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1
Liu, Zhihong, Donghua Chen, Saisai Liu, Wutao Feng, Fengbing Lai, Hu Li, Chen Zou, Naiming Zhang, and Mei Zan. "Research on Vegetation Cover Changes in Arid and Semi-Arid Region Based on a Spatio-Temporal Fusion Model." Forests 13, no. 12 (December 4, 2022): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122066.
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Vegetation dynamics in arid and semi-arid regions have an important impact on carbon cycle, water cycle, and energy exchange at local, regional, and global scales. Therefore, it is of great significance for scientists to grasp the changes of vegetation cover in arid and semi-arid regions timely and accurately. Based on this, the applicability of ESTARFM model in the complex terrain area of arid and semi-arid Xinjiang was explored using Landsat and MODIS data fusion, and the overall change characteristics of vegetation cover (FVC) and the distribution and change patterns of different terrains in the study area in the past 15 years were analyzed by combining the dimidiate pixel model, unary linear regression and digital elevation model. The results show that: (1) the NDVI data fused by ESTARFM Model has high consistency with the real NDVI data, and it can be used for subsequent FVC estimation. (2) From 2006 to 2020, the inter FVC was at a high level as a whole, and the average annual FVC showed a weak increasing trend in fluctuation; there are obvious differences in spatial distribution, which is characterized by high distribution in the north and low in the south. (3) The improved area of vegetation cover in the study area is greater than the degraded area, accounting for 52.3% and 47.7% respectively; (4) In the elevation range of 2000 to 3500 m, the FVC showed a slight degradation trend on 25° to 45° slopes and south and southeast slopes, and the rest showed a slight improvement trend. ESTARFM-based model enables monitoring of vegetation cover changes in complex terrain areas of the arid and semi-arid regions in Xinjiang over a long time series. The overall FVC level in the study area is high, and there both are serious degradation and improvement phenomena.
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Wei, Maohong, Hailing Li, Muhammad Adnan Akram, Longwei Dong, Ying Sun, Weigang Hu, Haiyang Gong, et al. "Quantifying Drought Resistance of Drylands in Northern China from 1982 to 2015: Regional Disparity in Drought Resistance." Forests 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010100.
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Drylands are expected to be affected by greater global drought variability in the future; consequently, how dryland ecosystems respond to drought events needs urgent attention. In this study, the Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Standardized Precipitation and Evaporation Index (SPEI) were employed to quantify the resistance of ecosystem productivity to drought events in drylands of northern China between 1982 and 2015. The relationships and temporal trends of resistance and drought characteristics, which included length, severity, and interval, were examined. The temporal trends of resistance responded greatest to those of drought length, and drought length was the most sensitive and had the strongest negative effect with respect to resistance. Resistance decreased with increasing drought length and did not recover with decreasing drought length in hyper-arid regions after 2004, but did recover in arid and semi-arid regions from 2004 and in dry sub-humid regions from 1997. We reason that the regional differences in resistance may result from the seed bank and compensatory effects of plant species under drought events. In particular, this study implies that the ecosystem productivity of hyper-arid regions is the most vulnerable to drought events, and the drought–resistance and drought–recovery interactions are likely to respond abnormally or even shift under ongoing drought change.
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Liang, Siqi, Shouzhang Peng, and Yunming Chen. "Carbon Cycles of Forest Ecosystems in a Typical Climate Transition Zone under Future Climate Change: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121150.
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As global climate change has a large effect on the carbon cycle of forests, it is very important to understand how forests in climate transition regions respond to climate change. Specifically, the LPJ-GUESS (Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator) model was used to simulate net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) dynamics of two forest ecosystems of different origins between 1951 and 2100, to quantitatively analyze the carbon source and sink functions and potential changes in soil carbon dynamics in arid and humid regions under future climate change, simulate the dynamics of forest net primary productivity (NPP) under different climatic factors, and analyze the sensitivity of forests in arid and humid regions to temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. We found that: (1) in both the historical and future periods, the average NEP of both studied forests in the humid region was larger than that in the arid region, the carbon sink function of the humid region being predicted to become stronger and the arid zone possibly becoming a carbon source; (2) between 1951 and 2100, the forest soil Rh in the arid region was lower than that in the humid region and under future climate change, forest in the humid region may have higher soil carbon loss; (3) increasing temperature had a negative effect and CO2 concentration had a positive effect on the forests in the study area, and forests in arid areas are more sensitive to precipitation change. We believe our research could be applied to help policy makers in planning sustainable forest management under future climate change.
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Lu, Dongye, Haiguang Huang, Aijun Wang, and Guosheng Zhang. "Genetic Evaluation of Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae) in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of China Based on SSR Markers." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020231.
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Juniperus sabina L., a shrub distributed in patches in arid and semi-arid areas of the northern hemisphere, plays an important role in preventing land desertification and maintaining ecosystems. However, few studies have reported genetic diversity and genetic structure of widely distributed populations of J. sabina in northwest China. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity and genetic structure and predicted the isolation barriers among 11 populations based on 20 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A total of 134 alleles were generated and the average number of alleles per locus was 6.70. The Shannon diversity index ranged from 0.659 to 0.951, with an average of 0.825. Population structure analysis revealed that the populations were assigned into two genetic groups. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 88% of genetic variation existed within populations. Moderate population differentiation was occurred with FST value of 0.090. Finally, we concluded that geographic isolation is the main factor affecting the genetic structure of J. sabina populations. The results of this study provide a foundation for the strategies for J. sabina genetic conservation and management.
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Liu, Wentai, Qiang Li, Huiming Song, Ruolan Deng, and Yu Liu. "Cellulose δ18O of Tree Rings Reflects Vapour Pressure Variations in the Ordos Plateau." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060788.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, a better understanding of the effect of climate change mechanisms on environmental evolution can be used to guide regional ecological conservation and to improve water resource availability. Increased aridity in arid and semi-arid regions considerably affects the physiological functions of plants and the exchange of carbon and water with the environment. We collected Pinus tabuliformis Carr. samples from Ordos, Inner Mongolia, and measured their δ18O variations. Vapour pressure (VP) was the main factor dominating δ18O variations from July to August, indicating the regulatory role of plant leaf stomata. Based on the δ18O series in the Ordos region, we reconstructed VP variations for July–August (VPJA) for the past 205 years. Spatial analysis showed the reconstruction as spatially highly representative. VP variations in the Ordos region mainly reflected precipitation variations and did not show a significant correlation with temperature. Since the late 1950s, VP has been decreasing, which is related to the weakening of the Asian monsoon. The results of reconstruction decomposed using ensemble empirical mode decomposition showed that El Niño–Southern Oscillation may affect VP in the study area, and the effect of sea surface temperature on the central and eastern Pacific Ocean in the Ordos region may lead to an increase in the drought.
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Misra, R. K. "Present Role and Future Potential of Goats in Semi-Arid Regions of India." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 3 (September 1987): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600307.
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Semi-arid regions in India account for one fourth of its territory. It is not suitable for crops because of scanty and irregular rainfall, but it is a rich repository for animal agriculture, particularly goats. The economic exploitation of this region is feasible by creating high-yielding germ plasm and development of forage forestry systems for their sustenance and production.
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Wang, Hao, Guohua Liu, Zongshan Li, Pengtao Wang, and Zhuangzhuang Wang. "Comparative Assessment of Vegetation Dynamics under the Influence of Climate Change and Human Activities in Five Ecologically Vulnerable Regions of China from 2000 to 2015." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040317.
