Journal articles on the topic 'Argument strucure'
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Nakrowi, Zain Syaifudin, and Yeti Mulyati. "EVALUASI KUALITAS ARGUMEN PADA ARTIKEL JURNAL." LITERA 20, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v20i1.34287.
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Argumentasi sangat penting dalam artikel ilmiah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap kualitas argumentasi dalam artikel ilmiah pada jurnal dengan scope pendidikan bahasa Indonesia. Kualitas jurnal akan dievaluasi berdasarkan perspektif Toulmin. Evaluasi dipaparkan dalam pembagian kualitas argumentasi, struktur varian yang tampak dalam paragraf argumentasi, dan peringkat kualitas argumentasi pada jurnal terindeks sinta 2 sampai 6. Untuk mengungkap kualitas argumen tersebut, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan mixed method. Hasil temuan dari penelitian ini, pertama: secara umum kualitas argumen dalam artikel yang berfokus pada pendidikan bahasa Indonesia masih rendah. Argumen secara dominan disajikan dengan struktur P-D. Kedua, terdapat empat varian struktur argumen yang ditemukan, yaitu: P-D, P-D-J, P-D-T, dan P-D-J-T. Ketiga, kualitas argumen berdasarkan nilai rerata konversi menunjukkan jurnal terakreditasi sinta 2 memiliki kualitas masuk pada klasifikasi sedang. Sementara artikel pada jurnal terakreditasi 3, 4, 5, 6 dan tidak terakreditasi memiliki kualitas argumen tergolong pada kategori rendah.Kata kunci: kualitas argumen, wacana, perspektif toulminEVALUATING THE QUALITY ARGUMENT IN JOURNAL ARTICLESAbstrakArguments are very important in scientific articles. This study aims to reveal the quality of arguments in scientific articles in journals with the scope of Indonesian language education. The quality of the journal will be evaluated based on the Toulmin’s perspective. Evaluation is described in the division of argumentation quality, variant structure that appears in the argumentation paragraphs, and argumentation quality ratings in indexed journals 2 to 6. To reveal the quality of the arguments, the researcher uses a mixed method approach. The findings of this study are as follows. First: in general, the quality of the arguments in articles that focus on Indonesian language education is still low. The argument is predominantly presented with a P-D structure. Second, there are four variants of the argument structure found, namely: P-D, P-D-J, P-D-T, and P-D-J-T. Third, the quality of the argument based on the average conversion value shows that the Sinta 2 accredited journals have medium classification. Meanwhile, articles in accredited journals 3, 4, 5, 6 and un-accredited have the quality of their arguments in the low category.Keywords: quality of arguments, discourse, Toulmin's perspective
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Rahwan, Iyad, Bita Banihashemi, Chris Reed, Douglas Walton, and Sherief Abdallah. "Representing and classifying arguments on the Semantic Web." Knowledge Engineering Review 26, no. 4 (December 2011): 487–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888911000191.
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AbstractUntil recently, little work has been dedicated to the representation and interchange of informal, semi-structured arguments of the type found in natural language prose and dialogue. To redress this, the research community recently initiated work towards an Argument Interchange Format (AIF). The AIF aims to facilitate the exchange of semi-structured arguments among different argument analysis and argumentation-support tools. In this paper, we present a Description Logic ontology for annotating arguments, based on a new reification of the AIF and founded in Walton's theory of argumentation schemes. We demonstrate how this ontology enables a new kind of automated reasoning over argument structures, which complements classical reasoning about argument acceptability. In particular, Web Ontology Language reasoning enables significantly enhanced querying of arguments through automatic scheme classifications, instance classification, inference of indirect support in chained argument structures, and inference of critical questions. We present the implementation of a pilot Web-based system for authoring and querying argument structures using the proposed ontology.
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Macagno, Fabrizio. "Esquemas de argumentação para a interpretação da lei." Teoria Jurídica Contemporânea 3, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21875/tjc.v3i2.22710.
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RESUMO:Neste artigo demonstra-se como os esquemas argumentativos (esquemas que representam argumentos refutáveis, combinados com perguntas críticas correspondentes), podem ser usados para representar a estrutura lógica dos vários tipos de argumentos reconhecidos como fundamentais na interpretação da lei por Tarello (1980). Defende-se que o processo de interpretação da lei tem uma estrutura argumentativa distinta na qual a conclusão, nomeadamente o significado disputável ou questionado atribuído a uma fonte jurídica, é uma afirmação que necessita ser respaldada por argumentos refutáveis a favor ou contra. Esta transformação de argumentos de interpretação numa estrutura de esquemas argumentativos é analisada em detalhe em dois argumentos, o argumento psicológico e o argumento a contrario. A natureza refutável de cada esquema é demonstrada por meio de questões críticas que identificam as condições padrão para a aceitação de argumentos interpretativos e fornecem um método para avaliar a força ou a fraqueza de um determinado argumento. ABSTRACT:In this paper, the logical structures of the interpretative arguments summarizing the various interpretative canons considered fundamental by Tarello (1980) are represented by argumentation schemes, namely patterns of defeasible arguments combined with their corresponding critical questions. The process of statutory interpretation is shown to have a specific argumentative structure where the conclusion corresponds to the disputed or questionable meaning attributed to a legal source and needs to be supported and attacked through defeasible arguments. This translation of interpretative arguments into argumentation schemes is illustrated in detail considering two specific arguments, the psychological and the a contrario arguments. The defeasibility conditions of each scheme are summarized in a set of critical questions, which identify the default conditions for accepting interpretative arguments and provide a method for evaluating a given argument as weak or strong.
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Browne, Mitchell. "On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages." Languages 6, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030136.
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Warlpiri and Warlmanpa (Ngumpin-Yapa languages of Australia) exhibit a complex predicate construction in which a class of preverbs introduces a single argument that is not shared by the argument structure of the inflecting verb, nor is there necessarily any shared event structure. This is problematic for many theories of linking structures of complex predicates, since no arguments or events are shared between the predicative elements of the complex predicate. The same grammatical relation is instantiated by a beneficiary adjunct. In light of new research in event and argument structure, I propose a lexical rule which introduces an applicative argument to account for the beneficiary construction; and that the preverbs take another predicate as one of their arguments to account for the complex predicates. The applicative rule and the preverbs both introduce an argument of the same grammatical relation, leading to interesting interactions, given that two grammatical relations of the same type are not expected to co-occur within a single clause.
