Journal articles: 'Arid regions plants Diseases and pests'

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Maxutbekova, Gulzhanat. "Evaluation of physiological indicators of plants of the genus Populus in arid conditions of Zhezkazgan." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 100, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020bmg4/66-71.

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The creation of modern green spaces should be based on the selection of a sustainable assortment. Resistance is evaluated on the basis of a number of physiological indicators. Preliminary testing is of particular value for industrial regions with difficult climatic conditions. The purpose of this study was to study the resistance of 4 species of poplars to drought, winter conditions, the effects of diseases and pests, and atmospheric pollution. Resistance assessment was carried out for the species Populus alba, Populus balsamifera, Populus canadensis, Populus nigra, covering the period from 2015 to 2019. The results of visual observations showed that all species of poplars have high winter resistance — 4–5 points. Maximum winter resistance is noted for white poplar, minimum — for canadian poplar. The gas stability of poplars is estimated at 3–5 points. The greatest stability is noted in balsamic poplar, the minimum — in canadian poplar. Drought resistance among poplar species is estimated at 3–4 points. White and canadian poplar showed the least resistance to drought, while canadian poplar showed the maximum. Estimated scores of resistance to diseases and pests were 4–5 points, the highest indicators were noted for balsamic poplar, the minimum — for black poplar. On the basis of the identified indicators, the directions of poplar use in green construction are proposed.

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Martínez-Ruiz, Francisco Eleazar, Lourdes Cervantes-Díaz, Carlos Enrique Aíl-Catzím, Luis Guillermo Hernández-Montiel, Carmen Lizette Del Toro Sánchez, and Edgar Omar Rueda-Puente. "Hongos Fitopatógenos Asociados Al Tomate (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) En La Zona Árida Del Noroeste De México: La Importancia De Su Diagnóstico." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 18 (June 29, 2016): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n18p232.

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Tomato crops are among the most important vegetables cultivated worldwide, Mexico being one of the major producing countries. Large quantity of this crop is found in states belonging to the arid northwest of the country; the adaptation of these regions to vegetable production has been significant with the support of agricultural technology due to the use of protective structures for plants, such as greenhouses and shaded mesh. However, pests and diseases are a major biotic factor that significantly reduces production. There are more than 200 diseases associated with the nightshade of various etiologies. The process of identifying the cause of a disease in plants is called diagnosis. The diagnosis of plant diseases has been described as an art and a science; it requires scientific knowledge of plant pathology and related disciplines. Effective disease control requires making the best possible decisions to reduce the risk of serious production losses. Control strategies based on prevention of disease and methods that slow the spread of such diseases. Therefore, proper management of diseases affecting the tomato crop, knowledge and understanding of the diagnosis and its infectious cycle is vital and to establish effective control measures.

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McCartney, Lucas, and Mark Lefsrud. "Protected Agriculture in Extreme Environments: A Review of Controlled Environment Agriculture in Tropical, Arid, Polar, and Urban Locations." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2018): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12590.

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Abstract. Many methods of protected agriculture are used to modify the growing environment of plants. Ideally, plant production would take place in regions that do not require protective structures, regions that present ideal temperatures, no harsh extremes, and sufficient but not excess precipitation. This is not the case however, as most countries, save for a select few, require various forms of controlled environment agriculture to protect crops against climatic and environmental extremes. Although the greenhouse industry has developed vast amounts of technology for the temperate climate regions of our planet, much remains to be improved in terms of protected agriculture in the more extreme climates. Tropical, arid, polar and urban locations offer contrasting environments that present various challenges for plant growth. Some challenges are specific to each location, while others are common across them. Tropical and arid climates offer high solar radiation, but present harsh temperature and relative humidity conditions. Most protected agriculture structures are relatively open in nature to ventilate and discharge heat, but are susceptible to pests and diseases. On the other hand, polar climates and urban environments often lack solar radiation and require a high level of control of the air quality. The structures used in these environments are relatively enclosed to entrap heat (polar) and to make efficient use of space. The sustainability of available technologies and energy efficiency are important themes present in all discussed climates and environments. Protected agriculture technologies offer solutions to growers in locations with extreme climates wishing to produce high yields of high quality crop, and this article presents a review of the existing challenges and of the advancements made in this field. Keywords: Arid climate greenhouse, Evaporative cooling, Natural ventilation, Protected agriculture, Tropical climate greenhouse, Urban agriculture, Vertical farming.

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Stepanchenko, Denis, Victoria Starchak, Yulia Bochkareva, Oksana Kibalnik, and Dmitry Semin. "Sorghum infestation with fungal diseases in the Saratov Right Bank." АгроЭкоИнфо 6, no. 54 (November 21, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202126603.

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Currently, there is a certain tendency in Russia to increase the acreage occupied by sorghum crops. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, 90.0 thousand hectares of sorghum for grain were sown in 2021, and by 2022 the acreage under sorghum increased by 129.0%, which amounted to 116.0 thousand hectares. The choice of this crop, of course, is determined by its tolerance to soils, high drought resistance, the ability to withstand extreme positive temperatures in arid climatic conditions of Russia without loss of yield and grain quality, which allows the crop to be cultivated in many regions of the Russian Federation. However, the increase in the area of sowing is restrained by insufficient attention of production workers to the requirements of agricultural technology, biological features of culture. Sorghum has a complex of protective properties in relation to diseases, pests and unfavorable conditions: the presence of wax plaque, the content of alkaloids, silica and other substances that provide a high degree of resistance of this culture. Permanent sowing on the same areas leads to the accumulation of a large number of pathogens. Obtaining healthy seed material is one of the main agronomic requirements in ensuring high and stable yields. In this regard, the dependence of the initial growth indicators on the germination of sorghum seeds exposed to pathogens has been analyzed. The degree of damage to sorghum plants by smut diseases has been revealed. Keywords: SORGHUM, FUNGAL DISEASES, SEEDS, PATHOGEN, INFECTION

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Abo-Elyousr, Kamal A. M., Esmat F. Ali, and Nashwa M. A. Sallam. "Alternative Control of Tomato Wilt Using the Aqueous Extract of Calotropis procera." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030197.

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Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand (commonly known as the apple of sodom, calotrope, and giant milkweed) is an evergreen, perennial shrub of the Apocynaceae family, and is mainly found in arid and semi-arid regions. Previous studies have established the toxic effects of Calotropis procera (C. procera) (Aiton). Its extract is used as one of the vital alternatives to pesticides due to its effective impacts on several pathogens and to combat insect pests that cause severe damage to several crops, but so far, its effects on combating Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the current study focuses on evaluating the effects of the aqueous extract of this plant on FOL by studying physicochemical indicators. In Saudi Arabia and many other countries, such disease is considered as one of the critical factors affecting tomato growth and production. For the control of Fusarium wilt disease (Fwd), many strategies have been developed, but are limited in their use. Ten isolates of the pathogens were obtained from diseased tomato plants. These isolates were able to exhibit symptoms of tomato wilt, and they varied in their virulence. Isolate No. 5 caused the highest severity of the disease (73%). According to these results, we used this isolate in the following experiment, which was identified by ITS sequences as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Following intensive screening studies, we selected aqueous plant extract of C. procera to study its effectiveness against Fwd of tomato plants and their antifungal activity or induce systemic resistance in plants. All concentrations of C. procera extracts suppressed growth of the pathogen. The highest reduction of mycelia growth was obtained by aqueous extract at 15%, it reduced the pathogen growth to 70.2%, relative to the control. In greenhouse conditions, the aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly reduced Fwd of the tomato compared to the infected control (52.01, 69.86, and 83.6%, respectively). The use of aqueous C. procera extract at 5, 10, and 15% significantly enhanced the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants (g plant−1) compared to inoculated plants (for fresh weight: 50, 66.6, and 86.6 and for dry weight: 60, 100, and 120%, respectively). Total phenols and flavonoids as well as antioxidant enzymes were increased in inoculated or non-inoculated tomato plants after being treated with aqueous extracts of C. procera.

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Kapustin, S. I., A. B. Volodin, and A. S. Kapustin. "‘GVARDEETS’ – NEW SORGHUM-SUDAN HYBRID." TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 3 (27) (2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2021-3-27-75-83.

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Arid conditions in Central Ciscaucasia caused a shortage of green fodder for animal husbandry. In the current circumstances, new sorghum-sudan hybrids creation and introduction into production are of great importance. The aim of the research is twofold: to assess green mass, hay and grain productivity and quality; to determine the main biomorphological characteristics and level of heterosis of the new sorghum-sudan hybrid ‘Gvardeets’. The experiments were carried out in competitive and environmental testing. In the Novgorod Oblast, the new hybrid provided 43.0 t/ha of green mass; the same indicator in the Altai FASC comprised 42.1 t/ha exceeding standard hybrid ‘Navigator’ by 2.6 and 0.9 t/ha, respectively. The data were obtained in a competitive test by methods of field and laboratory experiments, as well as environmental testing in various regions of Russia. On average for 2015–2020, in the conditions of the Stavropol Territory, the new hybrid provided 53.87 t/ha of green and 11.55 t/ha of dry matter exceeding standard hybrid ‘Navigator’ by 5.03 and 1.26 t/ha or 10.3 and 12.2%, respectively. ‘Gvardeets’ is a mid-ripening hybrid. The first mowing can be carried out in the booting phase or at the end of June/first half of July, the second one – in the second half of August. Furthermore, in moderately warm and humid summers, it is possible to obtain the third mowing in late September/early October. The new hybrid ‘Gvardeets’ has a high rate of initial plants growth on the 30th day of vegetation (80 cm), as well as a high content of leaves in the green mass (34.7 %). The content of protein in dry matter is 11.8 %, fat – 1.9 %, fiber – 30.9%, ash – 6.3 %. One kilogram of new combination feed contains 0.67 feed units, 70 g of digestible protein, 31.9 g of sugar, 81.2 mg of carotene. The provision of one feed unit with digestible protein is 123 g. There is 8.59 MJ/kg of exchange energy, which is better than that of the standard hybrid ‘Navigator’. The stems of ‘Gvardeets’ plants have a juicy core; plants are resistant to drought, lodging, pests and diseases. The parental forms of the hybrid (‘Zersta 90C’ x ‘Sputnitsa’) are distinguished by a high combinational ability and provide a level of true heterosis of the yield of green mass in the amount of 20.81 t/ha (62.9%). The new sorghum-sudan hybrid ‘Gvardeets’ has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2021 in the North Caucasus, Lower Volga, Central Black Earth and West Siberian regions.

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Belyaev, A. I., B. V. Repnikov, A. V. Semenyutina, A. V. Solonkin, and A. Sh Khuzhakhmetova. "Научное обоснование создания селекционно-семеноводческого центра древесных и сельскохозяйственных растений." World Ecology Journal, no. 2() (June 15, 2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/worldjournals.pro/wej.2020.2.1.

