, the remembrance of the disappeared ancestors also participates in the creation of an aristocratic report conveyed by the women.
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Bolander, Alisa Curtis. "Margaret Cavendish and Scientific Discourse in Seventeenth-Century England." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd422.pdf.
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Renard, Isabelle Marie. "La Representation de la Femme Aristocrate en Periode Post-revolutionnaire: Balzac Moraliste Chretien et Apologiste de la Passion." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5144.
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Honore de Balzac appartient a cette generation de geants du romantisme flamboyant: politiquement et socialement, il est honorable bourgeois, se souvient des deceptions de l'epoque dechue et prone par consequent le culte du souvenir imperial, ainsi que celui de la passion. C'est pourquoi nous trouvons de constantes ambivalences dans la representation de la femme du monde ainsi que des contradictions deroutantes quant a leur droit d'aimer. Balzac peint des etres d'exception, mais, malgre la place et le role tres important qu'il leur accorde, ces femmes subissent le droit de jugement ultime de l'auteur quand elles s'abandonnent a la passion; leur droit d'aimer semble dans un premier temps tout a fait legitime, puis il semble toujours que la morale chretienne, tellement presente a l'epoque de l'auteur et dans son esprit, l'emporte finalement. Nous verrons, dans un premier chapitre, comment Balzac analysait la societe comme un organisme animal, les especes humaines comme des especes naturelles. Son gout pour la physiologie se retrouve dans la representation de son monde qui nait d'un don d'observation et d'imagination extraordinaire. Dans un second chapitre, je tacherai de presenter la vision critique que Balzac avait de son temps; c'est essentiellement le temps de la Restauration, avec le retour de la dynastie des Bourbons apres l'Empire, quand la monarchie, dit-il en 1835, fut "attestee." Nous verrons son analyse des maux affectant la societe mais aussi sa discussion sur les principes qui la regissent, en rapport surtout avec la position de la femme aristocrate. La representation et le fonctionnement des personnages dans les spheres du physique, du moral, et du social, sont le noyau du troisieme chapitre, temoignant du grand genie de Balzac a donner a l'ame une dimension toute particuliere. D'invention realiste et de vision divinatoire, la projection du chef d'reuvre balzacien est, par consequent, paradoxal; et c'est essentiellement dans La Duchesse de Langeais, Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan, Le Cabinets des antiques, La Femme abandonnee, ainsi que Le Pere Goriot, et Le Contrat de mariage, que nous pourrons l' apprecier.
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Marteil, Marie Antoinette. "L'oeuvre de Bertha von Suttner de 1880 à 1897 : une aristocrate autrichienne en rupture avec la tradition." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR2033/document.
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Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) reste connue pour son engagement pacifiste. Son ouvrage Bas les Armes! (1889) lui a valu une grande notoriété mondiale, avant la première guerre mondiale. Son engagement dans le mouvement de la paix qu’elle a contribué à organiser lui a valu le prix Nobel de la paix en 1905. Engagée dans multiples combats, elle est encore méconnue. Où la situer ? Comment caractériser sa lutte pour la paix, l’émancipation des femmes ou la sécularisation de la société, alors qu’émerge en Europe un discours pacifiste et libérateur ? Il importait de mettre en évidence sa rupture face à la tradition et sa position spécifique politiquement non révolutionnaire. Voilà à quoi s’attache la présente thèse, qui s’appuie sur l’analyse inédite des romans et nouvelles à tonalité autobiographique, et qui s’emploie à jeter un éclairage sur l’influence persistante de la philosophie populaire des Lumières allemandes à la fin du XIXe siècle. Ainsi se trouve montrée l’actualité des positions de cette aristocrate novatriceBertha von Suttner (1843-1914) is well known for her commitment to peace. Her book Lay down your arms! (1889) made her famous before World War First. She becam one of main advocates of the idea of universal peace through the creation of a European suprantional identity. She owes the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to her international fame. But beyond this fight she was committed to the defence of women or against the dogmatism of society and the church. How to define the consistency of her many fights at the very time when a pacifist and emancipating discourse was emerging ? the present thesis, based on a original analysis of the author's novels and short stories with an autobiographical undertone, is driving to light her breaking away from tradition but on a politically not revolutionary way, with the persitent influence of the popular philosophy of the German Enlightenment Age at the end of the XIXth century. The thesis shows the topicality of this innovative aristocrat's positions
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Boyington, Amy. "Maids, wives and widows : female architectural patronage in eighteenth-century Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271383.