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XUE, NIANWEN, and MARTHA PALMER. "Adding semantic roles to the Chinese Treebank." Natural Language Engineering 15, no. 1 (January 2009): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324908004865.
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AbstractWe report work on adding semantic role labels to the Chinese Treebank, a corpus already annotated with phrase structures. The work involves locating all verbs and their nominalizations in the corpus, and semi-automatically adding semantic role labels to their arguments, which are constituents in a parse tree. Although the same procedure is followed, different issues arise in the annotation of verbs and nominalized predicates. For verbs, identifying their arguments is generally straightforward given their syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank as they tend to occupy well-defined syntactic positions. Our discussion focuses on the syntactic variations in the realization of the arguments as well as our approach to annotating dislocated and discontinuous arguments. In comparison, identifying the arguments for nominalized predicates is more challenging and we discuss criteria and procedures for distinguishing arguments from non-arguments. In particular we focus on the role of support verbs as well as the relevance of event/result distinctions in the annotation of the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. We also present our approach to taking advantage of the syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank to bootstrap the predicate-argument structure annotation of verbs. Finally, we discuss the creation of a lexical database of frame files and its role in guiding predicate-argument annotation. Procedures for ensuring annotation consistency and inter-annotator agreement evaluation results are also presented.
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ALotaibi, Yasir. "Shared Arguments in Modern Standard Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n1p164.
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This paper discusses shared arguments in coordinate structures in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). It assumes that a shared argument between two conjuncts can be a subject or an object. The paper uses the lexical-functional grammar (LFG) framework for analyzing this kind of structure. In LFG, the two possible analyses for similar structures involve analyzing the shared argument as bearing two functions in the two conjuncts. The first analysis is the split analysis, where the shared argument is zipped to both conjuncts by assuming that the verb phrases in both conjuncts are split. The second analysis is function spreading, in which the function of the shared argument is spread from one conjunct to another. This paper argues that the previous analyses in LFG have faced some problems in accounting for this phenomenon in MSA. To solve these problems, this paper contributes a new analysis for shared arguments that involves analyzing the missing argument, whether it is a subject or an object, as a null argument.
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Said Al-Maamari, Faisal. "Argument Structure in Arabic and English: Re-assessing Purity and Redeeming Hybridity." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 4 (May 2, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.4p.104.
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This study presents a contrastive rhetorical analysis of 20 argumentative Arabic and English editorials in argument structure. Samples were selected from two daily newspapers with equally wide distribution, and articles were written by their respective native writers. Both graphical and textual analyses captured the argument structure in terms of macro and micro arguments. A core finding is that the argument structure in the sampled editorials did not conform to the current predominant model of argument structure, which tended to polarize argument structure in terms of through or counter argumentation. The study contributes to the existing literature by defying the polarized traditional purity typology of argument structure frequently cited in the literature, and emphasizes a more dynamic hybrid model to understanding and analyzing arguments in general and in Arabic and English specifically. Additionally, the study of the professional genre of editorails has implications for academic writing and second language writing pedagogy by sensitizing foreign language learners to existing models of argument structure and possible ways to structure their arguments in the target language.
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Dudash, Tamara. "INSTRUMENTS OF LEGAL ARGUING AND LEGAL ARGUMENTATION IN VIEW OF THEORY OF LAW." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 73, no. 73 (November 30, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.73.003.
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The article is dedicated to the general theoretic study of the instruments of legal arguing and legal argumentation. The author determines that the substantive instruments of legal arguing are the arguments, while the argument schemes and argumentation structures serve for the purpose of reconstruction and evaluation of legal argumentation. The lack of unified understanding of what is argument in foreign and national legal studies is stated, as well as the impossibility of exhaustive categorization of the arguments in law. The argument is the basic tool of legal arguing. According to C. Tindale, in European tradition the concept of argument encompasses both premises of the argument (argumentation) and its conclusion (standpoint, claim). The concept of argument is rather vague. The author highlights the correlation of the argument and explanation as well as the argument and proof. The reasons for the argument are rooted in the sources of law, that makes argumentation legal. In the argumentation theory, the notions of «argument scheme» and «argumentation structure» are used in addition to the concept of argument. Argument scheme is the internal argument structure. An argument scheme characterizes the type of justification or refutation provided for the standpoint in a single argument by the explicit premise for the standpoint. Argument structure is considered as an external structure of argumentation. It is defined as the way the reasons advanced hang together and jointly support the defended standpoint. There are singular and multiple argumentation structures. The singular argumentation consists of one argument for or against a standpoint. In case of multiple argumentation, few arguments are put forward for or against the same standpoint to predict and respond counterarguments of an opposite party of legal arguing. The procedural aspect of the instruments of legal arguing are the rules of legal arguing. The procedural means of legal arguing are its procedural rules which depend on an area of legal activity where the argumentation is provided as well as on the peculiarities of the argumentative situation. On the one hand, there are procedural rules of legal arguing in any legal system, for instance, legal rules governing the procedures of debates in a parliament, court system, hearing in the Constitutional Court. On the other hand, there are doctrinal rules of critical discussion, of general and legal discourses, elaborated within the argumentation theory and the legal argumentation theory.
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Rast, Erich. "Towards a Model of Argument Strength for Bipolar Argumentation Graphs." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 55, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2018-0027.
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Abstract Bipolar argument graphs represent the structure of complex pro and contra arguments for one or more standpoints. In this article, ampliative and exclusionary principles of evaluating argument strength in bipolar acyclic argumentation graphs are laid out and compared to each other. Argument chains, linked arguments, link attackers and supporters, and convergent arguments are discussed. The strength of conductive arguments is also addressed but it is argued that more work on this type of argument is needed to properly distinguish argument strength from more general value-based components of such arguments. The overall conclusion of the article is that there is no justifiably unique solution to the problem of argument strength outside of a particular epistemological framework.
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Toop, Alison. "Is Marriage Incompatible with Political Liberalism?" Journal of Moral Philosophy 16, no. 3 (June 12, 2019): 302–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-20180007.
