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Calisher, Charles H., Tom G. Schwan, John S. Lazuick, Richard B. Eads, and D. Bruce Francy. "Isolation of Mono Lake Virus (Family Reoviridae, Genus Orbivirus, Kemerovo Serogroup) from Argas cooleyi (Acari: Argasidae) Collected in Colorado." Journal of Medical Entomology 25, no. 5 (September 1, 1988): 388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/25.5.388.
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George, John E. "Field Observations on the Life Cycle of Ixodes baergi and Some Seasonal and Daily Activity Cycles of Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), Argas cooleyi (Acari: Argasidae), and Ixodes baergi (Acari: Ixodidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 24, no. 6 (November 1, 1987): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/24.6.683.
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Obuoro Wayua, Francis, and Michael Wandayi Okoth. "MODELLING THE PERFORMANCE OF A CAMEL MILK STORAGE STRUCTURE WITH EVAPORATIVE COOLING USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK." Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 7, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae.v7i2.93.
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Storage and marketing of camel milk in arid lands of Kenya is hampered by lack of cold storage facilities. This problem can be alleviated by using storage structures incorporating evaporative cooling whose performance depends on climatic conditions. The objective of this work was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict cooled milk temperature and cooling efficiency of a locally fabricated cooler. Data were obtained from the cooler which was tested under various experimental conditions. Using some of the experimental data for training, a three-layer feed-forward ANN model based on back propagation Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was developed using the Neural Network Toolbox for MATLAB®. The optimal model had a 4-4-2 structure with sigmoid transfer function in both layers. The inputs of the model were ambient dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, wind speed and temperature of drip water, whereas the outputs were cooled milk temperature and cooling efficiency. The experimental data set (n=165) was randomly divided into training (75%) and testing (25%) sub-sets. The performance of the ANN predictions was evaluated by comparing the predicted and experimental results. The predictions agreed well with experimental values with mean squared error of 10.2, mean relative error of 4.02% and correlation coefficients in the range of 0.86-0.93. This study reveals that, as an alternative to conventional modelling techniques, the ANN approach can be used successfully for predicting the performance of locally fabricated camel milk storage structures incorporating evaporative cooling in arid pastoral areas of Kenya. The model can be used as a design tool to estimate the sizing and performance of future coolers, as it allows the prediction of the performance of hypothetical coolers designed without a need for time demanding experimentation. This can aid in up-scaling the technology.
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Murodov, J. N. "Metrological characteristics of solar evaporative coolers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 5 (December 1, 2022): 052023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/5/052023.
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Abstract The metrological characteristics such as the temperature and relative humidity of the cooled air in solar evaporative coolers in the form of an umbrella or awning are experimentally investigated in the work. Hygroscopic material was used for evaporative cooling. The results are compared with the data obtained from the waterproof material. They allow us to conclude that solar evaporative cooling is promising as an ecologically pure method for cooling air in open areas under canopies.
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Vaidya, Dr V. B., Roshan S. Janve, Chetan D. Diwate, Yash A. Mankar, Yash S. Thote, Somnath Mukherjee, and Prem S. Ingulkar. "Review on Development of Thermoelectric Air cooler." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40610.
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Abstract: With rising global temperatures leading to an increase in average temperatures throughout the year making people living in areas with high power outages very busy and difficult. As a modern cooling system that combines Coolers and Airconditioners does not work in the inverter for energy-saving purposes which makes them useless thus during high temperature hours. Therefore, in terms of combating the problem with portability, savings and cost-effectiveness in the concept of another climate it uses TEC while using the grid and re-charging. Although it is common knowledge that the efficiency of TEC cooperation is low compared to the air-cooled air cooler used today but with advanced production techniques and forced delivery of cold liquid that increase effective device cooling and humidity control using humidity. suction and capillary tube as a heat sink to reduce heat in the hot sink instead of air fin to reduce the surrounding heat radiation. Basically in this study we tried to increase the performance coefficient of Peltier Module using various techniques. The module also does not save energy, so over time we will not be able to use many or two or three and we need to create a cooling effect. So we keep everything in mind using the right module to achieve the goal and make it a mass production model. Keywords: Fans, Forced Convection, Peltier Module, TEC (Thermo-Electric Cooling) etc.
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Savchenko, A. V., and M. S. Shelestov. "RESEARCH OF A HIGH-EFFICIENCY CHARGE AIR COOLER." Internal Combustion Engines, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/0419-8719.2022.2.06.
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Currently, internal combustion engines have become widespread as sources of mechanical energy in many areas of human activity. It is the internal combustion engines that were and remain the most widespread in transport, where, as a rule, strict requirements are put forward for the mass-dimensional characteristics of the engines and the power plant as a whole. In order to meet these requirements, there is a constant increase in the level of forcing of the engines. For diesel engines, the most common technical measure that provides an increase in the level of engine forcing with almost unchanged weight and dimensional characteristics is an increase in supercharging pressure. However, as a result of air compression, its temperature increases, which is proportional to the degree of increase in air pressure in the compressor. An increase in air temperature causes a decrease in the mass charge of the cylinders, and therefore, a significant deterioration in the fuel combustion process. It also causes an increase in the level of maximum temperatures of the cycle, which in turn causes an increase in thermal loads and the rate of formation of nitrogen oxides in diesel cylinders. The above determines the urgency of the tasks of implementing effective charge air coolers in modern high-pressure transport diesel engines. This technical problem can be solved using air or liquid coolers. The article considers a liquid cooler, because compared to an air cooler, it can be made more compact, allows to achieve a much smaller length and volume of the intake tract, as well as to simplify the layout of the intake tract as part of the power plant as a whole, which is a priority for diesel engines. The article considers the influence of the design parameters of the supercharged air cooler on its overall characteristics and the hydraulic resistance of the supercharged air flowing through the cooler. Thus, the article provides data indicating the possibility of making a compact, highly efficient supercharged air cooler while maintaining its hydraulic resistance at an acceptable level by choosing rational parameters.
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PRITCHARD, TODD J., CONSTANCE M. BELIVEAU, KATHY J. FLANDERS, and CATHERINE W. DONNELLY. "Environmental Surveillance of Dairy Processing Plants for the Presence of Yersinia Species." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.4.395.
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Thirty dairy processing plants were surveyed to determine if the psychrotrophic nature of Yersinia influenced its environmental niche within the plants. Three hundred forty-seven samples obtained from 30 dairy processing plants were tested for the presence of Yersinia spp. Ten (33.3%) plants had one or more positive sites. A total of 20 of the 347 (5.8%) sites tested were positive for one or more species of Yersinia. Yersinia enterocolitica was present at 85% (17/20) of the positive sites. It was identified by itself on 15 occasions and twice with other species of Yersinia. Other species identified included Yersinia ruckeri in 3 of the 20 positive samples (15%); Yersinia kristensenii and Yersinia frederiksenii both in 1 of the 20 (5%) positive samples. Ten of the 20 (50%) positive samples were obtained from coolers and entrances to freezers. Yersinia-positive cooler/freezer sites were obtained from 9 of the 10 positive plants. The remaining 10 Yersinia-positive sites were from raw milk receiving areas (4/10) and drains around machinery (6/10), including an ice maker, a case washer, two holding tanks, one filler machine and a packaging area. These results reinforce both the psychrotrophic nature of Yersinia and the evidence that raw milk can be a primary source of the organism. Our findings show that sanitation schemes need to be developed for coolers and freezers to prohibit the colonization and proliferation of Yersinia within these areas.
