Journal articles: 'Aridità'

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De Angelis, P., G. de Dato, D. Spano, P. Duce, C. Sirca, C. Asunis, G. Pellizzaro, C. Cesaraccio, S. Sechi, and G. Scarascia Mugnozza. "A new long-term experimental area for the assessment of the effects of climate warming and seasonal drought on a Mediterranean shrubland community." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2005): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0260-0020037.

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Vlăduţ, Alina, Nina Nikolova, and Mihaela Licurici. "Aridity assessment within southern Romania and northern Bulgaria." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 79, no. 2 (January 2017): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2017.79.02.01.

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Rocha, Guadalupe, Antoine Le Queré, Arturo Medina, Alma Cuéllar, José-Luis Contreras, Ricardo Carreño, Rocío Bustillos, et al. "Diversity and phenotypic analyses of salt- and heat-tolerant wild bean Phaseolus filiformis rhizobia native of a sand beach in Baja California and description of Ensifer aridi sp. nov." Archives of Microbiology 202, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-019-01744-7.

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Abstract In northern Mexico, aridity, salinity and high temperatures limit areas that can be cultivated. To investigate the nature of nitrogen-fixing symbionts of Phaseolus filiformis, an adapted wild bean species native to this region, their phylogenies were inferred by MLSA. Most rhizobia recovered belong to the proposed new species Ensifer aridi. Phylogenetic analyses of nodC and nifH show that Mexican isolates carry symbiotic genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer that are divergent from those previously characterized among bean symbionts. These strains are salt tolerant, able to grow in alkaline conditions, high temperatures, and capable of utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon sources for growth. This study improves the knowledge on diversity, geographic distribution and evolution of bean-nodulating rhizobia in Mexico and further enlarges the spectrum of microsymbiont with which Phaseolus species can interact with, including cultivated bean varieties, notably under stressed environments. Here, the species Ensifer aridi sp. nov. is proposed as strain type of the Moroccan isolate LMR001T (= LMG 31426T; = HAMBI 3707T) recovered from desert sand dune.

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Sugden, Andrew M. "Thresholds of aridity." Science 367, no. 6479 (February 13, 2020): 752.14–754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6479.752-n.

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Wu, Yanfeng, Guangxin Zhang, Hong Shen, Y. Jun Xu, and Batur Bake. "Attribute Analysis of Aridity Variability in North Xinjiang, China." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9610960.

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Identifying the dominant meteorological factors affecting aridity variability can improve our understanding of climate change and its future trend in arid and semiarid regions. This study investigated the spatiotemporal aridity variability in North Xinjiang, China, from 1961 to 2013, based on the UNESCO aridity index (precipitation/potential evapotranspiration), and analyzed its association with meteorological factors. The results suggest that North Xinjiang is becoming more humid with an increasing trend in aridity index. Precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity have positive correlation with aridity, and evapotranspiration, sunshine hours, and wind speed have negative correlation with aridity. Wind speed and sunshine hours have a higher sensitivity and more contribution to aridity. This study provides an understanding of the effect of recent climate change on drought in northwest China.

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Prasad, Rajendra, and Hari Singh. "Bharat mein 1990-1999 ke dauraan shushkata visangatiyon ka kshetreey avem saamayik vishleshan." MAUSAM 53, no. 4 (January 13, 2022): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v53i4.1659.

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Aridity Anomaly Index (AAI), based on Thornthwaite’s water balance technique, has been used to identify the extent and persistence of aridity anomalies over 33 sub-divisions of India during a period of 10 years from 1990 to 1999. Regional and temporal analysis has been carried out to identify the areas and periods of intense and prolonged persistence. This study has shown that 1992 was worst hit by the aridity conditions, which emerged in 5 or more fortnights. All sub-divisions of north India were affected by moderate aridity during 1990, 1992-94 and 1999. Similarly, all sub-divisions of peninsular India were influenced by moderate aridity during 1991, 1993 and 1999. Severe aridity appeared in all sub-divisions of peninsular India during 1990. The duration of severe aridity was less than that of moderate aridity during all years. Moderate and severe aridity appeared simultaneously in 5 or more fortnights in maximum 9 sub-divisions in 1992 and occurred during maximum 5 years in Madhya Maharashtra. Moderate aridity in 5 or more fortnights emerged each year during 1990 to 1999 in coastal Andhra Pradesh. In 1991, maximum 55% sub-divisions were affected by severe aridity in 9th fortnight, whereas Saurashtra & Kutch was affected in 1996 and north Interior Karnataka in 1999 during maximum 7 fortnights. In the year 1992, maximum number of sub-divisions under moderate and severe persistence was 70% and 24% respectively. In north India, moderate persistence appeared in east Rajasthan in all nine years except 1996, with its longest duration of 8 fortnights in 1995. West Madhya Pradesh, in peninsular India, was affected by moderate aridity during 7 fortnights in each year during the period of study from 1990 to 1999.

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Ahmed, Kamal, Shamsuddin Shahid, Xiaojun Wang, Nadeem Nawaz, and Najeebullah Khan. "Spatiotemporal changes in aridity of Pakistan during 1901–2016." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 3081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3081-2019.