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The Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the all-Russian research Institute of agroforestry) is one of the only scientific institutions in Russia that solves the problems of protecting soils from degradation and desertification and increasing their fertility by using the protective properties of adapted wood, shrub and herbaceous vegetation. Continuous use in research and obtaining ecological, economic and social benefits from the bioresources of economically valuable trees and shrubs of their own selection are key elements for developing a methodology for the innovative development of modern green technologies, including nursery production in the arid region of Russia. The Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences has considerable experience in creating and implementing the results of scientific work aimed at achieving high and sustainable indicators in the forest and agro-industrial complex. It is shown that the creation of selection and seed centre has sufficient space dendrological collections, mother cells, of commercially valuable ornamental plantations, agroforestry, fruit, pasture trees, shrubs (Samara, Volgograd, Oryol, Astrakhan regions, Altai, Stavropol Krai), nursery and greenhouse complex (Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species), and land – more than 60 thousand hectares of land. Over the years, many years of ecological and experimental monitoring have been conducted on the introduction, selection, protection of plants from pests and diseases, varietal, seed and nursery production of economically important tree species in arid conditions. It is established that the unique capabilities of adaptive selection of a range of commercially valuable trees and shrubs (660 species, forms, hybrids and varieties) to meet changing conditions and requirements provide a collection funds of woody plants FSC of Agroecology Russian Academy of Sciences and its branches (West-Siberian agroforestry station, Povolzhsky agroforestry station, Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species, etc.). The region has established introduction resources, seed plantations of tree and shrub biodiversity (340 ha of forest-seed plantations, more than 150 ha of forest plantations). Complex resistant varieties were obtained, a valuable breeding gene pool was identified, and production nurseries were organized in the experimental network of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Nizhnevolzhskaya station for selection of tree species) for rationalization of nature management, fight against drought and desertification in low-forest areas. A strategy for breeding stone crops has been developed to accelerate the creation of a new source material and varieties for cultivation using modern intensive technologies that ensure stable productivity with high fruit quality in the Lower Volga region. An extensive collection of field crops, theoretical base and practical developments has been accumulated. Including annually replenished collections of more than 2500 hybrids and varietals of winter and spring wheat, spring barley, seed millet, sorghum crops, trees, shrubs, perennial fruit crops, as well as a database of traits for more than 5000 samples of complex resistant to stress factors. The mission of the breeding and seed center is to accelerate the creation and introduction into mass production of adapted innovative varieties and hybrids of agricultural and forest crops that meet the most modern requirements of agroecological regulations for the production and processing of agricultural products. This will ensure the development of both the internal food security of the region and the Russian Federation as a whole, and increase the export potential. The key regions of the Russian Federation for the development of the Program are the following: Volgograd, Saratov, Orenburg, Samara, Oryol, Kursk, Astrakhan regions, Altai, Stavropol territory, Republic Kalmykia. Федеральный научный центр агроэкологии Российской академии наук имеет значительный опыт создания и внедрения результатов научной работы, направленной на достижение высоких и устойчивых показателей в лесном и агропромышленном комплексе. Для создания селекционно-семеноводческого центра имеются обширные дендрологические коллекции, маточники, ценные декоративные плантации деревьев и кустарников (Самарская, Волгоградская, Орловская, Астраханская области, Алтайский и Ставропольский край), питомники и тепличные комплексы (Нижневолжская станция по селекции древесных пород). В регионе созданы интродукционные ресурсы, семенные плантации, производственные питомники биоразнообразия деревьев и кустарников (340 га лесных посевных плантаций, архивы клонов, более 150 га лесных плантаций). Создана обширная коллекция полевых культур (2500 гибридов и сортов озимой и яровой пшеницы, ярового ячменя, семян проса, сорго, технических культур, деревьев, кустарников, многолетних плодовых культур), теоретическая база и практические разработки. Миссия селекционно-семенного центра - ускорить создание и внедрение в серийное производство адаптированных инновационных сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных и лесных культур, отвечающих самым современным требованиям агроэкологических нормативов для производства и переработки сельскохозяйственной продукции.

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Dolijanovic, Zeljko, Snezana Oljaca, Dusan Kovacevic, Milena Simic, Nebojsa Momirovic, and Zivota Jovanovic. "Dependence of the productivity of maize and soybean intercropping systems on hybrid type and plant arrangement pattern." Genetika 45, no. 1 (2013): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1301135d.

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Intercropping systems could improve utilization of the most important resources (soil, water and nutrients), provide a better control of weeds, pests and diseases, and finally higher productivity, especially under rain-fed growing conditions. This study aimed to determine the effects of three maize (Zea mays L.) prolific hybrids (FAO 500, 600 and 700) and the spatial intercrop patterns on the above-ground biomass and grain yields of maize and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), on chernozem soil type at Zemun Polje, Belgrade, in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replications and three treatments: 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in strips for each maize hybrid (three variants, 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in alternate rows for each hybrid (another three variants) and monocrops of both maize and soybeans. To optimize the ecological and economic benefits of maize/soybean intercrop in terms of yield, variety selection and compatibility of the component crops should be made using established agronomic management practices involving the two crops. Suitable maize varieties for maize/soybean intercrop systems are varieties that have less dense canopy. These varieties would therefore have lesser shading effect to the understory beans. However, establishment of an appropriate spatial arrangement of the component crops would be essential to alleviate negative effects especially on the less competitive crop. The intercropping system in alternate rows showed significantly higher above-ground biomass and grain yields in comparation with both the strip intercropping system and maize monocrops in 2004. Soybean gave significantly lower above-ground biomass and grain yield in intercrops than in monocrops. Maize prolific hybrid growing in intercropping with soybean as legume crop, increased productivity of cropping system, especially in favourable agroecological conditions. Maize and soybean yields reduction could have also been due to interspecific competition for resources such as nutrients and water. Moreover, performance of the currently grown varieties in the semi-arid regions depends on the amount of rainfall received during the growing season.

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Saakian, Alexander. "Features of the state of the elm trees in the protective plantings of the arid zone of the Lower Volga region." АгроЭкоИнфо 2, no. 44 (March 17, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20212204.

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In the Volgograd region, which belongs to low-forest regions, old-growth plantings pre-dominate, in which about 80,0% of the total dendrological composition is accounted for by repre-sentatives of the generic Ulmus complex. In the conditions of urbanization, the pathological pro-cesses and the weakening of woody plants increases. The stable weakened state of the elm trees is typical for squares and roadside plantings (Bsr = 3.28-3.36, respectively). Favorable conditions for maintaining the life optimum of elms are formed in parks, protective forest strips and arbore-tums, where healthy or weakened trees predominate (Bsr = 1,82-1,69-1,87 respectively). Phyl-lophages of different ecological groups are trophically related to the arboreal species of Ulmus. Among leaf-eating pests, Xanthogaleruca luteola Mull is of important economic importance. The pest population varies depending on the ecological conditions of the biotopes and Ulmus species. Keywords: ULMUS, PROTECTIVE FOREST STANDS, CONDITION CATEGORY, MONITORING, ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURE, PESTS, PEST POPULATION

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Belitskaya, Maria, and Irina Gribust. "Dendrofagous in the forest reclamation complexes with the participation of introduced tree species in arid zone conditions." SOCIALNO-ECOLOGICHESKIE TECHNOLOGII 9, no. 3 (2019): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2961-2019-9-3-343-361.

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The problem of optimization of ecological conditions of urbanized and agricultural areas of the arid zone is especially urgent nowadays. Severe forest conditions make it necessary to optimize the environment due to the protective plantations of different types and ecological categories. The use of woody plants unusual for a given area as part of multifunctional stands is one of the main methods for increasing the ecological capacity of the territory, changing the structure and population of insects. The study was conducted in Volgograd, Samara and Rostov regions. By the degree of biotic potential accumulation among the trees adapted in the arid region, plants of the Ulmaceae, Rosaceae and Fabaceae families are distinguished. The introduction of woody vegetation into new territories is also accompanied by the penetration of alien species of pests. Currently, among the phyllophages of woody plants used in landscaping various landscapes, there are invader insects. In urban areas, these species are particularly closely associated with Robinia pseudoacacia L. The most numerous as part of the pests of assimilation apparatus of this plant are Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman, 1847) and Nematus tibialis (Neuman, 1837). Dissemination of Robinia by these insects in the protective forest plantations varies greatly. In the roadside forest plantations and the agroforest plantations in the composition of dendroflora the species of the family Ulmaceae are predominant. Among the invasive species that appeared in them is Aproceros leucopoda (Takeuchi, 1939); in these stands, it almost completely destroys the elm foliage. In the crowns of trees of recreational landscaping, single individuals of this species are found. Among the dendrophages of the stands of urbanized and forest-agrarian landscapes, open-living leaf-eating insects giving outbreaks of mass reproduction (Xanthogaleruca luteola, Dicranura ulmi, Cladius ulmi, Aproceros leucopoda) stand out. Wide spread and increase in the number is observed in Obolodiplosis robiniae and Fenusa ulmi.

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ZARIPOVA, V. M., H. N. FAZLIAHMETOV, and G. R. KHASANOVA. "ASSESSMENT OF STRAWBERRY VARIETIES RESISTANCE TO DISEASES AND PESTS IN CIS URALS OS REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 2 (June 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2022-0-2-5-9.

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When growing strawberries, the susceptibility of plants to diseases and pests is of particular importance. The article presents the results of the study of varieties of garden strawberries for resistance to pests and diseases in the growing seasons of 2017-2020 in the forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan. The research was conducted in the Kushnarenkov breeding center of the BNIISKH. The material for the study was 26 introduced varieties of wild strawberries of domestic selection. As a control, the zoned variety Orletz was taken. Diseases and pests have a negative effect, reducing the yield of the current and next year. Of particular relevance is the cultivation of varieties with complex resistance to diseases and pests. The degree of harmfulness of pathogens depends on the genotype of the variety and varies with the weather conditions of the growing season. At high humidity and moderate temperature, favorable conditions for the development of diseases arise. The varieties Duet, Rosinka, Slavutich, Solovushka, Naidena, Osokoryanka, and Pervoklassnitsa showed resistance to white and brown leaf spots over the years of study. The group of resistant varieties to gray rot includes the varieties Darenka, Duet, Emelya, Mishutka, Rosinka, Slavutich, Solovushka, Studencheskaya, Troitskaya, Urozhainaya TSGL, Feierverk (yield losses of less than 10%). The varieties Duet, Dewdrop, Studentskaya and Solovushka showed a stable character of resistance to diseases. Low humidity and high temperature lead to an increase in the number of pests. During the study period, the least damage to the raspberry - strawberry weevil was caused by the Bova variety and the control Orlet variety (about 16% of the buds). In arid conditions, strawberry mite populations are small. Signs of stability of the studied varieties can be used in further breeding of strawberries in the conditions of the Pre-Urals of Bashkortostan.