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Doi, Ryoichi. "Are New Residential Areas Cooler than Older Ones?" Emerging Science Journal 6, no. 6 (September 20, 2022): 1346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2022-06-06-08.
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This study was conducted to investigate if passive cooling technologies have been implemented in commercially supplied new residential areas in Bangkok and to observe if there were significant differences in the land surface temperature (LST) compared to old residential areas. Values of LST were compared among 62 residential areas that differed in completion year. The mean LST for the most recent residential areas completed in 2013 or later was significantly less than that for the other older categories, suggesting that passive cooling effects were significantly better functioning in the new residential areas. A roof treatment on old buildings in a public housing project was still quantitatively effective after 8 years. This suggested the possibility of a deteriorated cooling function in the older categories among the residential areas. The possibility of deterioration was quantitatively investigated. The results stressed the importance of the periodic maintenance of passive cooling functions. As an extension of precise basic studies, this is the first study to quantify the passive cooling effects on commercially supplied residential areas. In terms of spatial extent, this residential area–scale study bridges precise analyses of single buildings/materials and regional observations, mainly relying on satellite data. The study results can aid in the mitigation and prevention of the urban heat island phenomenon. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-06-08 Full Text: PDF
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Janetzki, Nathan, Kirsten Benkendorff, and Peter G. Fairweather. "Where three snail species attach while emersed in relation to heterogenous substrate temperatures underneath intertidal boulders." PeerJ 9 (July 9, 2021): e11675. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11675.
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Mobile intertidal gastropods can employ behavioural thermoregulation to mitigate thermal stress, which may include retreating under boulders when emersed. However, little is known about how gastropod occupancy of under-boulder habitats is associated with any variations in substrate temperature that exist under boulders. Thermal imagery was used to measure the temperature of boulder lower surfaces and investigate how three snail species were associated at low tide with the maximum and average temperatures underneath grey siltstone and quartzite. Lower boulder surfaces had heterogeneous temperatures, with grey siltstone having temperature gradients and quartzite temperature showing mosaics. Temperature differences between the hottest and coolest gradient or mosaic locations were >5 °C; thus there was a range of temperatures that snails could interact with. All three snail species occupied cooler parts of temperature mosaics or gradients, avoiding the hottest areas. Stronger associations were detected on the hotter grey siltstone and for the more-thermally sensitive Nerita atramentosa and Diloma concameratum. Even though snails were associated with cooler areas, some individuals were still exposed to extreme substratum heat (>50 °C). These results suggest that gastropod thermoregulatory behaviour is far more complex than simply retreating underneath boulders at low tide, as there is also a range of under-boulder temperatures that they interact with. Untangling interactions between intertidal gastropods and heterogenous substrate temperatures is important given rocky seashores already represent a thermally-variable and potentially-stressful habitat, which may be exacerbated further given predictions of warming temperatures associated with climate change.
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Goering, Douglas J. "Passively Cooled Railway Embankments for Use in Permafrost Areas." Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 17, no. 3 (September 2003): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-381x(2003)17:3(119).
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McVicar, Molly, Isabella Rivera, Jeremiah B. Reyes, and Monika Gulia-Nuss. "Ecology of Ixodes pacificus Ticks and Associated Pathogens in the Western United States." Pathogens 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010089.
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Lyme disease is the most important vector-borne disease in the United States and is increasing in incidence and geographic range. In the Pacific west, the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, 1943 is an important vector of the causative agent of Lyme disease, the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Ixodes pacificus life cycle is expected to be more than a year long, and all three stages (larva, nymph, and adult) overlap in spring. The optimal habitat consists of forest cover, cooler temperatures, and annual precipitation in the range of 200–500 mm. Therefore, the coastal areas of California, Oregon, and Washington are well suited for these ticks. Immature stages commonly parasitize Western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) and gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus), while adults often feed on deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus h. columbianus). Ixodes pacificus carry several pathogens of human significance, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella, and Rickettsiales. These pathogens are maintained in the environment by many hosts, including small mammals, birds, livestock, and domestic animals. Although a great deal of work has been carried out on Ixodes ticks and the pathogens they transmit, understanding I. pacificus ecology outside California still lags. Additionally, the dynamic vector–host–pathogen system means that new factors will continue to arise and shift the epidemiological patterns within specific areas. Here, we review the ecology of I. pacificus and the pathogens this tick is known to carry to identify gaps in our knowledge.
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Summers, Mark, and Bahram Asiabanpour. "Improving Heat Transfer from Peltier Devices Used in an Atmospheric Water Generation." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.03.2021.08.
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Present Atmospheric Water Generation (AWG) systems are useful for providing water in areas with limited water supplies. Many industrial AWG systems use VCR (vapor-compression refrigeration) to achieve a large amount of cooling to extract liquid water out of the air. These systems require large amounts of energy to operate, usually in the form of diesel or AC-powered generators. The systems also have many moving parts that require maintenance and use refrigerants that can leak and cause problems with the environment. An alternative AWG solution is to use DC-powered Peltier devices (thermoelectric coolers) to reduce the temperature of condensation plates to extract water from the air. This solution eliminates the issues with traditional industrial AWG systems since the Peltier devices are solid-state, have very long mean-time between failure (MTBF) performance, and can be powered by solar panels that eliminate the need to burn hydrocarbon-based fuels or have access to a reliable power grid. Also eliminated is the need to use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) refrigerants that have been shown to deplete the ozone layer. This paper will present methods to improve the efficiency of the thermoelectric coolers by more efficiently extracting heat from the hot side of the device. This efficiency will be quantified by evaluating the coefficient of performance (COP) of the thermoelectric cooler under the various operating conditions. Different combinations of conductive heat transfer using aluminium heatsinks, convection heat transfer using forced airflow, and phase change heat transfer using copper heat pipes filled with distilled water will be investigated and evaluated.
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Mahoney, Joe P., Stephen T. Muench, Linda M. Pierce, Steven A. Read, Herb Jakob, and Robyn Moore. "Construction-Related Temperature Differentials in Asphalt Concrete Pavement: Identification and Assessment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1712, no. 1 (January 2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1712-12.
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Numerous Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) paving projects have experienced a cyclic occurrence of premature failure of open-textured asphalt concrete (AC) pavement sections by fatigue cracking, raveling, or both, generally called “cyclic segregation” or “endof-load segregation.” This resulted in an initial study in which mat temperature differentials were observed during laydown. In turn, this led to the current study and the reported results. Pavement temperature differentials result from placement of a cooler portion of the hot-mix mass into the mat. This cooler mass generally constitutes the crust, which can develop during hot-mix transport from the mixing plant to the job site. Placement of this cooler hot mix can create pavement areas near cessation temperature that tend to resist proper compaction (they may also exhibit tearing or roughness or appear to be open textured). These areas were observed to have decreased densities and a higher percentage of air voids (higher air voids). Four 1998 WSDOT paving projects were examined to determine the existence and extent of mat temperature differentials and associated material characteristics. An infrared camera was used to identify cooler portions of the mat, which were then sampled along with normal-temperature pavement sections. Gradation and asphalt content analysis showed no significant aggregate segregation within the cooler areas. However, these cooler portions of the mat consistently showed higher air voids than the surrounding pavement. On the basis of numerous studies that have related AC deterioration and high air voids in a mix, it is known that the areas of a mat with higher air voids may experience premature failure compared with the time to failure of the mat as a whole.