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Abstract. The changing characteristics of aridity over a larger spatiotemporal scale have gained interest in recent years due to climate change. The long-term (1901–2016) changes in spatiotemporal patterns of annual and seasonal aridity during two major crop growing seasons of Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi, are evaluated in this study using gridded precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data. The UNESCO aridity index was used to estimate aridity at each grid point for all the years between 1901 and 2016. The temporal changes in aridity and its associations with precipitation and PET are evaluated by implementing a moving window of 50 years of data with an 11-year interval. The modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend test is applied to estimate unidirectional change by eliminating the effect of natural variability of climate, and Pettitt's test is used to detect year of change in aridity. The results revealed that the climate over 60 % of Pakistan (mainly in southern parts) is arid. The spatial patterns of aridity trends show a strong influence of the changes in precipitation on the aridity trend. The increasing trend in aridity (drier) is noticed in the southwest, where precipitation is low during Kharif, while there is a decreasing trend (wetter) in the Rabi season in the region which receives high precipitation due to western disturbances. The annual and Kharif aridity is found to decrease (wetter) at a rate of 0.0001 to 0.0002 per year in the northeast, while Kharif and Rabi aridity are found to increase (drier) at some locations in the south at a rate of −0.0019 to −0.0001 per year. The spatial patterns of aridity changes show a shift from arid to the semi-arid (wetter) climate in annual and Kharif over a large area while showing a shift from arid to hyper-arid (drier) region during Rabi in a small area. Most of the significant changes in precipitation and aridity are observed in the years between 1971 and 1980. Overall, aridity is found to increase (drier) in 0.52 %, 4.44 % and 0.52 % of the area and decrease (wetter) in 11.75 %, 7.57 % and 9.66 % of the area for annual, Rabi and Kharif seasons respectively during 1967–2016 relative to 1901–1950.

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Harshada Ragunathan, Krithika C, Divya G, Nishanthi L, Priya Ramani, and Gayathri P S. "Aridity In Senior Citizens." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 2381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4481.

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Hyposalivation contributes to several health problems. It can produce serious adverse effects on one's quality of life. The prevalence of dry mouth increases with age, and approximately 30% of those aged 60 years and old are being affected. Ageing and medication are the salient causes of hyposalivation / Xerostomia. The study aims to analyse the salivary flow rate of senior citizens by a questionnaire method & to confirm through clinical evaluation. The objective of the study is to show the importance of clinical evaluation of the oral cavity in estimating the salivary flow. The study was conducted among 40 senior citizens of age 60 & above. The assessment of dry mouth was done by questioner method and by collecting unstimulated saliva. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis, and chi-square test was performed. It showed that patients who believed that they were pretty fine also had hyposalivation clinically. 57.5% of total participants had less salivary flow rate. Also, 67.5% of participants showed oral manifestation of periodontitis with 7.5% mirror stick appearance. 32.5% of participants had dry-mouth out of which most of them were females and had no drug history. Even though there are many signs and symptoms for oral dryness, clinical evaluation always stands first in diagnosis. Patient under drug therapy and elderly patient's routine dental checkup can help them to know about their dental and general health status.

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Blumenthal, Scott A., Naomi E. Levin, Francis H. Brown, Jean-Philip Brugal, Kendra L. Chritz, John M. Harris, Glynis E. Jehle, and Thure E. Cerling. "Aridity and hominin environments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (June 26, 2017): 7331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700597114.

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Aridification is often considered a major driver of long-term ecological change and hominin evolution in eastern Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene; however, this hypothesis remains inadequately tested owing to difficulties in reconstructing terrestrial paleoclimate. We present a revised aridity index for quantifying water deficit (WD) in terrestrial environments using tooth enamel δ18O values, and use this approach to address paleoaridity over the past 4.4 million years in eastern Africa. We find no long-term trend in WD, consistent with other terrestrial climate indicators in the Omo-Turkana Basin, and no relationship between paleoaridity and herbivore paleodiet structure among fossil collections meeting the criteria for WD estimation. Thus, we suggest that changes in the abundance of C4 grass and grazing herbivores in eastern Africa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene may have been decoupled from aridity. As in modern African ecosystems, other factors, such as rainfall seasonality or ecological interactions among plants and mammals, may be important for understanding the evolution of C4 grass- and grazer-dominated biomes.

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Hrnjak, Ivana, Tin Lukić, Milivoj B. Gavrilov, Slobodan B. Marković, Miroslava Unkašević, and Ivana Tošić. "Aridity in Vojvodina, Serbia." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 115, no. 1-2 (April 23, 2013): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0893-1.

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11

Zhou, Sha, A. Park Williams, Alexis M. Berg, Benjamin I. Cook, Yao Zhang, Stefan Hagemann, Ruth Lorenz, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Pierre Gentine. "Land–atmosphere feedbacks exacerbate concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 38 (September 3, 2019): 18848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904955116.

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Compound extremes such as cooccurring soil drought (low soil moisture) and atmospheric aridity (high vapor pressure deficit) can be disastrous for natural and societal systems. Soil drought and atmospheric aridity are 2 main physiological stressors driving widespread vegetation mortality and reduced terrestrial carbon uptake. Here, we empirically demonstrate that strong negative coupling between soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit occurs globally, indicating high probability of cooccurring soil drought and atmospheric aridity. Using the Global Land Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE)-CMIP5 experiment, we further show that concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity are greatly exacerbated by land–atmosphere feedbacks. The feedback of soil drought on the atmosphere is largely responsible for enabling atmospheric aridity extremes. In addition, the soil moisture–precipitation feedback acts to amplify precipitation and soil moisture deficits in most regions. CMIP5 models further show that the frequency of concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity enhanced by land–atmosphere feedbacks is projected to increase in the 21st century. Importantly, land–atmosphere feedbacks will greatly increase the intensity of both soil drought and atmospheric aridity beyond that expected from changes in mean climate alone.

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12

He, Qing, Hui Lu, Kun Yang, L. Ruby Leung, Ming Pan, Jie He, and Panpan Yao. "A simple framework to characterize land aridity based on surface energy partitioning regimes." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 3 (February 21, 2022): 034008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac50d4.

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Abstract Land aridity is often characterized by the aridity index (AI), which does not account for land surface water-energy interactions that are crucially important in determining regional climate. Such interactions can be captured by the evaporative fraction (EF, ratio of evapotranspiration to available energy) regimes. As EF is subject to energy and water limitations in humid and dry areas, respectively, EF regimes may be used to characterize land aridity to account for the influence of complex land characteristics and their impact on water availability. Here, we propose a simple framework to characterize land aridity by statistically ranking the coupling strength between EF and surface energy and water terms. The framework is demonstrated using gridded data and compared with AI over the U.S. and China. Results show that regionalization of aridity zones based on EF regimes and a two-tiered classification scheme may provide information such as surface energy and water variability complementary to the background aridity depicted by AI, with implications for extreme events.