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Du, Changliang, Lingling Li, and Zechariah Effah. "Effects of Straw Mulching and Reduced Tillage on Crop Production and Environment: A Review." Water 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162471.

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Taking sustainable agriculture measures is critical to effectively cope with the effect of the increasing population on water shortage. Straw mulching and reduced tillage are the most successful measures adopted in arid and semi-arid regions which affect crop production by changing the crop environment. This review focuses on the effects of tillage and mulching on the soil environment, including soil organic matter, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, soil fertility, soil carbon emissions, pests, weeds, and soil erosion. In addition, water use efficiency and crop production are discussed under different tillage measures. Straw mulching can increase soil organic matter content, adjust soil moisture, and prevent water loss and drought; however, it can also lead to an increase in pests and diseases, and change the structure of the soil microbial community. Straw mulching can significantly enhance WUE (water use effectively) and yield. Reducing tillage maintains soil integrity, which is conducive to soil and water conservation, but could negatively impact crop yield and WUE. Precise field management measures, taken according to crop varieties and local conditions, not only ensure the high yield of crops but also protect the environment.

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CHEMLALI, Imen, Kaouther Ben YAHIA, Souda BELAÏD, Sonia Ben RABEH, Chokri Ben ROMDHANE, Noomen MESSOUDI, and Ezzeddine SAADAOUI. "Anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of Eucalyptus spp. under water deficit conditions and characteristics of Tunisian arid species: an overview." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 11218. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb14311218.

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The genus Eucalyptus occurs in a large range of environmental conditions, mainly arid/semi-arid areas. It includes species with high capacity to survive with extremely low water potential. For that, our review shows an important effect of drought on Eucalyptus spp. plants’ resistance mechanisms and management strategies. In fact, water stress acts directly on growth, productivity, yield, it affects also response to pests and diseases, disturbs wood formation and essential oil yield. However, the general patterns of response to water stress varied among species, genotypes, hybrids and clones. To assume, reducing water loss in eucalyptus species is manifested by reducing leaves area, reducing gas exchange, increasing water uptake thanks to a prolific and deep root systems. A greater accumulation of osmolytes that gives rise to osmotic adjustment including carbohydrates especially cyclitols and quercitol, other amino acids and organic acids, also some proteins which play a vital role in sustaining cellular functions under drought conditions. More than that, water stress increases mainly the levels of pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA), abscisic acid (ABA) and the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in Eucalyptus species.

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Sabluk, V., N. Zapolska, K. Shendryk, and V. Dymytrov. "Monitoring of the spread and development of pests and diseases in sugar beet stands." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2022.4.36-40.

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Goal. To determine the spread and development of pests and diseases in sugar beet crops and their threat to crop plants. Methods. Analysis of the reports of regional forecasting and signaling laboratories of the State Vetphytosanitary Service of Ukraine and the results of own observations conducted at research and breeding stations of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and beet farms of Ukraine regarding the prevalence and development of phytophages and pathogens, their reservation in agrocenoses. Determination of the threat from them to crops according to the Methodology of research in entomology and phytopathology and the Methodology of conducting research in beet growing. Results. It was established that certain types of pests have a significant reservation in agrocenoses and other stations and annually threaten sugar beet crops in various beet harvesting zones. In particular, from year to year, the greatest danger to crop seedlings and plants during their growing season is caused by beetles of the common beet weevil Asproparthenis punctiventris (Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ.), the number of which significantly exceeds the economic threshold of its harmfulness. Among other types of harmful insects that annually threaten sugar beet crops, the gray beet weevil (Tanymecus palliates F.), beet fleas (Chaetocnema sp.), shieldworms (Cassida sp.), stem weevil (Lixus sultilis Beh.) will be dangerous in future years.), the number of which varies within the thresholds of their harmfulness. Regarding diseases, there is still a threat of significant damage to culture plants by cercospora (Cercospora beticila Sacc.), fomosis (Phoma betae Frank), powdery mildew (Erysiphe communis (Wallr Grev f.betae Jacz.)), and others. In particular, according to observations, cercosporosis is gaining pace of intensive development due to favorable weather conditions, so we recommend farms to take measures to reduce plant damage. Precipitation, which passes through centers at the end of summer in most regions of Ukraine, can lead to significant susceptibility of root crops to various types of rot, which can also lead to a decrease in crop yield and quality deterioration. Conclusions. In recent years, favorable conditions have been created in Ukraine for the development and spread of many types of pests and diseases in sugar beet crops, which leads to an increase in their harmfulness compared to previous seasons. In particular, the population density of beetles of the common beet weevil was 2—18 specimens/m2, which is ten times higher than the standard. The same applies to other pests and diseases, a significant reserve of which may threaten crops in the coming year.

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Coffey, John L., Alvin M. Simmons, B. Merle Shepard, Yaakov Tadmor, and Amnon Levi. "Potential Sources of Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Resistance in Desert Watermelon (Citrullus colocynthis) Germplasm." HortScience 50, no. 1 (January 2015): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.1.13.

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Selection for and incorporation of host plant resistance into cultivars is a fundamental strategy to control insects and diseases and may help reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides. The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is an important pest of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsum. and Nakai var. lanatus] and is among the most damaging pests in many agricultural systems worldwide. Citrullus colocynthis L., a perennial melon species indigenous to arid regions of northern Africa, the Mediterranean region, and southwestern Asia, is a valuable source of resistance to insect pests and diseases of watermelon. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate selected C. colocynthis genotypes for sources of resistance to B. tabaci. Thirty genotypes of C. colocynthis, collected in different geographic regions, were evaluated against the heirloom cultivar Calhoun Gray using first a horizontal Y-tube olfactometer in the laboratory. A selected subset of the genotypes was evaluated in a second experiment in the laboratory using a vertical monitoring assay. In this assay, whiteflies could freely move upward to feed and oviposit on leaves placed in the upper portion of a Y-tube. In a third experiment, a choice assay was conducted on selected genotypes in cages in the greenhouse. Of the 30 C. colocynthis genotypes evaluated, PI 346082 (collected in Afghanistan) exhibited the highest level of resistance against B. tabaci based on all three experiments. PI 537277 (collected in Pakistan) exhibited a significantly high level of whitefly resistance based on low survival of adult whiteflies and a low ratio of nymphs to eggs. PI 346082 and PI 537277 should be a useful source for breeding projects aiming to improve whitefly resistance in watermelon cultivars.

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Ahmed, Haris, Mian Faisal Nazir, Zhoe Pan, Wenfang Gong, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Shoupu He, and Xiongming Du. "Genotyping by Sequencing Revealed QTL Hotspots for Trichome-Based Plant Defense in Gossypium hirsutum." Genes 11, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040368.

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Cotton possesses certain physical features, including leaf and stem trichomes that help plants deter damage caused by insect pests, and to some extent, from abiotic factors as well. Among those features, trichomes (pubescence) hold a special place as a first line of defense and a managemental tool against sucking insect pests of cotton. Different insect pests of cotton (whiteflies, aphids, jassids, and boll weevil) severely damage the yield and quality of the crop. Likewise, whiteflies, aphids, jassids, and other insect pests are considered as potential carriers for cotton leaf curl viruses and other diseases. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) study was conducted to understand and explore the genomic regions governing hairy (Pubescence) leaves and stem phenotypes. A total of 224 individuals developed from an intraspecific cross (densely haired cotton (Liaoyang duomao mian) × hairless cotton (Zong 128)) and characterized phenotypically for leaf and stem pubescence in different environments. Here we identify and report significant QTLs (quantitative trait loci) associated with leaf and stem pubescence, and the response of plant under pest (aphid) infestation. Further, we identified putative genes colocalized on chromosome A06 governing mechanism for trichome development and host–pest interaction. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into genetic architecture that can be employed to improve molecular marker-assisted breeding programs aimed at developing biotic (insect pests) resilient cotton cultivars.

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Sanga, S. L., D. Machuve, and K. Jomanga. "Mobile-based Deep Learning Models for Banana Disease Detection." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 5674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3452.

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In Tanzania, smallholder farmers contribute significantly to banana production and Kagera, Mbeya, and Arusha are among the leading regions. However, pests and diseases are a threat to food security. Early detection of banana diseases is important to identify the diseases before too much damage is done on the plants. In this paper, a tool for early detection of banana diseases by using a deep learning approach is proposed. Five deep learning architectures, namely Vgg16, Resnet18, Resnet50, Resnet152 and InceptionV3 were used to develop models for banana disease detection, achieving all high accuracies, varying from 95.41% for InceptionV3 to 99.2% for Resnet152. InceptionV3 was selected for mobile deployment because it demands much less memory. The developed tool was capable of detecting diseases with a confidence of 99% of the captured leaves from the real environment. This tool will help smallholder farmers conduct early detection of banana diseases and improve their productivity.

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Li, Changming, Tianpeng Gao, Xueying Wang, Shipeng Qu, Yingli Yang, Mingbo Zuo, Juan Wang, Haoming Wang, Guixiang Zhou, and Yubing Liu. "Phytoremediation Potential and Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Metallic Extraction of Suaeda glauca, Artemisia desertorum, and Atriplex canescens." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 16035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316035.

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Mining activities have led to serious environmental (soil erosion, degradation of vegetation, and groundwater contamination) and human health (musculoskeletal problems, diarrheal conditions, and chronic diseases) issues at desert mining areas in northwest China. Native plant species grown naturally in desert regions show a unique tolerance to arid and semiarid conditions and are potential candidates for soil phytoremediation. Here, an ex situ experiment involving pot planting of seedlings of three native plant species (Suaeda glauca, Artemisia desertorum, and Atriplex canescens) was designed to explore their phytoremediation potential and the underlying physiological mechanism. For Zn and Cu, the three plants were all with a biological accumulation coefficient (BAC) greater than 1. For Cd, Ni, and Pb, Atriplex canescens had the highest bioaccumulation concentrations (521.52, 862.23, and 1734.59 mg/kg), with BAC values (1.06, 1.30, 1.25) greater than 1, which indicates that Atriplex canescens could be a broad-spectrum metal extraction plant. Physiological analysis (antioxidation, extracellular secretions, photosynthesis, and hydraulics) showed that the three desert plants exploited their unique strategy to protect against the stress of complex metals in soils. Moreover, the second growing period was the main heavy metal accumulation and extraction stage concomitant with highest water use efficiency (iWUE). Taken together, the three desert plants exhibited the potent heavy metal extraction ability and physiological and ecological adaptability to a harsh polluted environment in arid desert areas, providing potential resources for the bioremediation of metal-contaminated soils in an arid and semiarid desert environment.

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Silva, Mafalda Alexandra, Tânia Gonçalves Albuquerque, Paula Pereira, Renata Ramalho, Filipa Vicente, Maria Beatriz P. P. Oliveira, and Helena S. Costa. "Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.: A Multi-Benefit Potential to Be Exploited." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040951.