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Ongoing climate change and human activities have a great effect on vegetation dynamics. Understanding the impact of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics in different ecologically vulnerable regions has great significance in ecosystem management. In this study, the predicted NPP (Net Primary Productivity) and the actual NPP based on different ecological process data and models were combined to estimate the vegetation dynamics and their driving forces in the Northern Wind-sand, Loess Plateau, Arid Desert, Tibetan Plateau, and Karst regions from 2000 to 2015. The results indicated that the NPP in all ecologically vulnerable regions showed a restoration trend, except for that in the Karst region, and the percentage of areas in which NPP increased were, in order, 78% for the Loess Plateau, 71% for the Northern Wind-sand, 69% for the Arid Desert, 54% for the Tibetan Plateau, and 31% for the Karst regions. Vegetation restorations in the Northern Wind-sand and Arid Desert regions were primarily attributable to human activities (86% and 61% of the restoration area, respectively), indicating the success of ecological restoration programs. The Loess Plateau had the largest proportion of vegetation restoration area (44%), which was driven by combined effects of climate and human factors. In the Tibetan Plateau, the vegetation changes due to climate factors were primarily distributed in the west, while those due to human factors were primarily distributed in the east. Human activities caused nearly 60% of the vegetation degradation in the Karst region. Based on these results, it is recognizable that regional climate conditions are the key factor that limits ecological restoration. Therefore, future policy-making should pay more attention to the local characteristics of different ecological vulnerable regions in regional ecosystem management to select reasonable restoration measures, improve restoration efficiency, and maximize the benefits of ecological restoration programs.
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Gour, Vinod Singh, and Manali Datta. "Soil Carbon Sequestration Through Desert Date Based Forestry in Arid and Salt Affected Regions." National Academy Science Letters 38, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40009-014-0320-x.
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Feng, Shulin, Shirin Sultana, Ashim Sikdar, Rana Roy, Jinxin Wang, and You Huang. "Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, and Osmotic Adjustment in Platycladus orientalis and Amorpha fruticosa Differ during Drought and Rewatering." Forests 14, no. 5 (May 16, 2023): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051019.
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Platycladus orientalis and Amorpha fruticosa are important pioneer species in arid and semi-arid regions, playing a crucial role in ecological restoration in water-limited areas. The purpose of this research was to examine how different watering and rewatering schedules influence the antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical responses of P. orientalis and A. fruticosa. Five different water regimes (100%, 88%, 70%, 52%, and 40% of soil relative water content) were applied to seedlings for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days, after which they were rewatered. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase), and osmotic solutes (soluble sugar and proline) were assessed in the leaves of P. orientalis and A. fruticosa. Measurements were taken at various growth stages, namely the initial, fast, and late stages, both during the drought period and after 2, 24, 48, and 72 h of rewatering. The results revealed that the malondialdehyde content in the leaves of P. orientalis and A. fruticosa increased with the level of stress. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of osmotic solutes in the leaves of P. orientalis and A. fruticosa exhibited varying enhancements as the water stress intensified. During the recovery phase, the antioxidant enzymes and soluble sugar content returned to the control level 72 h after rewatering at different growth stages. However, the proline content remained slightly elevated compared to the control plants. Overall, these findings suggest that the two plant species displayed minor differences in their responses to drought stress and rewatering in terms of antioxidant enzymes and other biochemical responses. This indicates their remarkable adaptability to severe drought conditions and their potential for rapid recovery after rewatering. These observations are highly significant for irrigation management strategies when establishing plantations in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Qin, Lu, Xuemin He, Guanghui Lv, and Jianjun Yang. "Regulatory Control and the Effects of Condensation Water on Water Migration and Reverse Migration of Halostachys caspica (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey. in Different Saline Habitats." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091442.
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Condensation water has been a recent focus in ecological hydrology research. As one of the main water sources that maintains the food chain in arid regions, condensation water has a significant impact on water balance in arid environments and plays an important role in desert vegetation. This study takes drought desert areas and high-salinity habitats as its focus—selecting Halostachys caspica (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey. and its community in mild, moderate, and severe salinity soil—analyzed the source of condensation water utilized by these plants, and calculated its percentage of contribution. I. Study results revealed: (1) Scale-like leaves can absorb condensation water and the order of condensation water contribution to plant growth in different salinity habitats are severe > mild > moderate, such that the average contribution rates were 11.13%, 7.10%, and 3.79%, respectively; (2) The migration path of water movement in these three communities are formed in two main ways: (a) rain and condensation water recharge the soil to compensate for groundwater, while some groundwater compensates for river water and partially returns to the atmosphere by soil evaporation and plant transpiration; and (b) rain and condensation water directly compensate for river water and plant roots absorb river water, groundwater, and soil water in order to grow; (3) in mild habitats, the water movement path in plants is as follows: shallow root → stem → branches → leaves and shallow root → deep root; (4) in moderate habitats, stems act as the bifurcation point and the path follows as: stem → branches → leaves and stem → shallow root → deep root; and (5) in severe habitats, the path is as follows: deep root → shallow root → stem → branches → leaves, and finally returning to the atmosphere. These results elucidate the contribution of condensation water on Halostachys caspica growth and the migration path through the Halostachys caspica body. Condensation water obtained by Halostachys caspica communities in different salinity habitats provides a theoretical basis and data supporting the need for future research of condensation water on plants at the physiological level in arid regions and provides reference for the protection of saline soil and its ecological environment in arid regions.
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O’Neill, M. K., C. C. Shock, K. A. Lombard, R. F. Heyduck, E. B. G. Feibert, D. Smeal, and R. N. Arnold. "Hybrid poplar (Populus ssp.) selections for arid and semi-arid intermountain regions of the western United States." Agroforestry Systems 79, no. 3 (March 9, 2010): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9286-y.
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Meena, L. R., J. S. Mann, and S. A. Karim. "Agroforestry Practices in Arid and Semi - Arid Regions of India: Challenges and Opportunities." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-xa96c4.
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The review indicates the potential of Agroforestry Practices to meet out the requirements of food, fodder, fuelwood and other tree products as well as resource conservation in the arid and semi-arid regions of the country. However, it is recommended that there is an urgent need of integration of forestry with agriculture at the same place. Based upon various studies conducted on Agroforestry Practices such as planting methods, fertilization, spacing and pruning schedules for raising some of the promising forest and fruit trees in association with annual and perennial field crops have been developed and standardized for management of land degradation. Successful efforts have been made to stabilize the yields of selected crops under tree canopies through agronomic manipulations and by tree canopy management practices. Supplement income can be obtained without reducing productivity and quality of natural grasslands through the introduction of promising leguminous trees on dry degraded lands. These lands which were producing only 2-3 t/ ha/ year biomass earlier are now producing 8-10 t/ha/year high quality biomass. Soil-root interface studies in terms of sharing of space, water, nutrients and light has been workout. The lands which belong to Classes IV/V-VII can be brought under protective measures through plantation of forest trees are considered very important for Agroforestry System. Fodder trees leaves are valuable feed stuffs to animals during lean period. These can be obtained from the top feed species by lopping management. Besides, these are good source of protein and supply of high energy diet during dry season of the year. Moreover, pods and fruits from planted tree species in Agroforestry System are highly palatable and can substitute in the concentrate feed. Some trees pods can also be used as a human and cattle feed. In general, pods are more nutritious than leaf. Under Agroforestry Systems agricultural crops can be grown successfully when the tree are lopped. The negative effects of Agroforestry trees can be narrowed down by lopping management. The plantation of trees as field boundary serves as shelterbelts and windbreaks to protect the field crops from biotic and abiotic stresses. Short rotation tree species are planted in high density and managed by regular pruning, thinning, felling, copping farming to ensure high productivity and conservation on degraded lands. The degraded lands could be rehabilitated by the use of silvi-pastoral system for continuous supply of fodder, fuelwood and other associated products. The yield of cultivated crops had decreased under trees because of competitions for natural resources like soil, water, light and nutrients. But reduction of fuel, fodder and soil nutrients can compensate this loss. Under horti-pastoral system, fruit trees can be planted very well and seeds of perennial legumes and grasses can be grown in between the rows of fruit trees. Hedgerows intercropping between bushes/ trees and agricultural crops primarily as an alternate land use system for enhancing productivity of whole system. Besides, it also fulfills the demand of fodder, firewood, and control of soil erosion. Alternate strip cropping of grasses and perennial legumes on sloppy degraded lands yielded high dry matter production when vegetative barriers were also used. Thus, in nutshell holistic approaches of Agroforestry Systems in dry fringe in India can be served as a multi purposes. This paper focused especially on the Agroforestry Practices recently conducted in dry parts of the country.
