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1
Kirkham, Georgina Katharine. "Creating art or vexing nature? : ethics and the manipulation of nature, a critical study of arguments from Nature." University of Western Australia. Philosophy Discipline Group, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0163.
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This dissertation comprises a series of five separate papers, arranged as chapters, linked thematically and also in their conclusions. The thematic connection between the chapters is that, in each, I investigate some aspect, either historical or contemporary, of how moral limits have been, or might be, applied to the human manipulation of nature through technology. More specifically, I explore how the concept of naturalness has been, and still is, employed in ethical arguments that seek to place limits upon or defend the use of various technologies. In each chapter, I argue that arguments which appeal to nature or naturalness as a normative concept make proper sense only when understood from the perspective of virtue ethics. The conclusions of each chapter are connected, and connected to the conclusions of the dissertation as a whole: firstly, that what I call 'arguments from nature', as they are used in debates about the moral limitations on the use of technology, are defensible only from within a virtue ethics framework; secondly, that such arguments have an important, although limited, role in such debates; and, finally, that virtue ethics more broadly can inform debates about the ethics of technology and the environment. In the first two chapters, by comparing contemporary debates over the ethics of technological manipulation of nature with historical debates over the proper relationship between art and nature, I demonstrate that virtue ethics have played, and still do play, a significant role in our ethical understanding of our relationship with the non-human world. I argue that the ethical issues that arise from our relationship with the non-human world, in response to advances in technology and to problems with the environment, indicate the need for an understanding of ethics that goes further than the mere consideration of rights and utility. In chapters three and four, I argue that virtue ethical theory provides the most promising understanding of the argument from nature as it is applied in attempts to place limits on the human manipulation of nature. In the final chapter, I explore what a modern environmental or technological virtue or vice might be. I explain and defend the environmental and technological virtue of 'living in place' and, in doing so, bring together and validate the claims made in previous chapters that the appeal to human nature does have a role as a normative guide for our ethical evaluations of how we should live and, more generally, that virtue ethical theory can be of guiding and foundational significance in an overarching ethics of the environment and technology.
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Parker, Michael L. "Sex and the Soul: Plato’s Equality Argument in the Republic." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1147887701.
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Downing, Brigid. "Developing the nature and the role of quality argument in primary science lessons through the use of concept cartoons." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413122.
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Chu, Shiao Ying Sharon. "When poetry argues : on the translation of argument in classical Chinese poems and revisiting the nature of poetry translation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10056221/.
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The assumption of the importance of the translator’s talent has often led to the result that poetry translation appears unfathomable, in particular the view exists that poetry translation can only be successful as a form of rewriting or re-creation (Bassnett, 1998), while the difficulties and intricacies involved in poetry translation may have led to the subjectivity and ‘isolatedness’ of numerous relevant studies. In this research study, I propose the ‘argumentative perspective’ to analyze classical Chinese poetry, by which I argue that description of the nature of poetry translation can be described in a relatively objective manner. Seemingly incompatible with the strong lyric tradition of classical Chinese poetry (Liu & Lo, 1975) but nevertheless a long-standing concept in Western literary studies (Kertzer, 1988), ‘argument’ is defined in this study as having a structural and meaning dimension. Using the comparative approach in translation studies (Williams & Chesterman, 2002), I discuss how different translations of the same poem can be judged against the threshold of whether or not the poetic argument of the source text is transferred as far as possible. While different translation issues are foregrounded as I discuss the two dimensions of poetic argument, the discussions concerned are given coherence by the common aim of demonstrating the usefulness of the argumentative perspective in achieving my research purpose of an objective description of poetry translation, as well as how such a description leads to a simple and accommodating theory, the latter I propose in particular to be contribution to the field of translation studies. All in all, the conclusions derived from adopting the argumentative perspective should have generalizing power, and allow poetry translation to be understood in a way which is rid of the mysticism, subjectivity, and isolated nature associated with previous studies.
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Raymond, Richard. "La nature à la campagne : identification sociale et argument pour la gestion d'un territoire rural partagé : l'exemple du Vexin français." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010513.
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Le respect de la nature est, dans nos sociétés occidentales, un principe acquis. De nombreux acteurs légitiment leurs actions ou leurs revendications en référence à ce principe. De quelle nature s'agit-il ? Les formes de nature identifiées dans le Vexin Français ont été appréhendées à partir des objets matériels désignés et de leurs fonctions. Elles apparaissent comme une part de la réalité sociale. Les paysages ont offert une clef de lecture au géographe pour approcher les croyances et les valeurs localisées qui guident cette identification. L'observation des rencontres entre agents sociaux à propos de la relation agriculture - nature fut l'occasion de dévoiler différents processus d'imposition d'une réalité sociale. Celle-ci cadre les négociations et concertations à propos de la nature et oriente les décisions prises. Enfin, cette question fut aussi l'occasion de prendre parti pour la pratique d'une géographie résolument réaliste.
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Abong'o, Christine. "Etude pragmatique des connecteurs argumentatifs luos et français : nature, distribution et effet de sens." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU1009/document.
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La présente est une analyse des connecteurs du français et de la langue luo. Beaucoup d’études de ce genre ont été réalisées et se sont intéressées à la comparaison des connecteurs d’une langue européenne à une autre. Des études portant sur les comparaisons des connecteurs d’une langue européenne à une langue soit bantoue soit nilotique ou couchitique sont rares. Dans une situation de communication, les problèmes liés au vouloir-dire du locuteur retiennent particulièrement notre attention. La présente étude poursuit les objectifs suivants : faire connaître l’origine possible des connecteurs de la langue luo et analyser les similarités et les différences entre les connecteurs de la langue luo et du français quant à leur nature, leur distribution et leur effet de sens. L’étude est basée sur la théorie de l’argumentation d’Anscombre et Ducrot (1987). Une argumentation a lieu lorsque le locuteur présente un énoncé E1 ou un ensemble d’énoncés dans le but de faire admettre à son interlocuteur un autre énoncé E2 (ou une classe d'énoncés). En rapport avec les techniques de collecte de données, notre étude a eu recours à la recherche documentaire, suivie de l’ analyse approfondie des textes littéraires, une pièce de théâtre, des discours politiques et des textes argumentatifs rédigés par les étudiants de Maseno University et Moi University. La recherche prend en considération les correspondances des connecteurs d’addition, d’opposition, de concession, de cause, de conséquence et de temps, luo et français. Les données sont analysées qualitativement car une telle analyse met en relief une description détaillée de données. Nous espérons que les résultats de cette étude intéresseront à la fois les enseignants des langues et ceux de la traduction, ainsi que leurs étudiants, les chercheurs en général et ceux qui travaillent sur les langues africaines en particulierThis is an analysis of French and Luo sentence connectors. Comparative studies are commonly found between one European language and another. Research carried out on connectors of European and Bantu, Nilotic or Cushitic languages are rare. This thesis thus seeks to fill this knowledge gap. As revealed by literature review, European languages have a wide array of connecters that express different semantic values. If identifying and pegging particular semantic values to connectors of European language poses a challenge, it could be asserted that identifying those of African languages is even a more difficult task since African languages have a smaller number of connectors which could convey a bigger array of semantic value. The objectives of the study are: to determine the possible origin of Luo connectors and to analyze the similarities and differences of Luo and French connectors in terms of nature, distribution and semantic value of the connectors. The study is guided by the argumentative theory of Anscombre and Ducrot (1987). According to the theory, in a situation of argument, the locutor presents E1 in order to orient his interlocutor towards E2. The data collection techniques are grounded on library research as well as reading and analyzing of selected literary texts, a short play, political discourse and argumentative texts written by students from Maseno and Moi Universities. The research is limited to connectors of addition, opposition, concession, cause, consequence and of time, Data is analyzed qualitatively since qualitative analysis lays greater emphasis on holistic description of data. The research adopts a descriptive analysis design because it entails analyzing existing data sets. It is hoped that the results of this study will be vital to teachers of language, teachers of translation, students and to researchers who take interest in the Africans languages
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Lai, Mei-Chun. "Nature of Science Knowledge and Scientific Argumentation Skills in Taiwanese College Biology Students." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337969498.
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Archibald, Joanna. "Museums and music : an argument in favour of a broader evaluation of the object-based nature of music collections in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15131.
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This work seeks to show that the experience gained through music in its practical and aural sense is not represented adequately in music museums because of the necessarily object-based nature of most museum displays. Restricting the analysis to museums - or their equivalent - in the United Kingdom, a representative cross-section of different museums containing music collections is studied. This material is discussed in terms of type, display, interpretation and visitors. Music's problematic standing in museums is subsequently ascribed to its essentially non-visual and transitory nature. A further series of case study museums is then examined - dealing with Film, Theatre, Sport and 'Conceptual Experiences' as subjects - each of which share elements of music's difficulty in presentation. From this, it is shown that many of these difficulties may be overcome; and some of the solutions may be adapted for musical material in both a practical and ideological sense.
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Kilian, Daniel. "Drömmen om livet nära Bullerbyn : Hur används argument för att övertyga nya inflyttare till Högsby kommun och relatera de till utländska fritidshusköpares motiv?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-51652.
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Sweden is a popular holiday destination for people from all over Europe. Its beautiful nature, the possibility of various outdoor-activities and the quintessential Swedish traditions and life-style attract tourists and potential holiday-home-owners alike. Citizens especially from countries such as Denmark, Norway and Germany are buying houses mainly in the southern and western parts of Sweden, searching for a better, easier and more relaxed life in the Swedish countryside. In my study I chose "Högsby kommun", a small municipality situated in the county of Kalmar in Småland as an exemplary case-study to show how Swedish communities deal with the steady decline of inhabitants. The aim of the study is to examine how arguments are used to convince immigrants in moving to Högsby kommun and how they relate to motives of foreign second home owners. Which arguments are used in promoting the place and what kinds of motives have foreign buyers of second homes to choose Högsby kommun as a place to stay? It is a qualitative case study, information is collected through interviews with employee of Högsby kommun and real estate agents, a content analysis of brochures and e-mail questionnaire with second home owners from Germany. The theoretical approaches are counterurbanisation in relation to lifestyle, theory of place identity and promotion of places and research of the motives in buying a second home. The results of the study show that arguments and motives building on each other. The arguments are promoting mainly a beautiful nature, quietness, a relaxed lifestyle and inexpensive housing - all of this are even motives for foreign second home buyers moving to Högsby kommun.
