Journal articles: 'Arid rangelands'

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Saädi, Slim, and Gustave Gintzburger. "A spatial desertification indicator for Mediterranean arid rangelands: a case study in Algeria." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 1 (2013): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12021.

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Sheep and goat production is the main and sometimes only agricultural activity available to populations living on rangelands in the arid regions around the Mediterranean. Desertification threatens large areas of Mediterranean arid rangelands but remains difficult to describe, quantify and accurately locate for management purposes. A methodology is described which estimates a Spatial Rain-Use Efficiency Index (SRUEI) and its potential use to evaluate rangeland condition at a large scale. It is based on an Aboveground Net Primary Production (AGNPP) map generated from field herbage mass measurements and a rainfall spatial distribution map derived from local elevation–rainfall gradients with the whole resulting from satellite imagery processing and GIS technology. The area of the case study was in the Nâama–Mecheria region located on the High Plateau south of Oran (Algeria). It covers ~215 000 ha, receiving ~200 mm year–1 of winter and spring precipitation. The Nâama–Mecheria SRUEI-derived map clearly shows the degradation gradient declining away from the settlements. The Mecheria AGNPP 2007 map and associated grazing rings indicate that the Mecheria cooperative flocks may ingest 48–57% (Range Use Factor) of the rangeland’s seasonal plant production, which is barely compatible with sustainable rangeland use. When adding the effect of fuel wood collection by local residents and rain-fed arable cropping, the Nâama–Mecheria region is undoubtedly heading towards a slow but certain desertification of its fragile arid rangelands unless correcting measures are implemented. The SRUEI and associated results are powerful tools that allow rangeland conditions to be mapped, and which can be employed in planning and pursuing sustainable management of rangelands in such arid areas.

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Norman, Laura M., Miguel L. Villarreal, Rewati Niraula, Mark Haberstich, and Natalie R. Wilson. "Modelling Development of Riparian Ranchlands Using Ecosystem Services at the Aravaipa Watershed, SE Arizona." Land 8, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8040064.

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This paper describes how subdivision and development of rangelands within a remote and celebrated semi-arid watershed near the US–Mexico border might affect multiple ecohydrological services provided, such as recharge of the aquifer, water and sediment yield, water quality, flow rates and downstream cultural and natural resources. Specifically, we apply an uncalibrated watershed model and land-change forecasting scenario to consider the potential effects of converting rangelands to housing developments and document potential changes in hydrological ecosystem services. A new method to incorporate weather data in watershed modelling is introduced. Results of introducing residential development in this fragile arid environment portray changes in the water budget, including increases in surface-water runoff, water yield, and total sediment loading. Our findings also predict slight reductions in lateral soil water, a component of the water budget that is increasingly becoming recognized as critical to maintaining water availability in arid regions. We discuss how the proposed development on shrub/scrub rangelands could threaten to sever imperative ecohydrological interactions and impact multiple ecosystem services. This research highlights rangeland management issues important for the protection of open space, economic valuation of rangeland ecosystem services, conservation easements, and incentives to develop markets for these.

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Danckwerts, JE, PJ O'reagain, and TG O'connor. "Range Management in a Changing Environment: a Southern African Perspective." Rangeland Journal 15, no. 1 (1993): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930133.

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We address a number of management principles pertaining to temporal and spatial changes in rangeland systems. Both plant community composition, and availability and quality of forage, are temporally variable. The process of community change, at least in southern Africa, appears to differ between humid and arid environments. In humid environments, change follows a relatively gradual and predictable pattern, with both over- and under-grazing resulting in decreased carrying capacity. Factors other than grazing also cause change. In arid environments, change is event-driven, providing the grazier with risks and opportunities to cause or prevent community change from one state to another. Humid and arid rangelands also exhibit different patterns of inter- and intra-seasonal variation in forage availability and quality. In the former, changes, particularly in quality, are relatively predictable, allowing the grazier to match forage demand to supply, thus facilitating stable animal husbandry systems. In arid ranges, the profound change is inter-seasonal forage production, implying unpredictable carrying capacity. Flexibility in livestock numbers is therefore essential. Spatial heterogeneity of rangelands results in patch utilisation and localised deterioration of varying scale. In southern Africa, the traditional response has been fencing, an expensive and sometimes impracticable solution on an extensive scale. Fire and siting of artificial water points or mineral licks are alternative options for redistributing animals. The interaction of spatial heterogeneity with temporal rainfall fluctuations in arid rangelands provides pulses of productivity varying in space, time and magnitude. Settled pastoralism is perhaps unsuited to these environments. Finally, in view of the complexity of rangeland systems, and the paucity of empirical predictions for graziers, we suggest that formalised adaptive management - decision-making from past mistakes and successes - is the most appropriate means for graziers to cope with a changing environment.

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Gintzburger, GA, and PW Skinner. "A simple single disc pitting and seeding machine for arid rangeland revegetation." Rangeland Journal 7, no. 1 (1985): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850029.

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A simple, single disc, pitting and seeding machine was developed for revegetation operations on degraded arid rangelands. This machine creates a shallow pit in which seeds or medic burrs are dropped and rainwater is trappedThe length or depth of a pit can be altered by changing the disc shape. The machine consists of a seed box and a single modified plough disc, articulated behind a two- wheeled trailer. The disc directly activates the seed or burr dispenser. The machine operates behind a car. The low-cost machine could be an attractive option for rangeland revegetation programmes on privately-run Australian pastoral properties or rangelands of develop- ing countries.

