Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Areas protected'
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Imykshenova, Erzhena. "Protected areas land management." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/12814.
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Protected areas contain some of the world’s most beautiful scenery and outstanding natural and cultural landscapes. They play a vital role in conservation of biodiversity, maintaining genetic resources and protecting important ecosystem functions. At present more than 14000 protected areas exist in Russia occupying approximately 12 per cent of the country’s area. Management of these territories affects many stakeholders. Therefore any management decision on protected areas should consider private and public interests and foresee possible ecological, economic, and social consequences.
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Furze, Brian James 1957. "Protected areas and socio-environmental justice : the case for participatory protected area management." Monash University, School of Humanities, Communications and Social Sciences, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8744.
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Roberts, Mark Ashley. "Mandatory interpretation for coastal protected areas." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/mandatory-interpretation-for-coastal-protected-areas(fb29d83e-e88b-4eb5-8237-ed5b08ea9297).html.
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This thesis set out to address conflicts that arise when nature based tourism is present in coastal settings, by seeking to develop a management technique that reduces the negative impacts of tourism. Mandatory interpretation is a term used to describe scenarios whereby visitors are required to partake in an interpretative experience prior to gaining access to an area. This study considers the role and suitability of mandatory interpretation in reducing negative visitor impacts in coastal protected areas. The research aimed to explore mandatory interpretation as a visitor impact management tool, identifying circumstances under which it is appropriate and effective to develop a set of requirements or guidelines for the introduction of mandatory interpretation into the visitor impact management strategy of coastal protected areas. In order to achieve this aim the research was divided into two phases. Three key indicators were used in the assessment of the effectiveness of the mandatory interpretation programme at Hanauma Bay Nature Reserve, Hawai’i, United States of America. By comparing responses to questionnaires from pre- and post- visit samples, this study found that the mandatory interpretation programme added to visitor knowledge of the site and visitors’ intentions to behave in an environmentally appropriate manner. Observation and interviews with management, staff and volunteers added depth of understanding to the results obtained through the questionnaire survey. Furthermore, secondary data, interviews and observations were used to explore and document the mandatory interpretative process at Hanauma Bay Nature Reserve. The results formed the background on which the second phase of research was based. Using the previous findings the second phase of research set out to investigate how, if at all, and under what circumstances mandatory interpretation may be implemented with a multiple access point site. By conducting focus group surveys with resource managers and a visitor questionnaire survey, within Chichester Harbour Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, United Kingdom, this thesis was able explored the appropriateness of mandatory interpretation in the amelioration of on-site visitor impacts. Research identified scope for the inclusion of mandatory interpretation that creates a captive audience, within the visitor impact management plans of coastal protected areas. The results from this study suggest that mandatory interpretation, if carefully designed, is capable of contributing towards reduced visitor impacts through development of knowledge and resulting behavioural intentions. Ultimately, reduced visitor impacts help to conserve the biodiversity values of the coastal protected area. Mandatory interpretation is ideal for coastal protected areas with single access points that suffer significant visitor impacts, and should be based on high quality interpretative media as well as clear and consistent messages. Implementation of mandatory interpretation within multiple access point sites may prove more difficult. However, the research yielded useful results that may help inform managers on how mandatory interpretation may be implemented. Overall, this thesis provides a foundation for additional research into, and a basis on which, mandatory interpretative programmes may be developed. Providing a set of practical implications and generic guidelines for its implementation that includes the conditions under which mandatory interpretation is: (i) appropriate; (ii) effective; and (iii) by developing an appreciation of how best to design, implement and evaluate mandatory interpretive programmes.
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Thorn, Jamie. "Sustainability in Parks and Protected Areas." Thesis, Prescott College, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10277458.
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The purpose of this research was to explore the state of sustainability in U.S. Parks and Protected Areas (PPAs) as well as to create a tool to help measure and maintain sustainability in PPAs. The primary research question driving this research was “What is the current state of sustainability in U.S. PPAs?” This guiding question also addressed a sub-question, which asked, “Can a tool be developed and validated to measure the state of sustainability in parks?” The second research question in this project was “Do current park managers believe the use of a sustainable parks certificate would aid ongoing efforts to uphold and maintain sustainability in their parks?” Each research question was addressed through the creation of a survey to measure the state of sustainability through five hypothesized domains, with 55 Likert-scale-style questions and six open-ended questions addressing the certificate program. The survey opened in May 2017 and ended in October 2017. It was sent to approximately 2,645 managers across the country and included national parks and state parks in U.S. states and territories. The data showed that participants were in favor of creating a sustainable parks certificate to help them become more sustainable. A chief recommendation was to start an initiative aimed at providing an online platform for sustainability training geared specifically toward PPAs. This research project has begun the steps necessary to advance the state of sustainability in U.S. PPAs.
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Ban, Natalie Corinna. "Multiple perspectives for envisioning marine protected areas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1275.
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This thesis provides the first direct comparison between – and integration of – community-based and science-based approaches to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are one potentially effective conservation tool, but are being established very slowly. My research shows that community involvement in placing MPAs can help meet many ecological goals, although biophysical data improve the conservation value of sitings.