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Foran, Jeffrey (Jeffrey Matthew) 1977. "Missing argument referent identification in natural language." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80532.
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Thesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-55).
by Jeffrey Foran.
S.B.and M.Eng.
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Lin, Chi-San Althon. "Syntax-driven argument identification and multi-argument classification for semantic role labeling." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2602.
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Semantic role labeling is an important stage in systems for Natural Language Understanding. The basic problem is one of identifying who did what to whom for each predicate in a sentence. Thus labeling is a two-step process: identify constituent phrases that are arguments to a predicate, then label those arguments with appropriate thematic roles. Existing systems for semantic role labeling use machine learning methods to assign roles one-at-a-time to candidate arguments. There are several drawbacks to this general approach. First, more than one candidate can be assigned the same role, which is undesirable. Second, the search for each candidate argument is exponential with respect to the number of words in the sentence. Third, single-role assignment cannot take advantage of dependencies known to exist between semantic roles of predicate arguments, such as their relative juxtaposition. And fourth, execution times for existing algorithm are excessive, making them unsuitable for real-time use. This thesis seeks to obviate these problems by approaching semantic role labeling as a multi-argument classification process. It observes that the only valid arguments to a predicate are unembedded constituent phrases that do not overlap that predicate. Given that semantic role labeling occurs after parsing, this thesis proposes an algorithm that systematically traverses the parse tree when looking for arguments, thereby eliminating the vast majority of impossible candidates. Moreover, instead of assigning semantic roles one at a time, an algorithm is proposed to assign all labels simultaneously; leveraging dependencies between roles and eliminating the problem of duplicate assignment. Experimental results are provided as evidence to show that a combination of the proposed argument identification and multi-argument classification algorithms outperforms all existing systems that use the same syntactic information.
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Mejia-Hudson, Yesenia Isela. "An argument for reparations for Native Americans and Black Americans." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3072.
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This paper explores the issue of reparation and how institutionalized racism in the United States has influenced the outcome for the following ethnic groups - Japanese Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans.
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Schäfer, Florian Mathis. "On the nature of anticausative morphology external arguments in change-of-state contexts /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-33071.
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EL-NABIH, HASSAN AHMED. "The Acquisition of the English Causative-Inchoative Alternation by Arabic Native Speakers." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:101759.
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Thesis advisor: Patrick ProctorThis study is an investigation of Arabic native speakers' (ANSs) acquisition of the English causative-inchoative alternation (e.g. Tom broke the vase vs. The vase broke). Emphasis is placed on the relationship between English proficiency, language transfer, and Universal Grammar mechanisms in ANSs' interlanguage representations. Four central research questions guide the study: (1) Does the English causative-inchoative alternation pose a learnability problem for ANSs? (2) Do ANSs distinguish between unaccusative and unergative verbs in English? (3) Are there L1 transfer effects on ANSs' acquisition of the English causative-inchoative alternation? (4) Are there differences across English proficiency levels with respect to the answers to questions 1-3? To address these questions, an acceptability judgment and correction task was administered to a total of 119 ANSs (from the Gaza Strip, Palestine) of different English proficiency levels. Additionally, 23 American native speakers of English served as controls. The results obtained from data analyses indicated that the English causative-inchoative alternation posed a learnability problem for the Arab participants. They exhibited four major non-target behaviors: overpassivization (both ungrammatical and unnatural), overcausativization, underpassivization, and undercausativization. It is argued that these errors can largely be attributed to L1 transfer, since Arabic is significantly different from English in terms of how to encode the causative-inchoative alternation. The results also revealed sensitivity to the unaccusative-unergative distinction in English, which supports the hypothesis that ANSs have access to the innate mechanisms of Universal Grammar. Moreover, while interlanguage development towards target-like behavior was observed across proficiency groups, certain test conditions revealed a strong influence of L1 transfer on even the high proficiency participants. The findings from the study are inconsistent with the modular view of L1 transfer (Montrul, 2000), but they lend support to the hypothesis that L1 transfer operates not only on morphology, but on lexical argument structure as well (Whong-Barr, 2005). The study is an attempt to fill a gap in the literature, since no research has specifically investigated the acquisition of the English causative-inchoative alternation by ANSs
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Curriculum and Instruction
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Estrada, Fernandez Zarina. "Arguments and clausal relations in Pima Bajo." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185467.
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This dissertation is a study of Arguments and Clausal Relations of Pima Bajo within the framework of Categorial Unification Grammar. The theoretical framework explored assumes the existence of three major categories--the Argument Categorizing Element, The Propositional Radical, and the Proposition--and studies the structure building mechanisms which account for those categories. The major categories are taken to be feature-value complexes which combine, via unification, with different type of pronominal forms. It is shown that the notion of arguments as feature-values and the application of a categorial unification grammar accounts for the structure of simple as well as for complex constructions. The final part of the dissertation discusses a phonological algebra which accounts for the linear order of elements.
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Bicalho, Vanessa Brun. "O Faktum da razão como argumento crítico na teoria moral de Kant." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2049.
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This research has as main purpose to analyze the validity from argument from Faktum of reason how possible founder of the moral law and freedom in Kant's practical philosophy. In order to explain the moral-practical domain in which conceptualized the argument from Faktum of reason, our text will demonstrate initially from the reading of the Critique of Pure Reason, the limits of theoretical reason by which, by the distinction of objects in general phenomenon and noumena, Kant founds both the speculative domain of reason as well, then the practical reason. The determination of the limits from the understanding´s faculty is crucial to establish the thematization of the freedom´s concept as a concept not only speculative (transcendental freedom), but also practical reason (practical freedom). Only so are presented the conditions to be thought of as not contradictory Nature and Freedom. Through the understanding of how theoretical reason (Verstand) knows, and the proper way to understand what pure reason (Vernunft) admits in favor from thinking of ideas that relate to the knowledge (ex., soul, God, and freedom), Kant developed the project of transcendental reason, the systematic point of view. The presence from the argument from Faktum of reason, a single fact admitted this as the reason (Vernunft) contrasted with the Kantian moral theory, developed and explained to the Groundwork from the Metaphysics of Morals. The argument of a Faktum at this reason, brought by the Critique of Practical Reason, caused a disturbance in the reception of Kant´s moral theory, giving breath to a debate on the possession, by reason, of the freedom´s concept. This new foundation argument was explained by Kant as an consciousness of immediately practical, awareness by itself and in itself guarantees the cogency of justification of possession from freedom, in our view, as the only critical argument can be provided by the faculty of pure practical reason. Unfavorable interpretations and receptions from Kant´s strategy of reasoning from freedom in Faktum of reason are discussed in this dissertation. Many current proposals to counteract the appearance of coherent Kant´s strategy brought by Critique of Practical Reason is shown attached to the previous movements of proof to demonstrate the freedom´s concept. In opposition to these proposals, which are a deconstruct component in the Kant´s argument of the perspective from critical-transcendental reason or systematic conformation, our text establishes a dialogue to elucidate the possible incongruities argumentative these interpretations, the themes of freedom (transcendental) and defense of Faktum as compatible arguments with the main transcendental perspective of reason, so kept in accordance with the project of reason from founding a Metaphysics of Morals.
Esta pesquisa tem como proposta principal analisar a validade do argumento do Faktum da razão como possível fundador da lei moral e da liberdade na filosofia prática kantiana. A fim de explicitar o domínio prático-moral no qual tematizamos o argumento do Faktum da razão, nosso texto demonstrará inicialmente a partir da leitura da Crítica da Razão Pura, os limites da razão teórica mediante os quais, pela distinção dos objetos em geral em fenômeno e númeno, Kant funda tanto o domínio especulativo da razão como também, em seguida, o da razão prática. A determinação dos limites da faculdade do entendimento é decisiva para instituir a tematização do conceito de liberdade como conceito não apenas especulativo (liberdade transcendental), mas também prático da razão (liberdade prática). Unicamente por isso são apresentadas as condições para serem pensados como não contraditórios Natureza e Liberdade. Por meio da compreensão do modo como a razão teórica (Verstand) conhece, e do modo adequado de compreender aquilo que a razão pura (Vernunft) admite em favor do pensamento de ideias que têm relação com o conhecimento (p.e., alma, Deus e liberdade), Kant desenvolveu o projeto da razão transcendental, do ponto de vista sistemático. A presença do argumento do Faktum da razão, de um único fato admitido como presente à razão (Vernunft), contrastou com a teoria moral kantiana, desenvolvida e explicitada até a Fundamentação da Metafísica dos Costumes. O argumento de um Faktum presente à razão, trazido pela Crítica da Razão Prática, provocou uma inquietação na recepção da teoria moral kantiana, dando fôlego a um debate em torno da posse, pela razão, do conceito de liberdade. Esse novo argumento fundamentador foi explicitado por Kant como uma consciência do imediatamente prático, consciência que por si mesma e em si mesma garante a irrefutabilidade da justificação da posse da liberdade, a nosso ver, como o único argumento crítico possível de ser fornecido pela faculdade da razão pura prática. Interpretações e recepções desfavoráveis à estratégia kantiana de fundamentação da liberdade no Faktum da razão são debatidas na presente dissertação. Muitas propostas atuais de neutralizar o aspecto coerente da estratégia kantiana trazida pela Crítica da Razão Prática se mostram apegadas aos movimentos anteriores de prova para demonstrar o conceito de liberdade. Em oposição a essas propostas, que encontram na argumentação kantiana um componente descontrutivo da perspectiva da razão crítico-transcendental ou da sua conformação sistemática, nosso texto estabelece um diálogo visando elucidar as possíveis incongruências argumentativas dessas interpretações, pela tematização da liberdade (transcendental) e da defesa do Faktum, como argumentos compatíveis com a própria perspectiva transcendental da razão, mantidos por isso em conformidade com o projeto da razão de fundar uma Metafísica dos Costumes.