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Mganga, K. Z., N. K. R. Musimba, and D. M. Nyariki. "Competition indices of three perennial grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 5 (2015): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15023.

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Rangeland degradation is one of the most serious environmental challenges in arid and semi-arid environments in Africa. Grass reseeding technology, using indigenous perennial grass species has a great potential for restoring ecosystem functionality in these degraded lands. This study was aimed at investigating how the establishment of indigenous grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya as monocultures or binary mixtures affect dry matter biomass yields and plant competition indices at different phenological stages of development: seedling, elongation and reproduction. Using plant competition indices, we demonstrated which among these grass species showed a complementary vis-à-vis competitive interaction in binary mixtures across their phenological stages. Monocultures and binary mixtures of three perennial grass species: Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Buffel grass), Enteropogon macrostachyus Munro ex Benth. (Bush ryegrass) and Eragrostis superba Peyr. (Wilman lovegrass) native to these semi-arid rangelands were established in a field experiment. Pure stands of E. macrostachyus yielded higher biomass than C. ciliaris and E. superba only at the seedling and elongation phases but not the reproduction phase, where the yields were lowest among pure stands. Negative plant interactions in binary mixtures were observed at seedling and reproduction stages, compared with positive interactions observed at the elongation phase. Binary grass mixtures had a significant advantage for exploiting available environmental resources only at the elongation phase but not at the seedling and reproduction phases. Based on the estimated competition indices, E. superba best complements C. ciliaris across the phenological stages. We therefore conclude that this binary mixture is the one most likely to ensure successful rehabilitation of degraded semi-arid rangelands in this region.

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Lee R. Erickson and Pat O. Currie. "Rangeland Improvement Machine for Multiple Renovation Practices on Semi-Arid Rangelands." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 1 (1985): 094–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32209.

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Behmanesh, Bahareh, Hossein Barani, Ahmad Abedi Sarvestani, Mohammad Reza Shahraki, and Mohsen Sharafatmandrad. "Rangeland degradation assessment: a new strategy based on the ecological knowledge of indigenous pastoralists." Solid Earth 7, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-611-2016.

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Abstract. In a changing world, the prevalence of land degradation is becoming a serious problem, especially in countries with arid and semi-arid rangelands. There are many techniques to assess rangeland degradation that rely on scientific knowledge but ignore indigenous people. Indigenous people have accumulated precious knowledge about land management through generations of experience. Therefore, a study was conducted to find out how indigenous people assess rangeland degradation and how their ecological knowledge can be used for rangeland degradation assessment. Interviews were conducted with the pastoralists of two sites (Dasht and Mirza Baylu), where part of both areas is located in Golestan National Park (north-eastern Iran). A structured questionnaire was designed based on 17 indicators taken from literature and also primary discussions with pastoralists in order to evaluate land degradation. A qualitative Likert five-point scale was used for scoring rangeland degradation indicators. The results revealed that pastoralists pay more attention to edaphic indicators than to vegetative and other indicators. There were significant differences between the inside and outside of the park in terms of rangeland degradation indicators for both sites. The results show that the rangelands outside of the park in both sites were degraded compared to those inside of the park, especially in the areas close to villages. It can be concluded that pastoralists have a wealth of knowledge about the vegetation and grazing animal habits that can be used in rangeland degradation assessment. It is therefore necessary to document their ecological indigenous knowledge and involve them in the process of rangeland-degradation assessment.

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8

Friedel, MH. "Some key concepts for monitoring Australia's arid and semi-arid rangelands." Rangeland Journal 12, no. 1 (1990): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9900021.

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Both the structure of rangelands and the way they function are characteristically variable in space and time. The landscape is patterned on a series of scales; land systems, land units, erosion cells, grazing effects, distribution of individual plants and microtopography an impinge on the way we decide to monitor changes in vegetation and soils. Temporal variability also occurs at a number of scales and these will affect both the type of data that we collect and the way we interpret them. Spatial and temporal variability in combination determine our view of the processes which operate in the rangelands and the models we use to describe them. New models may lead to a different approach to monitoring.

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9

Rogers, RW. "Blue-green algae in southern Australian rangeland soils." Rangeland Journal 11, no. 2 (1989): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9890067.

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Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) are imponant to the ecology of arid rangelands as sources of nitrogen and as soil stabilizers, yet have been the subject of little comment or investigation in Australia. To provide information on their distribution soil samples were collected from 136 locations in rangeland areas of southem Australia and cultured to permit the identification of the blue-green algae present. Blue-green algae were found in 134 of the samples. The species represented include several apparently capable of nitrogen fixation, and all produce a gelatinous sheath which can bind soil panicles to produce soil-surface crusts. It is likely that lichens and blue-green algae are important for the ecology of arid rangelands now, and if climatic change destroys the lichens which are very heat sensitive when wet, blue- greens may become even more significant in soil conservation and the maintenance of pasture productivity. Both lichens and blue-green algae merit inclusion in assessments of range condition.

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10

Holechek, Jerry L., Hatim M. E. Geli, Andres F. Cibils, and Mohammed N. Sawalhah. "Climate Change, Rangelands, and Sustainability of Ranching in the Western United States." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124942.