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This paper examines three arguments that claim marriage, as a political institution, is incompatible with political liberalism. These arguments are drawn from Elizabeth Brake 1 and Clare Chambers. 2 My purpose here is to determine which, if any, of the arguments show marriage to be incompatible with political liberalism. The “Neutrality Argument” claims that the political institution of marriage violates the political liberal principle of neutrality. I claim that no such violation occurs. The “Unjustified Discrimination Argument” alleges that marriage involves the state in unjustified discrimination. I suggest there are grounds for the differential treatment identified. The “Public Reason Argument” argues that marriage, as it is currently structured, violates the political liberal principle of public reason. I claim that its current structure can be justified by appeal to public reasons. I therefore conclude that none of these arguments successfully demonstrate that marriage is incompatible with political liberalism.
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Hitchcock, David. "Freeman's Syntactic Criterion for Linkage." Informal Logic 35, no. 1 (March 5, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v35i1.4234.
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Freeman’s syntactic criterion for linked argument structure (Freeman 2011) is often readily applicable, captures intuitively linked structures, and implies that refuting a single premiss of a linked argument suffices to refute the argument. But one cannot sharply separate analysis from inference evaluation in applying it, whether an argument satisfies it can be uncertain, it under-generates cases where refuting one premiss suffices to refute an argument, some arguments satisfying it can be easily rescued if a single premiss is refuted, and Freeman’s underlying account of probative relevance is dubious.
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SHKOLA, O. "METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF STUDYING OF FUNDAMENTALS OF THEORY OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE COURSE OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS IN PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY." Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University Series Pedagogical sciences 1, no. 1 (July 6, 2022): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-9208-2022-1-1-445-455.
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The article deals with the theoretical aspects and practical implementation of the author's methodological approach in teaching the basics of fluctuation theory of the course of theoretical physics in Pedagogical University, which is important in the fundamental training of pre-service physics teachers. It is noted that despite the availability of various literary sources, methodological value and originality of the author's approaches in covering the main issues of the course, the need to improve the methodology of its teaching in modern conditions of modernization of higher pedagogical education in the context of European requirements and realities is quite obvious and natural. It is noted that the effective mastery of the basic principles of the theory of fluctuations of theoretical physics, taking into account the principles of fundamentality and professional orientation will contribute to the maximum conciseness of the mathematical apparatus, content compactness, unity, clarity and consistency of teaching material. The author proposes to study the fluctuations of the basic thermodynamic quantities of a macrosystem (energy, volume, density, temperature, entropy, pressure) using two Gibbs lemmas. Molecular scattering of light and its consequences are elucidated according to Rayleigh's law, in conditions when the dimensions of the inhomogeneities of the strucure due to the thermal motion of particles is small in comparison with the wavelength of light. The derivation of the Einstein-Smolukhovsky formula for Brownian motion is proposed according to primary sources with emphasis on the analysis of its physical essence, connection with the second law of thermodynamics, experimental determination based on it in the early twentieth century Boltzmann's constant as a decisive argument in favour of the molecular kinetic theory of the structure of matter and the whole concept of statistical physics. The organization of the educational process on the basis of the methodological approach that was proposed by the author testifies to its effectiveness, which is confirmed by the level of cognitive activity and the results of the final modular control of applicants in recent years. Key words: professional competence of pre-service physics teacher, theoretical physics, theory of fluctuations.
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Groarke, Leo. "Auditory Arguments: The Logic of 'Sound' Arguments." Informal Logic 38, no. 3 (September 14, 2018): 312–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v38i3.4954.
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This article discusses “auditory” arguments: arguments in which non-verbal sounds play a central role. It provides examples and explores the use of sounds in argument and argumentation. It argues that auditory arguments are not reducible to verbal arguments but have a similar structure and can be evaluated by extending standard informal logic accounts of good argument. I conclude that an understanding of auditory elements of argument can usefully expand the scope of informal logic and argumentation theory.
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Clifton, Charles, Shari Speer, and Steven P. Abney. "Parsing arguments: Phrase structure and argument structure as determinants of initial parsing decisions." Journal of Memory and Language 30, no. 2 (April 1991): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-596x(91)90006-6.
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Korvela, Tiina. "To exploit or not to exploit: The structure and development of arguments over the use of wetlands." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (July 7, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2013.3353.
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This paper considers the discourse surrounding the exploitation of wetlands (also called marshlands, bogs, mires and peatlands) in Finland. The focus of the paper is on the development of the arguments used in the discourse – thus the paper also gives an insight into how the legal regimes concerning wetlands have developed. The arguments are analysed using the dualistic and deconstructive model developed in Critical Legal Studies by Martti Koskenniemi. The hypothesis is that, to some extent, the model developed for international law can be adapted to fit national laws, but that significant problems may still arise. Throughout the history of discourse on wetlands, legal arguments have essentially dealt with the conflict between the conservation of wetlands or their exploitation for peat, which is a source of energy. Three arguments are discussed in this paper: 1) The ‘sovereignty argument’; 2) The ‘no harm argument’; and 3) The ‘climate change argument’. The sovereignty argument has been dominant from the beginning of the industrialised production of peat, but the no harm argument has been steadily gaining weight. Interestingly, the climate change argument lacks traction in the discourse even though the importance of wetlands in adaptation to climate change is common knowledge. This paper argues that regional and national authorities use legislation and the no harm argument in innovative ways. These innovations may be useful for the aims underlying the climate change argument.
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Zhou, Changyin, and Yuhuan Zhang. "An ERP Study on the Processing of Chinese Applied-Object Structures." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0012.