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Consumer interest in foods with enhanced nutritional quality has increased in recent years. The nutritional and bioactive characterization of fruits and their byproducts, as well as their use in the formulation of new food products, is advisable, contributing to decrease the global concerns related to food waste and food security. Moreover, the compounds present in these raw materials and the study of their biological properties can promote health and help to prevent some chronic diseases. Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (prickly pear) is a plant that grows wild in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, being a food source for ones and a potential for others, but not properly valued. This paper carries out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature on the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of prickly pear and its constituents, as well as its main biological activities and applications. It is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins and bioactive compounds. Many of its natural compounds have interesting biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and antimicrobial. The antioxidant power of prickly pear makes it a good candidate as an ingredient of new food products with fascinating properties for health promotion and/or to be used as natural extracts for food, pharmaceutic or cosmetic applications. In addition, it could be a key player in food security in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, where there are often no more plants.

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Cady, Suzanne W., Craig K. Chandler, Daniel E. Legard, Jim F. Price, and Jim C. Sumler. "Comparison of Ten Plant Source Origins on Field Performance of 'Sweet Charlie' Strawberry in Florida." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 599B—599. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.599b.

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The objective of this study was to compare plant health and growth in Florida fruiting fields of `Sweet Charlie' plants from 10 different plant sources. Bare-root plants from Ontario, Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, Oregon, North Carolina, Alabama, and Florida and plug plants from North Carolina and Florida were compared in a RCBD of four replicates. Plants were rated for vigor, production, diseases, and pests throughout the 1995-96 season. Crown size of transplants ranged from 7 to 12 mm. Plants from northern sources exhibited angular leaf spot (Xanthomonas fragariae) and gnomonia (Gnomonia spp.) while southern-raised plants were infected with phomopsis (Phomopsis obscurans) and anthracnose (Colletoctrichum spp.). Initial ratings confirm the potential for aphids and two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) to be introduced on transplants. Plants from northern origins flowered 10-14 days earlier than plants produced in southern regions. Total season marketable fruit production was not statistically different among the eight bare-root treatments. Monthly fruit production was significantly different among treatments for all months except February. Performance of plug plants compared to bare-root plants of the same geographic origin were inconsistent. Initial crown size, average berry size, and cull fruit production were significantly different among the plant sources. In summary, clear differences in foliar diseases and monthly fruit production were strongly associated with transplant source. A strawberry farmer may maintain more stable production throughout the year by using transplants from several geographic origins.

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Reinaldo, Rafael, Ulysses Albuquerque, and Patrícia Medeiros. "Taxonomic affiliation influences the selection of medicinal plants among people from semi-arid and humid regions—a proposition for the evaluation of utilitarian equivalence in Northeast Brazil." PeerJ 8 (August 4, 2020): e9664. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9664.

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Background This study sought to investigate the occurrence of taxonomic patterns between semi-arid and humid regions, verifying how the taxonomic affiliation can influence the selection of plants for medicinal purposes and act as a selection criterion. Methods The relationship between the taxonomic affiliation and the selection of medicinal plants with four different communities was analyzed; two of them associated with a seasonally dry tropical forest and the other two associated with a tropical rain forest. We used the Utilitarian Equivalence Model (transposing the concept of ecological equivalence, proposed by Odum, for ethnobotany) to test the hypothesis that species that have the same taxonomic affiliation tend to have the same therapeutic applications in different environments (utilitarian equivalence). In addition, we used the Utilitarian Redundancy Model to verify whether, within the same medical system, plants of the same taxonomic affiliation tend to be redundant (treating the same diseases). Results We found that a pair of plants of the same genus were 9.25 times more likely to be equivalent than a different genus pair (OR = 9.25, CI [1.68–51.02], p < 0.05). When we analyzed the species used by the same population, the chances of a pair having similar therapeutic uses (utilitarian redundancy) increased when they were species of the same family (OR = 1.94, CI [1.06−3.53]; p < 0.05). Conclusions These findings confirm the hypothesis that there is an influence of taxonomic affiliation, in terms of genera and family, on the selection of medicinal plants in semi-arid and humid areas in Northeast Brazil. In addition, our Utilitarian Equivalence Model can be an important tool in the search for more common selection criteria, in order to identify the shared characteristics among the equivalent pairs and consequently the main types of perceptions or stimuli that led to the inclusion of such species in local pharmacopoeias.

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Tarabukina, T. V., E. V. Pavlova, E. V. Krasilnikova, and V. A. Motorina. "RESULTS OF A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF REPAIRED VARIETIES OF RASPBERRY FOR GROWING IN NATURAL-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOMI." Scientific Life 15, no. 11 (2020): 1440–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-11-1440-1453.

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The possibility of using remontant varieties adapted to the climate of the northern regions will allow solving the problem of overwintering raspberries, both in amateur and industrial plantings. Obtaining primary experimental data on the requirements for soil and climatic conditions, resistance to diseases and pests, growth characteristics and individual development in five remontant raspberry varieties is the first stage in the development of guidelines for the formation of remontant raspberry agrophytocenoses in the Komi Republic. The collection nursery of remontant forms of raspberries of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the Federal Research Center of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in 2018 and is represented by 5 varieties: Ruby necklace; Firebird, Elegant, Orange miracle, Hercules (St.). The studies were carried out according to the provisions of the standard method of field experiment during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. Agrometeorological conditions in 2018 were favorable for raspberry plants, in contrast to 2019. The unfavorable balance of heat and humidity during the growing season of 2019 caused the end of the development of remontant raspberries at the stage of vegetative growth (Hercules variety) or the flowering phase (4 varieties). Variety Orange miracle in the conditions of the Komi Republic is more susceptible to the risks of developing mycoses and damage by shoot gall midge. In the standard variety Hercules, despite the good vegetative growth of shoots in both years, a massive transition of plants to the ripening of berries was not noted. According to the results of two years of research, the varieties Ruby Necklace and Elegant showed good results in the formation of a certain number of shoots, resistance to pests and diseases, and the general condition of plants at the end of flowering.

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Avila, G. A., M. Davidson, M. van Helden, and L. Fagan. "The potential distribution of the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia): an updated distribution model including irrigation improves model fit for predicting potential spread." Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000226.

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AbstractDiuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), Russian wheat aphid, is one of the world's most invasive and economically important agricultural pests of wheat and barley. In May 2016, it was found for the first time in Australia, with further sampling confirming it was widespread throughout south-eastern regions. Russian wheat aphid is not yet present in New Zealand. The impacts of this pest if it establishes in New Zealand, could result in serious control problems in wheat- and barley-growing regions. To evaluate whether D. noxia could establish populations in New Zealand we used the climate modelling software CLIMEX to locate where potential viable populations might occur. We re-parameterised the existing CLIMEX model by Hughes and Maywald (1990) by improving the model fit using currently known distribution records of D. noxia, and we also considered the role of irrigation into the potential spread of this invasive insect. The updated model now fits the current known distribution better than the previous Hughes and Maywald CLIMEX model, particularly in temperate and Mediterranean areas in Australia and Europe; and in more semi-arid areas in north-western China and Middle Eastern countries. Our model also highlights new climatically suitable areas for the establishment of D. noxia, not previously reported, including parts of France, the UK and New Zealand. Our results suggest that, when suitable host plants are present, Russian wheat aphid could establish in these regions. The new CLIMEX projections in the present study are useful tools to inform risk assessments and target surveillance and monitoring efforts for identifying susceptible areas to invasion by Russian wheat aphid.

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da Silva Brito, Sara Samanta, María Villa, Jacinto Benhadi-Marín, Franceli da Silva, and José Alberto Pereira. "The Temporal and Spatial Variation of Arthropod Associations Inhabiting Non-Crop Vegetation in a Sisal Crop, Agave sisalana in the Caatinga Biome." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 6498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146498.

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Sisal, Agave sisalana Perrine, is cultivated for fiber production, with Brazil being its leading producer. Nowadays, given the increasing interest in organic products, the market for sisal could become an economical alternative for rural areas with low economic inputs. However, sisal is threatened by different pests and diseases. Conservation biological control could contribute to the limitation of these plant enemies, but this agroecosystem is poorly known. In this context, we aimed: (i) to identify the diversity of plants and arthropods and their potential relations, (ii) to study the spatial patterns of arthropods and plants in function of the proximity to the margin of the field, and (iii) to determine the minimum sampling effort needed to record the occurring biodiversity in a sisal crop. Arthropods were sampled using pit-fall traps located close to the border and in the inner plant of the sisal crop from June to September. Simultaneously, plant species and their abundance in quadrats next to each pitfall were recorded. Diversity indexes were calculated to describe the biodiversity, a redundancy analysis was performed to analyze relations among arthropods and plants and the spatial distribution was evaluated using the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The redundancy analysis and the Wilcoxon test revealed a temporal and spatial distribution of arthropods and plants during the period of study. Results indicated (i) similar temporal diversity patterns from June to July for both plants and arthropods, with a maximum in July, whereas in September the biodiversity increased for arthropods and decreased for plants; (ii) the importance of particular plant species for Collembola; and (iii) that arthropods seem to colonize the sisal crop from the fields beyond the crop during the rainy season. These results provide new information about arthropods and plant biodiversity from an agroecosystem in a semi-arid region and raise further queries about the management of sisal crops.

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Pavlova, E. V., E. V. Krasilnikova, V. A. Motorina, S. V. Kokovkina, and T. V. Tarabukina. "Features of the development of remontant raspberry varieties in the natural and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1 (2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2021-1-29-36.

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The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of growing remontant type raspberry varieties in an annual culture in the climate of the northern regions, which solves the problem of shoots overwintering, both in decorative gardening and industrial plantings. The first stage of research in the collection nursery in the experiment on five remontant raspberry varieties regarding the requirements for soil and climatic conditions, resistance to diseases and pests, growth characteris-tics and individual development allows us to assess the development features of remontant raspberry varieties in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The collection nursery of remontant forms of raspberries of the Institute of Agrobio-technologies of the Federal Research Centre, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, RAS, was founded in 2018 and is represented by 5 varieties: Ruby necklace; Firebird, Elegant, Orange miracle, Hercules (St.). The studies were carried out according to the provisions of the standard method of field experiment during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. Agrometeorolo-gical conditions in 2018 were favorable for raspberry plants, in contrast to 2019. The unfavorable bal-ance of heat and humidity in the growing season of 2019 caused the end of the development of remontant raspberries at the stage of vegetative growth (Hercules variety) or flowering phase (4 varieties). Variety Orange miracle in the condi-tions of the Komi Republic is more susceptible to the risks of developing mycoses and damage by shoot gall midge. According to the results of two years of research, the Ruby Necklace variety showed good results in the formation of a certain number of shoots, resistance to pests and diseases, and the general condition of plants.