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Marshall, James William. "Chemical arguments shedding light on the biosynthesis of curious natural products." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550318.
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The study of biosynthesis is fascinating and with progression in molecular biology, understanding of the field is advancing rapidly. Underpinning all areas of biosynthetic research however, is natural product chemistry. The isolation and characterisation of compounds provides the answers to the questions posed by molecular biology and genetics. Isotopic labelling studies also remain fundamental to the identification of biosynthetic pathways, linking compound structures to genes. The biosynthesis of a multipotent stilbene ST 1, produced by a symbiotic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, is studied. The results of isotopic labelling experiments are compared to a biosynthesis of ST 1 proposed by other researchers using orthogonal methods. Mutasynthesis experiments are conducted which produce novel analogues of ST 1. A novel natural product, rhabdolactone 2 and its fluorinated un-natural analogue fluororhabdolactone 3, are discovered in P. luminescens cultures during a mutasynthesis experiment. Isotopic labelling is used to study the biosynthesis of rhabdolactone 2 and a biosynthesis is proposed. The biosynthesis of fusarachromene 4, an alkaloid isolated from cultures of Fusarium sacchari, a sugarcane pathogen, is studied using isotopic labelling experiments and an unusual biosynthesis proposed. The enzymology of tenellin 5 biosynthesis is investigated by heterologous gene expression in A. oryzae. Errors in polyketide chain assembly are observed when tenS a gene encoding a PKS-NRPS is expressed in the absence of tenC which encodes an ER. Co-expression of tenS and tenC is required for biosynthesis the correctly constructed polyketide chain. Magnaporthe grisea is a virulent crop pathogen. The virulence of M grisea has been linked to the activity of Acel, a gene which encodes a PKS-NRPS. The hypothetical ACEl compound has not previously been reported. The isolation and characterisation of a novel pyrone 6 believed to be the oxidised product of the ACEl PKS is described following the successful heterologous expression of Ace1 in A. oryzae.
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Marten, Lutz. "Syntactic and semantic underspecification in the verb phrase." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313787.
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Gábor, Kata. "Computational syntax of Hungarian : from phrase chunking to verb subcategorization." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1020/document.
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La linguistique informatique est un domaine de recherche qui se concentre sur les méthodes et les perspectives de la modélisation formelle (statistique ou symbolique) de la langue naturelle. La linguistique informatique, tout comme la linguistique théorique, est une discipline fortement modulaire : les niveaux d'analyse linguistique comprennent la segmentation, l'analyse morphologique, la désambiguïsation, l'analyse syntaxique et sémantique. Tandis qu'un nombre d'outils existent déjà pour les traitements de bas niveau (analyse morphologique, étiquetage grammatical), le hongrois peut être considéré comme une langue peu doté pour l'analyse syntaxique et sémantique. Le travail décrit dans la présente thèse vise à combler ce manque en créant des ressources pour le traitement syntaxique du hongrois : notamment, un analyseur en chunks et une base de données lexicale de schémas de sous-catégorisation verbale. La première partie de la recherche présentée ici se concentre sur la création d'un analyseur syntaxique de surface (ou analyseur en chunks) pour le hongrois. La sortie de l'analyseur de surface est conçue pour servir d'entrée pour un traitement ultérieur visant à annoter les relations de dépendance entre le prédicat et ses compléments essentiels et circonstanciels. L'analyseur profond est mis en œuvre dans NooJ (Silberztein, 2004) en tant qu'une cascade de grammaires. Le deuxième objectif de recherche était de proposer une représentation lexicale pour la structure argumentale en hongrois. Cette représentation doit pouvoir gérer la vaste gamme de phénomènes qui échappent à la dichotomie traditionnelle entre un complément essentiel et un circonstanciel (p. ex. des structures partiellement productives, des écarts entre la prédictibilité syntaxique et sémantique). Nous avons eu recours à des résultats de la recherche récente sur la réalisation d'arguments et choisi un cadre qui répond à nos critères et qui est adaptable à une langue non-configurationnelle. Nous avons utilisé la classification sémantique de Levin (1993) comme modèle. Nous avons adapté les notions relatives à cette classification, à savoir celle de la composante sémantique et celle de l'alternance syntaxique, ainsi que la méthodologie d'explorer et de décrire le comportement des prédicats à l'aide de cette représentation, à la tâche de construire une représentation lexicale des verbes dans une langue non-configurationnelle. La première étape consistait à définir les règles de codage et de construire un vaste base de données lexicale pour les verbes et leurs compléments. Par la suite, nous avons entrepris deux expériences pour l'enrichissement de ce lexique avec des informations sémantiques lexicales afin de formaliser des généralisations syntaxiques et sémantiques pertinentes sur les classes de prédicats sous-jacentes. La première approche que nous avons testée consistait en une élaboration manuelle de classification de verbes en fonction de leur structure de compléments et de l'attribution de rôles sémantiques à ces compléments. Nous avons cherché la réponse aux questions suivantes: quelles sont les composants sémantiques pertinents pour définir une classification sémantique des prédicats hongrois? Quelles sont les implications syntaxiques spécifiques à ces classes? Et, plus généralement, quelle est la nature des alternances spécifiques aux classes verbales en hongrois ? Dans la phase finale de la recherche, nous avons étudié le potentiel de l'acquisition automatique pour extraire des classes de verbes à partir de corpus. Nous avons effectué une classification non supervisée, basée sur des données distributionnelles, pour obtenir une classification sémantique pertinente des verbes hongrois. Nous avons également testé la méthode de classification non supervisée sur des données françaisesWe present the creation of two resources for Hungarian NLP applications: a rule-based shallow parser and a database of verbal subcategorization frames. Hungarian, as a non-configurational language with a rich morphology, presents specific challenges for NLP at the level of morphological and syntactic processing. While efficient and precise morphological analyzers are already available, Hungarian is under-resourced with respect to syntactic analysis. Our work aimed at overcoming this problem by providing resources for syntactic processing. Hungarian language is characterized by a rich morphology and a non-configurational encoding of grammatical functions. These features imply that the syntactic processing of Hungarian has to rely on morphological features rather than on constituent order. The broader interest of our undertaking is to propose representations and methods that are adapted to these specific characteristics, and at the same time are in line with state of the art research methodologies. More concretely, we attempt to adapt current results in argument realization and lexical semantics to the task of labeling sentence constituents according to their syntactic function and semantic role in Hungarian. Syntax and semantics are not completely independent modules in linguistic analysis and language processing: it has been known for decades that semantic properties of words affect their syntactic distribution. Within the syntax-semantics interface, the field of argument realization deals with the (partial or complete) prediction of verbal subcategorization from semantic properties. Research on verbal lexical semantics and semantically motivated mapping has been concentrating on predicting the syntactic realization of arguments, taking for granted (either explicitly or implicitly) that the distinction between arguments and adjuncts is known, and that adjuncts' syntactic realization is governed by productive syntactic rules, not lexical properties. However, besides the correlation between verbal aspect or actionsart and time adverbs (e.g. Vendler, 1967 or Kiefer, 1992 for Hungarian), the distribution of adjuncts among verbs or verb classes did not receive significant attention, especially within the lexical semantics framework. We claim that contrary to the widely shared presumption, adjuncts are often not fully productive. We therefore propose a gradual notion of productivity, defined in relation to Levin-type lexical semantic verb classes (Levin, 1993; Levin and Rappaport-Hovav, 2005). The definition we propose for the argument-adjunct dichotomy is based on evidence from Hungarian and exploits the idea that lexical semantics not only influences complement structure but is the key to the argument-adjunct distinction and the realization of adjuncts
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Jin, Gongye. "High-quality Knowledge Acquisition of Predicate-argument Structures for Syntactic and Semantic Analysis." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215677.
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If the author of the published paper digitizes such paper and releases it to third parties using digital media such as computer networks or CD-ROMs, the volume, number, and pages of the Journal of Natural Language Processing of the publication must be indicated in a clear manner for all viewers.Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(情報学)
甲第19850号
情博第601号
新制||情||105(附属図書館)
32886
京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻
(主査)准教授 河原 大輔, 教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 河原 達也
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Roberts, Gabriel C. B. "Historical argument in the writings of the English deists." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f4f32628-8e30-49b4-b2ab-449dc0b94b64.
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This study examines the role of history in the writings of the English deists, a group of heterodox religious controversialists who were active from the last quarter of the seventeenth century until the middle of the eighteenth century. Its main sources are the published works of the deists and their opponents, but it also draws, where possible, on manuscript sources. Not all of the deists were English (one was Irish and another was of Welsh extraction), but the term ‘English Deists’ has been used on the grounds that the majority of deists were English and that they published overwhelmingly in England and in English. It shows that the deists not only disagreed with their orthodox opponents about the content of sacred history, but also about the relationship between religious truth and historical evidence. Chapter 1 explains the entwining of theology and history in early Christianity, how the connection between them was understood by early modern Christians, and how developments in orthodox learning set the stage for the appearance of deism in the latter decades of the seventeenth century. Each of the following three chapters is devoted to a different line of argument which the deists employed against orthodox belief. Chapter 2 examines the argument that certain propositions were meaningless, and therefore neither true nor false irrespective of any historical evidence which could be marshalled in their support, as it was used by John Toland and Anthony Collins. Chapter 3 traces the argument that the actions ascribed to God in sacred history might be unworthy of his goodness, beginning with Samuel Clarke’s first set of Boyle Lectures and then progressing through the writings of Thomas Chubb, Matthew Tindal, Thomas Morgan, and William Warburton. Chapter 4 charts the decline of the category of certain knowledge in the latter half of the seventeenth century, the rise of probability theory, and the effect of these developments on the deists’ views about the reliability of historical evidence. Chapter 5 is a case-study, which reads Anthony Collins’s Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion (1724) in light of the findings of the earlier chapters. Finally, a coda provides a conspectus of the state of the debate in the middle decades of the eighteenth century, focusing on the work of four writers: Peter Annet, David Hume, Conyers Middleton, and Edward Gibbon.