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AbstractVerb-argument relation is a very important aspect of syntax-semantics interaction in sentence processing. Previous ERP (event related potentials) studies in this field concentrated on the relation between the verb and its core arguments. The present study aims to reveal the ERP pattern of Chinese applied object structures (AOSs), in which a peripheral argument is promoted to occupy the position of the patient object, as compared with the patient object structures (POSs). The ERP data were collected when participants were asked to perform acceptability judgments about Chinese phrases. The result shows that, similar to the previous studies of number-of-argument violations, Chinese AOSs show a bilaterally distributed N400 effect. But different from all the previous studies of verb-argument relations, Chinese AOSs demonstrate a sustained anterior positivity (SAP). This SAP, which is very rare in the studies related to complexity of argument structure operation, reflects the integration difficulty of the newly promoted arguments and the progressive nature of well-formedness checking in the processing of Chinese AOSs which is in accordance with the metonymic mechanism of non-patient objects in the relevant cognitive study. It shows that, in Chinese, which is a paratactic language, semantics (thematic roles) plays a more important role in the syntax-semantics interface than that in hypotactic languages.
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Ackermann, Nicole, and Bengü Kavadarli. "Civic argumentation in the economic domain: Examining upper high school students’ arguments on socio-economic problems in a performance test by applying a domain-specific analytical framework." Citizenship, Social and Economics Education 21, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20471734211050283.
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Civic argumentation refers to societal problems that may affect various scientific disciplines. Societal problems are complex and their possible solutions controversial. Making informed and reasoned decisions on these problems requires domain-specific content knowledge and domain-specific argumentation skills. This study addresses argumentation on societal problems in the economic domain. It examines 159 high school students’ written arguments on two socio-economic problems in a performance test by applying a domain-specific analytical framework with quality criteria for argument structure and content and by using qualitative content analysis, cluster analysis and variance analysis. Our findings show that students’ argument structure did not substantially vary between the two test tasks, but their argument content did. Students tended to generate arguments with justifications that supported their own position, but seldom with justifications that qualified it. Of all arguments, a quarter were fully accurate, about half referred to scientific concepts and half included multiple perspectives. We identified three distinctive argument profiles regarding structure and content of argument quality. Moreover, the argument profile is a distinctive factor for students’ content knowledge. Our study gives insights into students’ written argumentation skills and content knowledge on socio-economic problems and offers a promising analytical framework for future research in this domain.
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Lasersohn, Peter. "Lexical Distributivity and Implicit Arguments." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 3 (October 8, 1993): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v3i0.2751.
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Popular assumptions about distributive predicates and implicit arguments interact to predict incorrect truth conditions for sentences in which a predicate takes both an implicit argument and an overt distributive argument. This paper argues that the conflict provides evidence for a particular approach to argument structure and in particular to the semantics of implicit arguments: namely, a "neo-Davidsonian" approach, in which thematic roles are analyzed as relations between events and individuals, and existentially interpreted implicit arguments do not appear in the syntax or in logical representation at all. The effect of implicit arguments is produced through the use of meaning postulates guaranteeing that any atomic event of a given type must bear the appropriate thematic relation to some individual.
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Stroik, Thomas. "Middles and Reflexivity." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 1 (January 1999): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999553986.
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This article investigates the argument structure of middle predicates. It argues that middle verbs syntactically project the entire argument grids of their active counterparts; however, middle verbs, like passive verbs, project the external (Agent) arguments of their active counterparts as adjuncts. These demoted Agent arguments can appear, in middle constructions, as the objects of for-PPs.
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Warren, James. "Sextus Empiricus and the Tripartition of Time." Phronesis 48, no. 4 (2003): 313–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852803772456074.
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AbstractA discussion of the arguments against the existence of time based upon its tripartition into past, present, and future found in SE M 10.197-202. It uncovers Sextus' major premises and assumptions for these arguments and, in particular, criticises his argument that the past and future do not exist because the former is no longer and the latter is not yet. It also places these arguments within the larger structure of Sextus' arguments on time in SE M 10 and considers these arguments as an example of his general strategy for producing ataraxia by assembling opposing sets of argument on a given question.
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Ariel, Mira, Elitzur Dattner, John W. Du Bois, and Tal Linzen. "Pronominal datives." Studies in Language 39, no. 2 (August 18, 2015): 257–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.2.01ari.
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Based on a large corpus of dative constructions in Hebrew, we propose that dative-marked pronominals manifest a facilitated path from adjunct to argument. Since datives tend to be pronominal, adding them onto existing argument structures avoids a clash with the Preferred Argument Structure (PAS) Quantity constraint against more than one lexical noun phrase per clause. Supporting a more fluid adjunct/argument distinction, our first claim is that different Hebrew datives are grammaticized as arguments to different degrees. We then demonstrate a correlation between the degree of grammaticization of the dative as an argument and pronoun/lexical ratios. We show that incipient grammaticization phases involve virtually exclusive use of pronominal datives, but deeper grammaticization phases allow increased use of lexical nouns, within the constraints of PAS. Thus, it is pronouns that blaze the path from adjunct to argument status.
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Ye, Lijuan. "A Comparative Genre Study of Spoken English Produced by Chinese EFL Learners and Native English Speakers." TESL Canada Journal 31, no. 2 (November 2, 2011): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v31i2.1176.
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Previous research within the field of argumentation has established that argumen- tation plays an important role in a variety of professions. Written argumentation has been extensively explored and investigated to examine its various aspects, in- cluding argument structures and schemes, argumentative strength, the role of au- dience, the evaluation of argument, argumentative persuasiveness and force, and so on. It appears, however, that few studies have been carried out to address the issues of spoken argumentation. To fill the gap, this article attempts to compare elements of the spoken argumentative genre produced by Chinese EFL learners to those in their native English-speaking counterparts. Findings from the study show that the former group generally produced an exposition genre focusing on one side of the argument, whereas the latter group noted two or more sides of the argument in order to balance the issue. In addition, Chinese EFL learners tended to use a formulaic argument structure, whereas native English speakers used a more discursive pattern. Pedagogical implications and potential directions for future studies on spoken English argumentation are suggested in the conclusion.Des recherches antérieures dans le domaine de l’argumentation ont établi que cette capacité joue un rôle important dans diverses professions. L’argumentation par écrit a été intensément explorée et ses divers aspects bien étudiés, y compris la structure et les schémas, la force des arguments, le rôle du public, l’évaluation du raisonnement, le pouvoir de persuasion, et ainsi de suite. Toutefois, il semble que peu de recherches ont porté sur l’argumentation orale. Afin de combler cette lacune, cet article a comme objectif de comparer des éléments de l’argumentation orale d’apprenants chinois d’ALE à ceux de leurs homologues anglophones. Les résultats de l’étude indiquent que les premiers produisaient, de façon générale, un exposé traitant d’un côté de l’argument alors que les deuxièmes en évoquaient deux aspects ou plus de sorte à équilibrer la question. De plus, les apprenants chinois tendaient à employer une structure argumentative basée sur des formules tandis que les anglophones avaient recours à une structure plus discursive. La conclusion de l’article offre des incidences pédagogiques et des orientations pos- sibles pour la recherche portant sur l’argumentation orale en anglais.