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This thesis explores the extent to which elite women of the eighteenth century commissioned architectural works and the extent to which the type and scale of their projects was dictated by their marital status. Traditionally, architectural historians have advocated that eighteenth-century architecture was purely the pursuit of men. Women, of course, were not absent during this period, but their involvement with architecture has been largely obscured and largely overlooked. This doctoral research has redressed this oversight through the scrutinising of known sources and the unearthing of new archival material. This thesis begins with an exploration of the legal and financial statuses of elite women, as encapsulated by the eighteenth-century marriage settlement. This encompasses brides’ portions or dowries, wives’ annuities or ‘pin-money’, widows’ dower or jointure, and provisions made for daughters and younger children. Following this, the thesis is divided into three main sections which each look at the ways in which women, depending upon their marital status, could engage in architecture. The first of these sections discusses unmarried women, where the patronage of the following patroness is examined: Anne Robinson; Lady Isabella Finch; Lady Elizabeth Hastings; Sophia Baddeley; George Anne Bellamy and Teresa Cornelys. The second section explores the patronage of married women, namely Jemima Yorke, Marchioness Grey; Amabel Hume-Campbell, Lady Polwarth; Mary Robinson, Baroness Grantham; Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough; Frances Boscawen; Elizabeth Herbert, Countess of Pembroke and Montgomery; Henrietta Knight, Baroness Luxborough and Lady Sarah Bunbury. The third and final section discusses the architectural patronage of widowed women, including Susanna Montgomery, Countess of Eglinton; Georgianna Spencer, Countess Spencer; Elizabeth Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort; Elizabeth Home, Countess of Home; Elizabeth Montagu; Mary Hervey, Lady Hervey; Henrietta Fermor, Countess of Pomfret; the Hon. Charlotte Digby; the Hon. Charlotte Boyle Walsingham; the Hon. Agneta Yorke and Albinia Brodrick, Viscountess Midleton. Collectively, all three sections advocate that elite women were at the heart of the architectural patronage system and exerted more influence and agency over architecture than has previously been recognised by architectural historians.
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Vergnes, Sophie. "Les Frondeuses : l'activité politique des femmes de l'aristocratie et ses représentations de 1643 à 1661." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760092.
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Ce travail de recherche s'intéresse au rôle politique des femmes de l'aristocratie dans la Fronde et aux représentations dont il fait l'objet au XVIIe siècle, de façon à en faire apparaître les enjeux politiques, sociaux et culturels. Les actions accomplies, mais surtout les discours, les mises en scène et, plus généralement, toutes les stratégies de communication qu'emploient les Frondeuses et leur entourage pour intervenir dans la guerre civile sont examinés, de mêmes que les témoignages des contemporains. Or, les sources écrites et la documentation iconographique révèlent une conception du pouvoir, du champ d'action des femmes et des rapports entre femmes et pouvoir bien plus ouverte et audacieuse que ne le laisse entendre la règle de l'exclusif masculin. Tous les projets politiques auxquels participent ces femmes, une quinzaine environ, sont considérés, du début de la régence d'Anne d'Autriche en 1643 à l'avènement du règne personnel de Louis XIV en 1661. Deux modes d'action principaux apparaissent : les interventions à caractère militaire des Amazones de la Fronde d'une part, celles qui relèvent de la diplomatie occulte accomplies par les " intrigantes " d'autre part. L'examen des moyens employés conduit à souligner l'ancrage des Frondeuses dans des réseaux familiaux, amicaux et clientélaires puissants où elles occupent des positions stratégiques. Pour plusieurs d'entre elles, l'analyse des actes et des discours avant, pendant et après les troubles civils pose la question d'une éventuelle démarche d'émancipation à caractère féministe.
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Garver, Valerie Louise. "Carolingian aristocratic women and the transmission of culture." 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3135411.
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Hocking, Joanne Lee. "Aristocratic women at the Late Elizabethan Court: politics, patronage and power." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/98115.
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This thesis examines the power of aristocratic women in politics and patronage in the final years of the Elizabethan court (1580 to 1603). Substantial archival sources are analysed to evaluate the concepts of female political agency discussed in scholarly literature, including women’s roles in politics, within families, in networks and as part of the court patronage system. A case study methodology is used to examine the lives and careers of specific aristocratic women in three spheres of court politics – the politics of female agency, the politics of family and faction, and the politics of favour. The first case study looks at Elizabeth’s long-serving lady-in-waiting, Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick, and demonstrates that female political agents harnessed multiple sources of agency to exercise power at court on behalf of dense patronage networks. It introduces the original concept of a female ‘companion favourite’ who used a close personal relationship with the queen to become one of the most successful courtiers of the period and to rival the power of aristocratic men in a number of ways. Case studies on the Cooke sisters, Anne, Lady Bacon and Elizabeth, Lady Russell, examine their loyalties and obligations to male kin on either side of a political divide in the 1590s. For the first time, the activities of these aristocratic women are incorporated into the study of factionalism at the Elizabethan court and argue that a convergence of family and state politics enhanced women’s political significance. The final series of case studies discusses the effect of kinship with an Elizabethan male favourite on women’s political agency and analyses the interdependent flow of power between Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex and four of his closest female kin. The thesis uniquely examines the ability of aristocratic women out of royal favour to exercise power and pursue feminine strategies for patronage. These case studies show that aristocratic women made their own decisions within the scope of kin obligations and highlight an overlap between family and independent political agency. The thesis concludes that the realities of a personal monarchy under a queen regnant meant that aristocratic women’s roles in politics and patronage were integral to the effective functioning of the court and state, but that their sex determined how they exercised power. Whilst all aristocratic women at the late Elizabethan court were politically significant, those who mastered the exercise of power and wielded it appropriately took their political agency to a higher level.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2015.