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Accelerated climate change is a global challenge that is increasingly putting pressure on the sustainability of livestock production systems that heavily depend on rangeland ecosystems. Rangeland management practices have low potential to sequester greenhouse gases. However, mismanagement of rangelands and their conversion into ex-urban, urban, and industrial landscapes can significantly exacerbate the climate change process. Under conditions of more droughts, heat waves, and other extreme weather events, management of risks (climate, biological, financial, political) will probably be more important to the sustainability of ranching than capability to expand output of livestock products in response to rising demand due to population growth. Replacing traditional domestic livestock with a combination of highly adapted livestock and game animals valued for both hunting and meat may be the best strategy on many arid rangelands. Eventually, traditional ranching could become financially unsound across large areas if climate change is not adequately addressed. Rangeland policy, management, and research will need to be heavily focused on the climate change problem.

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Bruzzone, O., and M. H. Easdale. "Archetypal temporal dynamics of arid and semi-arid rangelands." Remote Sensing of Environment 254 (March 2021): 112279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112279.

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Louhaichi, Mounir, Mouldi Gamoun, Farah Ben Salem, and Azaiez Ouled Belgacem. "Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137124.

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Resting or grazing exclusion is an effective practice widely adopted to restore degraded, arid rangelands. To understand its effect on plant diversity, we studied Hill’s diversity indices during two growing seasons (2017–2019). The experiment consisted of a three-level factorial design with four plant communities subjected to different resting durations (one, two, and three years) compared to continuously grazed areas (control). The results showed that rainfall plays an important role in arid rangeland restoration. Under favorable conditions, one-year grazing exclusion considerably enhanced species richness and evenness diversity compared to longer resting durations under dry to average rainfall conditions. The decision to how long livestock grazing exclusion would last should not be decided upfront as it depends on the climatic and the site-specific conditions. The findings of this study will have vital management implications for development agencies. Knowing that short grazing exclusion with adequate rainfall amount and distribution could be enough and offers a cost-effective technical option to ensure the sustainable restoration of arid rangeland. This flexible grazing management would also be more acceptable by the pastoral communities. Longer resting periods could have detrimental effects on arid rangeland vegetation, in addition to adding more pressure on the remaining rangeland areas open to grazing.

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Robins, Joseph G. "Breeding and Genetics of Forages for Semi-Arid and Arid Rangelands." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040718.

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Rangelands are the Earth’s largest land type and provide the feed source for the extensive grazing of beef and dairy cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), horse (Equus ferus caballus), camel (Camelus spp [...]

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Eldridge, DJ, and JM Ferris. "Recovery of Populations of the Soil Lichen Psora Crenata After Disturbance in Arid South Australia." Rangeland Journal 21, no. 2 (1999): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990194.

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Measurements were made of density, size and shape of colonies of the soil lichen Psora crenata at sites with varying disturbance histories at Maralinga in arid South Australia. Lichens were measured along transects at 10 sites with recovery intervals ranging from 3 to 42 years, and on four undisturbed control sites. As the time since disturbance increased, the number of lichen colonies increased markedly, colony size declined, but colony shape remained unchanged. We tentatively suggest that at least 60 years is required for disturbed sites to approach the condition of undisturbed sites. These results reinforce the notion that lichen recovery is very slow, and suggest that colony density of Psora could be a useful indicator of recovery after disturbance in rangelands where crusts are a common component of the soil surface. Keywords: Psora crenata, rangelands, soil crusts, cryptogams, rangeland health

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Ouled Belgacem, Azaiez, Farah Ben Salem, Mouldi Gamoun, Roukaya Chibani, and Mounir Louhaichi. "Revival of traditional best practices for rangeland restoration under climate change in the dry areas." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 5 (November 18, 2019): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-02-2018-0019.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the benefits of reintroducing traditional grazing systems practices for improving arid rangelands. Grazing is the most extensive land use in southern Tunisia, but the rangelands have suffered many decades of severe degradation due to profound socioeconomic changes and the emergence of an agro-pastoral society in place of the former pastoral one. Traditional grazing systems (gdel and herd mobility), which had historically allowed for grazing deferment and control of grazing livestock were abandoned. Yet grazing management strategies are important tools to sustain integrated livestock rangeland production systems in dry areas in the face of ongoing climate change and human pressure. Design/methodology/approach This study assesses the revival of traditional best practices of rangeland resting in a representative community. Total plant cover, species composition, flora richness and range production were determined in six rangeland sites subjected respectively to one, two and three years of rest; one and two years of light grazing after rest; and free grazing (control). Findings Results showed that dry rangelands keep their resilience to the negative effects of climate change once human pressure is controlled. A maximum of two years of rest is enough to sustainably manage the rangelands in southern Tunisia, as this protection showed considerable and positive effects on the parameters scored. Originality/value The revival of the traditional best practices under new arrangements adapted to current biophysical and socioeconomic conditions would be an excellent tool to mitigate the negative effects of frequent droughts and reduce the animal feed costs that poor farmers face.

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Fynn, Richard WS. "Wild Rangelands: Conserving Wildlife While Maintaining Livestock in Semi-arid Rangelands." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 28, no. 2 (July 2011): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2011.609271.

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Scarnecchia, David L. "Rangelands of the Arid and Semi-arid Zones of Uzbekistan." Rangeland Ecology & Management 57, no. 2 (March 2004): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0227:rotaas]2.0.co;2.

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Scarnecchia, David L., G. Gintzburger, K. N. Toderich, B. K. Mardonov, and M. M. Mahmudov. "Rangelands of the Arid and Semi-Arid Zones of Uzbekistan." Journal of Range Management 57, no. 2 (March 2004): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003924.

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Read, J. L. "Are miners the bunnies or the bilbies of the rangelands?" Rangeland Journal 25, no. 2 (2003): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03014.