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Gavrilov, Milivoj B., Milica G. Radaković, György Sipos, Gábor Mezősi, Gavrilo Gavrilov, Tin Lukić, Biljana Basarin, et al. "Aridity in the Central and Southern Pannonian Basin." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121269.

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For the investigation of geographical, monthly, seasonal, and annual distributions of aridity and its annual trend in the region of the Central and Southern Pannonian Basin (CSPB), which includes the territories of Hungary and Vojvodina (Northern Serbia), the De Martonne Aridity Index (DMAI) was used. The DMAI was originally calculated from a total of 78 meteorological stations with the maximum available time series of climatological data in three cases: 1931–2017 for Hungary; 1949–2017 for Vojvodina; and 1949–2017 for Hungary and Vojvodina jointly. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was used to control the DMAI results. Temperature and precipitation trends were also investigated to understand their effects on the aridity trend. Three aridity types are distinguished on the annual level, five on the seasonal level, and four on the monthly level. The annual aridity had no trends in all three periods. It seems that aridity can be considered a more stable climate indicator of climate change than the temperature, at least in the CSPB.

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Yann, Lindsey T., Larisa R. G. DeSantis, Ryan J. Haupt, Jennifer L. Romer, Sarah E. Corapi, and David J. Ettenson. "The application of an oxygen isotope aridity index to terrestrial paleoenvironmental reconstructions in Pleistocene North America." Paleobiology 39, no. 4 (2013): 576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12059.

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Geochemical tools, including the analysis of stable isotopes from fossil mammals, are often used to infer regional climatic and environmental differences. We have further developed an oxygen isotope aridity index and used oxygen (δ18O) isotope values and carbon (δ13C) isotope values to assess regional climatic differences between the southeastern and southwestern United States during the Pleistocene. Using data collected from previously published studies, we assigned taxa to evaporation-sensitivity categories by quantifying the frequency and magnitude of aridity index values (i.e., an average taxon δ18O value minus a site specific proboscidean δ18O value). Antilocapridae, Camelidae, Equidae, and Cervidae were identified as evaporation-sensitive families, meaning that a majority of their water comes from the food they eat, thus indicating that they are more likely to capture changing climatic conditions. Bovidae, Tayassuidae, and Tapiridae were identified as less sensitive families, possibly because of increased or more variable drinking behavior. While it is difficult to tease out individual influences on δ18O values in tooth enamel, the use of an aridity index will provide a more in-depth look at relative aridity in the fossil record. Greater aridity index values in the Southwest suggest a drier climate than in the Southeast during the Pleistocene, and δ13C values suggest that diet does not determine evaporation sensitivity. The combination of more-positive δ13C values and the lack of forest indicator taxa in the Southwest suggest that landscapes were more open than in the Southeast. Inferred higher aridity in the Southwest may indicate that aridity or seasonal aridity/precipitation, not temperature or pCO2, was a greater driver of C4 abundance during the Pleistocene. Collectively, these data suggest that regional climatic and environmental interpretations can be improved by using an aridity index and a more detailed understanding of mammalian paleobiology.

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García-Martín, Abelardo, Cristina Aguirado, Luis L. Paniagua, Virginia Alberdi, Francisco J. Moral, and Francisco J. Rebollo. "Spatial Analysis of Aridity during Grapevine Growth Stages in Extremadura (Southwest Spain)." Land 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122125.

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Aridity is a key determinant of agriculture worldwide due to rising temperatures, rainfall variability, and drought frequency and intensity, amongst other factors. The De Martonne aridity index is particularly useful to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations in aridity in agricultural regions for characterising the climate of these areas and evaluating their susceptibility to climate change. From the mean precipitation and maximum–minimum daily temperature values recorded at 108 weather stations over 32 years (1989–2020) in Extremadura (southwest Spain), spatial analysis of aridity was performed at different grapevine growth stages. The present study aimed to (1) determine the mean aridity conditions in Extremadura according to year and growth stage and (2) assess aridity in six grapevine-growing areas of Ribera del Guadiana de Extremadura (Spain) protected designation of origin (PDO). To visualise aridity patterns, maps were generated using a geographic information system and a multivariate regression geostatistical algorithm (ordinary kriging). The climate of Extremadura is primarily Mediterranean at the annual scale, and aridity widely varies from extremely humid at the dormancy stage to arid at the berry development and ripening stages. This variation shapes the conditions of the studied grapevine-growing region. Furthermore, large differences were noted amongst the sub-areas of the Rivera del Guadiana PDO at the initial and final grapevine growth stages, requiring differential crop management. In addition, analysis according to growth stage allowed us to identify the most vulnerable areas and periods to climate change and potential grapevine-growing areas highly suitable for this climate.

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Guevara-Araya, María José, Víctor M. Escobedo, Valeria Palma-Onetto, and Marcia González-Teuber. "Changes in Diversity and Community Composition of Root Endophytic Fungi Associated with Aristolochia chilensis along an Aridity Gradient in the Atacama Desert." Plants 11, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111511.