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Verdugo-Vásquez, Nicolás, Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Emilio Villalobos-Soublett, and Andrés Zurita-Silva. "Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Grapevine Varieties Cultivated under Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Chile." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020327.

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In the 90s, as in other countries, transformation of Chilean viticulture brought about the introduction and spread of European grapevine varieties which has resulted in a massive loss of minor local and autochthonous grapevine varieties traditionally grown in several wine growing regions. Fortunately, in recent years, autochthonous and minority varieties have been revalued due to their high tolerance to pests and diseases and because of their adaptation to thermal and water stress triggered by global warming. In this study, we assessed the nutritional status of two autochthonous grapevines grafted onto four different rootstocks under the hyper-arid climatic conditions of Northern Chile over three consecutive seasons. The results showed that R32 rootstock induced high N, P, Ca, Mg and Mn levels in blades compared to Harmony rootstock. R32 rootstock and to a lesser extent, 1103 Paulsen and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks kept balanced levels of nutrients in blades collected from Moscatel Amarilla and Moscatel Negra grapevine varieties. Additionally, Harmony presented slight nutritional imbalance compared to the rest of studied rootstocks due to its low absorption of Mg, Mn, Ca and P, and its high K absorption, which was exacerbated under warm weather and salinity soil conditions. These results may provide a basis for specific cultivar/rootstock/site combinations, a nutritional guide for the viticulturists of Northern Chile, and options to diversify their production favoring the use of minority and autochthonous varieties that adapt well to hyper-arid conditions of Northern Chile.

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Haldhar, Shravan Manbhar, Mukesh Kumar Berwal, Rakesh Bhargava, Pyare Lal Saroj, Ramesh Kumar, Jagan Singh Gora, Dilip Kumar Samadia, et al. "Bitter Melon Novel Bioformulation “Thar Jaivik 41 EC”: Characterization and Bio-Efficacy Assessment as a Biopesticide on Horticulture Crops." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010019.

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Citrullus colocynthis L. is a wild watermelon, commonly named bitter melon or bitter apple, that naturally grows in arid regions of India among other hot arid areas of the world. Its non-edible fruits contain certain phytochemicals of therapeutic and nutraceutical value. The effectiveness of biopesticide formulations that are known to possess insecticidal properties was tested. This is the first botanical pesticide formulation developed from C. colocynthis, named “Thar Jaivik 41 EC”. The phytochemicals of C. colocynthis seed were identified using GC-MS/MS, and a total of 59 constituents were identified, of which seven have significant insecticidal properties: n-hexadecanoic acid; octadecanoic acid; dotriacontance; 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z); 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester; 6-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; and hexatriacontane. Among the different levels of tested concentrations, “Thar Jaivik 41 EC” was found most effective at 3 mL L−1 for managing various insect pests such as pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and aphid (Toxoptera citricida) through repellent, deterrent, antifeeding action and by causing respiration abnormalities. Moreover, it caused the least harm to natural enemies such as coccinellids at this concentration. The phytotoxicity response of “Thar Jaivik 41 EC” on tested crops revealed that it is highly safe for plants, showing no toxicity symptoms when applied at higher doses than the recommended one (3 mL L−1). Integration of the “Thar Jaivik 41 EC” formulation in agriculture would help to safeguard farmers’ benefits, such as reduced pest levels, improved food safety and quality of products, which would allow them to fetch higher prices, as well as provide intangible benefits to the consumers and environment.

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Caldeira, Rafael Faria, Wesley Esdras Santiago, and Barbara Teruel. "Identification of Cotton Leaf Lesions Using Deep Learning Techniques." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 3169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093169.

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The use of deep learning models to identify lesions on cotton leaves on the basis of images of the crop in the field is proposed in this article. Cultivated in most of the world, cotton is one of the economically most important agricultural crops. Its cultivation in tropical regions has made it the target of a wide spectrum of agricultural pests and diseases, and efficient solutions are required. Moreover, the symptoms of the main pests and diseases cannot be differentiated in the initial stages, and the correct identification of a lesion can be difficult for the producer. To help resolve the problem, the present research provides a solution based on deep learning in the screening of cotton leaves which makes it possible to monitor the health of the cotton crop and make better decisions for its management. With the learning models GoogleNet and Resnet50 using convolutional neural networks, a precision of 86.6% and 89.2%, respectively, was obtained. Compared with traditional approaches for the processing of images such as support vector machines (SVM), Closest k-neighbors (KNN), artificial neural networks (ANN) and neuro-fuzzy (NFC), the convolutional neural networks proved to be up to 25% more precise, suggesting that this method can contribute to a more rapid and reliable inspection of the plants growing in the field.

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Gnatiuk, Alla, and Svitlana Mykhailyk. "Traditions of growing and using of plants in villages and small towns of Ukraine in the 70–80s of the XX century." Journal of Native and Alien Plant Studies, no. 17 (December 22, 2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37555/2707-3114.17.2021.248331.

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Aim. The purpose of the article is to describe the traditions of growing and using plants in the villages and small towns and to highlight the range of plants that were most often planted near houses during the 1970s and 80s in Ukraine. Methods. The study was conducted in the villages of Kyiv (Rogoziv), Zhytomyr (Hardyshivka) regions, in the suburbs of Kyiv (Bilychi, Zhulyany) and Borzna (Chernihiv region) by interviewing and eyewitness based accounts. Results. The article covers the list of traditional agricultural, fruit and ornamental plants for rural areas of Ukraine during the 1970s and 80s. The names of cultivars, methods of cultivation, meaning and traditional use of the plants are given. The peculiarities of the range of cultures depending on the studied area are analyzed. Conclusions. As a result of our research, the list of plants species grown in the villages of Ukraine during the 1970s and 80s included 104 species. Ornamental and food plants that were grown and used in the villages of Ukraine during the 1970s and 80s mostly were herbaceous annuals and perennials. A significant portion of them were vegetable fruit and berry plants. Among ornamental plants, medium- and tall plants with bright flowers and (or) strong aroma became more popular and widespread. These were species and cultivars that are easily propagated by seeds and division, do not require careful care and are resistant to diseases and pests.

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Adur-Okello, Stella E., Simon Alibu, Jimmy Lamo, Moses Ekobu, and Michael H. Otim. "Farmers’ Knowledge and Management of Rice Diseases in Uganda." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 12 (November 15, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n12p221.

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Rice in the recent past has picked up as a food security and income generating crop among farming households in Uganda. Even though, the crop is playing a significant role in reducing food insecurity and poverty within the country, its productivity has remained constant and low at about 1.5 metric tonnes per hectare. Using cross-sectional data collected from rice farmers in Northern (Lira, Dokolo, Otuke and Alebtong Districts); Eastern (Iganga, Bugiri and Kamuli Districts) and Central (Kayunga District) regions of the country, this paper establishes farmers’ knowledge and management of rice diseases from a total of 224 farmers, as a baseline for research initiatives focusing on improving rice productivity within the country. Farmers ranked diseases as the second most important constraint in rice production, after insect pests. Moreover, farmers ranked rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) as the most important disease in rice production, followed by leaf blast (LB), brown spot (BS), sheath rot (ShR), panicle blast (PB) and bacterial leaf blight (BLB). However, 60% of farmers identified RYMV while less than 30% could clearly diagnose the symptoms of each of the other diseases. Surprisingly, only about 18% of farmers employed management options against RYMV, whereas less than 6% practiced some form of management for each of the other major diseases. The predominant disease control measure was uprooting diseased plants followed by insecticide application. About 10% of farmers reported sedges (Cyperus spp.), goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides), black jack (Bidens pilosa), and cut grass (Leersia spp.) as alternative host plants for rice diseases. An integrated disease management approach, whose development and implementation recognizes farmers as the key players in the rice production chain, is required to achieve improved and sustainable rice productivity.

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Eliseev, Yu Yu, S. Yu Chekhomov, and Yu V. Eliseeva. "Comparative hygienic study of the content of certain pesticides in agricultural products of farms and private farms." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2009-05.

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The article presents the results of a comparative hygienic study of the content of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in agricultural products of farms and private farms in the Saratov region. A study of the content of chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in nine ecologically disadvantaged regions of the region was conducted. Quantitative analysis of the determination of pesticides in local food products was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The content of organochlorine pesticides in food samples grown in ecologically disadvantaged areas and sent to the retail chain for sale, as well as for domestic use as local food, did not have statistically meaningful distinctions in regard to their contamination. In the studied samples of food products grown in farmers’ fields and produced on the land of private farms was found a significant difference in content of organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides. Thus, the content of the organophosphorus insecticide — chlorpyrifos used by farms for aviation chemical protection of plants from the spread of pests in vegetable products reached the maximum acceptable levels and, on the contrary, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in agricultural products of personal subsidiary farms was no more than 50 % of the permissible level. On the contrary, the widespread use of malathion has found application in the processing of agricultural products only on the lands of personal subsidiary plots. The level of its content in vegetable products ranged from 10–20 % to the maximum allowable and depended on the areas of cultivation of agricultural products. In arid areas, with a significant number of insect pests, the insecticide content in vegetable products was maximum. The studied herbicides were detected only in vegetable products grown on the fields of farms. At the same time, the glyphosate content in vegetable products significantly varied in different studied ecologically unfavorable territories. Its highest content in concentrations of the maximum permissible level was detected in agricultural products of the arid Zavolzhsky districts and, on the contrary, in the right bank and areas with a wide land reclamation system, the herbicide concentration ranged from 30 to 50 % of the permissible level. All the concentrations of chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides in the local products established in the study, produced both on the lands of personal subsidiary plots and on farm fields, did not exceed the permissible values.

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Hidayat, Purnama, Denny Bintoro, Lia Nurulalia, and Muhammad Basri. "SPECIES, HOST RANGE, AND IDENTIFICATION KEY OF WHITEFLIES OF BOGOR AND SURROUNDING AREA." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 18, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.218127-150.

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Species identification, host range, and identification key of whiteflies of Bogor and surrounding area. Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a group of insects that are small, white, soft-bodied, and easily found on various agricultural crops. Whitefly is a phytophagous insect; some species are important pests in agricultural crops that can cause direct damage and can become vectors of viral diseases. The last few years the damage caused by whitefly in Indonesia has increased. Unfortunately, information about their species and host plants in Indonesia, including in Bogor, is still limited. Kalshoven, in his book entitled Pest of Crops in Indonesia, published in the 1980s reported that there were 9 species of whitefly in Indonesia. The information on the book should be reconfirmed. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whitefly species and its host plants in Bogor and its surroundings. Whiteflies is identified based on the ‘puparia’ (the last instar of the nymph) collected from various agricultural plants, ornamental plants, weeds, and forest plants. A total of 35 species of whiteflies were collected from 74 species and 29 families of plants. The collwcted whiteflies consist of four species belong to Subfamily Aleurodicinae and 31 species of Subfamily Aleyrodinae. The most often found whitefly species were Aleurodicus dispersus, A. dugesii, and Bemisia tabaci. A dichotomous identification key of whiteflies was completed based on morphological character of 35 collected species. The number of whitefly species in Bogor and surrounding areas were far exceeded the number of species reported previously by Kalshoven from all regions in Indonesia.