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LI, GANG, GAOMING JIANG, YONGGENG LI, MEIZHEN LIU, YU PENG, LINGHAO LI, and XINGGUO HAN. "A new approach to the fight against desertification in Inner Mongolia." Environmental Conservation 34, no. 2 (May 29, 2007): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907003864.
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The world's arid and semi-arid regions are severely affected by desertification. In China, wind erosion, water erosion, soil salinization and the freezing and melting processes have contributed to 2.64 million km2 of desertified land, covering 27.5% of the country's land surface (State Forestry Administration, Peoples' Republic of China 2005). Although climate change could be a reason for desertification, anthropogenic factors such as overgrazing and overcultivation also contribute to degradation in grassland areas (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Zheng et al. 2006). The Chinese government has adopted afforestation as the main measure to control desertification. Major projects, including the ‘Three North Shelterbelt Programme’ (also known as the ‘Green Great Wall’) and the ‘Sandstorm Source Control Project around Beijing and Tianjin’, are necessary to shield northern and eastern agricultural ecosystems against sand and dust (Zhou 2002). However, these countermeasures require substantial effort and investment, and, in the semi-arid and arid regions of Inner Mongolia, newly planted trees have often died of drought, while tree planting could also be responsible for exhausting the precious groundwater resources of these regions (Jackson et al. 2005). Alternative and more practical ways of combating desertification by using multi-disciplinary approaches observing both social and ecological principles are required. The Hunshandake Sandy Land restoration demonstration project conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences was an attempt to restore desertified grassland mainly through natural processes, and requiring limited investment.
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Xiong, Shimei, Lubei Yi, Anming Bao, Zhengyu Wang, Zefu Tao, and Wenqiang Xu. "Aboveground Biomass Prediction of Plots in the Natural Forests of Arid Mountains Based on Large Trees." Forests 14, no. 12 (December 12, 2023): 2426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14122426.
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While the use of large tropical trees to predict aboveground biomass (AGB) in forests has previously been studied, the applicability of this approach in arid regions remains unquantified. In the natural forests of arid mountains of Northwestern China, this study collected individual tree data from 105 plots across 11 sites through field measurements. The objective was to assess the feasibility of using large trees for predicting plot AGB in these natural forests of arid mountains. This entailed determining the contribution of large trees, based on which a plot AGB prediction model was constructed. This study also aimed to identify the optimal number of large trees needed for accurate AGB prediction. The findings indicate that within the natural forests of arid mountains, only seven large trees (approximately 12% of the trees in a plot) are necessary to account for over 50% of the plot AGB. By measuring 18 large trees within a plot, this study achieved a precise plot AGB estimation, resulting in a model rRMSE of 0.27. The regression fit R2 for the predicted AGB and the estimated AGB was 0.79, effectively aligning the predicted and measured AGB. In the Tianshan Mountains’ natural forests, the prediction model yielded further improvements with an rRMSE of 0.13 and a remarkable regression R2 of 0.92 between predicted and estimated AGB. However, due to variances in tree size distribution and tree species biomass, the Altai Mountains’ natural forest was found to be unsuitable for predicting plot AGB using large trees. This study establishes that large trees can effectively represent plot AGB in the natural forests of arid mountains. Employing forest surveys or remote sensing to collect data from a few large trees instead of the entire tree population enables accurate plot AGB prediction. This research serves as the initial quantification of large tree utilization for plot AGB prediction in the natural forests of arid mountains, carrying substantial implications for future arid forest inventories, carbon accounting, and the formulation of prudent conservation strategies.
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Houminer, Naomi, Joseph Riov, Menachem Moshelion, Yagil Osem, and Rakefet David-Schwartz. "Comparison of Morphological and Physiological Traits between Pinus brutia, P. halepensis, and Their Vigorous F1 Hybrids." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091477.
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Hybrids between Pinus brutia Ten. and Pinus halepensis Mill. have mainly been investigated with respect to their growth rate. Less attention has been paid to factors that contribute to their resistance to drought, although the hybrids have been shown to thrive over P. brutia in semi-arid regions. To understand the superior hybrid phenotype, we investigated morphological traits, growth parameters, and physiological response to drought stress in P. brutia, P. halepensis, and their vigorous hybrids. Rooted cuttings were propagated from mature trees and were examined in a high-throughput gravimetric system to evaluate their response to drought. Higher root-to-shoot ratio, needle length, and leaf mass per area (LMA) were observed in the hybrids compared to the two parental species. P. halepensis demonstrated higher transpiration rates (E) and stomatal conductance (gsc) than P. brutia, and an earlier reduction in E and gsc in response to drought stress. Similar to P. brutia, the hybrids showed low E and gsc, and an early stomatal closure in response to drought similar to P. halepensis. Our study suggests that the hybrids exhibit a unique combination of traits that may contribute to forest resilience in semi-arid regions undergoing climate change.
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Yang, Weixi. "Trends and responses to global change of China’s arid regions." Frontiers of Forestry in China 4, no. 3 (June 4, 2009): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11461-009-0055-x.
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Yosef, Reuven, Shrey Rakholia, Abhinav Mehta, Alap Bhatt, and Swapnil Kumbhojkar. "Land Surface Temperature Regulation Ecosystem Service: A Case Study of Jaipur, India, and the Urban Island of Jhalana Reserve Forest." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071101.
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Although Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) are on the rise globally, the distribution of LSTs varies depending on the land cover type. Urban Heat Island and Urban Cool Island effects act differently, especially in semi-arid regions. Therefore, we identify demi-decadal, seasonal, and zonal differences in LSTs in a semi-arid region in the city of Jaipur, where zones include rural and urban areas that encircle the Jhalana Reserve Forest (JRF). After deriving LSTs from remotely sensed thermal bands of Landsat satellites’ Multi-spectral datasets, we found that there is a significant difference in LST (p < 0.01) among the zones. In addition, LSTs were found to be significantly lower in JRF compared to Urban and Rural areas in all seasons and all study years, which indicates the urban cooling effect due to the presence of the forest. Nevertheless, summer LSTs have warmed with a mean difference of 4.8 °C between 2000 and 2020. Therefore, our study supports the promotion of Urban Forests, especially in semi-arid zones, for inculcating LST regulation ecosystem services to enrich and enhance the standard of living of the human population.
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Martínez de Azagra Paredes, Andrés, Jorge Del Río San José, José Reque Kilchenmann, Juan Manuel Diez Hernández, and Francisco Javier Sanz Ronda. "Methods for Watering Seedlings in Arid Zones." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020351.
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This paper reviews different existing systems of seedling microirrigation in afforestation. These systems differ from agricultural irrigation methods since they only pursue the establishment of the planted seedlings instead of achieving good agricultural yields. They, therefore, involve very low irrigation doses compared to the usual irrigation doses found in the agricultural sector. These approaches are nonconventional localized irrigation systems with high efficiency in water application. Based on the water discharge equations they use, these methods can be classified into four groups: direct deep irrigation, irrigation through porous walls, irrigation with wicks, and irrigation with solar distillers. This paper describes a total of sixteen different systems suitable for afforestation. All the systems are compared with each other. To make the comparisons, four key parameters are considered: the cost of acquiring and installing the system, the water application efficiency, the maintenance of the system, and the possibility of irrigating several plants at the same time. The irrigation systems described in this review represent an important technical advance not only for dryland forestry but also for rainfed arboriculture, xeriscaping, and xerogardening. These systems make it possible to widely extend the planting period to almost throughout the year, not only in arid regions but also in less dry or even humid climates, especially when critical areas have to be afforested, including shallow, sandy, saline, or gypseous soils, suntraps, windy and desertified areas, open pit mines, and other areas. Seedling microirrigation is an emerging sector of the irrigation industry that is rapidly developing with new devices and patents. Two foreseeable future trends can be identified: the growing use of new permeable materials and the possibility of connecting individual emitters to irrigation lines.