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Lin, Wen Qi, Xiang Qi Chang, Na Yan, and Ting Yu. "Cooling Extent of Green Parks: A Case Study in Beijing." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2005.
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Cooling effects of green areas are an effective way to mitigate the urban higher temperature caused by urban heat islands. The cooling extent goes beyond a green area’s boundary and extends into its surrounding area. However, measurement of the exact cooling extent and mechanism of such effects had remained unclear. Using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images of Beijing, we have determined the lower temperature of green cooled areas by land surface temperature, identified green areas’ cooling extents, and evaluated the relation of cooling extents to green areas’ features. Results show that the total size of extended cooled areas is larger than that of total green areas, and the cooling extents and magnitudes are statistically related to the biomass, size and shape of green areas. This study has demonstrated the calculation of cooling extents, and provided an approach to the assessment of cooling effects.
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Abed, Fayadh M., and Maki Haj Zedan. "Three Stages of Indirect Evaporative Cooling: Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation Study." Journal of advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, no. 3 (November 9, 2018): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.v1i3.182.
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Economical energy, reduction of cost and utilization of clean energy are required to meet the human needs. Evaporative cooling units are considered as a solution for these requirements by transforming such systems into technologies that meet these needs. The equipment’s cost, installation and operating costs are simple and low compared with refrigeration systems. An effective design is obtained by employing three stages settlement that equipped with a cross flow heat exchanger, direct and indirect evaporative coolers. In order to assess the design performance, a program code is developed. Flow and design parameters namely, air flow rate, piping length and diameter are studied. In addition to that the inlet air-dry bulb temperature at several different time duration over day is studied. The study was conducted in Tikrit University, Iraq (34. 35N; 43.37 E). Readings are recorded in June, July and end of August for two days (24 hours a day). The results show that, saturation of direct evaporative cooler effectiveness varies in the range, 67% - 96% and overall effectiveness of the unit varies in the range, 80% - 120%. It is provided that the system is efficient in dry and hot areas, and an improvement in the performance of the current design is achieved successfully.
© Copyright 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association
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Harp, Derald A., and Edward L. McWilliams. "The Influence of Vegetation on UHIs, MUHIs, and Microclimate of Selected Southern Cities." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 509A—509. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.509a.
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Urban areas have average annual temperatures 2–3°C warmer than surrounding rural areas, with daily differences of 5–6°C common. A suggested reason for this temperature difference is the extensive use of concrete, asphalt, and other building materials in the urban environment. Vegetation can moderate these temperatures by intercepting incoming radiation. The influence of vegetation patterns on the magnitude of urban and micro-urban “heat islands” (UHI and MUHI, respectively) is compared for several cities including Houston, Austin, College Station, and Ft. Worth, Texas; Huntsville, Ala.; and Gainesville, Fla. Temperatures for all cities studied were greatest in the built-up areas and dropped off in suburban areas and adjacent rural areas. In Houston, surrounding rice fields were 3–5°C cooler than urban areas. Heavily built-up areas of Austin were 2–4°C warmer than parks and fields outside of the city. In all of the cities, large parks were typically 2–3°C cooler than adjacent built-up areas. Large shopping malls varied in nocturnal winter and summer temperature, with winter temperatures near door openings 2–3°C warmer, and summer daytime temperatures as much as 17°C cooler beneath trees. This effect seemed to persist at the microclimatic scale. Areas beneath evergreen trees and shrubs were warmer in the winter than surrounding grass covered areas. Video thermography indicated that the lower surfaces of limbs in deciduous trees were warmer than the upper surfaces. Overall, vegetation played a significant role, both at the local and microscale, in temperature moderation.
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Noskov, Mikhail, Valeriy Tutatchikov, Mikhail Lapchik, Marina Ragulina, and Tatiana Yamskikh. "Application of parallel version two-dimensional fast Fourier transform algorithm, analog of the Cooley-Tukey algorithm, for digital image processing of satellite data." E3S Web of Conferences 75 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197501012.
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In modern systems of remote sensing two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) has been widely used for digital processing of satellite images and subsequent image filtering. This article provides a parallel version two-dimensional fast Fourier transform algorithm, analog of the Cooley-Tukey algorithm and its implementation for processing the satellite image of Krasnoyarsk and its suburban areas.
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Lu, Yang, Md Asif Rahman, Nicholas W. Moore, and Aidin J. Golrokh. "Lab-Controlled Experimental Evaluation of Heat-Reflective Coatings by Increasing Surface Albedo for Cool Pavements in Urban Areas." Coatings 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010007.
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Many studies were conducted to find possible strategies for reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect during the hot summer months. One of the largest contributors to UHI is the role that paved surfaces play in the warming of urban areas. Solar-reflective cool pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Pavement reflectance can be enhanced by using a reflective surface coating. The use of heat-reflective coatings to combat the effects of pavements on UHI was pre-viously studied but no consistent conclusions were drawn. To find a conclusive solution, this work focuses on the abilities of heat-reflective pavement coatings to reduce UHI in varying weather conditions. Within this context, both concrete and asphalt samples were subject to a series of per-formance tests when applied to a heat-reflective coating, under the influence of normal, windy, and humid conditions. During these tests, the samples were heated with a halogen lamp and the surface temperature profile was measured using an infrared thermal camera. The air temperature was recorded with a thermometer, and the body temperature at multiple depths of the samples was measured using thermocouples. The results from these tests show that the effectiveness of the heat-reflective coating varies under different weather conditions. For instance, the coated samples were about 1 °C cooler for concrete and nearly 5 °C cooler for asphalt, on average. However, this temperature difference was reduced significantly under windy conditions. As such, the findings from this work conclude that the heat-reflective coatings can effectively cool down the pavement by increasing the surface albedo, and thus might be a viable solution to mitigate UHI impacts in the city/urban areas.
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Lee, J. M., J. K. Han, S. H. Kim, J. Y. Lee, K. S. Shin, and B. I. Choi. "An ex-vivo experimental study on optimization of bipolar radiofrequency liver ablation using perfusion-cooled electrodes." Acta Radiologica 46, no. 5 (August 2005): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850510021418.
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Purpose: To determine optimal parameters for bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) using perfusion-cooled electrodes to create a large ablation volume in ex vivo bovine liver. Material and Methods: Three sets of RF experiments were performed using a 200-Watt generator and two 15-gauge perfusion-cooled or internally cooled electrodes in ex vivo bovine livers. In the first set of experiments, to find the ideal inter-electrode distance for creating large coagulation necrosis, 30 ablation lesions were created by bipolar RFAs at inter-electrode spacings of 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm. In the second set of experiments, to explore the ideal duration of RF application, bipolar RFAs were performed for 10 min and 20 min. In the first and second experiments, 10 lesions were made for each condition with infusion of 6% hypertonic saline (HS) at 2 ml/min. In the third set of experiments, 10 ablation lesions were created by bipolar RFAs using internally cooled electrodes without HS infusion. The mean volume of those ablation lesions was then compared to that of the lesions created by bipolar RFA using perfusion-cooled electrodes in the second experiments. Tissue impedance, dimension, and shape of the ablated areas were compared in each condition. Results: In the first set of experiments, bipolar RFA created a homogeneous oval or spherical-shaped ablation area between the electrodes at 3–5 cm spacing, but showed a more spherical-shaped lesion at 3 cm inter-electrode spacing than at 4 cm and 5 cm spacing. In the second set of experiments, RF energy delivered for 20 min created a larger dimension of coagulation necrosis than energy delivered for 10 min: 107.6±34 cm3 versus 59.5±27 cm3 ( P<0.05). In addition, the mean volume of ablation regions obtained with bipolar RFA using the internally cooled electrode was 47.5±17 cm3, which was significantly less than that with bipolar RFA using perfusion-cooled electrodes ( P<0.05). Conclusion: Bipolar RFA using perfusion-cooled electrodes achieves homogeneous areas of coagulation necrosis between two electrodes, preferably at 3 or 4 cm inter-electrode distance for 20 min, and is better in creating large coagulation necrosis than bipolar RFA using internally cooled electrodes.