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Dyson, Charles Wesley. "Native Sovereignty, Narrative Argument, and an International Shift: The 1974 Rhetoric of George Manuel and Vine Deloria, Jr." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10042.
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The modern era of globalization presents a situation where indigenous cultures are potentially being eroded away. As a result, leaders of these groups need to begin using effective rhetorical strategies in their efforts to defend their worldview against the dominating views of Western ideology. This thesis attempts to present a case study analysis of the work of two leaders in the Native American rights movement: George Manuel and Vine Deloria, Jr. Manuel's book The Fourth World: An Indian Reality and Deloria's Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties: An Indian Declaration of Independence are presented as examples for how modern indigenous leaders can use narrative argument, addressing the persuasive functions of social movements, to foster political action on a people-to-people, national, and transnational level.Master of Arts
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Topham, Jonathan Richard. "'An infinite variety of arguments' : the Bridgewater Treatises and British natural theology in the 1830s." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387164.
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Chebouti, Karim. "Le vocabulaire médical du point de vue des trois fonctions primaires." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131006/document.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit à la fois dans le cadre de la théorie des trois fonctions primaires qui s’inspire de la théorie distributionaliste de Z. Harris (la fonction prédicative, la fonction argumentale et la fonction actualisatrice) et dans la lignée des travaux qui ne distinguent pas la langue générale des langues spécialisées, du point de vue de leur fonctionnement syntaxique et sémantique. La terminologie médicale est décrite, ici, dans le cadre de la phrase. Nous avons analysé les termes médicaux selon leurs emplois prédicatifs ou argumentaux. Cette analyse a donné lieu à l’élaboration de bases de données. Une interface d’interrogation a été élaborée, par la suite, afin de permettre aux utilisateurs potentiels d’effectuer des recherches cibléesThis thesis falls within the framework of the Three Primary Functions theory based on Z. Harris’s distributionalist theory (predicative function, argumental function and actualizing function), as well as in the line of work that does not distinguish between general and specialized languages considering their syntactic and semantic functioning. The medical terminology is described here in the context of the sentence. We analyzed the medical terms according to their argumental or predicative employment. This analysis led to the development of databases. A query interface has been developed subsequently, to allow potential users to conduct targeted research
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Giolo, Alessandra. "Governing the Commons with Aboriginal Principles : Indigenous Knowledge in Fire Management Practices Arguments for Implementation." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41544.
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Elinor Ostrom challenges the view that states and markets alone have the potential to successfully regulate policymaking processes regarding long term sustainability of natural resources, promoting self-governing institution and communities in governing commons. Forestry management is concerned with administrative, social, environmental and economic aspects on forests and forestry resources, which in particular climates require adaptive measures accordingly with local environmental conditions. In Australia the fire-prone clima- te requires the inclusion of efficient and long-term sustainable fire management practices in order to protect ecosystems, natural resources and the population. Recent events such as destructive fire seasons and global spread of diseases brought attention to efficiency of current management strategies and promote the inve- stigation of indigenous and traditional knowledge, seen with potential for long-term sustainability, ecosy- stem restoration, and climate mitigation. Aboriginal fire management practices undertaken in the Kimberley Region and the Northern Territory of Australia are investigated and evaluated accordingly with socio-eco- nomic, environmental and societal standards, to create an overall scenario where fire is understood as a common resource, manageable and equally valuable as water and land. If seen as a common and managed as such, fire can be beneficial for long term sustainability, with the potential to address biodiversity conser- vation, resource management practices, and climate change mitigation.
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Solbrig, Franziska [Verfasser]. "Potentiale ästhetischer und emotionaler Argumente für den Erhalt von Natur und Landschaft - Empirische Befunde aus vier deutschen UNESCO-Biosphärenreservaten / Franziska Solbrig." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2015. http://d-nb.info/108039110X/34.
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Moreira, André Batista Noronha. "DOIS ARGUMENTOS PELO CONHECIMENTO SOBRE A CIÊNCIA NO ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS: POR UMA CONTRAIDEOLOGIA DO CONFLITO E UM METACONHECIMENTO PODEROSO." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-23112018-140829/.
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Apresentamos e discutimos neste trabalho dois argumentos, provindos de obras de dois dos principais teóricos de currículo, Michael Apple e Michael Young, em defesa do conhecimento sobre a ciência no ensino de ciências. Depois de um resgate histórico acerca do reconhecimento da importância da história e filosofia da ciência no ensino de ciências, retomamos as críticas de natureza filosófica à chamada visão consensual da natureza da ciência. Insistimos que a distância entre o debate sobre a natureza da ciência no ensino de ciências e suas críticas mantém-se longe de debates de natureza social, política e curricular, e apontamos para a necessidade de um papel político para a história e filosofia da ciência na educação científica. Afirmamos que isto significa terem um papel na resistência e combate a processos mais amplos ao ensino de ciências, como o processo de mercantilização da educação e da ciência e às ondas de valorização e desvalorização ideológica da ciência. Primeiro, com base em apontamentos da teoria crítica de currículo e em obras seminais de Apple e seu conceito de conflito, advogamos que a abordagem tipo-tenets presente na visão consensual tende, por sua forma, a ser convidativa a políticas de avaliações padronizadas, guiadas pelas ideologias neoliberal e cientificista-positivista, coadjuvantes a políticas educacionais mercantilizantes. Argumentamos, pois, que a história da ciência e o conceito de conflito devem ser entendidos como uma contraideologia do conflito às ideologias neoliberal e cientificista-positivista, emergindo seus papeis políticos de resistência aos processos de mercantilização da educação. Segundo, apoiados em obras recentes de Young e seu conceito de conhecimento poderoso, defendemos que o conteúdo da visão consensual flerta demasiadamente com visões subjetivistas, ressonantes a defesas relativistas epistêmicas pós-modernas. Assim, argumentamos que a filosofia da ciência, balizada por uma visão realista estrutural social, deve ser entendida como um metaconhecimento poderoso, proposição conceitual baseada naquela de Young, contra o relativismo epistêmico e políticas curriculares localistas que excluem a ciência. A natureza política deste argumento evidencia-se no fato de que tal exclusão viola princípios de equidade e de justiça social, traduzidos no apelo de garantia mínima acesso educacional irrestrito, amplo e efetivo a conhecimentos poderosos. Por fim, discutimos tensões entre os argumentos propostos, ponderações nas abordagens consideradas, e apontamos para desenvolvimentos futuros.We present and discuss in this thesis two arguments, based in the works of two leading curriculum theorists, Michael Apple and Michael Young, in defense of knowledge about science in science teaching. After a historical rescue on the recognition of the importance of the history and philosophy of science in science education, we discuss briefly the philosophical criticism over the so-called consensus view of nature of science. We argue that the distance between the debate on the nature of science in science teaching and its mains critics remains far from arguments of social, political and curricular nature, then we stress the need for a explicit political role for the history and philosophy of science in science education. This means take into account broader processes in education, such as the process of commodification of education and science and the waves of ideological valuation and devaluation of science. First, based on critical curriculum theory and in Apple\'s seminal works and his concept of conflict, we advocate that the tenets-type approach present in the consensus view, by its form, tends to be inviting to standard tests, high-stakes testing, as well to the neoliberal and scientistic-positivist ideologies, inherent in commodification policies. We argue, therefore, that the history of science and the concept of conflict must be understood as a counter-ideology of conflict against neoliberal and scientistic-positivist ideologies, and their political roles emerge as a resistance to the commodification processes of education. Second, based on Young\'s recent works and his concept of powerful knowledge, we argue that the content of the consensus view of nature of science is sympathetic to subjectivist visions, resonating with the postmodern epistemic relativism. Thus, our argument is that philosophy of science, guided by a realistic structural social view, should be understood as a powerful metaknowledge, a conceptual proposition based on Young\'s, against epistemic relativism and localist curricular policies that exclude science. The political nature of our argument is evidenced by the fact that such exclusion violates principles of equity and social justice, translated into the call for minimum guarantee of unrestricted, broad and effective educational access to powerful knowledges. Finally, we discuss tensions between the proposed arguments, as well limitations in our approaches, and point to future developments.
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Sarantis, Konstantinos. "The acquisition of argument structure alternations in English by native speakers of Greek and German : the case of the dative and locative alternations." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446555.
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Álvarez, León Iván. "Concurso Internacional de Ideas Maspalomas i Costa Canaria. El paisaje como argumento, lo natural como base. Paisajes, ENSBA, ATEA+SETAP, Concurso." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125650.
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The doctoral thesis examines a case study (not yet investigated), which belongs to the small group of large tourism operations planned during the 60s in the Spanish Mediterranean area. The researcher studies the first management plan of the city of Maspalomas Costa Canaria (Gran Canaria) in order to contribute to and highlight some of the thoughts that arise from the current urban and coastal debate. The case study of Maspalomas, along with the Mar Menor tourism plan (1961-1967) and the international competition project Elviria (1961), is part of the first "educated" experiences in the Spanish littoral tourism planning.
The thesis starts from the hypothesis of the UNIQUE and SOPHISTICATED nature of the Maspalomas plan. The plan designed by the French atelier AS ATEA+SETAP, object of an international competition, presented prodigious qualities and features for its time. Today, 50 years later, it becomes one of the outstanding plans, among the rest of tourism interventions, planned during the 60s in the Spanish and French littoral.
The adopted methodology consistently supports the proposed hypothesis, using the most direct sources that ccnfirm it. To do this, it was neoessary to investigate:
1. The landscape and its sophisticated representation in the plan (organic and dynamic), by consulting the magazines
L'architecture d'aujourd'hui, Urbanisme y Techniques & Architecture between the 50s and 60s decade. Morphologic analysis of Maspalomas landscape, through the 1961 orthophoto pertaining the study area.
