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1
Giacomelli, Matteo, and Fulvia Calcagni. Borgofuturo+: Un progetto locale per le aree interne. Macerata: Quodlibet, 2022.
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2
Doãn, Mậu Diệp. Survey of spontaneous migration to a rural and an urban area in Viet Nam. New York: United Nations, 1996.
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3
Mage, Julius A. Recent migration of Mennonite farmers into the Mount Forest Area of Ontario: Phase 1: location and general land use characteristics. Guelph, Ont: Dept. of Geography, University of Guelph, 1989.
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4
Tra urbano e rurale: Ricerche, progetti e linee guida per nuovi habitat di margine nei centri delle aree interne della Sardegna. Roma: Gangemi, 2012.
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5
Cross, Catherine. En waarheen nou?: Migration and settlement in the Cape Metropolitian Area (CMA) : report to the Cape Metropolitan Council. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Dept. of Sociology, University of Stellenbosch, 1999.
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6
James, Gerber, and Guang Lei 1965-, eds. Agriculture and rural connections in the Pacific. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2005.
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7
Gerber, James, and Lei Guang. Agriculture and Rural Connections in the Pacific. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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8
Gerber, James, and Lei Guang. Agriculture and Rural Connections in the Pacific. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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9
Parks, Lisa. Water, Energy, Access. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039362.003.0005.
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This chapter describes a particular rural configuration of Internet infrastructure in Zambia. It shows that access in this location is contingent on water resources, which not only generate hydroelectricity for the Zambian power grid but are also necessary for prospective Internet users' everyday survival in the community of Macha. Understanding the materialization of Internet infrastructure in rural Zambia works to destabilize dominant discourses that posit ICT (information and communication technology) diffusion and adoption in rural Africa as a straightforward path to “modernization,” “development,” and “global integration,” and instead points to local political, economic, and cultural challenges to the Internet's globalization. The chapter then foregrounds the struggles and contestations that are part of infrastructure development; the energy and biopower that infrastructures rely on; the relationality of water, transportation, and information systems; and the alternate ways that people imagine, use, or respond to infrastructure.
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(Editor), James Gerber, and Lei Guang (Editor), eds. Agriculture And Rural Connections In The Pacifi, 1500-1900 (The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900). Variorum, 2006.
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11
Mossberger, Karen, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Scott J. LaCombe. Choosing the Future. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197585757.001.0001.
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COVID-19 laid bare a persistent “digital divide” in both urban and rural communities at a time when access to education, work, health care, food, and government services relied on use of broadband or high-speed internet. A lifeline during the pandemic, broadband use is a fundamental resource for the future of opportunity in communities. Prior work has examined impacts for broadband infrastructure, but that indicates little about the extent to which local populations can afford and use the technology. With new data on broadband subscriptions from 2000 to 2017 and comprehensive analysis for states, counties, metros, cities, and neighborhoods, the authors argue that broadband use in the population is a form of digital human capital; like education, broadband use benefits communities as well as individuals. The evidence is compelling, with data over time that supports broadband’s causal impact across all types of communities, for economic prosperity, growth, income, employment, and policy innovation. Yet there are urban neighborhoods and rural counties where as little as one-quarter of the population has a broadband subscription, even when mobile is included. As “smart” cities and communities are built, employing artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things; as economies and jobs continue to experience rapid change; and as more information and services migrate online, it is communities with widespread broadband use that will be best positioned for inclusive innovation, with the digital human capital to thrive.
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Jenkins, Rob, and James Manor. NREGA, National Politics, and Policy Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608309.003.0007.
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This chapter examines how politics has affected public debates concerning India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) and how best to reform it. Because of its immense size and scope, NREGA found itself implicated in a wide range of key national policy debates: from public finance to internal security to rural development. It has also produced changes in local political dynamics, in the political calculus of state-level leaders, in social interactions, and in perceptions of social status. This chapter addresses these issues through discussions of three thematic areas: corruption and governance; wages and work; and India's development paradigm. The revisions to NREGA's operational practices after the re-election of the Congress Party-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government in 2009 are also examined.
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Agrawal, Ravi. India Connected. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858650.001.0001.