To assess the need for MPAs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, I mapped stressors resulting from human activities. This produced a powerful rationale for MPAs: very little of the ocean, and almost none of the continental shelf of BC, lies beyond the reach of human stressors.
My work helps reconcile differing perspectives about the efficacy of community-based vs. science-based MPA selection. I explored and analyzed these approaches, separately and together, in two areas in BC. First, I generated a community-based plan for MPA placement through partnerships with two First Nations (indigenous peoples) in BC. They offered strong support for spatial protection measures, and individuals nominated overlapping areas. Second, I applied a decision support tool (Marxan) to determine MPA placement under scientific precepts. Conservation planning usually lacks detailed ecological information but the Marxan approach was robust to some missing data; in such cases, it was best to use available abiotic and biotic data to ensure that both habitats and species were represented. Third, I integrated community-based and science-based approaches, to find that they verified and complemented each other. Indeed, an integration of the two was preferred by participants and also achieved all conservation objectives.
Finally, I took a novel and pragmatic approach to ocean zoning. I used spatial data for thirteen commercial fisheries on Canada’s west coast to select areas where fishing should be permitted, rather than prohibiting fishing under a MPA paradigm. The results revealed that small reductions in fisheries yields, if judiciously selected, could allow creation of large unfished areas that embraced diverse biophysical regions and habitat types. Such a pragmatic approach could achieve remarkable conservation gains.
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POIAN, PEDRO PAULO DA. "SUSTAINABLE USE OF URBAN PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30248@1.
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A criação de Áreas Naturais Protegidas foi um movimento iniciado no final do século XIX e difundiu-se por todo o mundo ao longo do século XX, sendo, em 1960, criada a Comissão Mundial de Parques Nacionais e Áreas Protegidas (WCPA). Em 1937 foi criada a primeira e efetiva Área Natural Protegida brasileira – o Parque Nacional de Itatiaia /RJ. A Lei número 9.985 criou no ano 2000 o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). A conservação das Áreas Naturais Protegidas enfrenta inúmeras dificuldades por todo o mundo sendo vários os exemplos de parques de papel, que são criados mas nos quais quase nada é feito. Mas as medidas relativas à regularização fundiária, à implantação de infra-estrutura, à existência de funcionários e ao funcionamento de esquemas de gestão participativa não são por si só suficientes para garantir a efetiva conservação das Áreas Protegidas; é fundamental a adoção de mecanismos de Uso Sustentável dessas áreas, fomentando sua visitação, de forma ordenada e racional. Os usuários, conscientizados da importância da conservação ambiental, tornam-se efetivos fiscais do Parque. Nos Parques mais distantes dos centros urbanos e onde a vida selvagem está mais preservada, seu Uso Sustentável é assegurado pelo ecoturismo. No caso das Áreas Naturais Protegidas Urbanas, ganha destaque o Lazer Ecológico, com atividades ligadas à recreação, relaxamento, contemplação, etc. O trabalho analisa a situação do Uso Sustentável dos principais Parques do município do Rio de Janeiro e detalha as ações necessárias no Parque Natural Municipal Marapendi para que o mesmo possa efetivamente tornar-se um Parque de Uso Sustentável.Since ancient times man used to protect certain areas for religious or historical reasons, but from the nineteenth century the main objective of protecting natural areas became the preservation of scenic beauty and ecological purposes. It was thus consolidated the concept of Natural Protected Areas, which are called today, in Brazil, of Conservation Units. Although most extent of these areas are situated outside cities environments, there are also Urban Protected Areas, of enormous importance. Over the decades, however, many parks created in Natural Protected Areas became just paper parks, not reaching their purposes.
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McGarry, Tessa Jane. "Designing marine protected areas in the tropics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615631.
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Sciberras, Marija. "Marine protected areas : efficacy, implementation and management." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/marine-protected-areas--efficacy-implementation-and-management(6e20fc73-e575-42f5-b3b1-d6619a507c80).html.
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Marine protected areas (MP As) are increasingly viewed as an important management tool within a suite of policy alternatives to reduce, prevent and/or reverse on-going declines in marine biodiversity. The overall aim of this thesis was to test the efficacy of MP As as a conservation measure, particularly focusing on partially protected areas which have received less attention than fully protected areas. An evidence-based approach, combining a rigorous assessment of the literature through 'systematic review' methodology, with field studies of fishing gear restriction areas in the UK was undertaken to examine the biological effects of partially protected areas on biota relative to fully protected areas and open access fished areas. The syntheses of available evidence included in the systematic review suggested that while partially protected areas significantly enhanced density and biomass of fish relative to open access areas, fully protected areas yielded significantly higher biomass of fish within their boundaries relative to partially protected areas. The positive response to protection was primarily driven by target species. The effects of life history and ecological traits on the response of fish species to fully and partially protected areas were further examined using mixed effects modelling. Fish maximum body size, adult habitat preference and the exploitation status of the species were significantly related to the magnitude of response to full and partial protection. These results highlighted the importance of incorporating species information in the design of new MP As, which ensures that protection is provided at spatial scales relevant to the species in need of conservation. Fishery closed areas, where fishing with bottom-towed gear is prohibited but fishing with static gear is permitted are amongst the commonest examples of MP As in the UK. Underwater camera surveys were conducted at Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC), the Modiolus Box within the Pen Llyn a'r Sarnau SAC, Skomer Marine Nature Reserve and the Port Erin closed area in the Isle of Man to examine the response of epibenthic invertebrate communities to protection from bottom fishing. Benefits from protection were observed for three of these MP As and the magnitude of response was generally higher for the target species such as scallops and for sessile, fragile taxa such as hydroids, bryozoans and sponges. Two key environmental characteristics that influenced the effect of protection were the intensity of fishing at the control unprotected areas and the level of natural disturbance from waves and tides. Overall, the results showed that partially protected areas are a valuable spatial management tool particularly in areas where exclusion of all extractive activities is not a socio- economically and politically viable option. The findings also highlight the importance of considering the physical nature and dynamics of the environment, the nature of the species concerned and past and present level of fishing intensity throughout the designation process of MP As, so as to avoid negative impacts on fisheries and limited conservation benefits.