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In order to be preferred land-users of the Australian rangelands, mining operations should legacy net environmental, social and economic benefits in the regions that they operate. The positive and negative environmental implications of the Olympic Dam mine in arid South Australia are compared in this study. Criteria assessed include the relative area of affected v. improved landscape, environmental research, pest control and the facilitation of proactive conservation and sustainable diversification outcomes. A call is made for consistent treatment of potential environmental impacts across all rangeland users and the adoption of biodiversity trading to improve regional conservation outcomes. A challenge is issued to miners and other rangeland land-users to demonstrate that, like bilbies, their net environmental effects are beneficial.

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D, Bolormaa, Lkhagvasuren D, Gantuya J, Gankhuyag L, and Altanzul R. "Results of pasture monitoring research." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22, no. 03 (May 9, 2018): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v22i03.941.

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Rangeland deterioration and restoration management has been one of the prominent issues. The present study focuses on the composition, cover, and yields accumulation of rangeland plant species from different ecological zones and subzones. Pasture yield in Mongolia varies in ecological zones and subzones (p≥0.001), so 39 sheep, during the summer, comfortably graze in one-hectare area in high mountain zone, - 72 in forest steppe, 21 in steppe and 13 in arid steppe area respectively. Whereas types and cover of plant species in high mountain rangelands are more than other areas, yield accumulation is most in forest steppe. The impact of climate change has dramatically increased recent years, considerably affecting on pasture plant cover and yield. During a dry season or period of drought, amount of yield reduces 40% in high mountain zone; 49% in forest steppe, 52% in semi-arid steppe and 55% in arid steppe. Since rangeland productivity varies due to the nature and climate in the ecological zones and subzones, pasture shall be utilized under appropriate policy that regulates this depending on its capacity, resource and natural and climate feature of area.

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Munn, A. J., T. J. Dawson, S. R. McLeod, D. B. Croft, M. B. Thompson, and C. R. Dickman. "Field metabolic rate and water turnover of red kangaroos and sheep in an arid rangeland: an empirically derived dry-sheep-equivalent for kangaroos." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 1 (2009): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08063.

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Sustainable management of pastures requires detailed knowledge of total grazing pressure, but this information is critically lacking in Australia’s rangelands where livestock co-occur with large herbivorous marsupials. We present the first comparative measure of the field metabolic rate (an index of food requirement) of Australia’s largest marsupial, the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), with that of domestic sheep (Ovis aries; merino breed). We tested the assumption that the grazing pressure of red kangaroos is equivalent to 0.7 sheep, and show this to be a two-fold overestimation of their contribution to total grazing. Moreover, kangaroos had extraordinarily lower rates of water turnover, being only 13% that of sheep. Consequently, our data support arguments that the removal of kangaroos may not markedly improve rangeland capacity for domestic stock. Furthermore, given the low resource requirements of kangaroos, their use in consumptive and non-consumptive enterprises can provide additional benefits for Australia’s rangelands than may occur under traditional rangeland practices.

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Behmanesh, B., H. Barani, A. Abedi Sarvestani, M. R. Shahraki, and M. Sharafatmandrad. "Rangeland degradation assessment: a new strategy based on indigenous ecological knowledge of pastoralists." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 4 (October 30, 2015): 2999–3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-2999-2015.

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Abstract. In the changing world, the prevalence of land degradation is becoming a serious problem worldwide especially in countries with arid and semiarid rangelands. There are many techniques to assess rangeland degradation but most of them rely on classic science. So a study was conducted to find out how indigenous people assess rangeland degradation and how their ecological knowledge can be used for rangeland degradation assessment. We interviewed pastoralists of two sites (Mirza-Baylu and Dasht) where part of both areas is located in Golestan National Park (NE Iran). A structured questionnaire was designed based on some indicators taken from literature and also primary discussions with pastoralists in order to evaluate land degradation. A qualitative Likert scale was used for scoring rangeland degradation indicators. The results revealed that pastoralist pay first attention to edaphic indicators than vegetative and other indicators. There were significant differences between inside and outside of the park in rangeland degradation indicators for both sites. The results show that the rangelands outside the park in both sites were degraded compare to inside the park especially in the areas near to villages. It can be concluded that pastoralists own a vast amount of knowledge on the vegetation and grazing animal habits that can be used in rangeland degradation assessment and it is necessary to document their ecological indigenous knowledge and involve them in rangeland degradation assessment process.

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Smyth, A. K., R. Brandle, V. Chewings, J. Read, A. Brook, and M. Fleming. "A framework for assessing regional biodiversity condition under changing environments of the arid Australian rangelands." Rangeland Journal 31, no. 1 (2009): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08047.

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Rangelands support many ecosystem services important to humans, including climate regulation. They also have a significant role to play in the mitigation of greenhouse gases. However, the capacity of any rangeland to do this depends foremost upon the condition of biodiversity, and the functioning of its ecosystems. Considerable research has been undertaken on rangeland condition but it has not yet included the assessment of biodiversity (plants, animals and microbes) as a primary focus. Rangeland managers have struggled to assess biodiversity condition because it is rarely defined, is everywhere (so what do you assess?), is always changing in response to natural and human disturbances (so how do you know when it has changed?) and what amount signals management action. Here we present a framework that addresses these issues, and apply it to select surrogates and indicators that are scientifically defensible in biological and planning terms for assessing biodiversity. An arid Australian rangeland region is used as a case study to develop and apply our approach. We were not able to illustrate interpretation of condition because of the absence of long-term monitoring data in Australian rangelands, but we do provide guiding principles about sampling design and analytical methods for interpretation that use raw data rather than multimetrics. We discovered that different management outcomes expected to be informed from assessing biodiversity condition affected surrogate and indicator choice, and that a number indicators were not robust when assessed on conceptual relevance, measurement qualities, feasibility of implementation and policy and management relevance for four different management outcomes. Our work highlights the importance of stating the expected outcomes of biodiversity condition assessments up front, so that indicators relevant to future management are chosen. It also shows that critical thought on the robustness of indicators is warranted, especially as condition assessments under climate change will require information on the functional traits of species. We conclude by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of our framework in relation to environmental planning.