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NISBET, TIM. "Meaning, metaphor, and argument structure." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 629–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671900029x.
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This paper challenges what it calls the semantic determinist hypothesis (SDH) of argument licensing, according to which the syntactic realisation of a verb’s arguments is a function of its semantic properties. Specifically, it takes issue with ‘event schema’ versions of the SDH applied to the English ditransitive alternation (give/send {Jesse the gun/the gun to Jesse}), which claim a systematic, syntactically predictive distinction between ‘caused possession’ and ‘caused motion’. It is first shown that semantic and syntactic irregularities among the alternating verbs disconfirm such a mapping. More crucially, however, it is argued that ‘non-prototypical’ (metaphorical and idiomatic) usage (The news report gave Walt an idea, Walt’s actions gave the lie to his promises, The discovery sent Jesse into a fury) is fatal to the SDH, since the hypothesis entails the existence of semantic constraints on argument realisation which these expressions violate.Based on an analysis of the semantically-related verbs give, send, and put, it is claimed that prototypical, metaphorical and idiomatic expressions of a verb can all be licensed straightforwardly, but only if theory maintains separate syntactic and semantic representation of arguments in lexical entries, observing the ‘parallel architecture’ of Jackendoff (1997, 2002), and only if argument tokens are licensed by the syntactic representation alone. A type of structure called a Lexical Argument Construction is proposed, which can describe all the relevant properties of verbs and verbal idioms.
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Romero, Juan Romero, and Javier Ormazabal. "The formal properties of non paradigmatic 'se'." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.8.1.4704.
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Following Oca (1914), this article argues that passive and impersonal se constructions in Spanish are regular transitive constructions where the pronominal clitic seis the argumental subject. Several arguments (secondary predication, non-argumental predicates, control and obviation, anaphora binding, active morphology or its alignment with overt nominative pronouns, among others)show that (i)bothconstructions are active structures, (ii)despite what agreement facts might suggest, in both the internal argument of the verb is not the subject but the direct object throughout the derivation, (iii) se is the active nominative pronominal subject of the construction. We argue that the alleged ‘special’ properties of passive-se are not construction-specific but follow from the lexical specifications of se agreeing with Tense as a quirky subject.
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Gilbert, Kara. "A comparison of argument structures in L1 and L2 student writing." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 14, no. 1 (March 8, 2004): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.14.1.05gil.
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The study consisted of an investigation into the argument structures employed in the English academic writing of Japanese native speakers and Australian English native speakers in the Arts (humanities) faculty of an Australian university. In order to investigate naturally occurring written argument structures, an in-depth case-study analysis of a small number of coursework essays was conducted. The complexity of argument structures in terms of the elaboration of individual arguments and the relational links between multiple related arguments of extended persuasive discourse were examined. Consequently, the similarities and differences between the L1 and L2 argumentative structures in the English essays and the nature of argument in English native speaker and Japanese ESL writing were identified. The findings indicate that although there were some differences between the micro- and macro-structures of written arguments in the coursework essays of L1 and L2 students, there were also similarities across both groups of writers. This may suggest that the context of learning plays a role in shaping the argumentative discourse patterns of written texts, which has significant implications not only for L2 writers learning the conventions of English discourse in an academic environment but also for future research investigating forms of written argument.
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Fatoorchi, Pirooz. "Self-Knowledge and a Refutation of the Immateriality of Human Nature." International Philosophical Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2020): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq202054149.
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The paper deals with an argument reported by Razi (d. 1210) that was used to attempt to refute the immateriality of human nature. This argument is based on an epistemic asymmetry between our self-knowledge and our knowledge of immaterial things. After some preliminary remarks, the paper analyzes the structure of the argument in four steps. From a methodological point of view, the argument is similar to a family of epistemological arguments (notably, the Cartesian argument from doubt) and is vulnerable to the same objection that can be raised against that form of reasoning. The last section points out that the argument can be used indirectly to highlight the weakness in some arguments for the claim that there is something immaterial in human beings.
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Roth, Michael, and Anette Frank. "Inducing Implicit Arguments from Comparable Texts: A Framework and Its Applications." Computational Linguistics 41, no. 4 (December 2015): 625–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00236.
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In this article, we investigate aspects of sentential meaning that are not expressed in local predicate–argument structures. In particular, we examine instances of semantic arguments that are only inferable from discourse context. The goal of this work is to automatically acquire and process such instances, which we also refer to as implicit arguments, to improve computational models of language. As contributions towards this goal, we establish an effective framework for the difficult task of inducing implicit arguments and their antecedents in discourse and empirically demonstrate the importance of modeling this phenomenon in discourse-level tasks. Our framework builds upon a novel projection approach that allows for the accurate detection of implicit arguments by aligning and comparing predicate–argument structures across pairs of comparable texts. As part of this framework, we develop a graph-based model for predicate alignment that significantly outperforms previous approaches. Based on such alignments, we show that implicit argument instances can be automatically induced and applied to improve a current model of linking implicit arguments in discourse. We further validate that decisions on argument realization, although being a subtle phenomenon most of the time, can considerably affect the perceived coherence of a text. Our experiments reveal that previous models of coherence are not able to predict this impact. Consequently, we develop a novel coherence model, which learns to accurately predict argument realization based on automatically aligned pairs of implicit and explicit arguments.
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Plumer, Gilbert. "On Novels as Arguments." Informal Logic 35, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v35i4.4333.
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If novels can be arguments, that fact should shape logic or argumentation studies as well as literary studies. Two senses the term ‘narrative argument’ might have are (a) a story that offers an argument, or (b) a distinctive argument form. I consider whether there is a principled way of extracting a novel’s argument in sense (a). Regarding the possibility of (b), Hunt’s view is evaluated that many fables and much fabulist literature inherently, and as wholes, have an analogical argument structure. I argue that a better account is that some novels inherently exhibit a transcendental argument structure.