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Bouhrim, Mohamed, Saliha Bouknana, Hayat Ouassou, Salima Boutahiri, Nour Elhouda Daoudi, and Mohamed Bnouham. "Phytochemistry and biological activities of Opuntia seed oils: Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. and Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. A review." Herba Polonica 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2021-0008.

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Summary Opuntia species belong to semi-arid and arid regions of Mexico and the United States. O. ficus-indica and O. dillenii are commonly used in alternative medicine to treat various diseases. Up to date, several scientific works have been carried out on the different parts of these plants. However, over the last few years, studies have been focusing on the oil obtained from the fruit seeds of these species. For this reason, this study aims to draw the attention of researchers toward the phytochemical and the pharmacological effects of these two Opuntia oils, which would help set up other scientific projects that promote these products. Phytochemical studies have shown that these oils are rich in biologically active molecules, such as unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols (mainly linoleic acid and β-sitosterol), as well as vitamin E, which is represented only by the γ-tocopherol. Besides, these oils are rich in polyphenols that protect them from photo-oxidation. Moreover, several studies have shown their antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and gastroprotective activities, as well as their hypolipidemic properties. The beneficial effects of these oils include also their ability to block the weight loss, and what makes them more interesting is their safety, according to the literature.

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Binyameen, Barkha, Zulqurnain Khan, Sultan Habibullah Khan, Aftab Ahmad, Nayla Munawar, Muhammad Salman Mubarik, Hasan Riaz, et al. "Using Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 for Suppression of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 21, 2021): 12543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212543.

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In recent decades, Pakistan has suffered a decline in cotton production due to several factors, including insect pests, cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), and multiple abiotic stresses. CLCuD is a highly damaging plant disease that seriously limits cotton production in Pakistan. Recently, genome editing through CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant biology, especially to develop immunity in plants against viral diseases. Here we demonstrate multiplex CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing against CLCuD using transient transformation in N. benthamiana plants and cotton seedlings. The genomic sequences of cotton leaf curl viruses (CLCuVs) were obtained from NCBI and the guide RNA (gRNA) were designed to target three regions in the viral genome using CRISPR MultiTargeter. The gRNAs were cloned in pHSE401/pKSE401 containing Cas9 and confirmed through colony PCR, restriction analysis, and sequencing. Confirmed constructs were moved into Agrobacterium and subsequently used for transformation. Agroinfilteration in N. benthamiana revealed delayed symptoms (3–5 days) with improved resistance against CLCuD. In addition, viral titer was also low (20–40%) in infected plants co-infiltrated with Cas9-gRNA, compared to control plants (infected with virus only). Similar results were obtained in cotton seedlings. The results of transient expression in N. benthamiana and cotton seedlings demonstrate the potential of multiplex CRISPR/Cas to develop resistance against CLCuD. Five transgenic plants developed from three experiments showed resistance (60−70%) to CLCuV, out of which two were selected best during evaluation and screening. The technology will help breeding CLCuD-resistant cotton varieties for sustainable cotton production.

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Solozhentseva, Lyudmila. "IDENTIFICATION AND CREATION OF PROMISING ALFALFA MATERIAL RESISTANT TO THE MOST HARMFUL FUNGAL DISEASES." Adaptive Fodder Production 2021, no. 4 (February 7, 2022): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2021-4-57-66.

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Alfalfa is a valuable high-protein fodder crop suitable for the preparation of various types of feed (green mass, hay, haylage, silage). Due to the increasing aridity of the climate, there is a need to expand its crops in the northern regions of the country. Currently, it is necessary to create alfalfa varieties with a good adaptation to modern environmental conditions, to improve the development of seed production of this crop. Often alfalfa plants are highly susceptible to disease damage, damage by pests. Fungal diseases (fusarium, brown spotting) during the epiphytotic period can also reduce the productivity of alfalfa herbage and its quality by 30% or more. Methods of selection, polycross, and hybridization were used to create a fusarium-resistant, brown-spotted alfalfa source material. Long-term work has made it possible to identify and create sources of alfalfa resistance to these diseases. In breeding nurseries, the most promising samples for further breeding were P 67 (2), LG 2, SU 9032, No. 27, No. 28, SU 85. In the competitive test and the control nursery, the best according to the results of the previous years (2014–2020 and earlier), samples of SGP 387, SGP 12, C 63-11 can be considered superior to the standard in productivity by an average of 15%, resistance to fusarium, brown spotting by 15–25%.

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Kouighat, Mohamed, Meriem El Harfi, Hafida Hanine, Mohamed El Fechtali, and Abdelghani Nabloussi. "Moroccan sesame: Current situation, challenges, and recommended actions for its development." OCL 29 (2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2022022.

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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most recommended oil crops due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. It is a tropical and subtropical plant; however, it is also cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, including Morocco. Nevertheless, the sesame crop in this country faces many constraints and challenges that restrict its production potential. The objective of this study is to present the situation of sesame production in Morocco during the last twenty years by describing and discussing the seed production, the harvested area, the value of imports, and the most important challenges. Also, some relevant strategies and measures to counteract these constraints and, thus, improve sesame production have been proposed and discussed. To make a fair diagnosis, a survey was carried out among 33 sesame producers in the Tadla area, in addition to the national and international databases that were consulted. The results showed that sesame area and production dropped markedly between 2000 and 2020. As a result, the import quantities and values have been significantly and gradually increased during the same period. The observed decline in both the area and the production may be due to several constraints including recurrent drought, restricted supply in irrigation water, poor cultural practices, low-yielding cultivars, and pests and diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for scientific research in terms of breeding to develop and release high-performing and adapted varieties and crop management to find and adopt the best cultural practices. Besides, sesame producers should organize themselves in associations or cooperatives to ensure an added value of their production and improve their profit margin and income. All these actions and measures would be able to promote and develop the sesame sector in Morocco to meet and satisfy the high domestic and global demand for this precious and valuable seed.

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Ryss, Alexander Y., and Sergei A. Subbotin. "New Records of Wood- and Bark-Inhabiting Nematodes from Woody Plants with a Description of Bursaphelenchus zvyagintsevi sp. n. (Aphelenchoididae: Parasitaphelenchinae) from Russia." Plants 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020382.

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Wood- and bark-inhabiting parasitic nematodes are of great economic importance. Nematodes can cause wilt diseases in conifers and deciduous trees. In 2014–2022, during nematology surveys conducted in different regions of Russia and Belarus, adults and dauer juveniles of nematodes were collected from wood, bark and beetle vectors. Using traditional morphological taxonomic characters integrated with molecular criteria, we identified in the studied samples the following nematode species: Aphelenchoides heidelbergi, Bursaphelenchus eremus, B. fraudulentus, B. michalskii, B. mucronatus, B. willibaldi, Deladenus posteroporus, Diplogasteroides nix and Laimaphelenchus hyrcanus, several unidentified species: Aphelenchoides sp.1 and sp.2, Cryptaphelenchus sp.1, sp.2 and sp.3, Laimaphelenchus sp.1, Micoletzkya sp.1, Parasitaphelenchus sp.1, Parasitorhabditis sp.1, three unidentified tylenchid nematodes and a new species, Bursaphelenchus zvyagintsevi sp.n. Morphological descriptions and molecular characterization are provided for B. zvyagintsevi sp. n. belonging to the Abietinus group and B. michalskii belonging to the Eggersi group. Findings of Aphelenchoides heidelbergi, Bursaphelenchus eremus, B. michalskii, Deladenus posteroporus, Diplogasteroides nix and Laimaphelenchus hyrcanus are new records for Russia. Phylogenetic positions of studied species were reconstructed using D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The data obtained in this study may help to detect the refugia of opportunistic plant pests and find possible native biocontrol nematode agents of insect vectors causing diseases.

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Lubadde, G., P. Tongoona, J. Derera, and J. Sibiya. "Production Determinants of the Pearl Millet Cropping System in Uganda and Implications to Productivity." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 7 (June 8, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n7p97.

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Pearl millet is an important crop for people living in semi-arid areas in Uganda but not much is known about its production environment. A survey was conducted in eastern and northern regions of Uganda to characterise the pearl millet cropping system and to identify the most important production determinants. Using questionnaires, data was collected from 160 households through face-to-face interviews with the respondents. Results showed that pearl millet was mainly grown for food and source of income. The production environment was low input as farmers planted unimproved genotypes, used no artificial chemicals or manure, and had minimal access to financial credit and agricultural trainings or extension services. Planting was done in the second rains with no optimal use of important resources like family labour and seed due to seed broadcasting. Farmers desired genotypes with traits such as; stay green, being tall, high tillering, high yield, early maturity and being ergot resistant. The most important constraints were ergot and rust diseases susceptibility, low yield, low tillering, late maturity, sterile panicles, rodents, moulds/rotting and insect pests; while lack of market, low prices and price fluctuation were the important market constraints. Results further showed that farmers lacked knowledge about the common diseases like rust and ergot. The area planted, spouse age and years of pearl millet cultivation were the important factors enhancing production while age of household head, amount of seed planted and distance to the market negatively affected grain yield.

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Ghavidel, Marzieh, Peyman Bayat, and Mohammad Ebrahim Farashiani. "Satellite image processing of the Buxus hyrcana Pojark dieback in the Northern Forests of Iran." Journal of Forest Science 67, No. 2 (February 4, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/56/2020-jfs.

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Pests and diseases can cause a variety of reactions in plants. In recent years, the boxwood dieback has become one of the essential concerns of practitioners and natural resources managers in Iran. To control the boxwood dieback spread, the early detection and disease distribution maps are required. The boxwood dieback causes a range of changes in colour, shape and leaf size with respect to photosynthesis and transpiration. Through remote sensing techniques, e.g. satellite image processing data, the variation of thermal and visual characteristics of the plant could be used to measure and illustrate the symptoms of the disease. In this study, five common vegetation indices like difference vegetation index (DVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), simple ratio (SR), and plant health index (PHI) were extracted and calculated from Landsat 8 satellite image data from six regions in the Gilan province, located in the northern part of Iran out of 150 maps over the time period 2014‒2018. It turned out that among the aforementioned indices, based upon the results of the models, SR and NDVI indices were more useful for the disease spread, respectively. Our disease progression model fitting criteria showed that this technique could probably be used to assess the extent of the affected areas and also the disease progression in the investigated regions in future.

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Smiley, Richard W., Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Sadia Iqbal, Michael G. K. Jones, Zahra Tanha Maafi, Deliang Peng, Sergei A. Subbotin, and Lieven Waeyenberge. "Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of Heterodera Species." Plant Disease 101, no. 10 (October 2017): 1692–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-17-0355-fe.