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Benzaoui, Ahmed, and Najla El Gharbi. "Exhaust Thermal Energy Use and Optimization in Remote Areas." Defect and Diffusion Forum 283-286 (March 2009): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.283-286.309.
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In these recent thirty years, several investigations have been encouraged and done about the environment improve and the enhancement of the energy efficiency. In some arid areas, an important agrarian activity is developed because the fecundity of the soil and the presence of an important underground reservoir of water. The fruits production is important and must be stored for few months before its delivery to consumers. In order to protect the production some cold rooms have been constructed for more than 30 years. They need to be renewed. The extracted water is hot and must be cooled for its use in irrigation. This work is concerned by these two topics; renewing the cold rooms as recommended in Kyoto protocol and use of heat recovered from that released by the hot water. Fur this purpose an absorption refrigeration process is adopted using a not prohibited refrigerant and waste heat recovered as energy source. A reduced cold room is designed for theoretical simulation and experimental tests. Calculations and results are presented and discussed.
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Pang, Liping, Size Yi, Liqiang Duan, Wenxue Li, and Yongping Yang. "Thermal Stress and Cyclic Stress Analysis of a Vertical Water-Cooled Wall at a Utility Boiler under Flexible Operation." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061170.
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Supercritical once-through utility boilers are increasingly common in flexible operations in China. In this study, the tube temperature changes at a vertical water-cooled wall are analyzed during a fluctuating flexible operation. There are considerable differences in the temperatures of the parallel tubes at the minimum load, and the resulting thermal stress distributions at a front water-cooled wall are established using structural calculation software ANSYS 17.1, USA. A wide thermal stress distribution occurs among the parallel tubes, and the local cyclic stress amplitudes under flexible operation are higher than those under cold, warm, hot, or load-following operations. Because of the water wall expansion structure at the furnace, the higher tube temperature areas suffer from compressive stress, while the lower tube temperature areas suffer from tensile stress. During flexible operation, combustion uniformity and a two-phase flow distribution can improve the safety of vertical water-cooled wall operation. The minimum load of the utility boiler should be set as a limitation, and the tube temperature is an important parameter affecting the thermal and cyclic stresses.
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Syaka, D. R. B., N. G. Yoga, H. H. Sutrisno, and J. A. Jeffrey. "The Combined Method Effect of Thermoelectric Cooling on Cooling Temperature-an Experimental Study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2377, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2377/1/012051.
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Vaccine distribution to regions in Indonesia is very important and needs to be considered because vaccines have different resistance to temperature and safety in storage. Vaccine spoilage can occur if it is not stored under proper storage conditions. In storing vaccines, they usually use portable cooler boxes so that vaccines can be distributed to remote areas. The latest breakthrough was made. A cooler box using Peltier or thermoelectric elements was chosen as an alternative because it is simple and economical. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the Peltier TECT1-12706 thermoelectric combined method on the cooling temperature in the cooler box. This study uses experimental methods on several variations of parallel, stacked, and pyramid combination installation methods with different thermoelectric quantities. The data analysis technique was carried out by making a diagram of the relationship between time and temperature received by the thermocouple during testing in the cooler box. From the experimental results, it was found that the best method of combining Peltier installations is to use 3 Peltiers with the 1-2 pyramid combination method where the temperature decrease in the cold sink is faster than the decrease in temperature in the cooler box when the coolbox is first operated with an average temperature of the lowest average is around 0.6°C. Suppose the cold sink can cool faster than the temperature in the cooler box. In that case, the cooling process in the box can be even faster, and the estimated waiting time before placing the vaccine can be faster to reach the lowest temperature. Therefore, the arrangement of 3 thermoelectrics with the pyramid method of 1-2 can be used to store certain vaccines to be brought to remote areas in Indonesia.
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Votava, Filip, Hana Jirková, Ludmila Kučerová, and Štěpán Jeníček. "Study of Transition Areas in Press-Hardened Steels in a Combined Tool for Hot and Cold Forming." Materials 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010442.
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Press-hardening, also known as hot stamping, is a manufacturing process for producing car body parts that must meet the high demands of their mechanical properties and safety parameters. Moreover, these components often require different mechanical properties in different parts of the component. This work presents the press-hardening process in a special combined tool where one half of the tool is heated and the other half is cooled. The cooled part has been 3D printed due to the complexity of the internal cooling channels. The aim of this work is to investigate the variation of the microstructures in the sheet metal and the mechanical properties in relation to the cooling process in the tool and to determine the transition area where these properties cross over. Two steels were chosen for the experiment. The most commonly used steel 22MnB5, and an experimental high-strength steel with 0.2% C alloyed with manganese and aluminium. A temperature of 425 °C was set in the heated part of the tool, and different holding times in the tool were tested. In the heated part of the tool, a bainitic structure with a fraction of ferrite and retained austenite was formed, while in the quenched part of the tool, a martensitic transformation was promoted due to rapid cooling. In addition to microscopic analyses, mechanical tests and hardness measurements were also performed.
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Allyn Piliavin, Jane. "Altruism and Helping: The Evolution of a Field: The 2008 Cooley-Mead Presentation1." Social Psychology Quarterly 72, no. 3 (September 2009): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250907200305.
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I present a selective history of the evolution of the study of altruism and helping behavior, using a series of questions and answers. Some of the topics covered include the motives for helping, the origins of helping and altruism in evolution and child development, the relationship of organizations to helping, and the psychological and health consequences for the helper. A framework within which to view the current structure of the field is presented, and a challenge is issued for scholars in the areas of social movements and helping behavior to come together to synthesize the two fields.
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Kahra, C., F. Nürnberger, H. J. Maier, and S. Herbst. "Heat Transfers Coefficients of Directly and Indirectly Cooled Component Areas during Air-Water Spray Cooling." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 76, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2020-0005.
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Abstract For the determination of heat transfer coefficients in air-water spray cooling, two methods are presented that are capable of characterizing multi-nozzle cooling set-ups. The methods are based on the quenching of thin-walled tubes or massive cylinders on which cooling curves are recorded at given positions with thermocouples. The temperature dependent heat transfer coefficients were calculated by an inverse calculation and the measured temperature-time-curves could be reproduced with these data in numerical cooling simulations. Next, the determined heat transfer coefficients were used for the calculation of an air-water-spray quenching process of a forging part with more challenging geometry. The calculated results were compared with thermocouple measurements. Different calculation variants for the heat transfer on component surfaces not directly exposed to the air-water spray are shown and discussed. ◼
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Navon, R., and H. Arkin. "Economic Comparison Of An Air-Conditioner And A Desert Cooler For Residences In Arid Areas." Construction Management and Economics 11, no. 1 (January 1993): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446199300000065.