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Woods, Cathal. "Diagramming Objections To Independent Premises." Informal Logic 31, no. 2 (July 14, 2011): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v31i2.3078.
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Arguments with what are called "independent" or "convergent" premises are typically diagrammed by using an arrow between each premise and the conclusion. This makes diagramming objections to the reasoning difficult. It also obscures differences in argument structure. I suggest that a single arrow should be used for such arguments and that this is so even in the extreme form of independent premises when the argument is entirely unstructured. I then discuss the diagramming of objections.
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Zaenen, Annie, Adele E. Goldberg, and Jane Grimshaw. "Argument Structure." Language 69, no. 4 (December 1993): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416891.
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Kasachkoff, Tziporah. "Argument Structure." International Studies in Philosophy 36, no. 1 (2004): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil200436193.
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Göksel, Asli. "Argument structure." Lingua 93, no. 1 (May 1994): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(94)90356-5.
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Mangialavori Rasia, Eugenia. "Expanding the causative alternation." Current trends in analyzing syntactic variation 31 (December 31, 2017): 104–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00005.man.
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Abstract The causative-inchoative alternation has been a subject of much debate. It might also be a case where variation patterns that escape existing typological descriptions provide a new perspective on the problem. We analyze the variability and systematicity of alternative argument structure realizations, together with corresponding aspectual/event properties, by considering three different ways in which change-of-state verbs can be semantically and syntactically construed in Romance. Under the general assumption that the syntactic projection of arguments correlates non-trivially with event structure, we apply a novel theoretical approach to the semantics and syntax of the causative-inchoative alternation. We argue that different verbal heads can be independently combined to yield contrasting verbal configurations, with corresponding event/argument structure properties quite freely. Alongside standard cases such as causative and inchoative frames, we discuss what we call ‘stative-causative constructions’ [SCC], where the initiator appears as the sole argument. The general properties of this additional (third) variant suggest the availability of a null causative (external-argument-selecting) v0 producing original monoargumental structures with corresponding (simpler) event structure. These little-known Spanish data challenge current argument structure theories assuming that the causative v0 necessarily implicates the eventive (BECOME) component, or that the latter figures in the verb’s permanent lexical entry. SCCs provide empirical evidence suggesting that what is commonly described as a basic unaccusative/transitive verb may have unergative uses.
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Ariasih, Ni Luh Putu, and I. Nyoman Sedeng. "Argument structure of transition and transfer verbs." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 8, no. 3 (April 12, 2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v8n3.2076.
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This study entitled Argument Structure of Transition and Transfer Verbs. It focused on the argument structure which maps the grammatical relation and the semantic roles. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments and to explain the semantic roles of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments. This study is library research. The data of this study were collected from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which was related to transition and transfer verbs. The documentation method and note-taking technique were applied in collecting the data. In analyzing the data, the descriptive-qualitative method was applied. The data were described and explained based on the theory of argument structure and the theory of transition and transfer verbs. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within transition and transfer verbs with the class of slide verb involve subject, object and oblique. Verb bounce, float, move, roll and slide can be constructed with SV, SVO, SV OBL, SVO OBL and SVO OBL OBL. Furthermore, the structure SVO OBL OBL only appears in the verb of move.
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Ricco, Robert B. "The Macrostructure of Informal Arguments: A Proposed Model and Analysis." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 6 (August 2003): 1021–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000701.
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Theories of informal reasoning and critical thinking often maintain that everyday, informal arguments can be classified into types based on the specific organization that the premises or reasons enter into in their support for the conclusion (Snoeck Henkemans, 2000; Vorobej, 1995b). Three general types are identified: convergent, coordinately linked, and subordinately linked arguments. There has been no empirical research, however, to determine whether these structural distinctions have any psychological reality. In the first two of four experiments, college students were presented with premise pairs from larger, informal arguments and were asked to judge the nature of the relationship between the premises in a pair. The judgments involved applying “tests” of linkage, subordination, and so on, that have been proposed in the theoretical literature on argument analysis (e.g., Walton, 1996a; Yanal, 1991). Results suggest that adults can effectively distinguish between linked (interdependent) and convergent relationships and can further distinguish between interdependencies that are full and those that are merely partial. Adults also distinguished between subordinate and nonsubordinate relations. Experiments 3 and 4 provide evidence that adults make use of information about argument structure in evaluating argument strength and in categorizing arguments. Experiment 4 further suggests that facility with macrostructure is only modestly related to deductive reasoning competence. Findings are framed in terms of a speculative account of how argument structure is identified and mentally represented.
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Kusuma, Invandri. "Konstruksi Kalimat Transitif dalam Berita Daring Merdeka.COM Edisi Januari 2019: Kajian Lexical Functional Grammar." Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajaran (KIBASP) 3, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/kibasp.v3i1.929.
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This study examines the syntactic nature of the transitive sentence construction in the January 2019 edition of Merdeka.com online news. The sentence construction in this study is influenced by the affixation process. The affixation process changes the structure into several different arguments from before. While obscene arguments often occur to hide objects or actors as objects. Argument based Lexical Functional Grammar analysis based on structure takes into account the complex nature of unusual structures. Provision of data using the listen method and in analyzing data using the distribution distribution method. The data is sourced from the use of sentences in Merdeka.Com online news in writing. The results of this study verbs undergo an affixation process on the predicate function to determine their arguments. Some words do not undergo the process of affixation to form more than two arguments. The same subject in the parent sentence and clause form the X-Comp in the formal word.
Keywords: Transitive Sentences, Lexical Functional Grammar, Online News, Verbs
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Bermani, Resakti Alamsyah, Safnil Safnil, and Arono Arono. "An Analysis of Argument Structure of Research Article of English Postgraduate Program of Bengkulu University Published In Journal." JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics & Literature) 2, no. 2 (December 10, 2017): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/joall.v2i2.5954.