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Despite the widespread occurrence of fungal endophytes (FE) in plants inhabiting arid ecosystems, the environmental and soil factors that modulate changes in FE diversity and community composition along an aridity gradient have been little explored. We studied three locations along the coast of the Atacama Desert in Chile, in which the plant Aristolochia chilensis naturally grows, and that differ in their aridity gradient from hyper-arid to semi-arid. We evaluated if root-associated FE diversity (frequency, richness and diversity indexes) and community composition vary as a function of aridity. Additionally, we assessed whether edaphic factors co-varying with aridity (soil water potential, soil moisture, pH and nutrients) may structure FE communities. We expected that FE diversity would gradually increase towards the aridity gradient declines, and that those locations that had the most contrasting environments would show more dissimilar FE communities. We found that richness indexes were inversely related to aridity, although this pattern was only partially observed for FE frequency and diversity. FE community composition was dissimilar among contrasting locations, and soil water availability significantly influenced FE community composition across the gradient. The results indicate that FE diversity and community composition associated with A. chilensis relate to differences in the aridity level across the gradient. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of climate-related factors in shaping changes in diversity, structure and distribution of FE in desert ecosystems.

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Seager, Richard, Jamie Feldman, Nathan Lis, Mingfang Ting, Alton P. Williams, Jennifer Nakamura, Haibo Liu, and Naomi Henderson. "Whither the 100th Meridian? The Once and Future Physical and Human Geography of America’s Arid–Humid Divide. Part II: The Meridian Moves East." Earth Interactions 22, no. 5 (March 1, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-17-0012.1.

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Abstract The 100th meridian bisects the Great Plains of the United States and effectively divides the continent into more arid western and less arid eastern halves and is well expressed in terms of vegetation, land hydrology, crops, and the farm economy. Here, it is considered how this arid–humid divide will change in intensity and location during the current century under rising greenhouse gases. It is first shown that state-of-the-art climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project generally underestimate the degree of aridity of the United States and simulate an arid–humid divide that is too diffuse. These biases are traced to excessive precipitation and evapotranspiration and inadequate blocking of eastward moisture flux by the Pacific coastal ranges and Rockies. Bias-corrected future projections are developed that modify observationally based measures of aridity by the model-projected fractional changes in aridity. Aridity increases across the United States, and the aridity gradient weakens. The main contributor to the changes is rising potential evapotranspiration, while changes in precipitation working alone increase aridity across the southern and decrease across the northern United States. The “effective 100th meridian” moves to the east as the century progresses. In the current farm economy, farm size and percent of county under rangelands increase and percent of cropland under corn decreases as aridity increases. Statistical relations between these quantities and the bias-corrected aridity projections suggest that, all else being equal (which it will not be), adjustment to changing environmental conditions would cause farm size and rangeland area to increase across the plains and percent of cropland under corn to decrease in the northern plains as the century advances.

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Moral, Francisco J., Cristina Aguirado, Virginia Alberdi, Luis L. Paniagua, Abelardo García-Martín, and Francisco J. Rebollo. "Future Scenarios for Aridity under Conditions of Global Climate Change in Extremadura, Southwestern Spain." Land 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030536.

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Aridity conditions in semi-arid lands with warm climates are key variables that must be assessed to properly manage water and plan to minimise the threat of desertification. This study analyses the spatial distribution of aridity in Extremadura, southwestern Spain, using the De Martonne aridity index (IDM), considering a historical reference period (1971–2005) and three-time intervals: 2006–2035 (near future), 2036–2065 (mid-century) and 2066–2095 (end of the century). Projections were computed using a set of ten global climate model (GCM) and regional climate model (RCM) combinations under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5, an intermediate anthropogenic radiative forcing scenario, and RCP8.5, a fossil-intensive emission scenario. Progressive strengthening of aridity conditions over Extremadura was evident until the end of the century, mainly under the RCP8.5 scenario. From the predominance of the Mediterranean aridity class in the south of the region during the reference period, semi-arid conditions will soon spread across this zone, occupying most of it during mid-century and later. In the north of Extremadura, less arid conditions will be reduced to the highest elevations, increasing the Mediterranean and semi-arid categories, particularly under the RCP8.5 scenario. Consequently, the projected increase in aridity conditions in Extremadura will make this region more vulnerable to climate change. Policies devoted to adapting to the expected conditions and controlling aridity in vulnerable areas will be necessary to mitigate the negative impacts, with significant environmental and socio-economic implications in the region.

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Bonfils, Céline, Gemma Anderson, Benjamin D. Santer, Thomas J. Phillips, Karl E. Taylor, Matthias Cuntz, Mark D. Zelinka, et al. "Competing Influences of Anthropogenic Warming, ENSO, and Plant Physiology on Future Terrestrial Aridity." Journal of Climate 30, no. 17 (September 2017): 6883–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0005.1.

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The 2011–16 California drought illustrates that drought-prone areas do not always experience relief once a favorable phase of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) returns. In the twenty-first century, such an expectation is unrealistic in regions where global warming induces an increase in terrestrial aridity larger than the changes in aridity driven by ENSO variability. This premise is also flawed in areas where precipitation supply cannot offset the global warming–induced increase in evaporative demand. Here, atmosphere-only experiments are analyzed to identify land regions where aridity is currently sensitive to ENSO and where projected future changes in mean aridity exceed the range caused by ENSO variability. Insights into the drivers of these changes in aridity are obtained using simulations with the incremental addition of three different factors to the current climate: ocean warming, vegetation response to elevated CO2levels, and intensified CO2radiative forcing. The effect of ocean warming overwhelms the range of ENSO-driven temperature variability worldwide, increasing potential evapotranspiration (PET) in most ENSO-sensitive regions. Additionally, about 39% of the regions currently sensitive to ENSO will likely receive less precipitation in the future, independent of the ENSO phase. Consequently aridity increases in 67%–72% of the ENSO-sensitive area. When both radiative and physiological effects are considered, the area affected by arid conditions rises to 75%–79% when using PET-derived measures of aridity, but declines to 41% when an aridity indicator for total soil moisture is employed. This reduction mainly occurs because plant stomatal resistance increases under enhanced CO2concentrations, resulting in improved plant water-use efficiency, and hence reduced evapotranspiration and soil desiccation. Imposing CO2-invariant stomatal resistance may overestimate future drying in PET-derived indices.