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Shi, Fangzhong, Xiuchen Wu, Xiaoyan Li, Pei Wang, Xiaofan Yang, Yuanqiao Li, Xiaofei Jiang, et al. "Seasonal Divergent Tree Growth Trends and Growth Variability along Drought Gradient over Northeastern China." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010039.
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With the increasing temperature and intensified drought, global climate change has profound impacts on tree growth in temperate regions, which consequently regulates terrestrial-atmosphere biogeochemical processes and biophysical feedbacks. Thus, increasing numbers of studies have addressed the long-term annual trends in tree growth and their response to climate change at diverse spatial scales. However, the potential divergence in tree growth trends and growth variability (represented by coefficient of variance) in different seasons across large-scale climate gradients remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the tree growth trends and growth variability in different seasons across diverse drought conditions in forested regions over northeastern China during the period 1982–2015, using both remote sensing observations and in situ tree-ring measurements. We found clear seasonal divergence in tree growth trends during 1982–2015, and the apparent increase was mainly observed in spring and autumn, attributed mainly to the increase in spring temperature and autumn solar radiation, respectively, but not in summer. The magnitudes of increasing trends in tree growth decrease with the increase of the multi-year average dryness index (MAI) in semi-arid areas (1.5 < MAI < 4.0) in all seasons. We further revealed that the interannual variability in tree growth was much larger in the semi-arid regions than in the humid and semi-humid regions in all seasons, and tree growth variability was significantly and negatively correlated with the variations in temperature and water deficit. Our findings improve our understanding of seasonal divergence in tree growth trends and provide new insights into spatial patterns in forest vulnerability in a warmer and drier climate.
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Pollard, D. F. W. "A Forestry Perspective on the Carbon Dioxide Issue." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61312-4.
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The global atmosphere is being enriched with carbon dioxide through the combustion of fossil fuels and reduction of forest biomass and soil organic matter. The estimated preindustrial concentration of 260 parts per million by volume is expected to be doubled by the year 2065, with consequential disturbance in global and regional climates. Enrichment will certainly have direct impacts on the forest sector, probably favouring fast growing species, in particular certain hardwoods and weed species. An antitranspirant effect of CO2 may also improve growth rates and water economies, especially in arid regions. Impacts of climatic disturbance are much more difficult to predict, largely because of uncertainty in current climate response theory. Best available information indicates the development of a serious mismatch between Canadian forests and the climatic regions they will occupy. When viewed as empirical models of climate change, past climate variation suggest that forest pest problems will intensify. Operational measures taken in anticipation of climate change are not warranted, however, because of current uncertainties. Judicious analysis and research will enhance realization of opportunities and reduce impacts of future conditions, particularly as presented by CO2-enriched atmospheres.
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Li, Lin, Abudoukeremujiang Zayiti, and Xuemin He. "Evaluating the Stand Structure, Carbon Sequestration, Oxygen Release Function, and Carbon Sink Value of Three Artificial Shrubs alongside the Tarim Desert Highway." Forests 14, no. 11 (October 26, 2023): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112137.
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Currently, the ecological problems caused by the greenhouse effect are growing more serious, and implementing carbon sequestration methods is an effective way to address them. Arid and semi-arid desert areas have tremendous potential as carbon sinks, and artificial forests in these areas play an important role in absorbing and sequestering carbon dioxide. This study selected three main species of artificial protective trees along the Tarim Desert Highway—Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bunge, Calligonum mongolicum Turcz. and Tamarix chinensis Lour.—and evaluated them for their carbon sequestration, oxygen release capacity, and economic benefits using Pn (net photosynthetic rate) and biomass methods. The results showed that the average daily Pn value and carbon sequestration and oxygen release per unit leaf area of T. chinensis were significantly higher than those of H. ammodendron and C. mongolicum (p < 0.05). The total carbon storage of the three shelterbelts was 15.41 × 104 t, and the carbon storage of H. ammodendron was significantly higher than that of C. mongolicum and T. chinensis (p < 0.05). According to the net photosynthetic rate method, the annual carbon sequestration and oxygen release of the shelter forest is 6.13 × 104 t a−1, and the transaction price is CNY 13.73 million a−1. The total amount of carbon sequestration and oxygen release of the shelter forest obtained via the biomass method is 97.61 × 104 t, and the transaction price is CNY 218.77 million. This study conducted research on the carbon sequestration capacity of protective forests along the Tarim Desert Highway located in an extremely arid region. It highlights the significant contribution of these protective forests in terms of carbon storage, playing a crucial role in promoting ecological restoration and sustainable development in arid areas. Additionally, this study provides a scientific basis for estimating carbon storage and promoting the sustainable management of artificial forests in arid desert regions.
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Qianwen, Geng, Muhammad Arif, Yuan Zhongxun, Zheng Jie, He Xinrui, Ding Dongdong, Yin Fan, and Li Changxiao. "Plant species composition and diversity along successional gradients in arid and semi-arid regions of China." Forest Ecology and Management 524 (November 2022): 120542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120542.
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Srivastava, K., and H. Srivastava. "Selection of efficient isolate of vamf for Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem." Indian Journal of Forestry 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2006-g255tq.
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Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. commonly known as “Marwar teak” is an indigenous species of arid regions of Rajasthan. The species is slow growing and commonly planted in agroforestry systems. It is a multipurpose tree species as it is used as fodder and furniture purposes. The wood is good for carving and used for making best quality furniture. VAM association occurs naturally in desert plants including T. undulata. These fungi play a significant role in arid zone forestry as they not only provide additional support to the plants through minerals but also help in survival of the plants in harsh climatic conditions. In the present paper, efficient strain of VAMF was selected for better biomass production, percentage of root colonization in T. undulata seedlings.
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Henkrar, Fatima, Chaimae Meyad, Marwa Oikrim, Nezha Bouhaddou, and Lahsen Khabar. "Updating Ecology and Distribution of Wild Truffles in Morocco." Forests 14, no. 5 (May 5, 2023): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14050952.
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The distribution and abundance of the various truffle species are influenced by the climate, soil, and vegetation conditions. The setting of these characteristics is necessary for the potential species’ cultivation. Here, we describe the ecological characteristics of Moroccan truffles and desert truffles and their associations with host plants. We also determine the climate and soil parameters relating to the geographic distribution and fructification of truffles and desert truffles. In contrast to truffles, which are found in sub-humid environments, desert truffles are found in semi-arid and arid regions of Morocco. The dissemination of desert truffles in the Mamora forest and oriental regions of Morocco is typically linked to the presence of Helianthemum sp., whereas the existence of truffles (Tuber spp.) in the Middle Atlas depends on the subsistence of Quercus ilex and Q. faginea. The truffles’ and desert truffles’ fructification depends mainly on the precipitation frequency. Terfezia arenaria and Tuber oligospermum, the two major desert truffles of Mamora forest, require an annual rainfall of 435 mm on average in slightly acidic soil. While the oriental and Highland desert truffles, namely Terfezia boudieri, T. claveryi, and Tirmania spp., require an annual precipitation average of 123 to 267 mm and a high CaCO3 content. Otherwise, there is Tuber aestivum, localized in humid regions with a rainfall rate of more than 650 mm, and found under calcareous soil rich in organic matter with the presence of potential host plants, such as oaks, cedars, and pines. Our findings open up the possibility of successful cultivation of truffles and desert truffles having an economic interest through understanding their ecological requirements in Morocco.
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Li, Wang, Chen, Xu, Wu, Wu, and Wang. "Leaf Age Compared to Tree Age Plays a Dominant Role in Leaf δ13C and δ15N of Qinghai Spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.)." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040310.