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Oscar Kipchirchir, Koech. "Water Stress Tolerance of Six Rangeland Grasses in the Kenyan Semi-arid Rangelands." American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 3, no. 5 (2015): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150305.18.

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Jafari, F., R. Jafari, and H. Bashari. "Assessing the performance of remotely sensed landscape function indices in semi-arid rangelands of Iran." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 3 (2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16053.

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Appropriate rangeland management requires rangeland function analysis at broad scales. This study aimed to examine the potential of remotely sensed function indices extracted from Landsat data to evaluate the function of semi-arid rangelands in central Iran at the sub-basin scale. Three replicate 30-m transects were randomly placed in the dominant slope direction of 14 selected sub-basins. Various structural properties of vegetation (e.g. number and size of vegetation patches and interpatch lengths) and soil surface were scored based on the landscape function analysis (LFA) procedure. The obtained structural and function indices of the LFA, as well as field percent vegetation cover, were compared with the perpendicular distance vegetation index and remotely sensed function indices including proximity, lacunarity, leakiness index, and weighted mean patch size (WMPS). Remotely sensed function indices were found to be capable of discriminating rangeland landscapes with different conditions. Results showed that the structural properties of vegetation considered in the LFA could also be obtained through WMPS and proximity indices (R >0.76; P < 0.01). All indices, except for lacunarity, had significant correlations with percent vegetation cover and the strongest correlation was observed between WMPS and proximity. Our findings highlight the usefulness and efficiency of function indices derived from satellite data in the estimation of structural and functional properties of rangeland landscapes at the sub-basin scale.

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Sanz, Ernesto, Antonio Saa-Requejo, Carlos H. Díaz-Ambrona, Margarita Ruiz-Ramos, Alfredo Rodríguez, Eva Iglesias, Paloma Esteve, Bárbara Soriano, and Ana M. Tarquis. "Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Temporal Responses to Temperature and Precipitation in Arid Rangelands." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050840.

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Rangeland degradation caused by increasing misuses remains a global concern. Rangelands have a remarkable spatiotemporal heterogeneity, making them suitable to be monitored with remote sensing. Among the remotely sensed vegetation indices, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is most used in ecology and agriculture. In this paper, we research the relationship of NDVI with temperature, precipitation, and Aridity Index (AI) in four different arid rangeland areas in Spain’s southeast. We focus on the interphase variability, studying time series from 2002 to 2019 with regression analysis and lagged correlation at two different spatial resolutions (500 × 500 and 250 × 250 m2) to understand NDVI response to meteorological variables. Intraseasonal phases were defined based on NDVI patterns. Strong correlation with temperature was reported in phases with high precipitations. The correlation between NDVI and meteorological series showed a time lag effect depending on the area, phase, and variable observed. Differences were found between the two resolutions, showing a stronger relationship with the finer one. Land uses and management affected the NDVI dynamics heavily strongly linked to temperature and water availability. The relationship between AI and NDVI clustered the areas in two groups. The intraphases variability is a crucial aspect of NDVI dynamics, particularly in arid regions.

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Yousif, Mohamed Zainelabdeen Hamed, and Ahmed Khatir Abdelrahman. "Assessing Grazing Impact on Arid and Semi Arid Rangelands in Kordofan Region." Greener Journal of Geology and Earth Sciences 1, no. 3 (November 20, 2013): 073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjges.2013.3.062413687.

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Silcock, Jennifer L., and Rod J. Fensham. "Degraded or Just Dusty? Examining Ecological Change in Arid Lands." BioScience 69, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 508–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz054.

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AbstractThe ecological history of rangelands is often presented as a tale of devastation, where fragile drylands are irreversibly degraded through inappropriate land use. However, there is confusion about how to recognize and measure degradation, especially in low-productivity environments characterized by extreme natural variability and where abrupt and comprehensive management upheavals preclude benchmarks. These issues have important consequences for rangeland management programs, which are typically founded on presumptions of substantial and ongoing degradation from former “natural” states. We explore complementary approaches to critically assess degradation: the historical record, long-term grazing exclosures, surveys for potentially rare and sensitive plant species, and assessment of water-remote areas in relation to rare plant occurrence. Employing these approaches in inland Australia, we show that prevailing paradigms have become entrenched despite being inconsistent with empirical evidence. Our methodology can be applied to drylands with abrupt changes in management and contentious ecological narratives.

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Noble, James C., David S. Hik, and Anthony R. E. Sinclair. "Landscape ecology of the burrowing bettong: fire and marsupial biocontrol of shrubs in semi-arid Australia." Rangeland Journal 29, no. 1 (2007): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06041.