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Sauchyn, David J., Elaine M. Barrow, Ron F. Hopkinson, and Peter R. Leavitt. "Aridity on the Canadian Plains." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 56, no. 2-3 (October 7, 2004): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/009109ar.

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Abstract The Prairie Ecozone is the only major region of Canada where drought is a landscape hazard; aridity is linked to soil erosion. Management of prairie ecosystems and soil landscapes therefore requires an understanding of past and future trends and variability in regional aridity. We used instrumental and paleoclimatic records to define a regional baseline for prairie aridity, to evaluate the utility of modern climate normals (i.e. 1961-1990) as a benchmark for future climatic change, and to provide a historical context for a range of General Circulation Model (GCM) forecasts of regional aridity. A warm-dry scenario derived from the Canadian GCM projects a significant increase in the area of subhumid and semiarid climate. Tree rings and diatom-inferred lake salinity record prolonged arid events and show that the climate normal period of 1961-1990 may have been the most benign climate of the past 750 years. The climate of the 20th century was anomalous in terms of the absence of sustained drought. Because both lake and tree-ring analyses recorded an abrupt amelioration of climatic conditions near the start of the instrumental record, we suggest that the immediate impacts of future global warming may be to return the prairies to past conditions in which persistent aridity was recorded for intervals of decades or longer.

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Parlange, Marc B., and Gabriel G. Katul. "An advection-aridity evaporation model." Water Resources Research 28, no. 1 (January 1992): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91wr02482.

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Yang, Yongmin, Hongbo Su, Renhua Zhang, and Jun Xia. "Revised Advection-Aridity Evaporation Model." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 18, no. 6 (June 2013): 655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000659.

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Keenan, Trevor F., Xiangzhong Luo, Yao Zhang, and Sha Zhou. "Ecosystem aridity and atmospheric CO2." Science 368, no. 6488 (April 16, 2020): 251.2–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5449.

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Matos, Paula, Pedro Pinho, Gregorio Aragón, Isabel Martínez, Alice Nunes, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, and Cristina Branquinho. "Lichen traits responding to aridity." Journal of Ecology 103, no. 2 (January 9, 2015): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12364.

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Asadi Zarch, Mohammad Amin, Bellie Sivakumar, and Ashish Sharma. "Assessment of global aridity change." Journal of Hydrology 520 (January 2015): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.033.

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Sohoulande Djebou, Dagbegnon Clement. "Bridging drought and climate aridity." Journal of Arid Environments 144 (September 2017): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.05.002.

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Melián, Edgardo A., Gabriel Gatica, and Eduardo Pucheta. "Variación de rasgos del xilema secundario de Bulnesia retama (Zygophyllaceae) a lo largo de un gradiente de aridez en el centro-oeste de Argentina." Darwiniana, nueva serie 9, no. 1 (2021): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2021.91.929.

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The study of secondary xylem of Bulnesia retama along an aridity gradient allowed finding variations among different xylem cell types that can be used to predict tolerance of this species to aridity. The aim of this work was to carry out an anatomical description of the secondary xylem through cross sections, to analyse the variation of traits considered to be important for survival in arid environments, such as the percentage of vessels, fibres and parenchyma, fibre wall thickness, and wood density. The samples were obtained from primary branches of plants from four locations along an aridity gradient (Médanos Grandes, Bermejo, Marayes and Chepes, San Juan and La Rioja provinces, Argentina). Cross sections were observed with optical microscope and resulting digital images were analysed with ImageJ software. The results indicate that vessels are small, numerous and diagonally distributed, axial parenchyma is apotracheal diffuse. A significant increase in total fibre area and a decrease in parenchyma area with increases in aridity were observed. Total vessel area did not show any changes, while fibre wall thickness increased slightly with aridity. These traits suggest that B. retama has a highly drought-tolerant wood showing phenotypic plasticity along the aridity gradient, also registering a high-density xeromorphic wood.

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Golodets, Carly, Marcelo Sternberg, Jaime Kigel, Bertrand Boeken, Zalmen Henkin, No’am G. Seligman, and Eugene D. Ungar. "Climate change scenarios of herbaceous production along an aridity gradient: vulnerability increases with aridity." Oecologia 177, no. 4 (February 7, 2015): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3234-5.

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Bishop, Daniel A., A. Park Williams, Richard Seager, Edward R. Cook, Dorothy M. Peteet, Benjamin I. Cook, Mukund P. Rao, and David W. Stahle. "Placing the east-west North American aridity gradient in a multi-century context." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 114043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2f63.

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Abstract Instrumental records indicate a century-long trend towards drying over western North America and wetting over eastern North America. A continuation of these trends into the future would have significant hydroclimatic and socioeconomic consequences in both the semi-arid Southwest and humid East. Using tree-ring reconstructions and hydrologic simulations of summer soil moisture, we evaluate and contextualize the modern summer aridity gradient within its natural range of variability established over the past 600 years and evaluate the effects of observed and anthropogenic precipitation, temperature, and humidity trends. The 2001–2020 positive (wet east-dry west) aridity gradient was larger than any 20 year period since 1400 CE, preceded by the most negative (wet west-dry east) aridity gradient during 1976–1995, leading to a strong multi-decade reversal in aridity gradient anomalies that was rivaled only by a similar event in the late-16th century. The 2001–2020 aridity gradient was dominated by long-term summer precipitation increases in the Midwest and Northeast, with smaller contributions from more warming in the West than the East and spring precipitation decreases in the Southwest. Multi-model mean climate simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 experiments suggest anthropogenic climate trends should not have strongly affected the aridity gradient thus far. However, there is high uncertainty due to inter-model disagreement on anthropogenic precipitation trends. The recent strengthening of the observed aridity gradient, its increasing dependence on precipitation variability, and disagreement in modeled anthropogenic precipitation trends reveal significant uncertainties in how water resource availability will change across North America in the coming decades.