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This study investigates the argument pattern in research articles by postgraduate students of English and Education University Bengkulu, based on Toulmin’s Theory (1958). This study analyzed the argument pattern, and reveal the type of data used by the student to support the claim in their argument contains in introduction section and discussion section of Journal Applied Lingusitic and Literature (JOALL) 2016. The data analysis result show that (a) the common argument pattern employed for arguments in introduction section of Research Article published in JOALL is Semi-complete pattern; (b) in discussion section the authors also commonly employ Semi-complete pattern. In addition (c) there are five types of data used by the authors to ground their arguments they are, Facts, Statistics, Example, Expert Opinion, and A Note on Visual. It can be conclude that the Research Article author published in JOALL have a good argumentative text based on Toulmin’s theory.
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VULCHANOVA, MILA. "ARGUMENTS FOR GOOD OR BAD: SENSITIVITY TO ARGUMENT STRUCTURE AND IDIOM PROCESSING ACROSS POPULATIONS." Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, PR (June 29, 2022): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.pr.02.
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This paper addresses approaches to verb argument structure from the point of view of the information which can be assumed to be lexically encoded in the verb. It explores ways in which speakers’ sensitivity to verbs can be investigated experimentally across types of expressions, including idioms/non-literal language, and reports findings from recent empirical research in that domain. Keywords: lexically encoded information, verbs, argument structure, sensitivity, idiom processing
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Yani, La, Ketut Artawa, Made Sri Satyawati, and I. Nyoman Udayana. "Verbal Clause Construction of Ciacia Language: Syntactic Typology Study." e-Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2019.v13.i02.p05.
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Typology study of Ciacia language (CL) in various linguistic aspects has not been conducted yet. It is the first study that focus on syntactic typology. Ciacia language is one of local languages in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study focuses on five main problems, they are (1) How is the base construction of verbal clause in CL? (2) How are the predicate and structure argument constructions of verbal clause in CL, (3) How are the simple predicate and complex predicate constructions of verbal clause in CL? (4) How are valency and valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL? (5) How are complex sentence construction and grammatical alliance system?. The oral data of this study is obtained through recording and elicitation techniques. Written data is obtained through the previous studies. The study also used synthetic data which is verrified by the informants. The data was analyzed by apportion (distributional) method.
The investigation of clause base construction shows that verbal clause construction of Ciacia language is always filled by subject and aspect markers (PS/A) that is affixed to PRED verb. Base structure of verbal clause in CL consists of verbal predicated clause and non-verbal predicated clause. Non-verbal predicated clause can be constructed through base nominal and adjective categories. Verbal clause predicate can be filled by intransitive base verb, mono transitive base verb, ditransitive base verb, and ambi-transitive base verb.
Predication and argument structure of verbal clause construction in CL can be classified in to verbal clause: (i) intransitive with one main argument in terms of SUBJ and as A or OBJ systematically; (ii) semi-transitive with one main argument as A/ACT and with the presence of OBJ argument optionally; (iii) mono-transitive with two main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT with one OBJ argument as UND, (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT before PRED and two arguments after PRED, in terms of OTL (indirect object) and OL (direct object); and (v) ambi-transitive with one main argument, namely SUBJ, either as Sa or as So.
Valency and transitivity of verbal clause construction in CL consists of (i) valency and intransitive verb transitivity with one argument or verb with one valency; (ii) semi-transitive verb with one argument before verb and the presence of argument after Pred verb optionally; (iii) transitive with the obligatory of O presence after Pred verb, so it has two main arguments or verb that has two valency arguments, namely S and O; (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments or verb that has three valency arguments; (v) ambi-transitive with only one argument or verb that has one valency.
Verbal clause construction in CL can be filled by simple Pred verb and complex Pred verb. Simple predicate is created by base verb/intransitive verb and non-verb category, semi-transitive verb, and transitive verb with PS/A. Complex predicate is created through verb (i) intransitive; (ii) semi-transitive verb; and (iii) transitive integral verb. The valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL can be done through formal causativation and semantic causativation, applicative, and resultative.
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Gerber, Matthew, and Joyce Chai. "Semantic Role Labeling of Implicit Arguments for Nominal Predicates." Computational Linguistics 38, no. 4 (December 2012): 755–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00110.
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Nominal predicates often carry implicit arguments. Recent work on semantic role labeling has focused on identifying arguments within the local context of a predicate; implicit arguments, however, have not been systematically examined. To address this limitation, we have manually annotated a corpus of implicit arguments for ten predicates from NomBank. Through analysis of this corpus, we find that implicit arguments add 71% to the argument structures that are present in NomBank. Using the corpus, we train a discriminative model that is able to identify implicit arguments with an F1 score of 50%, significantly outperforming an informed baseline model. This article describes our investigation, explores a wide variety of features important for the task, and discusses future directions for work on implicit argument identification.
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Duncombe, Matthew. "Infinite Regress Arguments as per impossibile Arguments in Aristotle: De Caelo 300 a 30– b 1, Posterior Analytics 72 b 5–10, Physics V.2 225 b 33–226 a 10." Rhizomata 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2023): 262–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rhiz-2022-0015.
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Abstract Infinite regress arguments are a powerful tool in Aristotle, but this style of argument has received relatively little attention. Improving our understanding of infinite regress arguments has become pressing since recent scholars have pointed out that it is not clear whether Aristotle’s infinite regress arguments are, in general, effective or indeed what the logical structure of these arguments is. One obvious approach would be to hold that Aristotle takes infinite regress arguments to be per impossibile arguments, which derive an infinite sequence. Due to his finitism, Aristotle then rejects such a sequence as impossible. This paper argues that this obvious approach does not work, even for its most amenable cases. The paper argues instead that infinite regress arguments involve domain-specific infinities, and so there is not a general finitism which underpins infinite regress arguments in Aristotle, but rather domain-specific reasons that there cannot be an infinite number of entities in each domain in which Aristotle invokes an infinite regress argument.
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Kölbel, Julian, and Erik Jentges. "The Six-Sentence Argument: Training Critical Thinking Skills Using Peer Review." Management Teaching Review 3, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2379298117739856.