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Luna, i. Pérez Beatriz. "Anthropic impacts in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/18846.
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So, Wai-kong. "The unofficial countryside : ecological management outside protected areas /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34739397.
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Greenville, Jared. "Marine protected areas a tool for fishery management /." Connect to full text, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1893.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources, University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed on August 9, 2007). Includes graphs, tables. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. Bibliography: leaves 304-313. Also issued in print.
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So, Wai-kong, and 蘇偉綱. "The unofficial countryside: ecological management outside protected areas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013214.
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Burmil, Shmuel. "Protected areas and management agencies in arid landscapes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186859.
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In this dissertation, two agencies charged with the management of public protected areas in arid landscapes are analyzed for their ability to successfully execute their missions. First, the characteristics of arid landscapes are explored. Abiotic, biotic, and cultural--including perceptual--aspects of arid landscapes are considered and included in constructing the unique profile of arid landscapes. Structural and functional characteristics expected from such agencies are established based on considerations related to policy making and implementation, agency organization, and landscape characteristics. A framework for analysis of the commons is adapted for the analysis of each agency. Literature review and information obtained by surveys are used for the analysis of the agencies to fit the expected characteristics. The structure and function of the agencies are found not to fit the expected ones. Existing administrative systems are not capable of dealing with landscapes. Decision making by small local communities were proposed as an appropriate solution for ecological issues, yet are found here to be inappropriate. A model for agency structure and function that includes a combination of larger perspective with local involvement is proposed and discussed. A general model for decision making regarding protection of natural resources in arid landscapes, and its possible applicability to other landscapes and land uses, is proposed.
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Kohler, Nicholas P. "Protected areas and landscape change in mainland Southeast Asia /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3164081.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-129). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Zainol, Noor Yazan. "Integrated planning and management for protected areas in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Salford, 2009. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26984/.
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The current development plan system in Malaysia provides minimal protection for protected areas. Shortcomings can be seen in policies, decision making processes, and implementation and enforcement. In addition, existing legislation, development plan procedures, policies, and guidelines do not support integrated planning and management for protected areas. This raises concern for those involved with all aspects of protected area planning and management. Within this thesis international best practices have been critically reviewed and an in depth case study of the Klang Gates Ridge National Monument conducted. This research has confirmed that there is a lack of emphasis on the planning and management of protected areas in the Malaysian development plan system and what protection exists is ineffective, poorly managed and not fully implemented. This situation was further exacerbated by the lack of development plan documents and guidelines related to protected areas that promote an integrated approach to development control, decision making and enforcement. The research also identified that there was a lack of personal to advise on and take good decisions in relation to environmental matters. Poor consultation with stakeholder and the public also contribute to the situation in Malaysia. These shortfalls need immediate remedy. There is already a development plan system in place to attend to environmental matters but at present it has not been developed comprehensively. By including planning and management of protected areas in the development pan it could become a comprehensive and important tool to ensure protection and conservation of natural resources. Proposals to amend the legislation, develop a comprehensive environmental management plan, set up a lead agency to enforce planning and management of protected areas, enhance public consultation and recruit qualified staff to advise and take good environmental focused decisions are presented.
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Oldekop, Johan. "The conservation of biodiversity inside and outside protected areas." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-conservation-of-biodiversity-inside-and-outside-protected-areas(a4c6a143-5dac-40ce-ac51-4e9ce68c661a).html.
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In recent decades there has been a push to try and include communities in natural resource conservation initiatives. This thesis uses a multidisciplinary approach and a series of case studies in the Ecuadorian Amazon to look at the role that common property regimes can have in conservation initiatives. Results show that community managed forests can have positive conservation outcomes. Local communities, however, will often integrate into local market economies creating significant tradeoffs between livelihoods, local management decisions and natural resource conservation. Nonetheless, resource scarcity can drive the evolution of local resource management institutions and communities have the potential to accurately monitor changes in natural resources. These results suggest that local communities have the potential to play an important role in conservation practices but that local economic incentives can affect the way in which communities manage their resources.