2. The study of the French university reform through the visit of the archive oentre "Cité de I'architecture & du patrimoine" (Paris) and the library of the École Nationale Supérieure de Beaux-Arts ENSBA (Paris).
3. Detailed study of the operation and structure of the AS atelier, through researching the archives of the "Centre de documentation de I'urbanime", the "Cité de I'architecture & du patrimoine" and the magazines mentioned in point 1.
4. Historical analysis of the competition and the relation with the International Union of Architects through the consultation of the paper Falange y Diario de Las Palmas, UIA magazine, interviews with still alive architects from AS (Jean Dimitrijevic y Alain Nama), Cano Lasso studios (Madrid), Julio LaFuente (Rome) and Alejandro dal Castillo (son of the promoter).
The doctoral thesis, following the methodology described, was able to give form and substanoe to each of the four parts that constitute the research: landscape; education and training; the work of AS ATEA+SETA; and the competition.
The landscape was studied according to the French cultural context and a morphologic analysis of the elements that built the landscape of Maspalomas. The teachings of the AS members and the methods adopted in the ENSBA served as the basis for working with nature and the territory. The work of AS and a review of the plans of highest profile, make the plan of Maspalomas a fine example that shows the value of multidisciplinarity as a method to achieve the sophisticated nature of the plan of Maspalomas. And the study of the competition, as an extraordinary event within the international competitions sponsored by UIA, through the writing of their basis, the selection board, records,participants and projects.
The condusion of the thesis emphasises the landscape (activator, dynamic and scale breaks) as the main argument in the coastal planning of the 60s, making the natural and the most physical elements of the territory the basis for urban and tourism planning. A change in the conoeption 0f the landscape and the French teaching system of the late 50s, the study of the work of AS ATEA+SETAP and the celebration of the Maspalomas Costa Canaria intemational competition served as the development.La tesis doctoral analiza un caso de estudio (aún sin investigar), que pertenece al reducido grupo de grandes operaciones turísticas proyectadas durante los años 60 en el arco mediterráneo español. El investigador estudia el primer plan de ordenación de la ciudad de Maspalomas Costa Canaria (Gran Canaria) con el fin de contribuir y protagonizar algunas de las reflexiones que surgen del debate urbano y costero actual. El caso de estudio de Maspalomas forma parte, junto con el plan turístico del Mar Menor (1961-1967) y el proyecto del concurso internacional Elviria (1961), de las primeras experiencias "cultas" en la planificación turística del litoral español. La tesis tiene como hipótesis de partida el carácter SINGULAR y AVANZADO del plan de Maspalomas. El proyecto diseñado por el atelier francés AS ATEA+SETAP, objeto de la celebración de un concurso internacional, presentó cualidades y características prodigiosas para su época. Hoy, 50 años después se convierte en uno de los planes destacados del resto de las intervenciones turísticas proyectadas durante los años 60 del litoral español y francés. La metodología empleada avala de manera coherente la hipótesis planteada, recurriendo a las fuentes más directas que lo confirman. Para ello, fue necesario indagar en: 1. El paisaje y su representación avanzada en el plano (orgánico y dinámico), consultando en las revistas L'architecture d'aujourd'hui, Urbanisme y Techniques & Architecture entre la década de los 50 y 60. Análisis morfológico del paisaje de Maspalomas, a través de la ortofoto de 1961 perteneciente a la zona de estudio. 2. Estudio de la reforma universitaria en Francia mediante la visita al centro de documentación "Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine" (París) y la biblioteca de l'École Nationale Supérieure de Beaux-Arts ENSBA (París). 3. Estudio con detalle del funcionamiento y estructura del atelier AS, por medio de la búsqueda los archivos del "Centre de documentation de l'urbanime", la "Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine" y vaciado de revistas mencionadas en el punto 1. 4. Análisis histórico del concurso y la relación con la Unión Internacional de Arquitectos a través de la consulta del periódico la Falange y Diario de Las Palmas, revista de U.I,A, entrevistas a los arquitectos en vida de AS (Jean Dimitrijevic y Alain Nama), estudio Cano Lasso (Madrid), Julio LaFuente (Roma) y Alejandro del Castillo (hijo del promotor). La tesis doctoral siguiendo la metodología descrita fue capaz de dar forma y contenido a cada una de las cuatro partes que da forma a la investigación: paisaje; enseñanza y formación; la obra de AS ATEA+SETA; y el concurso. El paisaje se estudió según el contexto cultural francés y un análisis morfológico de los elementos que construyeron el paisaje de Maspalomas. La enseñanza de los miembros de AS y los métodos empleados en la ENSBA sirvieron como base para trabajar con lo natural y el territorio. La obra de AS y una revisión de los planes proyectados con mayor relieve, sitúan al plan de Maspalomas como un claro ejemplo que expone el valor de la multidisciplinariedad como método para alcanzar el carácter avanzado del plan de Maspalomas. Y el estudio del concurso, como evento extraordinario dentro de los concursos internacionales auspiciado por la UIA, por medio de la redacción de sus bases, el tribunal calificador, actas, participantes y proyectos. La conclusión de la tesis pone de relieve el paisaje (activador, dinámico y saltos de escala) como argumento principal en la planificación costera de los 60', haciendo de lo natural y de los elementos más físicos del territorio la base del proyecto urbano y turístico. Un cambio en la concepción del paisaje y del sistema de enseñanza francesa a finales de los 50', el estudio de la obra de AS ATEA+SETAP y de la celebración del concurso internacional Maspalomas Costa Canaria sirvieron como desarrollo para destacar el valor del paisaje en la planificación, y así, seguir aprendiendo de ello.
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Mayer, Tobias. "Fouille d’arguments à partir des essais cliniques." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4092.
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Ces dernières années, le domaine de la e-santé a vu un intérêt croissant pour la définition de systèmes intelligents ayant le but d'accompagner les cliniciens dans leurs tâches et leurs activités quotidiennes. D’ailleurs, cela inclut de nouveaux systèmes pour le domaine de la médecine basée sur les preuves. Ce dernier repose sur le principe de l'évaluation critique des preuves médicales et de la combinaison de ces preuves de haute qualité avec l'expérience clinique individuelle du praticien par rapport à la situation d'un patient pour obtenir le meilleur résultat possible. La plupart des systèmes intelligents proposés visent soit à extraire des informations sur la qualité des preuves issues des essais cliniques, de directives cliniques ou des dossiers de santé électroniques, soit à aider dans les processus de prise de décision, sur la base de cadres de raisonnement. Le travail de cette thèse va au-delà de l'état de l'art des systèmes d'extraction d'informations actuellement proposés dans ce contexte. Il utilise des méthodes d'analyse d'arguments pour extraire et classifier les composants d’argumentation (c'est-à-dire les preuves et les conclusions d'un essai clinique) et leurs relations (c'est-à-dire le support et l'attaque). Un cadre de fouille d’arguments (Argument Mining) est proposé et amélioré pour intégrer des informations supplémentaires inspirées par les cadres biomédicaux courants pour l'analyse des essais cliniques. Ces extensions comprennent la détection des éléments PICO et un module d'analyse des résultats pour identifier et classer les effets (c'est-à-dire améliorés, augmentés, diminués, pas de différence, pas d'occurrence) d'une intervention sur le résultat de l'essai. Dans ce contexte, un jeu de données, composé de 660 résumés d'essais cliniques dans la base de données MEDLINE, a été annoté, en résultant dans le construction d’un jeu de données étiquetées qui inclut 4198 composants d’argumentation, 2601 relations d'argumentation et 3351 résultats d’intervention sur cinq maladies différentes (néoplasme, glaucome, hépatite, diabète, hypertension). Diverses approches d'apprentissage automatique et profond allant des SVM aux architectures récentes basées sur les réseaux de neurones ont été expérimentées, obtenant un F1 macro de 0,87 pour la détection de composants d'argumentation et de 0,68 pour la prédiction des relation d’argumentation, surpassant les résultats obtenus pas les systèmes de detection d'arguments dans l’état de l’art. De plus, une demo d’un système, appelé ACTA, a été développée pour démontrer l'utilisation pratique de l'approche basée sur les arguments développée pour analyser les essais cliniques. Ce système de démonstration a été intégré dans le contexte du projet Covid-on-the-Web pour créer des données liées riches et exploitables sur le Covid-19In the latest years, the healthcare domain has seen an increasing interest in the definition of intelligent systems to support clinicians in their everyday tasks and activities. Among others, this includes novel systems for the field of Evidence-based Medicine. The latter relies on the principle of critically appraising medical evidence and combining high quality evidence with the individual clinical experience of the practitioner with respect to the circumstances of a patient to achieve the best possible outcome. Hence, most of the proposed intelligent systems aim either at extracting information concerning the quality of evidence from clinical trials, clinical guidelines, or electronic health records, or assist in the decision making processes, based on reasoning frameworks. The work in this thesis goes beyond the state-of-the-art of currently proposed information extraction systems. It employs Argument Mining methods to extract and classify argumentative components (i.e., evidence and claims of a clinical trial) and their relations (i.e., support, attack). An Argument Mining pipeline is proposed and further enhanced to integrate additional information inspired by prevalent biomedical frameworks for the analysis of clinical trials. These extensions comprise the detection of PICO elements and an outcome analysis module to identify and classify the effects (i.e., improved, increased, decreased, no difference, no occurrence) of an intervention on the outcome of the trial. In this context, a dataset, composed of 660 Randomized Controlled Trial abstracts from the MEDLINE database, was annotated, leading to a labeled dataset with 4198 argument components, 2601 argument relations, and 3351 outcomes on five different diseases (i.e., neoplasm, glaucoma, hepatitis, diabetes, hypertension). Various Machine Learning approaches ranging from feature-based SVMs to recent neural architectures have been experimented with, where deep bidirectional transformers obtain a macro F1-score of .87 for argument component detection and .68 for argument relation prediction, outperforming current state-of-the-art Argument Mining systems. Additionally, a Proof-of-Concept system, called ACTA, was developed to demonstrate the practical use of the developed argument-based approach to analyse clinical trials. This demo system was further integrated in the context of the Covid-on-the-Web project to create rich and actionable Linked Data about the Covid-19
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Ku, Wei. "Acquisition of the syntax and interpretation of Chinese null arguments : an investigation of child and adult second language and native language development." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5216/.