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The six-sentence argument (6SA) is an exercise to train critical thinking skills. Faced with a decision situation, students argue for their preferred course of action using a logical structure of exactly six sentences. Through a guided peer review, students engage critically with other students’ arguments and receive detailed feedback on their own arguments. This exercise helps students craft convincing arguments and reflect on their reasoning in a format that can be applied in real-world situations. A key strength of the six-sentence argument exercise is that it can be administered online and is scalable for large courses with little additional workload for the instructor.
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de Swart, Peter, Monique Lamers, and Sander Lestrade. "Animacy, argument structure, and argument encoding." Lingua 118, no. 2 (February 2008): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.02.009.
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Müller, Stefan, and Stephen Wechsler. "Lexical approaches to argument structure." Theoretical Linguistics 40, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2014): 1–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2014-0001.
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AbstractIn lexical approaches to argument structure, lexical items include argument structures. The argument structure represents essential information about potential argument selection and expression, but abstracts away from the actual local phrasal structure. In contrast,
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Khoirunisa, Andini, and Rohmani Nur Indah. "Argumentative Statements in The 2016 Presidential Debates Of The U.S: A Critical Discourse Analysis." JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies) 4, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v4i2.64.
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This study investigates the argumentative statements of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during the debates. By employing two theories, Van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Toulmin's model of argument, it aims to expose how various ideologies are expressed in the structure of arguments. It uses Toulmin (2003) model of argument to analyze the structures of argumentation during the debates constituting six elements (i.e. claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal). While Van Dijk’s framework covering three levels of discourse structure (the meaning, the argumentation and the rhetoric) is used to analyze the reproduction of racism, manipulation, and Islamophobia. The result indicates the discourse of the candidates contributes the reproduction of manipulation by focusing on the positive self-presentation of “us” (civilized) and negative other-presentationof “them” (terrorists) as a mind control of the audience.
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Indah, Rohmani Nur, and Andini Khoirunnisa. "ARGUMENTATIVE STATEMENTS IN THE 2016 PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES OF THE U.S: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS." JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies) 4, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v4i2.347.
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This study investigates the argumentative statements of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during the debates. By employing two theories, Van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Toulmin's model of argument, it aims to expose how various ideologies are expressed in the structure of arguments. It uses Toulmin (2003) model of argument to analyze the structures of argumentation during the debates constituting six elements (i.e. claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal). While Van Dijk’s framework covering three levels of discourse structure (the meaning, the argumentation and the rhetoric) is used to analyze the reproduction of racism, manipulation, and Islamophobia. The result indicates the discourse of the candidates contributes the reproduction of manipulation by focusing on the positive self-presentation of “us” (civilized) and negative other-presentationof “them” (terrorists) as a mind control of the audience.
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Henkemans, Francisca Snoeck. "James B. Freeman,dialectics and the macrostructure of arguments. A theory of argument structure." Argumentation 8, no. 3 (August 1994): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00711199.
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Lida, Ulfah Mey. "Struktur Isi Argumen dalam Teks Argumentasi Siswa Tahap Operasi Formal." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v5i2.318.
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Text is the embodiment of one's ideas in written language that can be read and understood by the reading community. Argumentation is basically an embodiment of discourse. This study was conducted to determine the structure of the argument content in the students' argumentative essays in the formal operation stage by describing the research findings. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with the Miles and Huberman analysis model. The data of this research is in the form of a fragment of the student's argumentative text. This data was obtained from students' assignments to write arguments their teachers had given. In collecting data, the method used is the method of listening. The techniques used are free listening and conversation, documentation, and note-taking. The data analysis of this research uses the communication content analysis model. Based on the analysis results, it was found that the structure of the argument content of the students in the formal operation stage consisted of four structures. The four content structures are (1) deductive complex content structure, (2) inductive complex content structure, (3) deductive simple content structure, and (4) deductive complex simple content structure.
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Thompson, Cynthia K., Borna Bonakdarpour, Stephen C. Fix, Henrike K. Blumenfeld, Todd B. Parrish, Darren R. Gitelman, and M. Marsel Mesulam. "Neural Correlates of Verb Argument Structure Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 11 (November 2007): 1753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.11.1753.
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Neuroimaging and lesion studies suggest that processing of word classes, such as verbs and nouns, is associated with distinct neural mechanisms. Such studies also suggest that subcategories within these broad word class categories are differentially processed in the brain. Within the class of verbs, argument structure provides one linguistic dimension that distinguishes among verb exemplars, with some requiring more complex argument structure entries than others. This study examined the neural instantiation of verbs by argument structure complexity: one-, two-, and three-argument verbs. Stimuli of each type, along with nouns and pseudowords, were presented for lexical decision using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging design. Results for 14 young normal participants indicated largely overlapping activation maps for verbs and nouns, with no areas of significant activation for verbs compared to nouns, or vice versa. Pseudowords also engaged neural tissue overlapping with that for both word classes, with more widespread activation noted in visual, motor, and peri-sylvian regions. Examination of verbs by argument structure revealed activation of the supramarginal and angular gyri, limited to the left hemisphere only when verbs with two obligatory arguments were compared to verbs with a single argument. However, bilateral activation was noted when both two- and three-argument verbs were compared to one-argument verbs. These findings suggest that posterior peri-sylvian regions are engaged for processing argument structure information associated with verbs, with increasing neural tissue in the inferior parietal region associated with increasing argument structure complexity. These findings are consistent with processing accounts, which suggest that these regions are crucial for semantic integration.
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GOH, GWANG-YOON. "Relative obliqueness and the contribution of nonheads in the subcategorization of Old English compound verbs." English Language and Linguistics 4, no. 1 (May 2000): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000125.
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Although the argument structure of preposition–verb (P–V) compounds in Old English (OE) is jointly determined by the head V and the nonhead P, the contribution of the nonhead is limited, often resulting in a seemingly peculiar case-government pattern for a given P–V compound. This paper shows that a new understanding of the case-assigning properties of the head in OE P–V compounds, which is built on the relative obliqueness among OE NP arguments, with accusative NPs less oblique than dative or genitive NPs and verbal arguments less oblique than prepositional arguments, enables us not only to explain the contribution of the nonhead without weakening the traditional priority of the head but also to improve upon the argument attraction process as an account of subcategorization inheritance, demonstrating how the mechanism of argument attraction can be constrained in a principled way.