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Stevens, Tim, and n/a. "Mapping Benthic Habitats for Representation in Marine Protected Areas." Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040303.124815.
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Virtually all marine conservation planning and management models in place or proposed have in common the need for improved scientific rigour in identifying and characterising the marine habitats encompassed. An emerging central theme in the last few years has been the concept of representativeness, or representative systems of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The habitat classification and mapping needed to incorporate considerations of representativeness into MPA planning must logically be carried out at the same scale at which management occurs. Management of highly protected areas occurs almost exclusively at local scales or finer, independent of the reservation model or philosophy employed. Moreton Bay, on Australias east coast, was selected for studies at the local scale to map and classify macrobenthic habitats. In a site scale (1 km) trial for the major habitat classification study, remote underwater videography was used to map and characterise an unusual assemblage of epibenthic invertebrates on soft sediments. The assemblage included congregations of the comatulid crinoid Zygometra cf. Z. microdiscus (Bell) at densities up to 0.88 individuals.m-2, comparable to those found in coral reef habitats. There was no correlation between the distribution of this species and commonly used abiotic surrogates depth (6 18 m), sediment composition and residual current. This site scale trial is the first quantitative assessment of crinoid density and distribution in shallow water soft-sediment environments. The high densities found are significant in terms of the generally accepted picture of shallow-water crinoids as essentially reefal fauna. The findings highlight the conservation benefits of an inclusive approach to marine habitat survey and mapping. Assemblages such as the one described, although they may be of scientific and ecological significance, would have been overlooked by common approaches to marine conservation planning which emphasise highly productive or aesthetically appealing habitats. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 km) was tested. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity and false heterogeneity were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps. The best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20 and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon / surrogate correlations significant. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in Marine Protected Areas. Abiotic factors did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. Habitat mapping for the design of Marine Protected Areas is critically affected by the scale of the source information. The relationship between biological similarity of macrobenthos and the distance between sites was investigated at both site and local scales, and for separate biotic groups. There was a significant negative correlation between similarity and distance, in that sites further apart were less similar than sites close together. The relationship, although significant, was quite weak at the site scale. Rank correlograms showed that similarity was high at scales of 10 km or less, and declined markedly with increasing distance. There was evidence of patchiness in the distributions of some biotic groups, especially seagrass and anthozoans, at scales less than 16 km. In other biotic groups there was an essentially monotonic decline in similarity with distance. The spatial agglomeration approach to habitat mapping was valid in the study area. Site spacing of less than 10 km was necessary to capture important components of biological similarity. Site spacing of less than 2.5 km did not appear to be warranted. Macrobenthic habitat types were classified and mapped at 78 sites spaced 5 km apart. The area mapped was about 2,400 km2 and extended from estuarine shallow subtidal waters to offshore areas to the 50 m isobath. Nine habitat types were recognised, with only one on hard substrate. The habitat mapping characterised several habitat types not previously described in the area and located deepwater algal and soft coral reefs not previously reported. Seagrass beds were encountered in several locations where their occurrence was either unknown or had not previously been quantified. The representation of the derived habitat types within an existing marine protected area was assessed. Only two habitat types were represented in highly protected zones, with less than 3% of each included The study represents the most spatially comprehensive survey of epibenthos undertaken in Moreton Bay, with over 40,000 m2 surveyed. Derived habitat maps provide a robust basis for inclusion of representative examples of all habitat types in marine protected area planning in and adjacent to Moreton Bay. The utility of video data to conduct a low-cost habitat survey over a comparatively large area was also demonstrated. The method used has potentially wide application for the survey and design of marine protected areas.
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Martino, Diego. "Reintroducing Homo sapiens sapiens into protected areas and nature." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ57674.pdf.
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Pajaro, Marivic Gosamo. "Indicators of effectiveness in community-based marine protected areas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17676.
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Despite an expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs), a big gap exists in monitoring and evaluating their effectiveness. In less developed countries such as the Philippines, community-based (CB) MPAs have flourished. This thesis focused on exploring how local communities identify indicators of MPA effectiveness and subsequently monitor and evaluate an MPA. I first examined the process of MPA policy development, and found that global targets may be unknown or meaningless to local communities because of limited localization of international and national policies. In response, I recommend the participation of legitimate multi-level representatives from a network of alliances that can effectively act to harmonize MPA policies. With the active engagement of communities in the central Philippines, I identified sets of indicators and criteria for evaluating CBMPA effectiveness and found they change over time as MPAs and local conditions evolved, e.g., communities associated with younger MPAs preferred the input and output types of indicators while those associated with older MPAs preferred outcome indicators. Changes in community expectations as the MPAs evolve also influenced the criteria for evaluation. Analyses of community indicator development, monitoring and evaluation processes indicated that the strongest determinant of participation was social association among the residents. The highest participation levels were recorded for men and youth. The suite of indicators used did not detect changes in the CBMPAs over two years of tracking. However, the monitoring process resulted in a shift from passive to active participation. During monitoring, community volunteers collected socio-economic data more easily than both enforcement and ecological data in terms of cost, time, skills and social fit. Standardized monitoring and evaluation can be sustained through legislation and institutionalization of management bodies. Also, CBMPA effectiveness indicators need to be developed iteratively to reflect the changing needs and perspectives of local stakeholders. The wider application of the methods and approaches generated from this thesis needs to be explored for other CBMPAs. Such research ensures that the effectiveness of MPA is evaluated. This is significant due to the commitment of countries to report on the progress of their MPAs by 2010, as set by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Craigie, Ian Duncan. "An assessment of the performance of Africa's protected areas." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609358.