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Haider, Sajjad, and Shahzada Adnan. "Classification and Assessment of Aridity Over Pakistan Provinces (1960-2009)." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i4.11728.

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Due to rapid growth of population, massive deforestation and anthropogenic activities, noticeable change in climate conditions is being observed in Pakistan. Increased aridity due to climate change is a growing environmental problem of the agricultural country like Pakistan. It is essential to assess and monitor aridity to combat the probable land degradation and drought desertification. Identification of arid and semi arid regions on climatic basis is the first essential step in any project of land reclamation for agricultural and other purposes. A geographic information system is used in this paper for the assessment of aridity in Pakistan from long term climatic data of fifty years (1960-2009) collected from fifty four stations situated in the country. In the delineation of climatic zones and delimitation of their boundaries, five well known aridity models viz. De Martonne Aridity index, Erinc Aridity index, Thornthwaite Precipitation Effectiveness index, UNESCO Aridity index and Thornthwaite Moisture index are utilized for this purpose. The study shows that southern parts of the country are dry and more vulnerable to drought while the northern parts have variable types of climate. Almost 75 to 85% of the total area of the country is arid in which most part lies in the south while less than 10% area is humid lies in the north of the country. This study will be a good predicator for agricultural scientist, agronomist and hydrologist to plan according the climate of the region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i4.11728International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-3, Issue-4, Sep-Nov 2014Page : 24-35

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Huang, Huiping, Yuping Han, Mingming Cao, Jinxi Song, and Heng Xiao. "Spatial-Temporal Variation of Aridity Index of China during 1960–2013." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1536135.

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Aridity index, as the ration of potential evapotranspiration and precipitation, is an important indicator of regional climate. GIS technology, Morlet wavelet, Mann-Kendall test, and principal component analysis are utilized to investigate the spatial-temporal variation of aridity index and its impacting factors in China on basis of climate data from 599 stations during 1960–2013. Results show the following. (1) Boundaries between humid and semihumid region, and semihumid and semiarid region coincide with 400 mm and 800 mm precipitation contour lines. (2) Average annual aridity index is between 3.4 and 7.5 and shows decrease trend with a tendency of –0.236 per decade at 99% confidence level. (3) The driest and wettest month appear in December and July, respectively, in one year. (4) Periods of longitudinal and latitudinal shift of aridity index 1, 1.5, and 4 contours coordinate are 10 and 25 years, 6 and 26 years, and 5 and 25 years, respectively. (5) Four principal components which affect aridity index are thermodynamic factors, water and radiation factors, geographical and air dynamic factors, and evaluation factor, respectively.

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Xie, De-Juan, Chun-Jing Wang, and Ji-Zhong Wan. "Large-Scale Effects of Aridity on Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations of Terrestrial Plants." Climate 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10110171.

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The leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of terrestrial plants make large contributions to ecosystem function and dynamics. The relationship between aridity and leaf N and P has been established through experimental studies. However, few studies have focused on the large-scale effects of aridity on the leaf N and P of terrestrial plants. In this paper, we used linear regression models to test the effects of aridity on terrestrial plant leaf N and P and the N:P ratio based on global datasets. We found that aridity had significant effects on the leaf N and P and the N:P ratio of terrestrial plants. The strongest relationships were between fern leaf P, the fern N:P ratio, tree leaf P, the tree N:P ratio, vine leaf N, and the tree N:P ratio. Aridity could be used to predict the P and N:P ratio of terrestrial plants, particularly those of ferns and trees, on large scales in arid environments. Our study contributes to maintaining ecosystem functioning and services in arid environments under climate change.

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Ramachandran, A., Dhanya Praveen, R. Jaganathan, and K. Palanivelu. "Projected and Observed Aridity and Climate Change in the East Coast of South India under RCP 4.5." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/169761.

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In the purview of global warming, the present study attempts to project changes in climate and quantify the changes in aridity of two coastal districts in south India under the RCP 4.5 trajectory. Projected climate change output generated by RegCM 4.4 model, pertaining to 14 grid points located within the study area, was analyzed and processed for this purpose. The meteorological parameters temperature and precipitations were used to create De Martonne Aridity Index, to assess the spatial distribution of aridity. The original index values ranged from 13.7 to 16.4 mm/°C, characterizing this area as a semidry climate. The outcome from the changed scenario analysis under RCP 4.5 showed that, during the end of the 21st century, the aridity may be increased more as the index values tend to reduce. The increasing trend in the drying phenomenon may be attributed to the rising of mean annual temperatures.

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Al-Zamili, Hanan S., and Alaa M. Al-Lami. "Assessment of spatial distributions of some climate indices in Iraq." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 3, no. 4 (July 4, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2018.v3i4.217.

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Aridity is one of the main factors which distinguish the climate of a region and has significant influence on human activities. This study investigated the spatial distribution of the aridity indices to determine the climate conditions in Iraq over the period (1981-2015), depending on the data of the air temperature and rainfall which obtained from 28 stations distributed through Iraq. The used aridity indices are: Lang, Erinc, Emberger, UNEP, De Martonne and Thornthwaite. The spatial distribution was determined using inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolated method. The results of aridity indices analysis shows that the hyper-arid, arid, and semi-arid categories are predominant with almost (91%) to (100%) of the country’s area. Dry sub-humid, moist sub-humid and humid categories occupies less than (10%) with most of indices at stations of (Arbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Salahaddin). To evaluate the seasonal spatial distributions, De Martonne was utilized. During winter, the climate types ranged from semi-arid to very-humid, while at spring season from arid to humid. Autumn season dominated by arid at (97%) of study area. The summer season was the driest compared with the other seasons. The change point for aridity indices was detected by using the cumulative sum charts (CUSUMs), it is found for the most stations in (1997). Consequently, the spatial distribution for the aridity indices were analyzed through two periods (1981-1997 and 1998-2015), this analysis showed that the arid and hyper-arid areas were increased in the second period compared with the first period with obvious extension toward the north of Iraq.