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Fredriksson, Karin. "Måste vi ha NO? : Elevers uppfattning om sin NO-undervisning i skolan." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2264.
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During my education I have frequently noticed that pupils do not like science or find it hard and dull. The purpose with this investigation is to find out how pupils experience their science education and if they can understand the arguments for studying the subject at school.
I have made a questionnaire study among pupils in grade 8 and 9. After analyzing their answers I have interviewed some of the pupils to get answers on further questions.
The investigation resulted in conclusion that pupils have hard to connect their science-education to their everyday lives. The most important element in forming the pupil’s opinions about science is their relation to the teacher and how the lessons are set-up.
The following questions will be answered in this paper:
Do pupils understand why they have science at school?
Can the pupils see the use of scientific knowledge in their everyday life?
How do pupils look upon their science education?
Jag har flera gånger under min utbildning fått uppfattningen att eleverna tycker att NO är svårt och tråkigt. Syftet med min undersökning är att ta reda på hur eleverna egentligen upplever sin NO-undervisning och om de kan förstå argumenten för att det finns som ämne i skolan.
Jag har gjort en enkätundersökning bland elever i år 8 och 9. Efter att ha analyserat svaren från enkäterna har jag intervjuat ett urval av dessa elever för att få svar på ytterligare frågor.
De resultat som framkom är att eleverna har svårt att koppla sin NO-undervisning till sina vardagsföreställningar. Den faktor som är mest betydelsefull när det gäller elevernas inställning till NO är deras relation till pedagogen och hur denne lägger upp sin undervisning.
De frågeställningar som besvaras i uppsatsen är följande.
Förstår eleverna varför de har NO i skolan?
Kan eleverna se att de har någon nytta av sin NO-kunskap i sin vardag?
Hur ser eleverna på sin NO-undervisning?
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Harreld, Natalie P. "Changing The Climate Narrative: How A Long-Term Climate Change Might Save Our Lives." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/897.
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The goal of this paper is to offer new insights into the climate change debate by shifting away from the heated anthropologic arguments that dominate politics, media, and popular science. Instead, I choose to rely on the long-term impacts of a changing climate on our planet. The paper begins with a break down of key processes involved in short-term and long-term climate change, using the latest research. After a foundational understanding of climate sciences is established, we will discuss the failure of the climate change debate in educating the general public about the facts of a changing climate. Finally, the importance of long-term foresight in climate policy and education, and how this perspective could drastically progress the climate debate, will be discussed.
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Cole, Julian C. "Practice-dependent realism and mathematics." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124122328.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 248 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-248). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Trimble, Rita J. "Conceiving a "Natural Family" Order: The World Congress of Families and Transnational Conservative Christian Politics." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388411714.
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Prunet, Anne. "Les littéracies en français sur objectifs universitaires : étude d’un corpus contrastif de productions écrites argumentées et perspectives didactiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA112/document.
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Comment définir des objectifs d’apprentissage linguistiques spécifiques à un public d’étudiants allophones dans le domaine de la production écrite par l’étude d’un genre particulièrement représenté dans les littéracies universitaires : le texte argumentatif ? Partant de l’hypothèse de la nécessité d’un enseignement conjoint de la langue et des contenus disciplinaires, notre travail consiste à proposer des approches et modalités complémentaires aux outils du FLE « tout public » utilisés pour l’enseignement du français à l’université. Nous analysons d’abord ces outils du FLE : manuels de l’approche actionnelle, CECRL et certifications de langues (DELF/DALF et TCF), afin de mettre en exergue leurs apports pour un public étudiants allophones , mais aussi les lacunes qu’ils présentent pour une formation spécifiquement universitaire. Les études menées dans le domaine du FOU nous ont ensuite permis de formuler 5 hypothèses préalables à l’analyse de notre corpus contrastif. Ce corpus a été constitué dans le but d’identifier les besoins spécifiques des étudiants allophones dans l’exercice d’une production écrite argumentée. Il est constitué de productions d’étudiants allophones d’une part (corpus ETR) et francophones d’autre part (corpus FR). Nous présentons ce corpus et son analyse selon la typologie constituée sur la base de nos hypothèses de départ et proposons pour conclure une grille de critères permettant d’établir une évaluation diagnostique des compétences en littéracies universitaires. Enfin, nous soumettons quelques propositions didactiques pour des séances dans le cadre d’un enseignement de Français sur Objectifs UniversitairesHow can we define the specific learning outcomes of non-native students of French within the area of written production ? In order to answer this question, we study a highly frequent genre within academic literacy : the argumentative text.Given the neccessity of jointly teaching language and discipline based contents, our study aims to add approaches and modalities to « general » French as a Foreign Language (FLE) used to teach French at university. Emphasizing both their added value to the teaching of non-native speakers and their shortcomings when dealing with French for academic purposes, we set out to analyse the following tools : textbooks following the action-oriented approach, CEFRL, and language certifications (such as TCF, DELF/DALF).Drawing on existing studies of French for academic purposes, we came up with five hypothesises prior to the study of a comparative corpus. This corpus was established in order to identify the non-native speakers’ specific needs when faced with an argumentative written production. It consists of both productions by non-native (corpus ETR) and native speakers of French (corpus FR). This material is presented and analysed within the frame of a typology based on our initial hypothesises resulting in a framework of criteria facilitating a diagnostic evaluation of the academic literacy competency. Finally, we give didactic suggestions for the teaching of French for academic purposes
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Hu, Xiaoqin. "Etude de la fonction argumentale dans la perspective de l'acquisition automatique du vocabulaire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD042.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la fonction argumentale afin d’élaborer une méthode pour l’acquisition automatique des termes d’une manière pertinente et efficace. Nous avons d’abord discuté du profilage du corpus et de la constitution du corpus web pour le traitement automatique des langues. Ensuite, trois méthodes ont été développées en nous fondant sur les caractéristiques morphologiques des unités lexicales et la relation d’appropriation entre les prédicats appropriés et leurs arguments. La méthode distributionnelle a pour objet d’exploiter les structures prédicat-argument pour repérer les arguments de la classe sémantique donnée. La méthode morphosémantique est développée en se fondant sur les structures internes des unités lexicales en vue d’étendre la liste de termes. La méthode combinatoire qui associe les deux premières approches permet d’améliorer la pertinence du résultat. Finalement, nous avons développé une réflexion sur la particularité de la langue, la classe sémantique, la langue de spécialité et la récursivité de la langue dans la perspective du traitement automatique des languesThis thesis aims to study the argumental function for finding an efficient method to automatically acquire the terms. We start with a discussion on the problematic of the corpus which is: what kind of corpus should we choose and how should we construct the web corpus. Then, three methods are developed which are based on the morphological characteristics of lexical units and the relation between the appropriate predicates and their arguments. The distributional method tries to exploit the predicate-argument structures for identifying the arguments of the given semantic class. The morph-semantic method is developed on the basis of the morphological characteristics of the lexical units in order to extend the list of terms. The mixed method which combines the two precedent approaches permit to improve the result. Finally, we try to develop a statement on the natural language character, on the semantic class, on the specialized language and on the recursive nature of language in the perspective of natural language processing
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Sequeira, João Manuel dos Santos. "Extracção de relações entre entidades mencionadas." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11851.
Full textAbstract:
Actualmente existe uma grande quantidade de conteúdos digitais de cariz académico,
pessoal e noticioso, entre outros, disponvéis para consulta na Internet. A obtenção
de informação estruturada a partir destes conteúdos de forma manual tornou-se
praticamente impossível. Assim, nos últimos anos tem-se registado um aumento na
investigação de sistemas para análise e extracção de informação de forma automática.
A classicação dos documentos por temas ou categorias constitui uma forma de
relacionar conteúdos. No entanto, os documentos poderão, de igual forma, ser relacionados
a partir das entidades que neles figuram, sejam elas Pessoas, Locais ou
Organizações; mais ainda, ao extrair informação sobre as relações existentes entre
as entidades, as formas de interacção entre documentos tornam-se muito mais ricas
já que será possivel, por exemplo, relacionar os documentos que referem que determinada
entidade praticou determinada acção e quais as entidades que a sofreram.
Este trabalho propõe um sistema para identificação e extracção de relações entre
entidades presentes num documento. As relações são obtidas a partir de um classicador
de argumentos sintácticos utilizado em conjunto com um reconhecedor de
entidades.
Tratando-se de um sistema aplicado a língua Portuguesa foi necessário desenvolvimento
de alguns recursos específicos para a língua : um etiquetador de categorias
gramaticais e dois corpora: um para ser utilizado pelo etiquetador e outro com informação
sintáctica a nível das palavras, sintagmas e orações para ser utilizado na
tarefa de classicação de argumentos sintácticos.
Embora utilizando um classicador de argumentos sintácticos preliminar, a experimentação
mostra que o sistema desenvolvido consegue atingir o objectivo proposto
e identificar relações entre entidades. Por outro lado, a criação dos recursos referidos
vem enriquecer o conjunto de ferramentas disponveís para a língua Portuguesa
passíveis de serem utilizados em futuros trabalhos; ### Abstract:
Currently there is a large amount of digital content, being personal, academic and
news, among others, available on the Internet. Obtaining structured information
from these contents by hand has become virtually impossible. So, in recent years
there has been an increase in the investigation of systems for automatic analysis and
information extraction.
Classi cation of documents by themes or categories is a way of relating content.
However, documents can, likewise, be related by the entities they contain, being
they people, places or organizations; moreover, extracting information on relations
between the entities, the forms of interaction between documents become much
richer as it will enable, for example, to list the documents that refer to a particular
entity having practiced a speci c action and which entities have su ered that action.