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Ongono, Olinga Jean-Galbert. "Protected areas, deforestation and agricultural performances in developing countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD015.
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Le compromis entre les objectifs de développement économique et ceux de la protection de l’environnement ne cesse de faire l’objet d’une attention particulière au sein des pays en développement. Les organisations internationales, les gouvernements nationaux et mêmes des institutions académiques de recherche s’accordent sur la nécessité d’émettre et appliquer des politiques économiques qui permettent d’accroître le revenu des habitants tout en dégradant le moins possible l’environnement. Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans cette réflexion du développement durable à travers ses chapitres qui se focalisent sur les aires protégées, la déforestation et les performances agricoles au sein des pays en développement. Le premier chapitre présente le cadre contextuel et théorique de l’étude. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse aux effets de l’instrument de protection de l’environnement – les aires protégées – sur la déforestation. En se focalisant sur le cas du Brésil en Amazonie légale, il montre que les aires protégées indigènes et intégrales permettent de réduire la déforestation, contrairement aux aires protégées soutenables. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse aux effets des aires protégées sur l’agriculture. Contrairement aux intuitions selon lesquelles les aires protégées entraveraient le développement de l’agriculture, il montre, dans le cas du Brésil en Amazonie Légale, que la politique de création d’aires protégées améliore les performances agricoles des producteurs. Ces derniers emploient davantage des pratiques qui permettent d’obtenir plus de rendements sur de petites surfaces sans toutefois dégrader l’environnement ni augmenter la déforestation. Le quatrième chapitre se réfère à la relation empirique entre les prix des matières premières agricoles et la déforestation. Il s’avère que l’évolution des prix des matières premières agricoles favorise la perte de la forêt dans les pays en développement disposant de surfaces forestières importantes. Autrement dit, au fur et à mesure que les prix vont s’accroître, la demande de matières premières agricoles augmentant avec la croissance démographique, le processus de déforestation va également s’accroître entraînant une perte importante de la forêt dans le long terme. Finalement, la thèse recommande d’accroître la création des aires protégées qui permettent d’éviter une déforestation importante au sein des pays en développement, mais aussi de mettre en place des politiques de contrôle ou de stabilisation des effets d’accroissement de prix des matières premières agricoles et d’encourager l’adoption de technologies agricoles qui permettent d’obtenir suffisamment de production sur des surfaces de terre réduitesThe trade-off between the economic development and the environmental goals is always subject of attention in developing countries. International organizations, national governments and even academic research institutions agree that development countries should implement economic policies that increase people's incomes while minimizing the environmental degradation. This doctoral thesis is part of this reflection on sustainable development through its chapters that focus on protected areas, deforestation and agricultural performance in developing countries. The first chapter presents the contextual and theoretical framework of the study. The second chapter focuses on the effects of the environmental protection instrument - protected areas - on deforestation. Focusing on the case of Brazil in the Legal Amazon, he shows that indigenous and integral protected areas reduce deforestation, which is not the case for sustainable protected areas. The third chapter focuses on the effects of protected areas on agriculture. Contrary to the intuitions that protected areas would hinder the development of agriculture, it shows, in the case of Brazil in the Legal Amazon, that the policy of creating protected areas improves the agricultural performance of producers. The latter employ more practices that allow more yields to be obtained on small areas without degrading the environment or increasing deforestation. The fourth chapter refers to the empirical relationship between agricultural commodity prices and deforestation. It appears that changes in the prices of agricultural raw materials favor the loss of forests in developing countries with large forest areas. In other words, as prices rise, as demand for agricultural raw materials increases with population growth, the deforestation process will also increase, leading to a significant loss of forest in the long term. Finally, the thesis recommends increasing the creation of protected areas to avoid significant deforestation in developing countries. Policies that control and stabilize the price increase effects of agricultural raw materials should also be a key objective in developing countries. We recommend again the adoption of agricultural technologies that allow sufficient production to be obtained on reduced land areas
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Sitkina, K. "Ecosystem services evaluation: protected areas and cultural heritage sites." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26783.
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Sultan, Mohammed Akthar Riad. "Marine protected areas in the management of artisanal fisheries." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30334.