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McDonald*, Mary Ruth, Kevin Vander Kooi, Cathy Bakker, and Alan McKeown. "Crop Diversification In Ontario: Adaptation of Annual Globe Artichokes." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 802B—802. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.802b.
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Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a high value cool season crop which requires vernalization to induce flower formation. The climate in Ontario does not allow for survival of perennial cultivars or for consistent natural vernalization of annuals. Three methods of vernalization were tested: a controlled environment chamber, a lighted cold storage, or GA3 application in the field. Plants, cv. Green Globe Improved, were grown in a greenhouse set at 25 °C day temperature in 72-cell Styro-foam trays in a peat mix. At 4 weeks, plants receiving vernalization were transferred to growth chambers, or lighted coolers (four standard 8 foot cool white fluorescent lamps) at 10 °C for two weeks. The others stayed in the greenhouse. GA3 treatments (PROGIB, 15 g ai/ha) were applied at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after transplanting. Cultivars Green Globe Improved, Imperial Star, Emerald, and Large Green Globe were evaluated in separate trials. Trials were conducted at Simcoe, on coarse sand in a high heat area, and Kettleby, on organic soils in a cooler area of Ontario. Shortly after planting at Simcoe several 30 °C days occurred which devernalized and injured the crop. Artichokes grew well at the Kettleby site. Vernalization in the growth chamber was most effective and resulted in the earliest bud formation and highest total yield (1503 cases/ha). Large Green Globe was not well adapted to Ontario conditions. Imperial Star and Emerald produced the highest yields, 2180 and 1779 cases/ha, respectively. Globe artichokes can be grown successfully as an annual crop in cool production areas of Ontario.
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JOHNSTONE, DANIEL K. "THERMAL MANAGEMENT IN OPTOELECTRONICS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 12, no. 02 (June 2002): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156402001411.
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One of the primary considerations in lasers and detectors for infrared is the operating temperature and its effect on device performance. Several research areas are converging on the problem to cooperatively propel devices operating in the infrared to new levels. The fabrication of devices is advancing by better understanding of defects, and growth of the materials and structures is better able to control the desired crystallinity and composition. Also, the active region of the device may be shielded from the heat and phonon generation processes can be reduced by appropriate design of the structures and selection of materials. Furthermore, typically bulky coolers can be miniaturized and integrated with the device during the fabrication process. Each of these areas are being pursued with the expectation that some of the alternatives down each path win be mutually beneficial toward the goal of catapulting laser operating temperatures, and detection of weak infrared signals at longer wavelength in smaller packages. Better device fabrication and integrated cooling, both in device structure and added integrated coolers, should contribute to the proliferation and benefits of infrared lasers and detectors.
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Duvenhage, D. Frank, Alan C. Brent, William H. L. Stafford, and S. Grobbelaar. "Water and CSP—Linking CSP Water Demand Models and National Hydrology Data to Sustainably Manage CSP Development and Water Resources in Arid Regions." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 3373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083373.
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A systematic approach to evaluate Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plant fleet deployment and sustainable water resource use in arid regions is presented. An overview is given of previous work carried out. Once CSP development scenarios, suitable areas for development, and the water demand from CSP operations were evaluated, appropriate spatiotemporal CSP performance models were developed. The resulting consumptive patterns and the impact of variable resource availability on CSP plant operation are analysed. This evaluation considered the whole of South Africa, with focus on the areas identified as suitable for CSP, in order to study the impact on local water resources. It was found that the hydrological limitations imposed by variable water resources on CSP development are severe. The national annual theoretical net generation potential of wet-cooled Parabolic Trough decreased from 11,277 to 120 TWh, and that of wet-cooled Central Receiver decreased from 12,003 to 170 TWh. Dry cooled versions also experience severe limitations, but to a lesser extent—the national annual theoretical net generation potential of Parabolic Trough decreased from 11,038 to 512 TWh, and that of Central Receiver decreased from 11,824 to 566 TWh. Accordingly, policy guidelines are suggested for sustainable CSP development and water resource management within the context of current South African water use regulation.
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Al-Ismaili, Abdulrahim M., Moustafa A. Fadel, Hemantha Jayasuriya, L. H. Janitha Jeewantha, Adel Al-Mahdouri, and Talal Al-Shukeili. "Potential reduction in water consumption of greenhouse evaporative coolers in arid areas via earth-tube heat exchangers." Journal of Arid Land 13, no. 4 (March 17, 2021): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40333-021-0057-6.
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KEAY, C. A., R. J. A. JONES, J. A. HANNAM, and I. A. BARRIE. "The implications of a changing climate on agricultural land classification in England and Wales." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 1 (October 30, 2012): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000822.
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SUMMARYThe agricultural land classification (ALC) of England and Wales is a formal method of assessing the quality of agricultural land and guiding future land use. It assesses several soil, site and climate criteria and classifies land according to whichever is the most limiting. A common approach is required for calculating the necessary agroclimatic parameters over time in order to determine the effects of changes in the climate on land grading. In the present paper, climatic parameters required by the ALC classification have been re-calculated from a range of primary climate data, available from the Meteorological Office's UKCP09 historical dataset, provided as 5 km rasters for every month from 1914 to 2000. Thirty-year averages of the various agroclimatic properties were created for 1921–50, 1931–60, 1941–70, 1951–80, 1961–90 and 1971–2000. Soil records from the National Soil Inventory on a 5 km grid across England and Wales were used to determine the required soil and site parameters for determining ALC grade. Over the 80-year period it was shown that the overall climate was coolest during 1951–80. However, the area of land estimated in retrospect as ‘best and most versatile (BMV) land’ (Grades 1, 2 and 3a) probably peaked in the 1951–80 period as the cooler climate resulted in fewer droughty soils, more than offsetting the land which was downgraded by the climate being too cold. Overall there has been little change in the proportions of ALC grades among the six periods once all 10 factors (climate, gradient, flooding, texture, depth, stoniness, chemical, soil wetness, droughtiness and erosion) are taken into account. This is because it is rare for changes in climate variables all to point in the same direction in terms of ALC. Thus, a reduction in rainfall could result in higher grades in wetter areas but lead to lower classification in drier areas.
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Erez, Amnon. "Chemical Control of Budbreak." HortScience 22, no. 6 (December 1987): 1240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.6.1240.
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Abstract Interest in artificial control of budbreak of deciduous fruit trees species is closely connected with commercial attempts to grow these species in warm locations, where the chilling requirements are not fulfilled naturally. This interest developed following attempts to grow such species in warm countries that did not want to or could not import these fruits from cooler regions. In subtropical regions like the Cape zone in South Africa, eastern Australia, and Israel, the problem was more acute in the 1950s and 1960s. Adoption of low-chilling cultivars, or a shift of production to cooler, better-adapted areas, improved tree performance considerably. Nevertheless, sporadic problems after exceptionally warm winters still pose a commercial problem. In other areas, such as southeastern United States, the risk of spring frost is such that low-chilling cultivars with their early budbreak cannot be grown in northern locations, and, in such regions, chemical treatments are needed occasionally.