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Leaf stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ15N) are influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors. Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) as one of the dominant tree species in Qilian Mountains plays a key role in the ecological stability of arid region in the northwest of China. However, our knowledge of the relative importance of multiple factors on leaf δ13C and δ15N remains incomplete. In this work, we investigated the relationships of δ13C and δ15N to leaf age, tree age and leaf nutrients to examine the patterns and controls of leaf δ13C and δ15N variation of Picea crassifolia. Results showed that 13C and 15N of current-year leaves were more enriched than older ones at each tree age level. There was no significant difference in leaf δ13C values among trees of different ages, while juvenile trees (<50 years old) were 15N depleted compared to middle-aged trees (50–100 years old) at each leaf age level except for 1-year-old leaves. Meanwhile, relative importance analysis has demonstrated that leaf age was one of the most important indicators for leaf δ13C and δ15N. Moreover, leaf N concentrations played a dominant role in the variations of δ13C and δ15N. Above all, these results provide valuable information on the eco-physiological responses of P. crassifolia in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Cao, Jianjun, Hong Tian, Jan F. Adamowski, Xiaofang Zhang, and Zijian Cao. "Influences of afforestation policies on soil moisture content in China’s arid and semi-arid regions." Land Use Policy 75 (June 2018): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.006.
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Tian, Junhao, Zhoukang Li, Huimin Wang, Guanghui Lv, Wusong Li, Huifang Wang, and Yuchen Wang. "Physiological Responses and Ecological Benefits of Water Uptake by Populus euphratica Leaves in Arid Areas." Forests 15, no. 3 (February 23, 2024): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15030430.
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The absorption of atmospheric water by plants through their leaves, known as leaf water uptake, plays a crucial role in sustaining plant growth and survival in arid regions. Condensate is one of the important sources of water for plants in arid zones and plays an important role in alleviating the physiological state of plant water. In order to clarify the ecological role of the leaf absorption of condensation water, we took the dominant species of the desert Dugay forest plant, Populus euphratica, as the research object, and based on in situ leaf humidification field experiments, we comprehensively analyzed the effect of condensation water on the physiological state of P. euphratica and the ecological benefit of leaf water absorption on the arid zone by determining the parameters of the physiological indexes of the leaf, the leaf wettability, and the water-absorbing capacity of the leaf. The results showed that P. euphratica leaves have a water-absorbing ability on both sides, and under the condensation water treatment, the water potential of dawn leaves in the TR group (−1.75 ± 0.12 MPa) was significantly higher than that in the CK group (−1.41 ± 0.13 Mpa); the net photosynthetic rate of leaves in the TR group (13.08 ± 0.68 μmol·m−2·s−1) was significantly higher than that in the CK group (10.42 ± 0.57 μmol·m−2·s−1); the proline content of the TR group (22.82 ± 0.8 μg·g−1) was significantly lower than that of the CK group (68.67 ± 6.14 μg·g−1); and the leaf photosynthetic capacity, leaf osmotic adjustment, and stress tolerance affected by condensation water were significantly different (p < 0.05). A leaf’s water-absorbing ability is mainly affected by leaf wettability, the proline content, and other influencing factors. The mean FWU rate was positively correlated with the mean transpiration rate. Within the Ebinur Lake watershed, the water absorption rate of P. euphratica leaves accounts for 10.92% of the maximum transpiration rate (Tr); in 2022, the total summer leaf surface water uptake by P. euphratica was about 220.5 mol, a value that represents about 0.25% of the average annual evapotranspiration from Ebinur Lake. This study helps to improve the understanding of the impact of condensation water on the physiological ecology of the desert plant P. euphratica and provides a scientific basis for the ecological benefits of leaf water absorption in arid regions.
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RANI SAXENA, ATULTIWARI, PRASOON MATHUR, and N.V.K. CHAKRAVARTY. "An investigation of reference evapotranspiration trends for crop water requirement estimation in Rajasthan." Journal of Agrometeorology 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v22i4.447.
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Trends in reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimated using Penman-Monteith equation were analysed over arid, semi-arid and humid regions of northwest (NW) India during 1985–2018. The MannKendall is used to determine significance of trends. Theil-Sen’s estimator and least square linear fitting methods are adopted to find slopes of the trend lines. The results indicated a significant decrease in ETo on annual basis for most of the locations and NW India as a whole. However, the trend was not statisticallysignificant for seasonal ETo. The significant decrease in solar radiation and wind speed nullified the impact of increased temperature and resulted in slight decrease in ETo over arid and semi-arid regions of NW India which could probably be attributed to the increased dust hazy conditions prevailing. In NW India, water is a limiting resource the decrease in ETo may help researchers in decision makers to develop water assets and utilize the irrigation systems more effectively. There was also an increasing trend in production of major crops in the study region. Further, in near future, if this decreasing ETo trend were to remain, it would help in intensification of cropping system with the existing water resource.
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Kang, Shuyuan, Neil J. Loader, Jianglin Wang, Chun Qin, Jingjing Liu, and Miao Song. "Tree-Ring Stable Carbon Isotope as a Proxy for Hydroclimate Variations in Semi-Arid Regions of North-Central China." Forests 13, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040492.
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Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) were measured in annual tree-ring cellulose samples dated from 1756 to 2015 CE. These samples were extracted from Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) trees located in a semi-arid region of north-central China. We found that tree-ring δ13C and δ18O values both recorded similar climatic signals (e.g., temperature and moisture changes), but found that tree-ring δ13C exhibited a stronger relationship with mean temperature, precipitation, average relative humidity, self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI), and standard precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) than δ18O during the period 1951–2015 CE. The strongest correlation observed was between tree-ring δ13C and scPDSI (previous June to current May), which explains ~43% of the variance. The resulting 130-year reconstruction reveals severe drought events in the 1920s and a sustained drying trend since the 1980s. This hydroclimate record based on tree-ring δ13C data also reveals similar dry and wet events to other proxy data (i.e., tree-ring width and historical documentation) that have allowed reconstructions to be made across the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon region. Our results suggest that both large-scale modes of climate variability (e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation) and external forcing (e.g., solar variability) may have modulated moisture variability in this region. Our results imply that the relationship between tree-ring δ18O and local climate is less well-characterized when compared to δ13C and may be affected more strongly by the influences of these different atmospheric circulation patterns. In this semi-arid region, tree-ring δ13C appears to represent a better tool with which to investigate historical moisture changes (scPDSI).
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Wu, Yiheng, Pengwu Zhao, Mei Zhou, Zebin Liu, Huaxia Yao, Jiangsheng Wei, Yang Shu, Jiamei Li, Changlin Xiang, and Liwen Zhou. "Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a Betula platyphylla Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years." Forests 13, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101729.
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More and more droughts happened during the last decades, threatening natural forests in the semi-arid regions of North China. The increase in drought pressure may have an impact on stand transpiration (T) in semi-arid regions due to rising temperature and changes in precipitation. It is unclear how the transpiration of natural forest in semi-arid regions respond to drought, which is regulated by environmental factors. In this study, a relatively simple but mechanism-based forest stand T model that couples the effects of the reference T, solar radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and relative extractable water (REW) in the 0–80 cm soil layer was developed to quantify the independent impacts of Rn, VPD, and REW on T. The model was established based on the observed sap flow of four sample trees, and environmental factors were observed from May to September in different hydrological years (2015, 2017, 2018, and 2021) in a pure white birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) forest stand in the southern section of the Greater Khingan Mountains, northeastern China. The sap flow data were used to calculate tree transpiration (Tt) and T to calibrate the T model. The results indicated that (1) The Tt sharply declined in the ‘dry’ year compared with that in the ‘wetter’ year. The daily Tt for small trees in the ‘dry’ year was only one-fifth of that in the ‘wetter’ year, and the daily Tt of large trees was 48% lower than that in the ‘normal’ year; (2) Large trees transpired more water than small trees, e.g., the daily Tt of small trees was 89% lower than that of the large trees in the ‘normal’ year; (3) Daily T increased with the increase in Rn, and the response conformed to a binomial function. Daily T responded to the rise of VPD and REW in an exponential function, first increasing rapidly, gradually reaching the threshold or peak value, and then stabilizing; (4) The driving factors for the T shift in different hydrological years were the REW in the ‘dry’ year, but the Rn and REW in the ‘wet’, ‘normal’, and ‘wetter’ years. The REW in the ‘wet’ and ‘wetter’ years exerted positive effects on T, but in the ‘normal’ and ‘dry’ year, exerted negative effects on T. Thus, the environmental factors affecting T were not the same in different hydrological years.