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This thesis examines spatial patterns of effort by fishers in waters adjoining a marine protected area, and their impacts on the reserve’s ability to reduce the impacts of overfishing. The artisanal fisheries operating near Blue Bay Marine Park, Mauritius, provided case-study data for analysis. Two forms of spatial connectivity were evaluated. The first focused on spillovers of adult and juvenile fish from the MPA. Data on catch and geographical fishing location were collected from a sample of fishers over 12 months. Assessment of spillover gradients using Generalised Linear Models and economic production functions found evidence of spillovers up to 4 km from the MPA. The second connectivity study modelled fishers’ spatial behaviour, using a random utility framework and random parameters logit estimation. Fishers appeared sensitive to the expected catch, its variability, human risk and distance travelled. Expected catch and catch variability were modelled using a Just and Pope production function. The two connectivities were integrated in bioeconomic models to assess the relationship between reserve size, fishing effort and harvests. Using a Beverton and Holt recruitment function, an age-structured bioeconomic model for the dominant target species, Unicorn fish (Naso unicornis), was constructed from the catch data. In the hypothetical case of an initially over-exploited fishery, an inverted-U relationship between fisheries benefits and the Marine Park’s size was observed. No pre-reserve data was available for use as a counterfactual; the model was therefore used to estimate the pre-reserve population. This was then used to assess the performance of the Marine Park in enhancing fish population and biomass. In the light of the findings, the thesis concludes that the extent and magnitude of fishing effort should be considered when debating the placement and size of marine reserve, and proposes a step-wise approach to integrate fishers’ behaviour in the evaluation of existing and new MPAs.
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Reid, Scott Edmonds. "An Adaptive Assessment of Visitor Impacts to Protected Areas." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32365.
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As an applied approach to recreation management, adaptive management allows researchers and protected area managers to cooperatively improve management policies, and achieve the dual mandate to protect natural resources and provide high-quality recreational experiences. Through an evaluation of the efficacy of campsite and campfire management policies, this research provides land managers with an empirical assessment to aid in the adaptation and improvement of their visitor management strategies. Results from the Shenandoah National Park camping management study suggest that an established camping visitor containment strategy succeeded in reducing the areal extent of camping impacts while minimizing restrictions on visitor campsite selection options. Findings from the campfire research in seven protected areas indicate that current campfire policies have been largely ineffectual at reducing resource damage, and may exact a heavy toll in visitor experiences via campfire restrictions. The incorporation of resource and social research in this research offers a holistic approach to the evaluation of management objectives and affords protected area managers a more balanced perspective on the assessment of their policies. The conclusions reached by this integrated research will provide land managers with germane and timely information that will allow them to adapt their policies to better achieve their recreation management objectives.Master of Science
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Carr, Christopher. "Research to Inform the Management of Protected Natural Areas." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1415615423.
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Gstaettner, Anna Maria. "Risk and responsibility: Managing visitors in recreational protected areas." Thesis, Gstaettner, Anna Maria (2020) Risk and responsibility: Managing visitors in recreational protected areas. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/60279/.
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Self-guided recreational visits to protected areas can involve exposure to a variety of environmental hazards and the risk of injury or death. Accidents and incidents occurring in these areas may be followed by litigation actions against managing authorities. If visits to national parks are framed as managed tourism and recreation products, do visitors expect that natural park experiences are safe?
The thesis is a ‘PhD by publication’ comprising five original journal articles. The first paper explores responsibility for safety from the perspective of protected area management agencies in Australia, defining the context within which risk management decisions are made. The second and the third paper then focus on the examination of the extent and nature of visitor risk. First, trends and patterns of visitor incident occurrence in Western Australian protected areas are analysed. Aspects that contribute towards unintentional injuries are then identified and the importance of comprehensive incident reporting is discussed. The final two papers consider the visitors’ perspective of risk and responsibility for safety. Four visitor groups are identified that differed in their perceptions on responsibility-sharing in four Western Australian parks. The final paper examines visitors’ expectations of the level of risk management control and explores aspects that contribute to visitors feeling safe in parks.
Adopting an interdisciplinary mixed-methods approach, the research includes an email-based Delphi study, an epidemiological approach to analyse visitor incident data, and a fieldwork component with data obtained through a visitor questionnaire. Each study was driven by an underlying curiosity about how visitors approach risk, how much management guidance is demanded by visitors in natural tourism settings and what elements affect individual efforts to staying safe. Park managers and visitors largely agreed that management agencies have some obligation to manage the safety of park experiences, albeit acknowledging that visitor behaviour is a significant driver of incident occurrences. Many of the visitors sampled in this research attributed at least some responsibility for safety to management agencies and responsibility-sharing perceptions affected some aspects of preparedness for risk.
Results of this thesis suggest that risk management and control is a desired attribute of nature-based experiences in recreational protected areas, with the extent of management intervention affecting visitors’ confidence to deal with an emergency situation during their visit. However, park management agencies need to consider the wider implications when additional risk management measures are introduced if they affect people’s appreciation of danger and their perceptions on the requirement to prepare for risk.
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Liang, Qun Physical Environmental & Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Study of Marine Protected Areas in Australia and in China." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43716.
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Marine protected areas are recognized as an important approach to conserve marine ecosystems and biodiversity as well as to manage costal and marine resource. This thesis addresses the development and management of marine protected areas in Australia and in China. Australia and China are major maritime countries with diverse marine creatures and ecosystems. Both countries have adopted marine protected areas as a management tool to protect the marine environment. This thesis introduces their marine environment and threats, and then makes a close study of the development, legislation and management of marine protected areas in both Australia and China. Two case studies, Jervis Bay Marine Park in Australia, and Shankou Mangrove Marine Nature Reserve in China provide examples of the management strategies and lessons learnt. In order to improve the management of marine protected areas in China, the thesis analyzes the conflicts in the development of marine protected areas in China and prescribes community participation and the marine special reserve as solutions to promote the development of marine protected areas. This study also examines how the Australian Defence Force, an important stakeholder, manages its activities in the marine protected areas.