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Sudprasert, Sudaporn, and Sasicha Maruyama. "Evaluation of Human Thermal Comfort and Microbial Analysis in an Evaporative Cooling Room." Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) 19, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/jars.v19i2.246128.
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In Thailand, evaporative air coolers (EAC) are common in outdoor and semi-outdoor areas. Exploring the possibility of using an EAC in an indoor area, this research aims to determine its benefits in a natural, ventilated room during summer and winter. In terms of human thermal comfort, these benefits are evaluated through the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool with environmental parameters collected from the testing room. Bacterial growth due to increased humidity is analyzed based on bacterial counts in the opened Petri dishes. The results from the testing room with EAC show that air temperature reduces by 1.4 - 4.4 °C during winter and 3.3 - 3.5 °C during summer with a relative humidity increase of 2.3 - 13.1%. Thermal comfort was found to depend on indoor air temperature and air velocity. During winter, it was slightly improved by the use of an EAC, with an elevated percentage of people dissatisfied (PPD) due to low air temperature and high air velocity. The evaporative, cooled air also enhances thermal comfort in summer with less PPD. Increasing air velocity to provide thermal comfort is more suitable in summer than in winter. More bacteriological colonies formed in the room with an EAC than in the room with natural air by 33-55 units. The air quality in the EAC room according to IMA standards was Fair-Good, dropped from Good-Very Good in the natural-air room. This study confirms that the EAC improved thermal comfort in the natural ventilation room during both summer and winter. However, the room air was impure with the increase in microbial activity due to high air temperature and humidity.
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Purwantini, Sri, and Indah Saraswati. "Analisis Regulasi Kelaiklautan Dan Keselamatan Terhadap Pemasangan Alat Pendingin Frezeer Pada Kapal Ikan." Jurnal Sains Teknologi Transportasi Maritim 4, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51578/j.sitektransmar.v4i2.53.
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Vessels with a Gros Tonage of 88 and above equipped with ringsein fishing gear have an average permit for fishing areas that are far away, namely in the Makassar Sea, Natuna Sea, Java Sea and Eastern Indonesia Region, so with permits to catch far on the high seas these vessels requires a cooler that can last a long time to store the catch, and also to maintain the freshness of the fish and its quality. However, the installation of this cooling device has not been matched by the competence of the workers installing the freezer. Most of the freezer installation workers on fishing boats do not have a certificate in installing freezer cooling equipment. This study aims to identify and analyze regulations or legal rules regarding the supervision of the installation of Freezer coolers and regulations governing the competence of workers installing freezers and the authorities supervising their work. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection methods through interviews, observation and documentation. Data were analyzed by analytical description method. The research results show that government regulations or policies governing the installation of freezer coolers on fishing vessels have not been regulated by the government, which has direct or indirect licensing and supervision implications.Kapal dengan Gros Tonage 88 ke atas yang dilengkapi dengan alat tangkap pursein rata-rata memiliki ijin wilayah tangkap yang jauh yaitu di laut Makasar, Laut Natuna, Laut Jawa dan Wilayah Indonesia Timur, sehingga dengan ijin tangkap yang jauh di laut lepas kapal-kapal ini membutuhkan alat pendingin yang bisa bertahan lama untuk menyimpan hasil tangkapanya, dan juga untuk menjaga kesegaran ikan dan kualitasnya. Akan tetapi pemasangan alat pendingin ini masih belum di imbangi dengan kompetensi pekerja pemasang frezeer. Sebagian besar pekerja pemasang freezer pada kapal ikan belum mempunyai sertifikat dalam pemasangan alat pendingin freezer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis regulasi atau aturan hukum, mengenai pengawasan pemasangan alat pendingin Freezer dan Regulasi yang mengatur tentang kompetensi pekerja pemasangan freezer serta otoritas yang mengawasi pekerjaannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan metode deskripsi analitis. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi atau kebijakan pemerintah yang mengatur dalam pemasangan alat pendingin freezer di kapal ikan belum diatur oleh Pemerintah yang berimplikasi perizinan dan pengawasan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung juga belum diatur.
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Wu, Pan, Chuntian Gao, Yanping Huang, Dan Zhang, and Jianqiang Shan. "Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle Design for Small Modular Reactor with a Thermodynamic Analysis Solver." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2020 (January 24, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5945718.
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Coupling supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle with Gen-IV reactor concepts could bring advantages of high compactness and efficiency. This study aims to design proper simple and recompression S-CO2 Brayton cycles working as the indirect cooling system for a mediate-temperature lead fast reactor and quantify the Brayton cycle performance with different heat rejection temperatures (from 32°C to 55°C) to investigate its potential use in different scenarios, like arid desert areas or areas with abundant water supply. High-efficiency S-CO2 Brayton cycle could offset the power conversion efficiency decrease caused by low core outlet temperature (which is 480°C in this study) and high compressor inlet temperature (which varies from 32°C to 55°C in this study). A thermodynamic analysis solver is developed to provide the analysis tool. The solver includes turbomachinery models for compressor and turbine and heat exchanger models for recuperator and precooler. The optimal design of simple Brayton cycle and recompression Brayton cycle for the lead fast reactor under water-cooled and dry-cooled conditions are carried out with consideration of recuperator temperature difference constraints and cycle efficiency. Optimal cycle efficiencies of 40.48% and 35.9% can be achieved for the recompression Brayton cycle and simple Brayton cycle under water-cooled condition. Optimal cycle efficiencies of 34.36% and 32.6% can be achieved for the recompression Brayton cycle and simple Brayton cycle under dry-cooled condition (compressor inlet temperature equals to 55°C). Increasing the dry cooling flow rate will be helpful to decrease the compressor inlet temperature. Every 5°C decrease in the compressor inlet temperature will bring 1.2% cycle efficiency increase for the recompression Brayton cycle and 0.7% cycle efficiency increase for the simple Brayton cycle. Helpful conclusions and advises are proposed for designing the Brayton cycle for mediate-temperature nuclear applications in this paper.
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Doran, J. C., W. J. Shaw, and J. M. Hubbe. "Boundary Layer Characteristics over Areas of Inhomogeneous Surface Fluxes." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.2.559.
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Abstract This paper describes results from a June 1992 field program to study the response of the boundary layer over a site with well-defined extreme differences in sensible and latent heat fluxes over clearly separated areas, each with characteristic length scales of 10 km or more. The experiment region consisted of semiarid grassland steppe and irrigated farmland. Sensible heat flux maxima over the steppe regularly reached values in excess of 300 W m−2 and were typically a factor of 4 or more greater than those over the farmland. Two days were selected for analysis: one with moderate winds of 7–10 m s−1 and one with lighter winds of 4–7 m s−1 over the steppe. In both cases the wind directions were nearly perpendicular to the boundary between the steppe and farm. An analysis of potential temperature soundings showed that mixed-layer characteristics over both the farm and the steppe were largely determined by heating over the steppe, with advection from the steppe to the farm playing a significant role. On the day with the lighter winds, a secondary circulation related to the thermal contrasts between the two areas was observed. A simple conceptual model is described that predicts the extent of the cooler area required to generate such circulations. The observations illustrate how predictions of boundary layer structure in terms of local surface sensible heat fluxes may be compromised by advective effects. Such difficulties complicate efforts to obtain accurate representations of surface fluxes over inhomogeneous surfaces even if parameterizations of mesoscale contributions to the heat flux are included.