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Camarero, Jesús Julio, Cristina Valeriano, Antonio Gazol, Michele Colangelo, and Raúl Sánchez-Salguero. "Climate Differently Impacts the Growth of Coexisting Trees and Shrubs under Semi-Arid Mediterranean Conditions." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030381.
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Background and Objectives—Coexisting tree and shrub species will have to withstand more arid conditions as temperatures keep rising in the Mediterranean Basin. However, we still lack reliable assessments on how climate and drought affect the radial growth of tree and shrub species at intra- and interannual time scales under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Materials and Methods—We investigated the growth responses to climate of four co-occurring gymnosperms inhabiting semi-arid Mediterranean sites in northeastern Spain: two tree species (Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis Mill.; Spanish juniper, Juniperus thurifera L.) and two shrubs (Phoenicean juniper, Juniperus phoenicea L.; Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo ex Guss.). First, we quantified the intra-annual radial-growth rates of the four species by periodically sampling wood samples during one growing season. Second, we quantified the climate–growth relationships at an interannual scale at two sites with different soil water availability by using dendrochronology. Third, we simulated growth responses to temperature and soil moisture using the forward, process-based Vaganov‒Shashkin (VS-Lite) growth model to disentangle the main climatic drivers of growth. Results—The growth of all species peaked in spring to early summer (May–June). The pine and junipers grew after the dry summer, i.e., they showed a bimodal growth pattern. Prior wet winter conditions leading to high soil moisture before cambium reactivation in spring enhanced the growth of P. halepensis at dry sites, whereas the growth of both junipers and Ephedra depended more on high spring–summer soil moisture. The VS-Lite model identified these different influences of soil moisture on growth in tree and shrub species. Conclusions—Our approach (i) revealed contrasting growth dynamics of co-existing tree and shrub species under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions and (ii) provided novel insights on different responses as a function of growth habits in similar drought-prone regions.
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Kelsey, Patrick, and Richard Hootman. "Soil Resource Evaluation for a Group of Sidewalk Street Tree Planters." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 16, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1990.030.
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Urban street-tree-planter soils provide inadequate growing space for root systems of trees and are subject to increased concentrations of pollutants not typically found in native soils. An examination of planting media in selected Geneva, Illinois street tree planters revealed physical and chemical soil properties that Only the most stress-tolerant species could endure. The planter soils generally consisted of brick rubble, gravel, sand, and cinders. Drainage in the planters was impeded due to textural discontinuities. Soil pH and sodium values were high enough to classify these soils as sodic. Sodic soils naturally occur in arid and semi-arid regions where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. Planter soils need testing for physical and chemical characteristics before being used for trees. They can then be modified, if necessary, to provide the plant with the best possibilities to survive the urban environment.
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Karimi, Amir, Masoud Tabari, Zeinab Javanmard, and Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader. "Drought Effects on Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Traits in Persian Oak and Black Poplar Seedlings." Forests 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030399.
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In many arid and semi-arid regions, increasing water scarcity pushes woody species to their physiological limits, making strong drought resistance essential for adaptive forest management. Here, we examined morpho-physiological and biochemical drought responses of the forestry-relevant Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) and black poplar (Populus nigra L.). In a 120-day greenhouse pot experiment, seedlings were subjected to three watering regimes (FC100, FC60, and FC30, indicating percentages of field capacity). Under FC100 conditions, all biomass measures and the total and specific leaf area of oak were significantly greater compared to those of poplar. FC60-exposed poplar seedlings exhibited strong declines in relative water content (RWC; −33%) and carotenoids (−46%) and a surge in electrolyte leakage (EL; +51%), while these parameters did not change significantly in oak. Although both species showed 80% EL under FC30 conditions, poplar suffered more severe drought damage than oak as evidenced by a 65% lower survival, stronger reductions in RWC and total chlorophyll, as well as stronger increases in oxidative stress markers. Accordingly, poplar seedlings displayed a drought-related 56% decline in quality index while only statistically insignificant reductions occurred in oak seedlings. The superior drought resistance of oak seedlings implies economically more viable nursery production and better seedling establishment, suggesting a shift towards Persian oak-dominated forestry in its natural range under future climate projections.
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Kostin, M. V. "Advanced technologies for the creation of forest cultures in the southern regions with arid climate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 843, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/843/1/012056.
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Abstract The article analyzes the of the drip irrigation and biologically active substances fertilization use effectiveness in forestry in arid regions; the main advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation for protective afforestation in dry steppe and semi-desert are indicated, the conclusion about the possibility of its use in the creation of forest crops with economic feasibility, the availability of infrastructure (a water source with water suitable for irrigation, power lines) is made. The use of drip irrigation is advisable when planting plantations of particular value (forest seed plantations, walnut groves, orchards, landscaping plantings in recreational areas, etc.). However, for an unambiguous answer, it is necessary to lay experimental crops in different soil and hydrological conditions, with different types and mixing schemes, woody and shrub species composition, to develop irrigation and watering norms, to test the latest biological preparations that improve the processes of root formation, growth, and resistance to diseases and environmental stressors.
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Yang, Miao, Jie Zou, Jianli Ding, Wensong Zou, and Heran Yahefujiang. "Stronger Cumulative than Lagged Effects of Drought on Vegetation in Central Asia." Forests 14, no. 11 (October 27, 2023): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112142.
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In the context of global warming, the strength and frequency of drought events are projected to grow in the future, and the onset of drought can have dramatic effects on vegetation growth in terrestrial ecosystems. Central Asia is the largest non-territorial drought area in the world, and the response of vegetation to drought events is extremely sensitive in the area. However, few studies have quantified and compared the vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) response to the lagged and cumulative effects of drought. In this research, the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence GPP and Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) were used to analyze the time and space patterns of vegetation GPP and the SPEI in Central Asia and to quantify and compare the lagged and cumulative effects of drought on the GPP of various vegetation types. During the period from 2000 to 2018, the general trends of vegetation GPP showed a slight increase in Central Asia, with the ratio of variation being 1.35 g C m−2 y−1 and a spatially decreasing distribution from north to south. SPEI showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing over a period of 19 years, with a slight decreasing (drying) trend and a rate of change of −0.02 y−1, and the overall spatial pattern was drying out from north to south. In 13 months, 72.44% of regional droughts had lagged impacts on vegetation. The maximum correlation coefficients of vegetation and the lagged effectiveness of drought were concentrated in the range of 0.15–0.35, and the high correlation was distributed in southern and northwestern Kazakhstan, which are prairie regions. Of the regions in Central Asia, 75.86% showed cumulative drought effects concentrated at 9–12 months. The maximum correlation coefficients were concentrated in the range of 0.20–0.50, and the high correlation regions were primarily situated in south Kazakhstan and east Uzbekistan. Comparing the correlation coefficients of the lagged effect of vegetation GPP and SPEI with the cumulative effect shows that the cumulative rather than lagged impacts of drought on vegetation cover were found in 86.75% of the regions in Central Asia. This research enhances our comprehension of the influence of drought events on ecosystems in arid regions and has a certain reference value for helping arid region ecosystems to cope with global climate change.
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Tomášková, Ivana, Michal Svatoš, Jan Macků, Hana Vanická, Karolina Resnerová, Jaroslav Čepl, Jaroslav Holuša, Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, and Achim Dohrenbusch. "Effect of Different Soil Treatments with Hydrogel on the Performance of Drought-Sensitive and Tolerant Tree Species in a Semi-Arid Region." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020211.