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Small grain cereals have served as the basis for staple foods, beverages, and animal feed for thousands of years. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice, and others are rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These cereals supply 20% of the calories consumed by people worldwide and are therefore a primary source of energy for humans and play a vital role in global food and nutrition security. Global production of small grains increased linearly from 1960 to 2005, and then began to decline. Further decline in production is projected to continue through 2050 while global demand for these grains is projected to increase by 1% per annum. Currently, wheat, barley, and oat production exceeds consumption in developed countries, while in developing countries the consumption rate is higher than production. An increasing demand for meat and livestock products is likely to compound the demand for cereals in developing countries. Current production levels and trends will not be sufficient to fulfill the projected global demand generated by increased populations. For wheat, global production will need to be increased by 60% to fulfill the estimated demand in 2050. Until recently, global wheat production increased mostly in response to development of improved cultivars and farming practices and technologies. Production is now limited by biotic and abiotic constraints, including diseases, nematodes, insect pests, weeds, and climate. Among these constraints, plant-parasitic nematodes alone are estimated to reduce production of all world crops by 10%. Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are among the most important nematode pests that limit production of small grain cereals. Heavily invaded young plants are stunted and their lower leaves are often chlorotic, forming pale green patches in the field. Mature plants are also stunted, have a reduced number of tillers, and the roots are shallow and have a “bushy-knotted” appearance. CCNs comprise a number of closely-related species and are found in most regions where cereals are produced.

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Pudelska, Krystyna. "Evaluation of growing and flowering of five species of ornamental grasses in the region of Lublin." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 1 (2012): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.024.

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The great decorative diversity (shape and size of inflorescences, colouring and texture of leaves, varied intensity of growth) as well as big tolerance to habitat conditions, relatively small susceptibility to diseases and small sensitivity to 'ornamental grasses' pests favour their popularization in different gardens and urban areas. The examined species all may be recommended to plant in cooler east regions of Poland. Species which begin the earliest vegetation and flowering were Calamagrostis x acutiflora 'Karl Foerster' and Deschampsia caespitosa 'Goldtau'. These species, best planted separately or in small groups, can be also recommended in small garden compositions. For large areas, naturalistic gardens as well as structural plants of flowerbeds the best are Calamagrostis x acutiflora 'Karl Foerster', Deschampsia caespitosa 'Goldtau' and Miscanthus sacchariflorus 'Robusta'. Phalaris arundinacea L. is a typical ground covering grass with decorative leaves.

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Shimira, Flavien, Senem Uğur, Şamil Muhammet Özdemir, and Yeşim Yalçın Mendi. "Future and Prospect use of Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) as Part of the Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Tool in Turkey." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.150-158.3771.

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Nowadays, immediate environmental friendly solutions such as the use of biopesticides and other methods to control and manage pests are well needed. They are imperative due to the continuous accumulation of toxic residues from synthetic insecticides into the environment, the contamination of global agro-ecosystem and resistance of certain insects and pathogens. The global renewed interest of botanical pesticides does not leave aside Turkey. Thus, many environmental reports pointed out contaminations in different regions of Turkey by chemical pesticide residues, like lambda-cyhalothrin in some conventional grapes farming in the Aegean region. The use of botanical pesticides like Pyrethrin extracted from Pyrethrum’s flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) is part of sustainable agriculture goals to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases without any alteration to the natural balance. The purpose of this review is to analyse and identify the possibilities of Pyrethrum production in Turkey. Various research works around the world were compiled and some key informants were correlated to existing researches in Turkey. Subsequently, it was found that the Black-Sea region of Turkey has great potential in the growing and industrial production of Pyrethrum by its weather patterns (temperatures, pluviometry and humidity) and soil characteristics. The region has a similar climate with the East-African high-lands well-known for Pyrethrum production. Thus, the country has shown great technological advances and the capacity to produce vegetative and disease-free clones for other ornamental plants by using tissue culture techniques. Therefore, the multiplication of high-quality vegetative clones of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and their maintenance can sustain commercial and long term production of Pyrethrum in Turkey.

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Wightman, John A. "Can lessons learned 30 years ago contribute to reducing the impact of the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa and India?" Outlook on Agriculture 47, no. 4 (December 2018): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018814849.

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The rapid spread of the fall army worm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) across sub-Saharan Africa, and now South Asia, has created surprise and distress to the smallholder farmers of both regions who face hunger and economic stress because of this pest. There has been high-quality support from the international agricultural information sector, but there has also been advice that may not be applicable to the farming systems of smallholder farmers. That comment arises from lessons learned from involvement with a similar pest outbreak of a related pest species in India starting in the mid-80s. Post-rainy season groundnut (peanut) Arachis hypogaea is a high-value crop in the coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Changes in the management of tobacco crops to the North of the groundnut belt resulted in invasions of Spodoptera litura. The groundnut farmers responded by applying a wide range of insecticides that did nothing to protect their crops from further defoliation. Scientists from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) initiated research that enriched the knowledge of this crop–pest relationship. For instance, they showed that groundnut plants could withstand close to complete defoliation with little loss in yield. Farmers also learned that the cessation of their insecticide regime allowed natural enemies of the caterpillars to take over the management of the pests. They were showed how to enhance the populations of the coccinellids and the birds that were the key predators. ‘Citizen Scientists’ led this process. Non- and quasi-governmental organizations took over the extension process. They were provided with ongoing personal and technical support, for instance, the provision of definitive facts about the high levels of insecticide resistance, encouraging cultural control techniques, and of exploiting natural enemies, including entomopathogens. The involvement of the ICRISAT team later extended into the groundnut fields of South East Asia.

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Kunyanga, CN, KJ Imungi, and V. Vellingiri. "Nutritional quality, phytochemical composition and health protective effects of an under-utilized prickly cactus fruit (Opuntia stricta haw.) collected from Kenya." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 14, no. 67 (December 22, 2014): 9561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.67.14080.

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The cactus fruit belongs to the Cactaceae family and is native to the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, where the production of more succulent food plants is severely limited. Opuntia stricta Haw, fruits have recently invaded the harsh dry rangelands of the Laikipia Plateau of North-eastern Kenya. These cactus fruit s contribute immensely to the nutrition and food security needs of humans living in Laikipia. Despite the health benefits of these fruits, the cactus plant faces the possibility of extinction due to adverse effects of the prickly fruit when ingested by the livestock bel onging to the local communities in Laikipia. The present study, therefore, was designed to assess the chemical composition, bioactive compounds and their health promoting properties in Opuntia stricta cactus fruits. The results showed that the cactus pulp is a rich source of ascorbic acid (60 mg/100 g), minerals (622 mg/kg P, 12.8 mg/kg Ca, 38 mg/kg Fe and 91 mg/kg Na), and sugars (18.5 mg sucrose, 10.9 mg glucose and 6.9 mg fructose). The seeds contained significant amount of protein (4.13%), oil (11. 5%), fibre (12.3%), β- carotene (56 μg/100 g) and total carotenoids (289 μg/100 g). Th e seed oil contained high levels of linoleic (70%), palmitic (12.5%) and stearic (12 .3%) acids. The main fatty acids were linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids wi th high unsaturation level (83%). The principal amino acids in the fruits were arginine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid. The cactus whole fruits exhibited re markable levels of total phenols (1.6 g/100g), flavonoids (197 mg/100g), tannins (1.5 g/ 100g) and phytates (2.6 g/100g). The phytochemical extracts demonstrated high antioxidant activity in terms of FRAP assay (1.2-6.9 μg/mM Fe (II) reducing power) and DPPH assay (73-86%). The anti-diabetic effect of the extracts showed strong inhibition ( > 50%) of α-glucosidase as compared to the α-amylase inhibition. Thus, consumption of O. stricta fruits could meet the key nutritional requirements and help to address the double burden of food insecurity and chronic diseases among communities living in the drylands of Kenya. The results of this study could help inform the public on the nutritional and health benefits of the Opuntia cactus fruit and address issues raised by the media on the possible eradication of cactus plants in Laikipia and other dry lands regions of Kenya.

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Krivosheev, G. Ya, and A. S. Ignatiev. "THE NEW MAIZE HYBRID ‘ZERNOGRADSKY 299 MB’ OF GRAIN AND SILAGE USE." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 4 (September 5, 2019): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-64-4-46-49.

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Changing climatic conditions and the loss of immunity to diseases and pests of the developed varieties make breeding work to create new genotypes of great necessity. The new middle-early maize hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 299 MB’ of universal direction of economic use (for grain and green fodder) has been developed in the “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The hybrid is three-linear; it belongs to the varieties with crown yellow grain Zea mays L. indentata. It possesses high values of the main economically valuable traits. The average grain productivity through 3 years of competitive variety testing (2014–2016) was 5.36 t/ha, the variety yield exceeded the standard variety ‘Zernogradsky 291 AMB’ on 0.41 t/ha (8.3%). The average productivity of green mass is 27.6 t / ha, which is higher than that of the standard variety on 2.4 t/ha (9.5%). The new hybrid is resistant to lodging (2.1% of lodged plants), drought-resistant, resistant to smut on a natural background (0.4% of affected plants), has a high starch percentage (71.9%). In 2018, according to the results of the State Variety Testing, a new hybrid was introduced into the State List and approved for use in the Central Blackearth and NizheVolzhsky regions to cultivate it for grain and green fodder. It has a high potential for grain productivity. The maximum yield (11.23 t/ha) was obtained in the Central Blackearth region on the Oboyansk plot of the Kursk region, which is higher than the standard variety ‘Voronezhsky 279 CB’ on 2.03 t/ha (22.1%) with lower grain harvesting moisture (on 1,6%) than the standard variety.

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Sych, Z., and S. Kubrak. "Evaluation of varieties and local forms of winter garlic for their economic characteristics in the conditions of right bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(157) (May 25, 2020): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2020-157-1-169-174.