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Former chief CNN India correspondent and award-wining journalist Ravi Agrawal takes readers on a journey across the Subcontinent, through its remote rural villages and its massive metropolises, seeking out the nexuses of change created by smartphones, and with them connection to the internet. As always with India, the numbers are staggering: in 2000, 20 million Indians had access to the internet; by 2017, 465 million were online, with three Indians discovering the internet every second. By 2020, India's online community is projected to exceed 700 million, and more than a billion Indians are expected to be online by 2025. In the course of a single generation, access to the internet has progressed from dial-up connections on PCs, to broadband access, wireless, and now 4G data on phones. The rise of low-cost smartphones and cheap data plans has meant the country leapfrogged the baby steps their Western counterparts took toward digital fluency. The results can be felt in every sphere of life, upending traditions and customs and challenging conventions. Nothing is untouched, from arranged marriages to social status to business start-ups, as smartphones move the entire economy from cash-based to credit-based. Access to the internet is affecting the progress of progress itself. As Agrawal shows, while they offer immediate and sometimes mind-altering access to so much for so many, smartphones create no immediate utopia in a culture still driven by poverty, a caste system, gender inequality, illiteracy, and income disparity. Internet access has provided greater opportunities to women and changed the way in which India's many illiterate poor can interact with the world, but it has also meant that pornography has become more readily available. Under a government keen to control content, it has created tensions. And in a climate of hypernationalism, it has fomented violence and even terrorism. The influence of smartphones on "the world's largest democracy" is nonetheless pervasive and irreversible, and India Connected reveals both its dimensions and its implications.
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Bhugra, Dinesh, Antonio Ventriglio, João Castaldelli-Maia, and Layla McCay, eds. Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series). Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198804949.001.0001.
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The internal migration in countries around the globe as a result of rapid urbanization and related to industrialization as a consequence of globalization has been truly remarkable. The past 50 years have seen a massive rise in the numbers of people moving and creating megapolis in many parts of the world. It is inevitable that with such massive internal migration come stressors such as pollution, lack of space, overcrowding, unemployment, and increased likelihood of infectious diseases, all of which contribute to an increase in psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, such migration can also lead to the splintering of social support and the fraying of social networks, which can further contribute to poor help-seeking and poor therapeutic adherence and poor prognosis. This book highlights challenges in managing mental health and psychiatric disorders in urban areas. The contributors include researchers, clinicians, urban planners, urban designers, and others who are interested in the field. The book will appeal to all mental health professionals, whether they are working in urban areas or rural areas.
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Khanna, Muniya S., and Tommy Chou. Electronic Communication, Telehealth, and Social Media. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.46.
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Explosive growth of communication technologies and increased ubiquity of Internet access in both urban and rural communities and particularly in youth have occurred. Coupled with concerns regarding limitations to traditional service provision models, researchers and practitioners are looking to affordable, acceptable technologies to expand the reach of evidence-based care and reduce barriers to intervention and unmet need in areas with few providers. This chapter describes the present literature on use of video teleconferencing, web-based programs, social media, and smartphone apps to enhance mental health intervention delivery, psychiatric assessment, and training and supervision. The strengths of the various delivery methods are discussed for providing empirically supported mental healthcare, focusing on implications related to science and practice with children and families. Outlined also are current limitations, risks, and challenges to technology-mediated services, including the significant gaps in the evidence base underlying these technologies and the legal, ethical, and safety issues that remain.
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Jones, Michael Owen, and Lucy M. Long, eds. Comfort Food. University Press of Mississippi, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496810847.001.0001.
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As a subject of study, “comfort food” is relevant to a number of scholarly disciplines, most obviously food studies, folkloristics, and anthropology, but also American culture studies, cultural studies, global and international studies, tourism, marketing, and public health. This volume explores the concept of “comfort food” primarily within a western context with examples from Atlantic Canada, Indonesia, England, and various ethnic, regional, and religious populations as well as rural and urban residents in the U.S. It includes studies of a wide range of dishes—bologna to chocolate, sweet and savory puddings, fried bread with an egg in the center, dairy products, fried rice, cafeteria fare, sugary fried dough, soul food, and others—exploring ways in which they comfort or in some instances cause discomfort and how they are connected to a sense of emotional well-being. Some essays analyze the phenomenon in daily life; others consider comfort food in the context of cookbooks, films, Internet blogs, literature, marketing, and tourism. Recognizing that what heartens one person might discomfort another, the collection is organized accordingly, from pleasant and comforting to unpleasant or discomforting food experiences. Those foods and food experiences are then related to concepts and issues such as identity, family, community, nationality, ethnicity, class, sense of place, tradition, stress, health, discomfort, guilt, betrayal, and loss, contributing to a deeper understanding of comfort food as a significant social category of human behavior.