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Research Highlights: Although a number of forestry studies have found that hydrogel improves tree performance, studies that are located in semi-arid regions and that include a broad spectrum of tree species and the assessment of multiple physiological traits are lacking. Background and Objectives: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of hydrogel treatments (with sawdust, organic fertilizer, compost, wheat straw, subsoil, or subsoil with a cobble cover) applied during planting on the survival, growth, and physiological traits of 20 tree species. Materials and Methods: In a field experiment (factorial design with seven treatments including a control, 20 species, and ten replicates) in a semi-arid part of Iran, we applied water alone (control) or water with hydrogel and other materials to recently planted samplings. We evaluated tree height, health, osmotic potential, and biochemical properties after 6 months and survival after 12 months. Results: Hydrogel treatment (regardless of other material) significantly improved the performance of drought-sensitive but not of drought-tolerant species. Conclusions: The benefits of hydrogel treatment are substantial for drought-sensitive species but are insignificant for drought-resistant species.
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Park, Go, Don Lee, Ki Kim, Nyam-Osor Batkhuu, Jamsran Tsogtbaatar, Jiao-Jun Zhu, Yonghuan Jin, Pil Park, Jung Hyun, and Hyun Kim. "Morphological Characteristics and Water-Use Efficiency of Siberian Elm Trees (Ulmus pumila L.) within Arid Regions of Northeast Asia." Forests 7, no. 12 (November 17, 2016): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f7110280.
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Bakry, Mustapha, Mohammed S. Lamhamedi, Jean Caron, Hank Margolis, Abdenbi Zine El Abidine, M’Hammed Bellaka, and Debra C. Stowe. "Are composts from shredded leafy branches of fast-growing forest species suitable as nursery growing media in arid regions?" New Forests 43, no. 3 (August 21, 2011): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9280-x.
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Puri, S., and K. S. Bangarwa. "Effects of trees on the yield of irrigated wheat crop in semi-arid regions." Agroforestry Systems 20, no. 3 (December 1992): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00053141.
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Zafar, Zikria, Fahad Rasheed, Rana Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Maqsood, and Oliver Gailing. "Salicylic Acid-Induced Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Changes Triggered Water Deficit Tolerance in Syzygium cumini L. Saplings." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040491.
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Fruit tree culture is at the brink of disaster in arid to semi-arid regions due to low water availability. A pot experiment was carried out to analyze whether foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) can improve water stress tolerance in Syzygiumcumini. Saplings were subjected to control (CK, 90% of field capacity, FC), medium stress (MS, 60% of FC) and high stress (HS, 30% of FC) along with foliar application of 0.5 and 1.0 mM of SA. Results showed that soil water deficit significantly decreased leaf, stem and total dry weight, leaf gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll a, b. However, root dry weight and root/shoot ratio increased under MS and HS, respectively. Contrarily, foliar application of SA significantly improved chlorophyll a, b, leaf gas exchange attributes, and dry weight production under soil water deficit. Concentration of oxidants like hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals, along with malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage increased under soil water deficit; however, decreased in plants sprayed with SA due to the increase in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Results suggest that the foliar application of SA can help improve water stress tolerance in Syzygiumcumini saplings; however, validation of the results under field conditions is necessary.
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Zhang, Ziyou, Jianbin Guo, Yanhui Wang, Pengtao Yu, and Xiao Wang. "Variation of Soil Organic Carbon Density with Plantation Age and Initial Vegetation Types in the Liupan Mountains Areas of Northwest China." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121811.
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Carbon sequestration of plantations formed by three kinds of forestation (natural forest to plantation (NP), grassland to plantation (GP), and cropland to plantation (CP)) greatly depends on the change of soil organic carbon density (SOCD) compared with its initial SOCD before forestation. However, this dependence was rarely studied, especially in semi-humid/arid regions with strong site variation. This limits the precise assessment and management of SOCD. Therefore, the SOCD variations of 0–100 cm soil layers in these three kinds of plantations were studied in the semi-humid/arid Liupan Mountains in northwestern China. The NP with high initial SOCD showed firstly a decrease and then an increase of SOCD up to 293.2 t·ha−1 at 40 years. The CP and GP with low and relatively high initial SOCD showed negligible and slight SOCD decrease after forestation, but then an increase up to 154.5 and 266.5 t·ha−1 at 40 years. After detecting the main factors influencing SOCD for each forestation mode, statistic relationships were fitted for predicting SOCD variation. This study indicates that besides forest age and biomass growth, the effects of initial vegetation, site-dependent initial SOCD, and SOCD capacity, also precipitation and air temperature in some cases, should be considered for more precise assessment and management of SOCD of plantations.
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Zhang, Yong, Chengbang An, Lai Jiang, Liyuan Zheng, Bo Tan, Chao Lu, Wensheng Zhang, and Yanzhen Zhang. "Increased Vegetation Productivity of Altitudinal Vegetation Belts in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains despite Warming and Drying since the Early 21st Century." Forests 14, no. 11 (November 3, 2023): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112189.
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Gaining a deep understanding of how climate change affects the carbon cycle in dryland vegetation is of utmost importance, as it plays a pivotal role in shaping the overall carbon cycle in global ecosystems. It is currently not clear how plant communities at varying elevations in arid mountainous regions will respond to climate change in terms of their productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of climate change on vegetation productivity in different altitudinal vegetation belts of the Tianshan Mountains between 2000 and 2021, utilizing satellite-derived vegetation productivity and climate data. The findings suggest a notable increase in vegetation productivity across diverse altitudinal vegetation belts. The productivity of vegetation in the coniferous forest and alpine meadow belts displayed a notably higher interannual trend compared to other vegetation belts. Notably, an increase in vegetation productivity was accompanied by warming and drying. The productivity of altitudinal vegetation belts, however, appears to be resilient to current climate trends and was not significantly impacted by the severity of atmospheric drought. The trend of increased vegetation productivity was primarily driven by CO2 fertilization. Our results highlight that the extent of climate change may need to reach a threshold to noticeably affect variations in vegetation productivity in arid mountainous.
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Wang, Zhen, Liangxin Fan, Jingxuan Su, and Zhijun Wang. "Impact of Ecological Water Transfer Project on Vegetation Recovery in Dried-Up Kongque River, Northwest China." Forests 15, no. 3 (March 5, 2024): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15030487.
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The ecological water transfer project (EWTP) plays a pivotal role in reinstating the flow of dried-up rivers in arid regions, promoting river connectivity and vegetation resurgence. An essential facet in ensuring the efficacious execution of the EWTP lies in determining the optimal duration of irrigation to facilitate vegetation recovery. Nevertheless, comprehensive reports concerning the EWTP process in arid river ecosystems are scarce. Here, we leverage remote sensing imagery to assess changes in surface water and vegetation dynamics before and after the implementation of the EWTP in a dried-up river. The results show that before the EWTP (1987–2016), riparian vegetation’s mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) decreased from 0.181 to 0.066. After EWTP (2017–2022), the river’s flow was restored for a distance of 347 km. This restoration resulted in the formation of 81.47 km2 of intermittent water bodies along the river. The mean NDVI increased from 0.065 to 0.093. As irrigation duration increased, the NDVI growth rate exhibited an initial rise followed by a subsequent decline, reaching its peak growth rate by irrigating for 18 days per year. The regions showing increased NDVI values exhibited a pronounced spatial correlation with the areas subjected to water transfer. These improvements in NDVI were predominantly concentrated on both sides of the river within a 550 m range. Interestingly, as moves farther away from the river, the growth rate of NDVI exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decline. The pinnacle of NDVI growth rate materialized at a distance of 40–50 m from the river. These findings reveal the response characteristics of desert riparian vegetation to EWTP, providing valuable insights for selecting appropriate water transfer timing in future EWTP.
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Petrík, Peter, Rüdiger Grote, Dušan Gömöry, Daniel Kurjak, Anja Petek-Petrik, Laurent J. Lamarque, Alena Sliacka Konôpková, Mohammad Mukarram, Harish Debta, and Peter Fleischer. "The Role of Provenance for the Projected Growth of Juvenile European Beech under Climate Change." Forests 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010026.