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Sloutsky, Lana. "Quasi alterum Byzantium: the preservation of identity through memory and culture by aristocratic Byzantine women, 1440-1600." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27337.
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This dissertation analyzes the preservation of Byzantine culture, memory, and identity after 1453 by a network of aristocratic Byzantine women. By integrating art history, history, and anthropology to follow the lives, social networks, and patronage patterns of these women, this project examines the cultural contributions of this small, yet remarkable population. The first chapter discusses Anna Palaiologina Notaras, who perpetuated Byzantine culture through texts and images in Venice. By negotiating between the Byzantine émigrés and the Venetian authorities, she secured unprecedented privileges and recognition for the marginalized community. The second chapter centers on Zoe (Sophia) Palaiologina, niece of Emperor Constantine XI, who was raised as an exile at the papal court. In 1472, she married the Grand Duke of Moscow and became a vital translator among the visual languages of Byzantium, Italy, and Russia. Through her entourage, objects, and familial connections, the princess solidified Moscow’s connection to the fallen Byzantium. Chapter three focuses on Cantakuzina (Catherine) and Mara Branković, daughters of Serbian Despot, George Branković. In 1435, Mara married Ottoman Sultan, Murad II and became stepmother to Mehmed II, conqueror of Constantinople. Throughout her life, she participated in a series of diplomatic efforts, which allowed her to become a patron of Byzantine culture within the confines of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed II relied on Mara to validate symbolically his rule in the eyes of his Byzantine subjects, for whom she was a de-facto spokeswoman. Mara and Cantakuzina negotiated peacefully between Mehmed, the Venetians, Athonite monastics, and prominent post-Byzantine figures. Chapter four discusses Helena Palaiologina, another niece of Constantine XI, and her daughter Charlotte. In 1442, Helena married John II of Cyprus, and became Queen of Cyprus, Armenia, and Jerusalem. Helena applied her power to welcome an important group of post-1453 refugees to Cyprus. Charlotte was forced into exile and ended her life at the papal court, to which she gifted a number of valuable objects. Together, Helena and Charlotte helped preserve the Byzantine imperial traditions of philanthropy and diplomatic gift giving. This dissertation contributes to early modern women’s studies and provides a more nuanced understanding of cultural perpetuation.2020-01-25
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Lindsay, Hugh. "Revised limits of participation in public life: Roman aristocratic women from the late republic to the early imperial period." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1403554.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)This thesis charts the growth in the role of elite Roman women in public life from the period of the Gracchi to the early empire under Augustus. Roman patriarchy excluded women from direct participation in politics in the forum or the Senate, so much emphasis falls on indirect access to power. To review this, two introductory chapters discuss Roman male perceptions of ideal female behaviour, and legislative changes with a direct impact on female lives. This is followed by studies of significant individuals, divided into two groups. The first reviews Cornelia, Clodia, Servilia, and Terentia and Tullia. Cornelia’s life as the mother of revolutionary sons is the sole example from the second century BC, and is followed by key characters from the last generation of the Republic. The second consists of Fulvia and Octavia, women whose status was prominent during the triumvirate as successive wives of the triumvir Antony. Individual lives are tested to establish the extent to which they were pushing the boundaries of ideal behaviour, and to attempt to establish how and why this occurred. Each individual is tested against their adherence to tradition female roles, their advance into areas of controversy, and finally truly transgressive acts. The application of these tests shows that matters advanced over the selected period as areas considered controversial or transgressive modified under changed social and political conditions. Many of the changes occurred informally, as women became involved in political arrangements through extended relevance of the domestic context. Women were initially used as proxies in the late Republic because of frequent absences overseas, but the advent of empire and the imperial court encouraged their use in novel roles.
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Bourgouin, Anne-Catherine. "Étude typo-chronologique et stylistique des boucles d'oreilles en or de Macédoine : de l'époque archaïque à la fin de la période hellénistique." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19360.
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