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Prior to European settlement, medium-sized marsupials, especially bettongs (Bettongia spp.), were widely distributed across arid and semi-arid Australia. Most disappeared rapidly in the late 1800s in the earliest settled rangelands such as the West Darling region of western New South Wales following the spread of domestic herbivores, rabbit invasion, exotic predators and loss of habitat. Because the burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) is the only fossorial macropod species, it left a clearly visible record of its past presence, distribution and habitat preferences in the form of substantial relict warrens, particularly in stony, ‘hard-red’ habitats. With the reduction in fire frequency because of excessive grazing pressures following European settlement in the 19th century, there was a rapid increase in the density of unpalatable native shrubs. We examine the hypothesis that periodic wildfires and browsing by bettongs were together able to regulate shrub densities in semi-arid rangelands in Australia. Information from various sources concerning the effects of fire, rainfall and browsing on the demography of shrubs was used to construct a model of shrub population dynamics. The model indicates the potential for two states for a given bettong density: first, a low shrub density maintained by a combination of periodic fire and bettong browsing; and second, a high shrub density in the absence of fire. These results have broad implications for pastoral and conservation management in Australian semi-arid rangelands.

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Trodd, N. M., and A. J. Dougill. "Monitoring vegetation dynamics in semi-arid African rangelands." Applied Geography 18, no. 4 (October 1998): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-6228(98)00024-1.

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Dean, Christopher, Jamie B. Kirkpatrick, Richard J. Harper, and David J. Eldridge. "Optimising carbon sequestration in arid and semiarid rangelands." Ecological Engineering 74 (January 2015): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.125.

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Waudby, Helen P., and Sophie Petit. "Ephemeral plant indicators of livestock grazing in arid rangelands during wet conditions." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 3 (2015): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14118.

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Vegetation communities in arid rangeland systems are typically dominated by short-lived, ephemeral (annual) plants during periods of high rainfall. These conditions present a rare opportunity to examine herbivore–plant interactions and identify potential indicators of grazing intensity. The influence of cattle grazing on vegetation communities of arid cracking-clay gibber-gilgai systems in Australian rangelands was investigated during La Niña (wet) conditions, including 2010, which was the wettest year on record in the region. Seasonal annual plant diversity was assessed at three grazed and three less-grazed sites. Individual annual species’ responses to grazing intensity were examined among grazed and less-grazed sites (i.e. increasing or decreasing response). Additionally, rare (found at one site only) and restricted (found at grazed or less-grazed sites only) annual and perennial species were identified to elucidate their status as indicators. Prevailing La Niña conditions allowed the study of little-known, short-lived species, which constituted the bulk of species richness. Differences in grazing intensity were more clearly ascertained from examining individual species than plant diversity. Of 31 annual/short-lived species, 21 responded to grazing intensity. Although most species responded to grazing (n = 7 increasers and n = 14 decreasers), these responses did not necessarily reflect published accounts of their so-called palatability. Thirty other species were restricted to certain site types (grazed or less-grazed) and 20 were rare. The indicator species concept should be applied at appropriate scales, and more detailed information is needed on stock preferences for these ephemeral plants in these rangeland systems. Elucidating the effect of grazing on individual plant species’ phenology, and identifying indicators, is important for developing efficacious land management practices.

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Blonski, Laura J., Edward W. Bork, and Peter V. Blenis. "Herbage yield and crude protein concentration of rangeland and pasture following hog manure application in southeastern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 773–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-103.

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Intensive hog production is expanding into semi-arid regions of Alberta, where perennial forage lands are increasingly targeted for manure applicati on despite limited guidelines for its efficient use. Herbage yield and crude protein were assessed over two consecutive years within two native rangelands and two tame pastures, following different rates (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha-1 NH4-N), methods (surface banding vs. subsurface injection) and seasons (fall vs. spring) of one-time liquid hog manure (LHM) application. Increasing manure rates improved grass yield across all sites the first growing season after treatment, from 1626 to 3576 kg ha-1. Although absolute increases in production were greatest on tame pasture, relative yield increases were similar among sites. Average crude protein (CP) concentration also increased from 69 to 91 g kg-1 in the first year. Despite low rainfall and the absence of a yield response in the second year, grass CP and crude protein yield (CPY) were maximized with increased manure application, highlighting the positive effects of manure on forage production, even with drought. Forb yields demonstrated variable effects among sites, with increasing manure decreasing alfalfa and increasing native forbs. Overall, both semi-arid tame pastures and native rangelands responded positively to LHM application, highlighting the complementary nature of hog and forage production under these conditions. Key words: Crude protein yield, forage, hog manure, injection, native rangeland, precipitation

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Croft, DB. "Sustainable use of wildlife in western New South Wales: Possibilities and problems." Rangeland Journal 22, no. 1 (2000): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000088.

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Sustainable use of wildlife has become equated with exploitation of animal products (meat, skin or feathers) and/or removal of wild progenitors into the pet trade. This consumption of the wildlife is therefore largely ex situ and so removes nutrients and energy from the rangelands. Demand for lethal or a removal action is often driven by the severity of the perceived conflict between the wildlife and other enterprises, especially agriculture, rather than for the resulting products. Such uses also raise community concerns about humane treatment of animals and a valuing of the natural heritage. Wildlife-based tourism, as part of the valuable and growing nature-based or ecotourism industry in Australia, is an in situ use that may be a more ecologically sustainable and economically twble option for use of rangeland wildlife. This paper examines these possibilities and their problems with a focus on the commercial kangaroo industry and the use of arid-zone mammals, birds and reptiles for pets. It provides new evidence that wildlife-tourism based on free-living kangaroos in the rangelands is both feasible and in demand. This industry should be given advocacy in the on-going debate on the management and future of the rangelands. Key words: kangaroos, wildlife management, wildlife tourism, game harvesting

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Purvis, JR. "Nuture the Land: My philosophies of pastoral management in central Australia." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 2 (1986): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860110.