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Garlic production for the local market and for export lacks a suffi cient amount of high-yielding varieties with large bulbs and small amount of cloves, resistant to pests, diseases and stressful cultivation conditions. In addition to industrial varieties, adapted local forms of self-breeding are currently cultivated. Winter garlic is a plant with vegetative reproduction and it is reproduces with cloves, single clove and air bulbs, Therefore, the varieties brought from other regions degenerate quickly. Two and three times reproduction leads to a gradual reduction in yield and quality. The transfer of local forms from one region to another requires further study. Researches were carried out in conditions of right bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. We studied 60 samples of winter garlic. The working collection of winter garlic was composed of varieties and local forms brought from Kyiv, Chernihiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Kirovograd and Cherkassy regions. Some samples (45 pcs.) were received from the National Center of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine. The variety of Prometey created at Uman University of gardening was used as the control. The research was conducted according to the "Methods of experimental work in vegetable growing and melon-plot fi eld" (G. L. Bondarenko, K. I. Yakovenko, Kharkiv 2001). The plants density was 340 thousand plants ha. On the average for 2017-2020 the heads formed the largest diameter in the variants of IOB00003-Biryuchekutskiy local (55 mm) and IOB00117 (53 mm). Their average weight was the highest in the sample of IOB00117 – 41 g. The smallest heads were formed in the variant of IOB00083 Spas – 17 g. Essentially higher yield of heads of winter garlic was collected from cultivation of plants of the variant IOB00117 – 12,6 t/ha. The greatest share of commodity heads was observed for samples IOB00003-Biryuchekutskiy local and IOB00117 (92 %). Thus, samples of IOB00003-Biryuchekutskiy local and IOB00117 were the best in the diameter, weight of a head and productivity among the samples studied in the research carried. They yielded 9.6 and 12.6 t/ha, respectively, with head weights of 31 and 41 g and the diameter of 55 and 53 cm. Key words: varieties, local forms, collection, winter garlic, weight of the bulb, marketability.

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Грибуст, И. Р. "Environmental elements for revitalization of entomophages in theforest plantations of the arid zone." World Ecology Journal, no. 1() (August 18, 2019): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/nm.2019.86.67.004.

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Введение. Лесомелиоративное обустройство территорий малолесных регионов коренным образом преобразует ранее пустынные пространства. Позитивные изменения влажностнотеплового, почвенного, гидрологического режимов, обогащение аборигенной дендрофлоры новыми видами влечет за собой также и трансформацию животного мира, в том числе населения насекомых. Энтомосообщества формируются за счет представителей степной группы, обитателей естественных ценозов, а также группы лесных насекомых, в числе которых виды, являющиеся опасными вредителями и их энтомофаги. Цель работы анализ изменения разнообразия насекомыхэнтомофагов в насаждениях засушливой зоны различных параметров и состояния. Объекты исследований насекомыеэнтомофаги, обитающие в энтомокомплексах защитных насаждениях различного дендрологического состава ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН на территории Волгоградской области (кадастр. 34:34:000000:122 34:08:000000:6). Материалы и методика. Сбор материала проводили в насаждениях различного хозяйственного значения. Объектами исследования являлись полезные насекомые. Отбор проб проводили посредством окашивания крон энтомологическим сачком, визуальным осмотром модельных ветвей и ручным сбором хищников и паразитированных видов филлофагов с последующим выведением имаго в лабораторных условиях. Результаты и обсуждение. В сообществе полезных насекомых защитных лесных насаждений сухостепной зоны зафиксирован 221 вид энтомофагов, относящихся к 7 отрядам и 32 семействам. Различия экологических условий, ассортимент древесных растений в каждой из посадок, характер и интенсивность негативного внешнего влияния определяют особенности фаунистического населения, в т. ч. энтомофагов. Оценка распределения количественного обилия паразитов и хищников показала, что в лесных полосах хищников в среднем в три раза больше паразитических насекомых. Отчетливо прослеживаются вариации изменения разнообразия энтомофагов в насаждениях разного класса жизнеспособности. Конструктивные особенности, флористическая обедненность и сформировавшийся микроклимат существенно ограничивает жизнедеятельность энтомофагов в малорядных (23 ряда) насаждениях, численность которых здесь снижается в среднем в 2,5 раза по сравнению с многорядными посадками. В вертикальном градиенте посадок по мощности накопления биотического потенциала полезных насекомых выделяется травянистый ярус, наличие которого в лесополосе обусловливает увеличение числа особей энтомофагов в сообществе в 1,32,7 раза. Наименьшую роль в накоплении полезной группы насекомых играет наличие развитого подлеска. Заключение. Наличие в насаждениях энтомофильных древесных растений и развитого травостоя важнейшие экологические факторы для накопления биотического потенциала энтомофагов. Максимальный эффект обеспечивает совокупное влияние определяющих экологоструктурных элементов в многорядных посадках. Introduction. Forest reclamation area developmentpoor regions is radically transforms the previously desolate space. Positive changes in moistureheat, soil, hydrological regimes, enrichment of native dendroflora with new species also entails the transformation of the animal world, including the insect population. Entomologiste formed by the representatives of the steppe group of the inhabitants of the natural coenoses, and the group of forest insects, including species that are dangerous pests and their entomophages. The purpose of the analysis of changes in the diversity of insect entomophages in the plantations of the arid zone of different parameters and conditions. The objects of research insectsentomophages living in entomocomplexes protective plantation of different dendrological composition of the Federal scientific center for Agroecology wounds on the territory of the Volgograd region (the cadaster number is 34:34:000000:122 34:08:000000:6). Materials and methods. Collection of material was carried out in plantations of various economic importance. The objects of study were useful insects. Samples were collected by hilling crowns entomological net, by visual inspection of the model branches and handcollection of predators and parasitism species of phyllophagous with subsequent excretion of adults in the laboratory. Results and discussion. 221 species of entomophages belonging to 7 groups and 32 families were recorded in the community of useful insects of protective forest plantations of the dry steppe zone. Differences in environmental conditions, the range of woody plants in each of the plantings, the nature and intensity of the negative external influence determine the characteristics of the faunal population, including entomophages The estimation of distribution of quantitative abundance of parasites and predators showed that in forest bands of predators on average three times more parasitic insects. Variations in the diversity of entomophages in plantings of different classes of viability are clearly observed. Design features, floristic depletion and formed microclimate significantly limits the life activity of entomophages in smallrow (23 rows) plantations, the number of which is reduced by an average of 2.5 times compared to multirow planting. In the vertical gradient of plantings on the power of accumulation of biotic potential of useful insects, a grassy tier is allocated, the presence of which in the forest belt causes an increase in the number of entomophages in the community by 1.32.7 times. The least role in the accumulation of a useful group of insects is played by the presence of developed undergrowth. Conclusion. The presence of entomophilic woody plants and developed herbage in the plantations are the most important environmental factors for the accumulation of the entomophage biotic potential. The maximum effect provides a cumulative effect of determining ecological and structural elements in multirow landings.

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Shi, Jinxia, Deborah Pagliaccia, Robyn Morgan, Yongli Qiao, Songqin Pan, Georgios Vidalakis, and Wenbo Ma. "Novel Diagnosis for Citrus Stubborn Disease by Detection of a Spiroplasma citri-Secreted Protein." Phytopathology® 104, no. 2 (February 2014): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-13-0176-r.

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Citrus stubborn disease (CSD), first identified in California, is a widespread bacterial disease found in most arid citrus-producing regions in the United States and the Mediterranean Region. The disease is caused by Spiroplasma citri, an insect-transmitted and phloem-colonizing bacterium. CSD causes significant tree damage resulting in loss of fruit production and quality. Detection of CSD is challenging due to low and fluctuating titer and sporadic distribution of the pathogen in infected trees. In this study, we report the development of a novel diagnostic method for CSD using an S. citri-secreted protein as the detection marker. Microbial pathogens secrete a variety of proteins during infection that can potentially disperse systemically in infected plants with the vascular flow. Therefore, their distribution may not be restricted to the pathogen infection sites and could be used as a biological marker for infection. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified a unique secreted protein from S. citri that is highly expressed in the presence of citrus phloem extract. ScCCPP1, an antibody generated against this protein, was able to distinguish S. citri-infected citrus and periwinkle from healthy plants. In addition, the antiserum could be used to detect CSD using a simple direct tissue print assay without the need for sample processing or specialized lab equipment and may be suitable for field surveys. This study provides proof of a novel concept of using pathogen-secreted protein as a marker for diagnosis of a citrus bacterial disease and can probably be applied to other plant diseases.

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Eren, Erkan, Gölgen Bahar Öztekin, and Yüksel Tüzel. "Türkiye’de Orta ve Büyük Ölçekli Mantar İşletmelerinin Değerlendirilmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (April 1, 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i3.230-238.602.

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The commercial production of cultivated-mushroom, which has a forty years of past in Turkey, was started after 1980s. Until the recent decade, most of the total amount of production in Turkey was performed by family members while the cultivation of the product has gained an upward trend since the beginning of 2000s, though the amount and development rate were not enough. During that time, a number of large (>2000 m2) and medium (500-2000 m2) scale mushroom production facilities were established and Turkey has gained an important place in mushroom production in the world. In this study, we aimed to reveal the common production methods of ten medium and large scale mushroom companies whose daily production capacities are above 1 ton in six regions. In this respect, all companies have been visited and communicated directly with company representatives and a survey comprising 65 questions about company, production facility, compost and casing soil, production systems, diseases and pests and packaging was made. The findings have suggested us that such companies have mostly a history of 15 years of time and have a land size of 10-50 thousand m2, while their mushroom production areas vary between in size and that they make use of technology in production and automation in their plants and they have quality management systems (ITU, ISO 9001, ISO 22000 and Global Gap ) and they employ generally qualified and experienced technicians or agriculture engineers and also that 40% of them receive consultancy and also that they use their own productions or standard ready mycelium planted compost and that they use domestic peat as casing material and that they package the mushrooms with their brands and sell to markets mostly and lastly that they conduct pre-sale quality sorting and grading. It was also seen that there is lack of food engineers employed and most of the companies do not receive consultancy, and that the waste compost is not evaluated correctly and that the covering material is not in the required standards and that there are even companies not doing any water analysis and that coal for heating and chemicals for disinfection are used and that diseases and pests are inevitable and last that they lack in processing different products.

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Zheng, Zhi, Jonathan Powell, Shang Gao, Cassandra Percy, Alison Kelly, Bethany Macdonald, Meixue Zhou, Philip Davies, and Chunji Liu. "Investigation of Two QTL Conferring Seedling Resistance to Fusarium Crown Rot in Barley on Reducing Grain Yield Loss under Field Environments." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061282.

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Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is one of the most damaging cereal diseases in semi-arid regions worldwide. Genetic studies on FCR resistance have mainly focused on disease symptoms measured by the browning of either leaf sheaths in seedlings or stems of mature plants. Two major QTLs conferring FCR resistance in barley, Qcsr.cpi-1H and Qcrs.cpi-4H, were previously identified in the growth room. They could explain up to 33.4 and 45.3% of phenotypic variance, respectively. This is the first study where the possible effects of FCR-resistant loci identified in the previous studies based on seedling assay are tested for their abilities to reduce grain yield loss. Near isogenic lines (NILs) and backcross (BC) lines targeting these two loci were assessed in the 2017 and 2018 crop seasons. Results from the NILs showed that the presence of a resistance allele at either the 1HL or 4HL locus reduced grain yield loss by an average of 12.0% and 10.7%, respectively. Grain yields of the top BC lines containing resistance alleles at both loci were 34.4% higher than the average of the commercial varieties under FCR inoculation. These lines will be highly valuable in breeding barley varieties with enhanced resistance to FCR.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Arid regions plants Diseases and pests'

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