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Arneil, Barbara. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803423.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 defines the volume’s key terms: domestic colonization as the process of segregating idle, irrational, and/or custom-bound groups of citizens by states and civil society organizations into strictly bounded parcels of ‘empty’ rural land within their own nation state in order to engage them in agrarian labour and ‘improve’ both the land and themselves and domestic colonialism as the ideology that justifies this process, based on its economic (offsets costs) and ethical (improves people) benefits. The author examines and differentiates her own research from previous literatures on ‘internal colonialism’ and argues that her analysis challenges postcolonial scholarship in four important ways: colonization needs to be understood as a domestic as well as foreign policy; people were colonized based on class, disability, and religious belief as well as race; domestic colonialism was defended by socialists and anarchists as well as liberal thinkers; and colonialism and imperialism were quite distinct ideologies historically even if they are often difficult to distinguish in contemporary postcolonial scholarship—put simply—the former was rooted in agrarian labour and the latter in domination. This chapter concludes with a summary of the remaining chapters.
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Drèze, Jean. Sense and Solidarity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833468.001.0001.
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The last twenty years have been a time of intense public debates on social policy in India. There have also been major initiatives, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, as well as resilient inertia in some fields. This book brings together some of Jean Drèze's contributions to these debates, along with other short essays on social development. The essays span the gamut of critical social policies, from education and health to poverty, nutrition, child care, corruption, employment, and social security. There are also less predictable topics such as the caste system, corporate power, nuclear disarmament, the Gujarat model, the Kashmir conflict, and universal basic income. The book aims at enlarging the boundaries of social development, towards a broad concern with the sort of society we want to create. The concluding essay, on public-spiritedness and solidarity, argues that the cultivation of enlightened social norms is an integral part of development. "Jholawala" has become a disparaging term for activists in the Indian business media. This book affirms the learning value of collective action combined with sound economic analysis. In his detailed introduction, the author argues for an approach to development economics where research and action are complementary and interconnected.
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Payson, Julia. When Cities Lobby. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197615263.001.0001.
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When Cities Lobby tells the story of what happens when city officials rely on professional lobbyists to represent their interests in state government. In a political environment characterized by intense urban-rural polarization and growing hostility between cities and state legislatures, the ability to lobby can be a powerful tool for city leaders seeking to amplify their voices in state politics. The cities that lobby at the highest rates include large urban centers that have been historically underrepresented in our federal system—and, increasingly, blue-leaning cities engaged in preemption battles against Republican-led legislatures. But high-income places have also figured out how to strategically use lobbyists, and these communities have become particularly adept at lobbying to secure additional grant money and shift state funding in a direction that favors them. How did we end up with a system where political officials in different levels of government often choose to pay lobbyists to facilitate communication between them, and are the potential benefits worth the costs? When Cities Lobby demonstrates that the answer is deeply rooted in both the nature of the federal system and the evolution of the professional lobbying industry. And while some states have recently debated measures to restrict lobbying by local governments, these efforts will likely do more harm than good in the absence of structural reforms to the lobbying industry more broadly.
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Krafft, Caroline, and Ragui Assaad, eds. The Egyptian Labor Market. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847911.001.0001.
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This book updates our understanding of how the Egyptian labor market, economy, and society have evolved in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, the subsequent political upheaval and substantial economic challenges that followed, and the economic reforms introduced in late 2016. Not only was job creation anemic over the period from 2012 to 2018, but new jobs were also of low-quality, characterized by informality and vulnerability to economic shocks. These challenges pushed many in Egypt, especially the most vulnerable, into a more precarious labor market situation. The book examines the plight of the most vulnerable groups by focusing on the intersection of gender and economic vulnerability in the labor market. With this emphasis on vulnerability and a lens that is sensitive to gender differences and inequities, the contributors to this volume use data from the most recent wave of a unique longitudinal survey to illuminate different aspects of Egyptians’ lives. The aspects they explore include labor supply behavior, the ability to access good quality and well-paying jobs, the evolution of wages and wage inequality, the school-to-work transition of youth, the decline in public sector employment, international and internal migration, the situation of rural women, access to social protection, food security, vulnerability to shocks and coping mechanisms, health status, and access to health care services. These analyses are prescient in understanding the axes of vulnerability in Egyptian society that became all too salient during the COVID-19 pandemic.