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The continued productivity of Australia's arid and semi-arid pastoral industry is dependent on the correcr stocking of rangelands and the reclamation of degraded country now. Over the past 25 years as a pastoralist, I have applied management principles and techniques which I believe are also generally applicable throughout Australia's rangelands. During that time, we have reduced stock numbers, cleared our station of a hefty debt, substantially improved the station and the quality of the herd, undertaken considerable land reclamation work and seen the condition of productive grazing country improve. This article describes how it has been achieved in the hope that some of these management principles might gain wider acceptance throughout pastoral Australia.

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Easdale, Marcos H., and Heber Rosso. "Dealing with drought: social implications of different smallholder survival strategies in semi-arid rangelands of Northern Patagonia, Argentina." Rangeland Journal 32, no. 2 (2010): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj09071.

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Drought is a constant part of rangeland dynamics in arid and semi-arid regions, and has enormous impacts on extensive livestock production by reducing outputs as well as by generating short-term farm decapitalisation (e.g. when livestock die). Since rural people rely on animal husbandry for their livelihood, productive losses become a social problem. Approaches to deal with drought have generally been focused on the livestock–range management linkage, with many suggestions originating from different disciplines. However, fewer efforts had been made to understand the adaptive capacity of households to cope with drought, through changing from on-farm to off-farm approaches. We assessed the implications for household gross income of different smallholder survival strategies, in the context of a severe regional drought. Three strategies were selected: (i) social networks involving partnerships, (ii) income diversification, and (iii) farm production diversification. While drought impacted homogeneously on the production indicators among the different strategies, differences were apparent in household economic performance. Better prices obtained from associated sales and off-farm income strategies registered better household gross income levels. For these cases the effect of drought on farm productivity could be decoupled from household income. Results provide new insights in understanding the social impact of drought on rangelands, challenging current ideas about how governments can support poorest and most vulnerable farmers in rural arid and semi-arid regions.

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Southwell, C., K. Weaver, N. Sheppard, and P. Morris. "Distribution and Relative Abundance of Feral Goats in the Rangelands of Eastern Australia." Rangeland Journal 15, no. 2 (1993): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930331.

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An aerial survey of 966,000 km2 of the arid/semi-arid rangelands of Queensland and New South Wales in the winter of 1992 indicated a minimum feral goat population of almost 1 million animals (density 0.97�0.12/km2). Observed density (f standard error) was higher in New South Wales (1.51�0.23/km2) than in Queensland (0.47�0.09/km2).

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Gamoun, Mouldi, and Mounir Louhaichi. "Botanical Composition and Species Diversity of Arid and Desert Rangelands in Tataouine, Tunisia." Land 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030313.

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Natural rangelands occupy about 5.5 million hectares of Tunisia’s landmass, and 38% of this area is in Tataouine governorate. Although efforts towards natural restoration are increasing rapidly as a result of restoration projects, the area of degraded rangelands has continued to expand and the severity of desertification has continued to intensify. Any damage caused by disturbances, such as grazing and recurrent drought, may be masked by a return of favorable rainfall conditions. In this work, conducted during March 2018, we surveyed the botanical composition and species diversity of natural rangelands in Tataouine in southern Tunisia. The flora comprised about 279 species belonging to 58 families, with 54% annuals and 46% perennials. The Asteraceae family had the greatest richness of species, followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, and Cistaceae. Therophytes made the highest contribution, followed by chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes. Of all these species, 40% were palatable to highly palatable and more than 13% are used in both traditional and modern medicine.

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39

Saïdi, S., G. Gintzburger, L. Gazull, J. Wallace, and S. Christiansen. "A model for locating fodder shrub plantations sites in the Jordanian badiyah." Rangeland Journal 40, no. 5 (2018): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17129.

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We developed a GIS desktop model to accurately locate and map prospective areas for sustainable establishment and production of Atriplex plantations and other fodder shrubs in the desert in the north-eastern Jordanian Badiyah. The aim is to provide a tool to assist managers, local communities and development projects in Mediterranean arid and semi-arid rangelands. The model uses freely available data and GIS layers of current land use, land cover, settlement location, soil information, and derivatives from a digital elevation model to provide critical locations of drainage lines and to calculate Areas of Accumulated Water from concentrated runoff. The model identified, accurately located and mapped ~4500 ha (1.44% of the test zone) as technically appropriate for potential shrub plantations sites. The final site map must be field-checked and validated with the local communities and authorities. Our model has potential for wide application over arid and semi-arid Mediterranean rangelands from Morocco to Pakistan, with local adjustment of our parameters and rules. The model considerably reduces the risk and costs of fodder plantation establishment operations, thus increasing the feasibility of efforts to maximise fodder shrub establishment, survival and production.

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40

Holm, AM, DG Burnside, and AA Mitchell. "The development of a system for monitoring trend in range condition in the arid shrublands of Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 9, no. 1 (1987): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9870014.