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Dyment, Janet E. "Management of fire in protected areas in the Kamloops region." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq24126.pdf.
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Salazar, Lisette Cantu. "Large Scale Patterns in the Ecological Performance of Protected Areas." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500242.
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Hiley, Jonathan Richard. "The importance of protected areas for species undergoing distribution changes." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18782/.
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The value of Protected Areas for wildlife will diminish if the species for which they were originally designated are pushed out of their boundaries by changing temperatures, or if they are infiltrated by invasive species that are harmful to native species. Here, I assess the performance of Protected Areas against this background of distributional change. I found that Protected Areas have facilitated the range expansions of the six wetland bird species that have recently colonised the UK, both as sites at which breeding first occurs and as locations where substantial populations can establish before spreading to unprotected land. In contrast, non-native species did not initially ‘invade’ Protected Areas, but subsequently colonised them as their populations grew. I complemented this analysis with a field research project in a Mexican Biosphere Reserve. Here, Strictly Protected Areas were resistant to non-native species (as in the UK), and important for species undergoing global population declines. However, partially-protected locations with habitat modification provided opportunities for both non-natives and native generalists. Consequently, modified areas were characterised by higher local-alpha diversity than relatively natural areas, although they contained relatively similar suites of species across different biogeographical zones. Thus, evaluating the impact of Protected Areas depended on the metric of biodiversity change considered, and on the level of protection. Similar patterns were revealed on a global scale (considering 118 countries). Range expansions (colonisations and introductions) have outpaced countrywide extirpations over the last two centuries, resulting in a c.4% average net increase in national breeding bird avifaunas, even though gamma- and beta-diversity have decreased. Protected Areas may have promoted ‘beneficial’ change in this context; there were more colonisations and fewer extirpations in countries with more protected land. Protected Areas will remain crucial as a part of future conservation strategies to protect biodiversity in an era of increasing distributional dynamism.
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Saeneewong, Na Ayudhaya N. "Towards regional cooperation in the establishment of Marine Protected Areas." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/34819/.
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Marine Protected Areas (MPA) provides an indispensable tool to protect the marine environment. As well as being implemented by individual States, there is an argument for regional cooperation among States to establish the MPAs. Regional cooperation is a critical approach in dealing with many issues in the seas, as shown in the fishing management and the protection of the marine environment from pollution. This research will analyse the relevant global and regional instruments, for example, the CBD, the UNCLOS as well as the regional sea instruments of the UNEP Regional Sea Programmes, with the focus on the regional cooperation to establish the MPAs. Considering that the establishment of the MPA is ubiquitous in many different global and regional instruments, the thesis addresses the question of if an obligation of the States on the regional cooperation to establish the MPA is emerging as part of the customary international law. This is addressed through a combined approach using the traditional doctrinal methodology, theory on the formation of customary international law and Brunnée and Toope's interactional account of international law to discuss the content of rights and obligations relating to the establishment of MPAs by States and their engagement in regional cooperation.
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Solano, Pedro. "Legislation and applicable concepts to protected natural areas in Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115939.
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There are 78 protected areas in Peru covering 22 million hectares corresponding almost 17 percent of national territory. This article reviews essential aspects of protected natural areas studying scopes, purposes, types, categories and levels such as: requirements for setting, amendment and repeal; activities allowed and forbidden within them; institutional management, among others. Finally, this work concludes with some brief thoughts on legal and institutional challenges of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas NaturalesProtegidas por el Estado (SINANPE) (National System of State ProtectedNatural Areas).En el Perú existen setenta y ocho áreas protegidas de nivel nacional, que en su conjunto cubren más de veinte y dos millones de hectáreas que equivalen casi al diecisiete por ciento del territorio nacional. El presente artículo, tras abordar los alcances, objetivos, tipos, categorías y niveles de las áreas naturales protegidas, pasa revista a los más trascendentes aspectos que las envuelven, tales como los requerimientos para su establecimiento, modificación y derogación; las actividades permitidas y prohibidas dentro de ellas; su gestión institucional; entre otros. Finalmente arriba a unas concisas reflexiones sobre los retos legales e institucionales que el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (Sinanpe) debería afrontar.
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Nkwenti, Camila Fuomene. "Marine Protected areas of the mediterranean region: Management and challenges." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4491.
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In 2004, the seventh Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a Programme of Work on Protected Areas. The overall target of this programme was to establish and maintain by 2010, for terrestrial areas and by 2012 for marine protected areas, a comprehensive, effectively managed and ecologically representative system of protected areas that collectively and significantly, will reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity. Marine protected areas (MPA) are being established worldwide in response to a growing recognition of the need for conservation efforts, and because of the degradation of ocean systems. The global number of MPAs has been increasing significantly over the last decade and approximately 5000 MPAs have been designated worldwide covering about 2.68 million km. MPAs play a major role in conservation, human welfare, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. When designated correctly and managed well, MPAs play a key role in protecting ecosystems and, in some cases, it enhances or restores the productive potential of coastal and marine fisheries
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Thompson, Coleen E. P. "The genetic diversity of North American vertebrates in protected areas." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555074032918833.