This paper proposes a system for identifying and extracting relations between entities
present in a document. Relations are obtained from a semantic role labeller
used in conjunction with named entity recognizer.
Being applied to the Portuguese language, it was necessary to develop speci c resources
for the language: a part-of-speech tagger and two corpora: one to be used
with the POS-tagger and other with syntactic information for words, phrases and
sentences to be used by the semantic role labeller.
Although a preliminary semantic role labeller, experimentation shows that the system
can achieve the proposed objective and identify relationships between entities.
On the other hand, the creation of the refered resources will enrich the available
Portuguese language set of tools that can be used in future work
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Paditz, Ludwig. "School-Mathematics all over the world – some differences." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-79263.
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"Everything is an Argument: A Poetry Collection." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-08-1184.
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This thesis is comprised of thirty-three poems which I have written over the last year. All are lyrical and most are written in free verse, although there are a few traditional forms as well. The poems treat a range of topics and have been arranged accordingly under four broad categories: The Social, The Spiritual, The Natural, and Poetics. These four categories represent the main themes explored in the collection and serve to unify the poems according to topic. However, nearly every poem echoes, either in imagery or in ideas, the dominant themes from one or more of the three categories to which it does not belong, and these linkages are as integral to the overall structure of the work as its divisions. Titled “Everything is an Argument,” this thesis explores the emotional and intellectual stances we take in response to our experiences and surroundings. At the same time, it seeks to reflect that the boundaries between our critical categories are permeable, and that the way we understand the world in one respect is intrinsically linked to the way we encounter it in other areas. Furthermore, what the things are that we encounter are as fluid as our understanding of them, and while our labels are useful, even important in certain ways, they need not be absolutely delimiting.
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Wu, Chao-qin, and 吳朝欽. "The coherent argument of Wang Chong’s theory about the natural law –Study of Qi as the basic and nature as the rules." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73423282697180335504.
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碩士元智大學
中國語文學系
97
The coherent argument of Wang Chong’s theory about the natural law –Study of Qi as the basic and nature as the rules Student ：Wu Chao qin Advisor ：Hu Shun ping Submitted to Graduate School of Chinese Literature Yuan Ze University ABSTRACT There are so many researches about Wang Chong but most of them are general ones. This thesis will prove that the theory about natural law is consistent by discussing the theories of natural law, nature and destiny, form and spirit, ghosts and gods, Qi as the basic and nature as the rules those are created by Wang Chong. There’re six chapters in this thesis. First chapter explains the reason and the materials of doing this research and how to build the framework of 「Qi as the basic and nature as the rules」. Second chapter discusses Wang Chong’s theory of Qi and establishes Qi for the substance of the theory of natural law via expounding three qualities of Qi：「substance, quality nature and eternity」. Third chapter talks over the meaning of theory of natural law and the definition of nature then investigates letting things take their own course, everything goes with nature and nature has no will to affect everything. Fourth chapter expounds and proves theory of nature is the forerunner of theory of destiny and has been continued by it, both of them are based on theory of Qi, therefore theory of nature and destiny is composed of them. Fifth chapter discusses the theories of「form and spirit」 and 「ghosts and gods」. Final chapter summarizes Wang Chong’s theory about natural law that is based on Qi and taking nature as the rules, expounds and proves it’s consistent and explains its influence in philosophy. Key words：Wang Chong、Qi、natural law。
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Dishaw, Samuel. "L'éthique et sa place dans la nature." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16195.
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Une des questions centrales de la métaéthique est celle de savoir si les propriétés morales sont des propriétés naturelles ou non-naturelles. Ce mémoire fait valoir que nous ferions bien de remettre en question une constellation d’arguments en faveur du non-naturalisme moral : l’argument de la question ouverte, l’intuition normative et l’argument du gouffre. L’influent argument de la question ouverte de Moore, d’abord, ne soutient le non-naturalisme que s’il commet une pétition de principe. L’intuition normative commet ou bien le sophisme d’inférer sur la base de sa différence spécifique qu’une chose n’appartient pas à un genre donné, ou bien sous-estime la panoplie de propriétés naturelles qui possèdent les caractéristiques censées être distinctives des propriétés morales et normatives. L’argument du gouffre, quant à lui, sous-estime l’ubiquité du fossé logique et conceptuel censé marquer une discontinuité métaphysique profonde entre les domaines normatif et naturel.One of the burning questions among metaethical realists is whether moral facts and properties are natural or non-natural. In this thesis, I argue that we should treat a family of arguments for non-naturalism with considerable scepticism: the Open Question Argument, the Normative Intuition, and the argument from the Is-Ought Gap. Moore’s famous Open Question Argument only supports moral non-naturalism if it begs the question against the modest (non-reductionist) naturalist. As for the Normative Intuition, it either commits the fallacy of inferring on the basis of a thing’s specific difference that it does not belong to the genus it putatively belongs to, or it underestimates the breadth of natural properties that possess the features which non-naturalists allege are distinctive of moral and normative properties. The argument from the Is-Ought Gap, for its part, underestimates the ubiquity of the logical and conceptual gap that allegedly marks a deep metaphysical discontinuity between the normative and natural domains.
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Chen, Hsuan-Ting active 2013. "Capturing the nature of issue publics : selectivity, deliberation, and activeness in the new media environment." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/21372.
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This dissertation seeks to understand how issue publics contribute to citizen competence and the functioning of democracy. In the first part of the dissertation, a new measurement was constructed by theoretically and empirically analyzing the attributes of issue public members. Through the hypotheses testing, the new measure was more reliable in identifying issue public members compared to previous measurement strategies. Employing the new measure, results show that issue public members with concern about a specific issue, exercised their issue-specificity in seeking information (i.e., issue-based selectivity) with exposure to both attitude-consistent and counter-attitudinal perspectives. Issue public membership also had significant effects on issue-specific knowledge, and generating rationales for their own and other's oppositional viewpoints. These direct effects were mediated by issue-based selectivity. The relationships highlight the importance of issue publics in contributing to the deliberative democracy. In addition, issue publics play a significant role in contributing to the participatory democracy in that issue public members have greater intentions to participate in issue-related activities than nonmembers. However, while issue publics come close to solve the deliberative-participatory paradox, it was found that their information selectivity and argument generation were unbalanced in a way of favoring pro-attitudinal perspectives over counter-attitudinal perspectives. The second part of the dissertation examined conditional factors--accuracy and directional goals in affecting information selectivity and processing. The findings show that directional goals influenced participants to apply either the strategies of selective approach or selective avoidance to seek information depending on the issue. Accuracy goals exerted a main effect on the issue that is relatively less controversial and less obtrusive. They also interacted with issue public membership in influencing the less controversial and less obtrusive issue. Argument generation was not affected by accuracy or directional goals. Overall, through conceptualizing citizens as members of different issue publics, individuals are more competent then we thought. Their intrinsic interest in an issue serves as a strong factor affecting their information selectivity, information processing, and political actions. Despite finding an optimistic role for issue publics in the democratic process, their limitations also should be recognized. The implications for the deliberative and participatory democracy are discussed.
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Chiang, Chingmei, and 江青美. "On Mencius' Moral Praxis Based on "Innate Goodness of Human Nature" - Using "Keep the Resolution, Cultivate Spirit and Understand Words" as the Core Argument." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32435179558726006170.
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碩士華梵大學
哲學系碩士班
100
The ideal life in Confucian philosophy is dependent on the eventual achievement of becoming a saint, and how to attain this achievement relies on our first figuring out nature of mind theory and moral praxis. Moral praxis serves as a stepping stone to the rank of the sage, while what lies behind it is based on the view on human nature. As a result, the facts about human nature should be explored first before we begin to examine the direction and accomplishment of moral praxis. On the other hand, to explore the meaning and logic of moral praxis is to further expound and prove the realization possibility of the theory. This study attempts to cite Mencius as an example, and uses innate goodness of human nature theory that he contended as a path to researching moral praxis developed from this human nature theory. However, if the self-cultivation methods Mencius contended were to be discussed one by one, it would be an exceedingly complicated and gigantic work. Therefore, due to its limited length, this thesis has chosen these three moral praxises "keep the resolution, cultivate spirit and understand words” as the scope argument of this subject. And realization and achievement of the moral praxis is the ultimate issue this thesis pays special attention to. In this regard, this thesis will use the form realization in Mencius’ philosophy as the primary axis of discussion in a bid to analyze the process of moralization that is relied upon while we move from theory towards concrete realization. This thesis largely looks at the process as “the philosophical key to form realization: thought and sincerity” and the “spirit of taking responsibility" contained in Confucianism. In brief, the main research work of this thesis includes: 1. conducting content interpretation of Mencius' innate goodness of human nature theory; 2. discussing the methodology developed by Mencius via innate goodness of human nature theory: keep the resolution, cultivate spirit and understand words; and 3. exploring how Mencius attained the goal of form realization through the innate goodness of human nature theory he had presented. From the beginning of history, nature of mind theory has always been one of the mainstream issues discussed in Chinese philosophy, while discourses on Mencius’ “innate goodness of human nature” are as many as the stars in the sky. There have been outstanding analyses and insights presented by scholars at home and abroad as well as by nowadays and historical savants. Therefore, although the beginning of the second chapter of this thesis still conducts content interpretation by returning to the original “Mencius and Gaozi’s debates,” it subsequently uses the “contrast” method to analyze and discuss the differences between Mencius’ “innate goodness of human nature” and Zhuxi’s “original innate goodness of human nature” in a bid to further highlight the true meaning of Mencius’ “innate goodness of human nature.” The third chapter analyzes the principles of "keep the resolution, cultivate spirit and understand words” in Mencius’ self-cultivation theory as well as how they establish their foundations in Mencius’ innate goodness of human nature theory and what role and position it has after we attain the level of a sage. The fourth chapter explores the final phase of achieving “the realization of the bodily value” in the aspect of “fulfillment and realization,” and the fifth chapter presents general conclusions.