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Youssef, Tarek, and Peter Saenger. "Photosynthetic gas exchange and water use in tropical and subtropical populations of the mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97189.

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Photosynthetic gas exchange and stomatal behaviour in the tropical (Darwin: 12°25′S) and subtropical (Ballina: 28°50′S) populations of the mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco were compared at elevated air temperatures (>32°C) and leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit (vpd >25 mbar) with a quantum flux at, or above, their light saturation capacity (>600 µmol m-2 s-1). At the lower end of the tested aridity range, the tropical population showed a less conservative water use than the subtropical population. As aridity increased, both populations showed a reduction in stomatal conductance. However, transpiration rates remained higher in the subtropical population at all times, reducing its water-use efficiency from that under less arid conditions. At extreme aridity (temperature >37°C and vpd >35 mbar), the efficiency of the evaporative cooling of fully exposed leaves was evident in the leaf-to-air temperature differential which remained minimal in the tropical population while it increased significantly in the subtropical population. Aridity tolerance was more pronounced in individuals from the tropical site than from the subtropical site, as evidenced by a tighter stomatal control on water use in the tropical population. These data suggest that the tropical and subtropical populations of A. corniculatum have different physiological responses to aridity.

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Salvati, Luca, Marco Zitti, Rosanna Di Bartolomei, and Luigi Perini. "Climate Aridity under Changing Conditions and Implications for the Agricultural Sector: Italy as a Case Study." Geography Journal 2013 (December 20, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/923173.

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A comprehensive diachronic analysis (1951–2010) of precipitation and temperature regimes has been carried out at the national and regional scale in Italy to investigate the impact of climate aridity on the agricultural system. Trends in climate aridity have been also analysed using UNEP aridity index which is the ratio between rainfall and potential evapotranspiration on a yearly basis. During the examined time period, and particularly in the most recent years, a gradual reduction in rainfall and growing temperatures have been observed which have further widened the gap between precipitation amounts and water demand in agriculture.

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Hou, Jianfeng, Feike A. Dijkstra, Xiuwei Zhang, Chao Wang, Xiaotao Lü, Peng Wang, Xingguo Han, and Weixin Cheng. "Aridity thresholds of soil microbial metabolic indices along a 3,200 km transect across arid and semi-arid regions in Northern China." PeerJ 7 (April 9, 2019): e6712. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6712.

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Soil microbial processes are crucial for understanding the ecological functions of arid and semi-arid lands which occupy approximately 40% of the global terrestrial ecosystems. However, how soil microbial metabolic activities may change across a wide aridity gradient in drylands remains unclear. Here, we investigated three soil microbial metabolic indices (soil organic carbon (SOC)-based microbial respiration, metabolic quotient, and microbial biomass as a proportion of total SOC) and the degree of carbon limitation for microbial respiration along a 3,200 km transect with a wide aridity gradient. The aridity gradient was customarily expressed using the aridity index (AI) which was calculated as the ratio of mean annual precipitation to mean annual evaporation, therefore, a lower AI value indicated a higher degree of aridity. Our results showed non-linear relationships between AI values and the metabolic indices with a clear aridity threshold for each of the three metabolic indices along the aridity gradient, respectively (AI = 0.13 for basal respiration, AI = 0.17 for metabolic quotient, and AI = 0.17 for MBC:SOC ratio). These metabolic indices linearly declined when AI was above the thresholds, but did not show any clear patterns when AI was below the thresholds. We also found that soil microbial respiration was highly limited by available carbon substrates at locations with higher primary production and relatively lower level of water limitation when AI was above the threshold, a counter-intuitive pattern that microbes were more starved in ecosystems with more substrate input. However, the increasing level of carbon limitation did correspond to the declining trend of the three metabolic indices along the AI gradient, which indicates that the carbon limitation influences microbial metabolism. We also found that the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to SOC in arid regions (AI < 0.2) with extremely low precipitation and primary production were not quantitatively related to SOC content. Overall, our results imply that microbial metabolism is distinctively different in arid lands than in non-arid lands.

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Gavrilov, Milivoj B., Tin Lukić, Natalija Janc, Biljana Basarin, and Slobodan B. Marković. "Forestry Aridity Index in Vojvodina, North Serbia." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0029.

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Abstract In investigating aridity in Vojvodina (a region in the northern part of Serbia), the Forestry Aridity Index (FAI) was used. This index was chosen due to being one of the most suitable indices for the analysis of the interaction of climate and vegetative processes, especially in forestry. The spatial distribution of the FAI for annual and decennial periods, as well as its annual trend, is analysed. Satisfactory compatibility between the low (forest) and high (steppe) FAI values with the forest and steppe vegetation on the Vojvodina terrains was obtained. The calculated values of the FAI showed that there was no particular annual trend. These results correspond to the earlier calculated values of the De Martonne aridity index and the Pinna combinative index. Therefore, it can be concluded that there were no recent changes in aridity during the observed period. Results of the correlation indicate weak linearity between the FAI, and the North Atlantic Oscillation and El-Niño South Oscillation.

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Shi, Hao, Hanqin Tian, Stefan Lange, Jia Yang, Shufen Pan, Bojie Fu, and Christopher P. O. Reyer. "Terrestrial biodiversity threatened by increasing global aridity velocity under high-level warming." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 36 (August 30, 2021): e2015552118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015552118.