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The role of a monitoring system for Western Australian pastoral shrublands is examined. The authors argue that the objective of management is to maximise sustained animal productivity, and that this can only be attained if the soil is maintained in a stable state. In non-degraded rangelands this objective is synonomous with the maintenance of a pasture community with its natural balance of edible and less edible species. In degraded rangelands the objective of regaining the pristine vegetation may, in many cases, be unattainable. Nevertheless, the objective of maximum sustained productivity again appears suitable since this would ensure that, where management is able to influence the direction of change, it is towards a pasture dominated by useful, rather than non-palatable, species. Our monitoring system aims to assist management achieve these objectives. The Western Australian Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS) has been designed to include the assessment of ecological processes but with a strong bias towards characteristics that can be interpreted in production terms. We expect that the system will primarily and most importantly, aid pastoralists in their season by season decisions on stock movements. It will also provide a tool for the land administrator, who must be able to assure the wider community that the land is being used wisely. Finally, it should assist range scientists towards a better understanding of rangeland ecosystems. The WARMS system involves a series of grazed range monitoring sites, lightly grazed reference areas and ungrazed control areas. At each monitoring site a photograph is taken and plants within a fixed area are identified and marked on an overlay. The number and size of perennial shrubs are recorded within fixed belt transects and the contribution from perennial grasses and biennial species is assessed. Soil stability is also assessed using a rating scale and a modified step point procedure.

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Landsberg, Jill, Sandra Lavorel, and Jacqui Stol. "Grazing response groups among understorey plants in arid rangelands." Journal of Vegetation Science 10, no. 5 (October 1999): 683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3237083.

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42

Friedel, MH, and GN Bastin. "Photographic standards for estimating comparative yield in arid rangelands." Rangeland Journal 10, no. 1 (1988): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9880034.

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When the conventional comparative yield method was tested in arid rangelands with a diversity of range types, species and structure, it gave rise to large differences between operators' estimates of yield, which were not easily reduced by calibration. As well, the procedure was too time consuming for a monitoring system. To improve the efficiency of yield estimation, we tested a modified version which substituted a folio of photographs for the selection and assessment of reference standards and calibration quadrats. The differences between operators' estimates were still large, but could be relatively easily reduced by periodic calibration because operators used the technique more consistently than the conventional method. We suggest that the reliability of estimates would be improved with extra training, a wider choice of photostandards and the use of a single operator. The procedure is rapid and easy to use, and we recommend its use in combination with the dry-weight-rank technique for species composition. A program is available which enables the collection and analysis of data from both methods in the field, using a hand-

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43

Gamoun, Mouldi, Mohamed Tarhouni, Azaiez Ouled Belgacem, Mohamed Neffati, and Belgacem Hanchi. "Response of Different Arid Rangelands to Protection and Drought." Arid Land Research and Management 25, no. 4 (October 2011): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2011.611578.

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Fuls, E. R. "Semi-arid and arid rangelands: a resource under siege due to patch-selective grazing." Journal of Arid Environments 22, no. 2 (March 1992): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30591-3.

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Gharibvand, Hojatollah Khedri, Hossein Azadi, and Frank Witlox. "Exploring appropriate livelihood alternatives for sustainable rangeland management." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 4 (2015): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15027.

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Rangeland degradation and vulnerability of livelihoods are two major challenges facing pastoralists, rangeland managers and policy-makers in arid and semi-arid areas. There is a need to make holistic informed decisions in order to protect rangelands and sustain livelihoods. Through a comprehensive literature review on rangeland management policies and livelihood strategies of ‘rangeland users’, it is shown how such policies have affected sustainable rangeland management, how strategies to sustain livelihoods have been incomplete and how there has been a lack of a multi-disciplinary approach in acknowledging them. Accordingly, a set of appropriate livelihood alternatives is introduced and, thenceforth, a framework for their evaluation is developed. Supportive strategies for enhancing resilience are discussed as a research and policy-making gap. In this study, the keys to achieve sustainable livelihoods are acknowledged as ‘livelihoods’ resilience’, where livelihoods need to be supported by access to capital, means of coping with the contexts of vulnerability as well as by enhancing policies, institutions and processes. The paper proposes a set of ‘livestock-based livelihoods’ regarding ‘traditional pastoralism’ as well as ‘their mitigation and adaptation’. Moreover, their transformation to ‘commercial pastoralism’, ‘resource-based livelihoods’, ‘alternative livelihoods’ and ‘migration’ strategies is recognised to be employed by rangeland users as useful alternatives in different regions and under future changing conditions including climate change. These strategies embrace thinking on resilience and are supported by strategies that address social and ecological consequences of climate change consisting of mitigation, adaptation and transformation. It is argued that sustainable livelihoods and sustainable rangeland management will be achieved if they are supported by policies that build and facilitate a set of appropriate livelihood alternatives and keep them in a sustainable state rather than being limited to supporting ‘vulnerable livelihoods’. Finally, future directions for analysing and policy-making in selecting the best alternative to achieve sustainable livelihoods are indicated.

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PECH, R. P., A. W. DAVIS, R. R. LAMACRAFT, and R. D. GRAETZ. "Calibration of LANDSAT data for sparsely vegetated semi-arid rangelands." International Journal of Remote Sensing 7, no. 12 (December 1986): 1729–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431168608948964.

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Call, C. A., and B. A. Roundy. "Perspectives and Processes in Revegetation of Arid and Semiarid Rangelands." Journal of Range Management 44, no. 6 (November 1991): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003034.

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Favretto, Nicola, Eike Luedeling, Lindsay C. Stringer, and Andrew J. Dougill. "Valuing Ecosystem Services in Semi‐arid Rangelands through Stochastic Simulation." Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 1 (September 4, 2016): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2590.

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Morton, SR. "Conservation and wildlife in the Australian arid rangelands: an introduction." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920063.

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TEWARI, V. P., and RANJANA ARYA. "Degradation of Arid Rangelands in Thar Desert, India: A Review." Arid Land Research and Management 19, no. 1 (December 22, 2004): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324980590887056.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Arid rangelands'

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