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Kaleem, Muhammad, and Ismail Fauzi Isnin. "Thermal-aware directional and adaptive routing algorithm for 3D network-on-chip." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i2.pp1051-1061.
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Due to the tier architecture <span lang="EN-US">of 3D network-on-chip (3D-NoC), reducing the thermal hotspot within the chip is challenging as a cooling mechanism that lies merely on the single side of a chip. High power density in 3D NoC is responsible for reliability degradation and thermal difficulties. Thermal-aware routing becomes substantial to handle thermal difficulties and diffusion of heat to the cooler regions. Thermal-aware routing focuses on bypassing hotspot areas by selecting cooler areas. Existing thermal-aware routing algorithms adopt slightly cooler but longer and extended paths, due to lack of ability to know the proximity of the destination's location, which aggravate thermal issues. This work presents a novel thermal-aware directional and adaptive routing algorithm. Objective of the proposed algorithm is to strive to find the best possible neighbour to reach closer to the proximity of the destination. The proposed algorithm can adaptively choose any suitable neighbour that can lead packets closer to the destination at each intermediate node. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with existing thermal-aware routing algorithm in a simulator environment. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperformed its counterpart in terms of average delay with 11-26% improvement, total hop counts with 8-24% reduction under various traffic conditions and improvement in overall thermal profiling of the chip.</span>
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Zheng, Zhong, Weiqi Zhou, Jingli Yan, Yuguo Qian, Jia Wang, and Weifeng Li. "The higher, the cooler? Effects of building height on land surface temperatures in residential areas of Beijing." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 110 (April 2019): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2019.01.008.
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Douzi, Wafa, Benoit Dugué, Ludwig Vinches, Chady Al Sayed, Stéphane Hallé, Laurent Bosquet, and Olivier Dupuy. "Cooling during exercise enhances performances, but the cooled body areas matter: A systematic review with meta‐analyses." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 29, no. 11 (August 14, 2019): 1660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.13521.
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MANSHOR, NURHAZRIATI, NURUL FARIZAH AZUDDIN, MASRATUL HAWA MOHD, NIK MOHD IZHAM MOHAMED NOR, and LATIFFAH ZAKARIA. "CHARACTERIZATION AND MYCOTOXIN ANALYSIS OF Fusarium spp. FROM HIGHLAND AREAS IN MALAYSIA." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i3.2237.
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Fusarium isolates from highland areas in Malaysia were mostly recovered from two species of grasses, Elyhordeum montanense and Paspalum conjugatum. The isolates were grouped into four morphological groups. Based on TEF-1α sequences, morphotype 1 isolates were molecularly identified as F. graminearum species complex, morphotype 2 as F. venenatum, morphotype 3 as F. avenaceum and morphotype 4 as F. kyushuense. Restriction analysis of the Intergenic Spacer region showed high levels of genetic diversity of isolates in F. graminearum species complex and F. venenatum. For mycotoxin analysis, only F. avenaceum and F. kyushuense produced beauvericin and moniliformin (0.869 & 0.321 µg/kg, respectively). Zearalenone was produced by 32 isolates of F. graminearum species complex (0.002 – 0.437 µg/kg), two isolates of F. venenatum (0.006 - 0.014 µg/kg) and F. kyushuense (0.006 µg/kg). Only F. avenaceum isolate produced fumonisin B1 (0.001 µg/kg). The present study indicates the occurrence of Fusarium species commonly reported in highland areas in Malaysia where the weather is cooler and the temperature is lower than in the lowland areas. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of phylogenetic species within F. graminearum species complex, F. venenatum, F. avenaceum and F. kyushuense in Malaysia.
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Taltavull de La Paz, Paloma, V. Perez-Sanchez, Raul-Tomas Mora-Garcia, and Juan-Carlos Perez-Sanchez. "Green Premium Evidence from Climatic Areas: A Case in Southern Europe, Alicante (Spain)." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030686.
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The existence of a green premium in house (asking) prices in Alicante province, Spain, are analyzed using circa 9000 property observations. In developing the sample, information from energy efficiency certificates was matched with two other databases. The model tests for green premium by climatic zones using pool Ordinary Least Squares (pool-OLS) and Instrumental Variables (IV) hedonic models, adds new knowledge concerning the existence of green premiums from Southern Europe, explores differences in their estimation by climatic zone, debates the nature of the estimated green parameters, and explains the role of endogeneity in hedonic green premium models. The empirical evidence assesses the sensitivity of asking price to either energy consumption (KWh) or carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) with an apparent premium of 3%, and captures an association with efficiency rating from G to F of 1.8% and from F to E of 1.1%. Significantly, the results relating to price responses show a distinct variation between the coast and the cooler climatic zone of the interior. The paper shows that energy efficiency incentive policies should discriminate by climatic areas, and provides a price reference by which to assess the amount of incentives needed to achieve European Union (EU) objectives.
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Praveenkumar, Seepana, Ephraim Bonah Agyekum, Abhinav Kumar, Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Sandylove Afrane, Fahd Amjad, and Vladimir Ivanovich Velkin. "Techno-Economics and the Identification of Environmental Barriers to the Development of Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plants in India." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 10400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010400.
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India is endowed with a lot of solar radiation as a result of its location. The Indian government therefore intends to maximize the usage of its solar energy resources through the development of solar power plants across the country. The concentrated solar power plant (CSP) is one of the technologies that rely on solar energy for its electricity generation. The type of condenser model in the CSP technology has the potential to affect its techno-economic viability. In this paper, a 100 MW solar tower power plant (STPP) with two different condenser models, i.e., the dry-cooled STPP and wet-cooled STPP models, are studied using the System Advisor Model (SAM) at six different geographical areas in India. The study employed the optimization of the thermal energy storage and the solar field size to identify the minimum levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for all six locations. Results from the simulation show that the LCOE will range between 13 and 17 cents/kWh under the optimization conditions for the STPP dry-cooled condenser model, while that of the wet-cooled condenser model will range between 12.40 and 12.96 USD cents/kWh for the study locations. It was also observed that the optimized solar multiple (SM) for the dry-cooled STPP model ranges between 1.4 and 1.8, whereas that of the wet-cooled model ranges between 1 and 1.8. The study identified Bhopal as the best location for installing the STPP plant for both condenser models. In addition, this paper also discusses major potential barriers and government policies that are needed to develop CSP technologies in India. The outcome of the study is expected to help both government and other stakeholders in decision making and policy formulation for the sector.
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Lyman, R. Lee. "Climatic implications of latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene mammalian sympatries in eastern Washington state, USA." Quaternary Research 70, no. 3 (November 2008): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.05.003.
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AbstractFor more than fifty years it has been known that mammalian faunas of late-Pleistocene age are taxonomically unique and lack modern analogs. It has long been thought that nonanalog mammalian faunas are limited in North America to areas east of the Rocky Mountains and that late-Pleistocene mammalian faunas in the west were modern in taxonomic composition. A late-Pleistocene fauna from Marmes Rockshelter in southeastern Washington State has no modern analog and defines an area of maximum sympatry that indicates significantly cooler summers than are found in the area today. An earliest Holocene fauna from Marmes Rockshelter defines an area of maximum sympatry, including the site area, but contains a single tentatively identified taxon that may indicate slightly cooler than modern summers.