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European beech is one of the most common tree species in Europe and is generally suggested to play even more of a prominent role in forestry in the future. It seems to have the potential to partially replace Norway spruce, as it is less sensitive to expected warmer and drier conditions. It is, however, not well known in which regions these new plantings would be particularly favourable and if specific provenances may be better adapted to the new conditions than others. Therefore, we estimated the potential early height growth under climate conditions in 2040–2060 for 20 beech provenances across a region covering the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This Central European region is expected to experience considerably drier and warmer conditions in the future. For this exercise, we implemented a new neural network model developed from height growth information obtained from the open-access BeechCOSTe52 database. The simulations are driven by past and future climate data obtained from the WorldClim database of historical climate data and future climate projections. Simulations revealed that provenances originating from drier regions performed on average significantly better than those from regions with good water supply. Moreover, provenances originating from drier regions had a particularly large advantage in the relatively arid regions of Central Czechia and Southern Slovakia. We can also confirm that all provenances showed a high phenotypic plasticity of height growth across the whole investigated region.
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Kheir, Ahmed M. S., Khalil A. Ammar, Ahmed Amer, Marwa G. M. Ali, Zheli Ding, and Abdelrazek Elnashar. "Machine learning-based cloud computing improved wheat yield simulation in arid regions." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 203 (December 2022): 107457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107457.
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A.V.R. KESAVA RAO, SUHAS P. WANI, K.K. SINGH, M. IRSHAD AHMED, K. SRINIVAS, SNEHAL D. BAIRAGI `, and O. RAMADEVI. "Increased arid and semi-arid areas in India with associated shifts during 1971-2004." Journal of Agrometeorology 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v15i1.1431.
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Climate change is one of the major challenges in 21st century faced by Agriculture in India, more so in the Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT) of the country. In recent years, natural and anthropogenic factors have impacted climate variability and contributed to a large extent to climate change. Based on one degree gridded data of India Meteorological Department (IMD) for 34 years (1971-2004), climatic water balances are computed for 351 pixels in India and used for classifying in to six climate types following Thornthwaite’s moisture regime classification and areas falling under different climatic zones in India are delineated. Considerable changes in the country’s climate area observed between the two periods; 1971-90 and 1991-2004. Increased semi-arid area by 8.45 M ha in five states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Punjab, and decreased semi-arid area by 5 M ha in eleven states, contributed to overall increase in SAT area of 3.45 M ha in the country.Overall, there has been a net reduction of 10.71 M ha in the dry sub-humid area in the country. Results indicated that dryness and wetness are increasing in different parts of the country in the place of moderate climates existing earlier in these regions. ICRISAT’s Hypothesis of Hope through Integrated Genetic and Natural Resources Management(IGNRM) using climate ready crops and Integrated Watershed Management could be a potential adaptation strategy by bridging the yield gaps for developing climate resilient agriculture in the country.
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Nainwal, R. C., D. Singh, R. S. Katiyar, S. S. Tripathi, S. K. Sharma, S. Singh, L. K. Sharma, V. Chaturvedi, and S. K. Tewari. "Rehabilitation of Sodic Waste Land through Agro-Forestry System." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 2, no. 1 and 2 (October 31, 2016): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v2i1-2.6615.
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Sodic soils are widely distributed in arid and semi arid regions of the world and suffer from high values of pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and low fertility. In north India, Uttar Pradesh, which is a major contributor to the national food grain stock, due to its large arable land, is occupying about 1.6 Mha of this type of sodic waste land. To alleviate the pressure of fulfilling the demand of wood, timber, fodder and food for the enormous population of human and cattle, the vast sodic soil area has to be rehabilitated by planting trees or adopting agro-forestry system. In this context, an attempt has been made to rehabilitate sodic waste land through the establishment of green cover, with diverse plant communities at Distant Research Centre of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow during last few decades. A rehabilitated forest ecosystem was developed consisting of a number of herbs, shrubs and trees. Derris indica, Dalbergia sisso, Azadirachta indica, Cassia siamea, Terminalia arjuna, Syzigium cumini were the dominant species in this rehabilitated forest, resulting in significant amelioration process, influenced greatly by diversity of species and their productivity. A combined effect of both biomass productivity and species diversity contributed about 92% towards amelioration. There was reduction in soil pH and ESP and an increase in organic C and N contents showing that sodicity has receded in the forest soil. To meet the increasing demand of medicinal, aromatic, dye, gum, fibre, fodder yielding plants in the present scenario, the shade loving plants of these categories can be grown successfully in between the rows of economic trees like teak, poplar, Eucalyptus etc. Such agro-forestry models have been tried with various inter-crops like Curcuma longa, Rauvolfia serpentina, Zingiber officinale, Desmodium gangeticum and Asparagus racemosus etc. The findings of such studies are very useful for fulfilling the demand of economic plants by utilizing the waste land and free spaces of trees cultivated in such lands.
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Kong, Baishu, Jilei Zhou, Liguo Qi, Shuying Jiao, Lujie Ma, Wenwen Geng, Yuhao Zhao, et al. "Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Leaf Litter Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon Density in Arid and Barren Rocky Mountainous Regions: A Case Study of Yimeng Mountain." Forests 14, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14071351.
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The ecological impact of nitrogen (N) deposition has gained significance since the advent of the industrial revolution. Although numerous studies have examined the impact of N deposition on soil organic carbon (SOC), certain arid and barren rocky mountainous regions, which experience more pronounced N limitations, have been overlooked. This study was conducted in the Yimeng Mountains, examining eight treatments created by four N addition levels (0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and two tree species (Quercus acutissima Carruth. and Pinus thunbergii Parl.). The research revealed variations in the effect of N addition on leaf litter decomposition and SOC density (SOCD) between different tree species. Notably, N addition stimulated the decomposition of leaf litter from Quercus acutissima Carruth. However, the decomposition of Pinus thunbergii Parl. leaf litter was enhanced at N addition levels below 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1, while it was hindered at levels exceeding 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1. In the Quercus acutissima Carruth. forest, the N addition levels of 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 resulted in decreases in SOCD by 10.57%, 22.22% and 13.66%, respectively, compared to 0 kg N ha−1 yr−1. In the Pinus thunbergii Parl. forest, the N addition levels of 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 100 kg N hm−2 ha−1 and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 led to increases in SOCD by 49.53%, 43.36% and 60.87%, respectively, compared to 0 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Overall, N addition decreases the SOCD of Quercus acutissima Carruth., but it increases the SOCD of Pinus thunbergii Parl., attributed to the alteration in soil enzyme stoichiometry and nutrient cycling by N addition. This study fills a theoretical gap concerning leaf litter decomposition and SOC sequestration in arid and barren rocky mountainous regions under global climate change.
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Cao, Jianjun, Xiaofang Zhang, Ravinesh Deo, Yifan Gong, and Qi Feng. "Influence of stand type and stand age on soil carbon storage in China’s arid and semi-arid regions." Land Use Policy 78 (November 2018): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.002.
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Hao, Bingyan, Henrik Hartmann, Yuanqiao Li, Hongyan Liu, Fangzhong Shi, Kailiang Yu, Xiaoyan Li, et al. "Precipitation Gradient Drives Divergent Relationship between Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Water Availability in Pinus tabulaeformis of Northern China." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020133.
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Seasonal non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics in different organs can indicate the strategies trees use to cope with water stress; however, these dynamics remain poorly understood along a large precipitation gradient. In this study, we hypothesized that the correlation between water availability and NSC concentrations in different organs might be strengthened by decreasing precipitation in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests in temperate China. Our results show that the concentrations of soluble sugars were lower in stems and coarse roots, and starch was higher in branches in the early growing season at drier sites. Throughout the growing season, the concentrations of soluble sugars increased in drier sites, especially for leaves, and remained stable in wetter sites, while starch concentrations were relatively stable in branches and stems at all sites. The NSC concentrations, mainly starch, decreased in coarse roots along the growing season at drier sites. Trees have a faster growth rate with an earlier cessation in active stem growth at drier sites. Interestingly, we also found a divergent relationship between NSCs in different organs and mean growing season water availability, and a stronger correlation was observed in drier sites. These results show that pine forests in arid and semi-arid regions of northern China exhibit different physiological responses to water availability, improving our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of trees to water limitations in a warmer and drier climate.