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Neefus, Suzanne. "A Benefit Argument for Responsibilities to Rectify Injustice." 2016. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/194.
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Daniel Butt develops an account of corrective responsibilities borne by beneficiaries of injustice. He defends the consistency model. I criticize the vagueness in this model and present two interpretations of benefit from injustice (BFI) responsibilities: obligation and natural duty. The obligation model falls prey to the involuntariness objection. I defend a natural duties model, discussing how natural duties can be circumstantially perfected into directed duties and showing how the natural duties model avoids the involuntariness objection. I also address objections from structural injustice and demandingness.
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Huang, Bo-Wei, and 黃柏巍. "Argument Strength and Product Attribute: The Effect of Mental Simulations on Native Advertising." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gg2333.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
大眾傳播研究所
107
Due to the non-intrusive and low recognition of native ads, the click-through rate is much higher than that of traditional banner ads. However, the number of click-through rate does not mean that consumers are really favored. This study aims to explore whether the design of the cognitive-oriented in the native advertisement might generate better advertising effects. An experiment with a 2（Mental simulations: process-focused vs. outcome-focused）x2（Argument Strength: strong vs. weak）x2（Product Attribute: hedonic vs. utilitarian）between-subject design was conducted to identify the impact of consumer perceptions and purchase intention on native advertising. The experiment results show that (1) Native advertisement using utilitarian attribute generates a better product attitude than hedonic attribute; (2) In the native advertisement, the use of strong argument generates a better effects than the weak argument; (3) In the native advertisement of utilitarian attribute, the use of outcome-focused mental simulation generates a better advertising attitude; (4) In the native advertisement of utilitarian attribute, the use of strong argument generates a better product attitude; (5) In the native advertisement of mental simulation design, the use of strong argument has a better advertising attitude.
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Šinaľ, Martin. "Analýza argumentů Francise Fukuyamy ilustrovaná na současné dystopické kulturní produkci." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-267908.
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In this thesis I analyze and problematize Francis Fukuyama's position on posthumanism, largely expressed in his 2002 book Our Posthuman Future. In it he warns against the likely negative outcome of a potential biotechnological revolution, which could enable easy access to interfering with human genome via practices such as genetic modification or human cloning. Fukuyama's major assumption is that all members of society must meet some limited standards of humanity in order to be equal, because if people acquire different levels of artificially altered "human natures," the outcome will be stratification, irrecuperable inequality and perhaps even class warfare. For this reason, Fukuyama calls for a pre-emptive regulation of genetic manipulation so as to avoid a "posthuman future." I contrast this theory with a selection of transhumanist and feminist theorists as well as with examples from fiction, namely the trilogy Lilith's Brood (1987-1989) by Octavia Butler and the novel Never Let Me Go (2005) by Kazuo Ishiguro. Drawing on these sources I conclude that Fukuyama's position is harmfully exclusionary and divisive; and also counter- productive in the sense that in his pursuit of securing freedom and equality he renders potential posthuman subjects fundamentally inferior, thus principally defeating his...
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Erasmus, Jacobus Petrus. "The Kalām Cosmological Argument and the Infinite God Object / Jacobus Petrus Erasmus." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11024.
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My overall claim in this paper is twofold: Firstly, the activity of developing arguments in
favour of the existence of the Christian God is tenable and worthwhile and, secondly, the
“infinite God objection” fails to undermine the kalam cosmological argument. Concerning
the former, it is often claimed that the very activity of developing arguments in favour of
God’s existence is futile. I argue, however, that such theistic arguments play an important
role in the philosophy of religion, natural theology, and apologetics. Concerning the latter
claim, I will attempt to show how the infinite God objection fails to undermine a notable
theistic argument, namely, the kalam cosmological argument. As regards this objection, the
proponents of the kalam cosmological argument face a dilemma – either an actual infinity
cannot exist or God’s knowledge cannot be infinite. More specifically, this objection claims
that God’s omniscience entails the existence of an actual infinity with God knowing an
actual infinite number of future events and mathematical truths. My solution to this
problem is that (1) God’s omniscience should be understood as maximal knowledge; (2)
the existence of abstract objects (such as numbers and propositions) should be denied; and (3) God’s knowledge is non-propositional in nature.MPhil, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Lemos, Olga Kosaryga de. "Proficiência na produção de estruturas argumentais preposicionais por aprendentes de Português como Língua Não Materna." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83583.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Linguística do Português apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de CoimbraO objetivo fundamental deste estudo é o de (dar a) conhecer o grau de proficiência que aprendentes de português como língua não materna (PLNM) apresentam no decurso do seu processo de aprendizagem da estrutura argumental preposicional (EAP) em português. Mais concretamente, pretende-se perceber se há correlação entre o nível de conhecimento (QECR) dos aprendentes de PLNM e a aprendizagem da EAP em português. Para tal, avalia-se através de inquéritos, propositadamente elaborados para o presente trabalho, se a frequência dos verbos e/ou das preposições das EAP têm peso positivo/negativo/nenhum ao longo do processo de aprendizagem dessas EAP, e se a frequência do input apresenta algum tipo de influência no desempenho dos alunos, no domínio em estudo. Pretende-se ainda conhecer que preposição é substituída e/ou omitida mais vezes pelos aprendentes de A1/ A2, B1, B2 e C1, e qual a preposição utlizada mais vezes por esses aprendentes para substituir as preposições pretendidas. Com o intuito de conhecer qual verbo/preposição/EAP se aprende com mais dificuldade/facilidade, a informação dos inquéritos foi analisada em função do nível do QECR dos aprendentes, da frequência dos verbos e de uma tipologia de ocorrências desviantes, formulada previamente. A análise dos dados empíricos revela que as EAP com as preposições de e em (as mais frequentes no português) não trazem muitos problemas aos alunos de A1/ A2 e B1. Ainda a preposição de foi a mais utilizada para substituir as adequadas. Os aprendentes de B2 e C1 mostram menos dificuldades nas EAP com a preposição com. Além disso, verifica-se que as EAP com a são a fonte das maiores dificuldades para todos os aprendentes, sendo também esta preposição a que é substituída com mais frequência pelos alunos. A preposição mais omissa foi por (em A1 e A2), provavelmente por ser pouco frequente nos níveis elementares. Verificou-se que a frequência dos verbos tem influência (positiva e negativa) ao longo de processo de aprendizagem das EAP. Em muitos casos, as EAP dos verbos mais frequentes são aprendidas com mais facilidade, enquanto as EAP dos verbos menos frequentes provocam mais problemas aos alunos de todos os níveis. Por outro lado, o sentido dos verbos (mais concreto ou mais abstrato) também tem um peso não negligenciável. Ou seja, as EAP dos verbos com sentidos mais concretos (de espaço, de tempo, de movimento) são mais facilmente assimiladas pelos alunos de PLNM – e como tal objeto de menos desvios –, enquanto as EAP dos verbos com sentidos abstratos (de crença, de atividade psicológica) são objeto de maior dificuldade. Constatou-se ainda que o input tem influência (positiva ou negativa) na proficiência dos alunos: as EAP encontradas com mais frequência no input são assimiladas com mais facilidade pelos alunos de PLNM e, pelo contrário, aquelas com as quais o contacto é menor provocam mais dificuldades. Por último, não há apenas um fator, mas vários, que ajuda(m) ou dificulta(m) a aprendizagem proficiente das EAP: a frequência das preposições/verbos/EAP e do input, o sentido das preposições e verbos, o contexto onde as EAP estão inseridas, o nível de proficiência linguística dos alunos e o seu conhecimento do mundo interferem no desempenho destes aquando da sua aprendizagem das EAP do PLNM.
The fundamental objective of this study is to know the degree of proficiency that learners of Portuguese as a Non-Native Language (PNNL) present in their learning process of the prepositional argument structure (PAS) in Portuguese. More specifically, the study aims to understand if there is a correlation between the level of knowledge of PNNL learners and the learning of Portuguese PAS. Through specially elaborated surveys, it assesses whether verb frequency and preposition frequency, amongst other factors, have a positive, a negative or no effect (at all) in the learning process of PAS, and if the frequency of input has some kind of influence on students’ choices. It also tries to establish which preposition is more often replaced or suppressed and what preposition is more used by these learners in order to replace the intended one. In order to know which verb/ preposition/ PAS is learned more easily / more difficulty, survey data was analyzed according to the level of the Common Reference Language Framework (CRLF) learning levels (CRLF A1, A2, B1, B2 and C1), verb frequency and types of deviant occurrence. Data analysis shows that PAS with the prepositions de and em (the most frequent prepositions in Portuguese) do not bring many problems to A1/ A2 and B1 students. In addition, de was also the most used preposition in order to replace others. B2 and C1 learners show less difficulties in PAS with the preposition com (which has a more concrete meaning). All PAS with a are very difficult for all learners and a has been replaced more frequently. Por was very often omitted by A1/ A2 learners, probably because it is less frequent at these learning levels. Verb frequency and meaning (more concrete / more abstract) also influence (positively and negatively) PAS learning processes. In many cases, the structure of the highest frequency verbs is learned more easily, whereas the structure of low frequency verbs entails more problems at all levels. Also, PAS of verbs with a more concrete meaning (space, time, movement) are more easily learned by students, while PAS of verbs with an abstract meaning (belief or physiological activity) are more difficult. Finally, high or low input also has some influence in PAS learning. PAS found with more frequency in the input don’t bring many problems to the students. On the contrary, less frequent PAS cause more difficulties. Overall, data show that learning of PAS in Portuguese does not depend on one factor alone, but rather depends on several intertwined factors: frequency of prepositions/ verbs/ PAS and input, PAS context, meaning of prepositions and verbs, students’ linguistic proficiency and their knowledge of the world.
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Schäfer, Florian Mathis [Verfasser]. "On the nature of anticausative morphology : external arguments in change-of-state contexts / vorgelegt von Florian Mathis Schäfer." 2007. http://d-nb.info/986472840/34.
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