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Ndobe Ebong, Divine, Claude Vidal Aloyem Kaze, and Armand Paiguy Ngouateu. "Design and implementation of solar powered mini refrigerator using thermoelectric cooler module." E3S Web of Conferences 354 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235401007.
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Remote areas are known for lack of conventional electrical power supply. But it is a common phenomenon to find health centres in remote areas, where vaccination campaigns are done regularly. Due to small populations, vaccines opened cannot be completely used and some usually get bad. The objective of this project is to design and implement a portable and energy efficient refrigerator for preservation of vaccines in medical centres found in remote areas where electric power supply is absent. The novelty of this work is on the use of planks, which are local materials and cheap for the construction of the frame of the refrigerator. The experimental method is used, that helps to determine the functional operation of the system and the limit to which the system functions. The main component of the refrigerator is the thermoelectric cooler module tec1-12706.The system is tested under various conditions such as simultaneous use of PV module and storage battery as source of electrical energy. The absence of cooling fan on the hot side of tec1-12706.The results show that the temperature of the system reduces from 280 C to 50c within one hour of operation. And the temperature of the hot side of the tec1-12706 module increases drastically within 15 minutes of operation if there is an absence of fan on the hot side. With this the module is easily damaged. From the literature review, the COP is maximum0.6 but the present work raises the COP to 0.7.this is done by reducing the input energy. It is then recommended that the system should not be operated without a fan attached to the hot side of the tec1 module.
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Caputo, P., E. N. Ferri, S. Girotti, S. Gozzi, and P. Saracino. "Application of luminescent ATP rapid checks at ready-to-eat foods producing plant." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 4 (August 10, 2011): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/197/2010-cjfs.
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Bioluminescent ATP determination has been applied at a ready-to-eat meals producer plant as a screening tool to evaluate the cleaning procedures and identify possible sources of microbial contamination. Luminescent ATP test revealed the risk situations in few minutes, any time it was supposed useful, and on site. All data were confirmed by the plate count method and immediate interventions were undertaken in risk situations, concerning not perfectly cleaned surfaces and cross-contamination between the areas for different types of foods. Various departments have been checked: cold stores, raw food manipulation areas, kitchens, coolers, and packaging areas. Critical situations were revealed in the fresh foods cold storage areas, which were consequently treated by more intensive cleaning procedures, and the raw food manipulation areas, which were physically separated by walls, were more intensively cleaned with exchanges between the various areas strictly regulated. Intervention effectiveness was confirmed by repeated controls using portable ATP assay, since the evaluation of the relationship between CFU and RLU gave good results, with an r<sup>2</sup> value of 0.83.
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Sharaievskii, I., N. Fialko, A. Nosovsky, L. Zimin, and G. Sharaievskii. "Urgent Problems in Thermal Physics of Design-Basis and Severe Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 2(70) (May 20, 2016): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2016.2(70).07.
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The paper considers thermal and physical aspects in dynamics of design-basis and severe accidents at water-cooled nuclear power reactors with nuclear fuel damage. The most promising concepts of the corium confinement in the damaged reactor were analyzed. The main objective was to define the main areas to search and implement methods of efficient and safe heat removal in progression of emergencies.
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Paladino, L., and M. Lucchesi. "(P1-69) Joint Military and NGO Vaccination Campaign in Remote Areas in Haiti." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004018.
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IntroductionThe January 12 2010 7.0-magnitude earthquake's epicenter hit just 10 miles west of Porte-au-Prince and its 2 million inhabitants at 4:53 pm.ProblemAlthough assistance arrived to major ports and cities from all corners of the globe, access from rural and remote areas to centralized hospitals remained difficult. Many of the injured were without access to transportation even a month after the earthquake. Earthquake victims in remote areas have less access to wound care and running water, and therefore more pone to infection and tetanus.ResponseOur group was comprised of a civilian mobile medical team able to negotiate difficult terrain by foot with vehicle support provided by the 82nd Airborne military. The military support supplied vehicles and experience needed to tackle the difficult terrain. Because the vaccines are temperature sensitive, delivery of them to remote areas with long travel times in hot climates is logistically difficult and requires coordination. In order to assure vaccines would not be wasted, they were picked up from the WHO the morning of deployment and stored in coolers without direct contact with ice. An advance team would arrive to the target site first to coordinate with local community leaders and gather patients with tetanus prone wounds in a central area. A second team would transport the amount of vaccine needed as estimated by the advance team.ResultOur group vaccinated approximately 300 people without access to the centralized hospitals per day using this system, with no vials of vaccine wasted or spoiled.
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Blaise, Alexandre, Brahim Bourouga, and Christine Dessain. "Thermal Study of Hot Stamping with Heated and Cooled Tooling to Obtain Tailored Properties." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1545.
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To produce parts with tailored properties, i.e. parts with high strength in some areas and high ductility on some other areas, one of the most popular method, called the tailored tempering process, is to heat up locally the tools. In the hot areas, the blank follows a different thermal path leading to different microstructure evolutions and thus different final mechanical properties. In this paper, a tool is designed to have a side heated up to 500°C and a water cooled side. The hot side is heated up thanks to heated cartridges. A PID regulation is used to control the temperature of the hot side (from 200°C to 500°C) while the cold side is maintained at a low temperature using a thermostated water circulation. A uniform temperature on the working surface is successfully reached on both sides. Instrumentation by thermocouples is designed to be able to fully characterize the heat transfer: solving 2D heat conduction problems, the temperature fields in the tools and the thermal contact resistances at the blank/tool interfaces are estimated. Hardness measurements are also performed on the blank: the possibility to confer a distribution of mechanical properties is highlighted.
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Zhu, Mingming, Joseph J. H. Ackerman, Alexander L. Sukstanskii, and Dmitriy A. Yablonskiy. "How the body controls brain temperature: the temperature shielding effect of cerebral blood flow." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 5 (November 2006): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2006.
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Normal brain functioning largely depends on maintaining brain temperature. However, the mechanisms protecting brain against a cooler environment are poorly understood. Reported herein is the first detailed measurement of the brain-temperature profile. It is found to be exponential, defined by a characteristic temperature shielding length, with cooler peripheral areas and a warmer brain core approaching body temperature. Direct cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements with microspheres show that the characteristic temperature shielding length is inversely proportional to the square root of CBF in excellent agreement with a theoretical model. This “temperature shielding effect” quantifies the means by which CBF prevents “extracranial cold” from penetrating deep brain structures. The effect is crucial for research and clinical applications; the relationship between brain, body, and extracranial temperatures can now be quantitatively predicted.
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Shiba, T., K. Ito, R. Yokoyama, S. Sakashita, and Y. Himura. "Optimal Planning of a Cascade-Type Multistage Refrigeration System for a Beverage Plant." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795992.
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An optimal planning method is presented for a cascade-type multistage refrigeration system. Heat exchange areas of evaporator, condenser, and beverage cooler are determined optimally so as to minimize the annual total cost and input energy consumption subject to constraints concerning annual equipment operation. This problem is considered as a multiobjective optimization one, and a discrete set of Pareto optimal solutions is derived numerically by a weighting method. Through a numerical study, it is investigated how the heat exchange areas influence the long-term economics and energy conservation. Cascade-type multistage refrigeration systems are compared with single-stage systems.