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Global aridification is projected to intensify. Yet, our knowledge of its potential impacts on species ranges remains limited. Here, we investigate global aridity velocity and its overlap with three sectors (natural protected areas, agricultural areas, and urban areas) and terrestrial biodiversity in historical (1979 through 2016) and future periods (2050 through 2099), with and without considering vegetation physiological response to rising CO2. Both agricultural and urban areas showed a mean drying velocity in history, although the concurrent global aridity velocity was on average +0.05/+0.20 km/yr−1 (no CO2 effects/with CO2 effects; “+” denoting wetting). Moreover, in drylands, the shifts of vegetation greenness isolines were found to be significantly coupled with the tracks of aridity velocity. In the future, the aridity velocity in natural protected areas is projected to change from wetting to drying across RCP (representative concentration pathway) 2.6, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios. When accounting for spatial distribution of terrestrial taxa (including plants, mammals, birds, and amphibians), the global aridity velocity would be -0.15/-0.02 km/yr−1 (“-” denoting drying; historical), -0.12/-0.15 km/yr−1 (RCP2.6), -0.36/-0.10 km/yr−1 (RCP6.0), and -0.75/-0.29 km/yr−1 (RCP8.5), with amphibians particularly negatively impacted. Under all scenarios, aridity velocity shows much higher multidirectionality than temperature velocity, which is mainly poleward. These results suggest that aridification risks may significantly influence the distribution of terrestrial species besides warming impacts and further impact the effectiveness of current protected areas in future, especially under RCP8.5, which best matches historical CO2 emissions [C. R. Schwalm et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 19656–19657 (2020)].

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Liu, Yongqiang, Lu Hao, Decheng Zhou, Cen Pan, Peilong Liu, Zhe Xiong, and Ge Sun. "Identifying a transition climate zone in an arid river basin using the evaporative stress index." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 2281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2281-2019.

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Abstract. Aridity indices have been widely used in climate classification. However, there is not enough evidence for their ability in identifying the multiple climate types in areas with complex topography and landscape, especially in those areas with a transition climate. This study compares a traditional meteorological aridity index (AI), defined as the ratio of precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (PET), with a hydrological aridity index, the evaporative stress index (ESI) defined as the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (AET) to PET in the Heihe River Basin (HRB) of arid northwestern China. PET was estimated using the Penman–Monteith and Hamon methods. The aridity indices were calculated using the high-resolution climate data simulated with a regional climate model for the period of 1980–2010. The climate classified by AI shows a climate type for the upper basin and a second type for the middle and lower basin, while three different climate types are found using ESI, each for one river basin, indicating that only ESI is able to identify a transition climate zone in the middle basin. The difference between the two indices is also seen in the interannual variability and extreme dry/wet events. The magnitude of variability in the middle basin is close to that in the lower basin for AI, but different for ESI. AI had a larger magnitude of the relative interannual variability and a greater decreasing rate from 1980 to 2010 than ESI, suggesting the role of local hydrological processes in moderating extreme climate events. Thus, the hydrological aridity index is better than the meteorological aridity index for climate classification in the arid Heihe River Basin.

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Zatula, Vasyl, and Nelli Zatula. "Statistical analysis of aridity in Ukraine." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 93, no. 1 (2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2019.1.03.

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KUMAR, K. KARUNA, JOSE ANTONIO TOMAS DA SILVA, and BERNAROO BARBOSA DA SILVA. "Droughts and aridity in northeast Brazil." MAUSAM 48, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v48i1.3927.

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ABSTRACT. Results of a study of droughts and aridity in northeast Brazil are presented in this paper. The study is based on the analysis of yearly water balances at fifteen stations in the region. Incidence of droughts of varying intensities at the stations is discussed. Climatic shifts at the stations are evaluated on the basis of the moisture index values. The use of the cumulative deviation technique in drought studies is briefly mentioned.

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Berdugo, Miguel, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, Santiago Soliveres, Rocío Hernández-Clemente, Yanchuang Zhao, Juan J. Gaitán, Nicolas Gross, et al. "Global ecosystem thresholds driven by aridity." Science 367, no. 6479 (February 13, 2020): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay5958.

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Aridity, which is increasing worldwide because of climate change, affects the structure and functioning of dryland ecosystems. Whether aridification leads to gradual (versus abrupt) and systemic (versus specific) ecosystem changes is largely unknown. We investigated how 20 structural and functional ecosystem attributes respond to aridity in global drylands. Aridification led to systemic and abrupt changes in multiple ecosystem attributes. These changes occurred sequentially in three phases characterized by abrupt decays in plant productivity, soil fertility, and plant cover and richness at aridity values of 0.54, 0.7, and 0.8, respectively. More than 20% of the terrestrial surface will cross one or several of these thresholds by 2100, which calls for immediate actions to minimize the negative impacts of aridification on essential ecosystem services for the more than 2 billion people living in drylands.

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Szilagyi, Jozsef, Michael T. Hobbins, and Janos Jozsa. "Modified Advection-Aridity Model of Evapotranspiration." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 14, no. 6 (June 2009): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000026.

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Berdugo, Miguel, Santiago Soliveres, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, and Fernando T. Maestre. "Ecosystem aridity and atmospheric CO2—Response." Science 368, no. 6488 (April 16, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5840.

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Barzani, Maryam Marani, and Khairulmaini Bin Osman Salleh. "Assessment of aridity index in Iran." International Journal of Information and Decision Sciences 9, no. 4 (2017): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijids.2017.088105.

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Barzani, Maryam Marani, and Khairulmaini Bin Osman Salleh. "Assessment of aridity index in Iran." International Journal of Information and Decision Sciences 9, no. 4 (2017): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijids.2017.10009006.

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Greve, P., M. L. Roderick, A. M. Ukkola, and Y. Wada. "The aridity Index under global warming." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 124006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5046.

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Veth, Peter. "Aridity and settlement in northwest Australia." Antiquity 69, no. 265 (1995): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082302.

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An element in the changing pattern of Australian archaeology has been the filling-in of great blanks on the archaeological map, once survey and excavation has begun to explore them. The dry lands of the great central and western deserts of Australia, a hard place for humans to this day, have in the last couple of decades come to find a large place in the transitional story.

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Herrero, J., and R. L. Snyder. "Aridity and irrigation in Aragon, Spain." Journal of Arid Environments 35, no. 3 (March 1997): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1996.0222.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aridità'

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