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Kubo, Takahiro. "Essays on wildlife management in protected areas using econometric approaches." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199355.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19031号
農博第2109号
新制||農||1031(附属図書館)
学位論文||H27||N4913(農学部図書室)
31982
京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻
(主査)教授 栗山 浩一, 教授 福井 清一, 准教授 秋津 元輝
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Hopkins, Charlotte Rachael. "Considering climate change in the development of Marine Protected Areas." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7265/.
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Marine ecosystems are facing a diverse range of threats, including climate change, prompting international efforts to safeguard marine biodiversity through the use of spatial management measures. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been implemented as a conservation tool throughout the world, but their usefulness and effectiveness is strongly related to climate change. However, few MPA programmes have directly considered climate change in the design, management or monitoring of an MPA network. Under international obligations, EU, UK and national targets, Scotland has developed an MPA network that aims to protect marine biodiversity and contribute to the vision of a clean, healthy and productive marine environment. This is the first study to critically analyse the Scottish MPA process and highlight areas which may be improved upon in further iterations of the network in the context of climate change. Initially, a critical review of the Scottish MPA process considered how ecological principles for MPA network design were incorporated into the process, how stakeholder perceptions were considered and crucially what consideration was given to the influence of climate change on the eventual effectiveness of the network. The results indicated that to make a meaningful contribution to marine biodiversity protection for Europe the Scottish MPA network should: i) fully adopt best practice ecological principles ii) ensure effective protection and iii) explicitly consider climate change in the management, monitoring and future iterations of the network. However, this review also highlighted the difficulties of incorporating considerations of climate change into an already complex process. A series of international case studies from British Columbia, Canada; central California, USA; the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, were then conducted to investigate perceptions of how climate change has been considered in the design, implementation, management and monitoring of MPAs. The key lessons from this study included: i) strictly protected marine reserves are considered essential for climate change resilience and will be necessary as scientific reference sites to understand climate change effects ii) adaptive management of MPA networks is important but hard to implement iii) strictly protected reserves managed as ecosystems are the best option for an uncertain future. This work provides new insights into the policy and practical challenges MPA managers face under climate change scenarios. Based on the Scottish and international studies, the need to facilitate clear communication between academics, policy makers and stakeholders was recognised in order to progress MPA policy delivery and to ensure decisions were jointly formed and acceptable. A Delphi technique was used to develop a series of recommendations for considering climate change in Scotland’s MPA process. The Delphi participant panel was selected for their knowledge of the Scottish MPA process and included stakeholders, policy makers and academics with expertise in MPA research. The results from the first round of the Delphi technique suggested that differing views of success would likely influence opinions regarding required management of MPAs, and in turn, the data requirements to support management action decisions. The second round of the Delphi technique explored this further and indicated that there was a fundamental dichotomy in panellists’ views of a successful MPA network depending upon whether they believed the MPAs should be strictly protected or allow for sustainable use. A third, focus group round of the Delphi Technique developed a feature-based management scenario matrix to aid in deciding upon management actions in light of changes occurring in the MPA network. This thesis highlights that if the Scottish MPA network is to fulfil objectives of conservation and restoration, the implications of climate change for the design, management and monitoring of the network must be considered. In particular, there needs to be a greater focus on: i) incorporating ecological principles that directly address climate change ii) effective protection that builds resilience of the marine and linked social environment iii) developing a focused, strong and adaptable monitoring framework iv) ensuring mechanisms for adaptive management.
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Ikemoto, Erika. "Agroforestry extension and protected areas conservation in the Brazilian Amazon." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/56931/.
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This thesis explored agroforestry extension's role in protected areas (PAs) conservation, focusing on extension activities conducted from 2010 to 2011 at Saracá-Taquera National Forest and Rio Trombetas Biological Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon. It relied on a mixed methods approach; data collected during an extended stay in four participating communities was complemented by interviews with PA and extension staffs. I suggest that agroforestry extension has limited potential to contribute to PA conservation at the study site. First, agroforestry was promoted by extensionists as a land use that would recover deforested areas, but their narratives tended to overlook empirical evidence. They plotted agroforestry against a 'crisis' background that reproduced, rather than critically assessed, policy discourses depicting shifting cultivation as an important driver of deforestation. Second, even considering that some do participate in the agroforestry project and could extract livelihood benefits, the expectation that agroforestry can replace activities perceived as threats is unlikely to materialise. I suggest that locals' participation was influenced both by broader factors - e.g., past experiences with PAs and social ties to community gatekeepers - and by factors specifically regarding the project - e.g., local perceptions of agroforestry. I also argue that, considering a best-case scenario in which market constraints are overcome, agroforestry could potentially reduce local inequalities significantly. The engagement of both men and women would be important in the management of competition between agroforestry and other activities in mixed livelihoods. Finally, I suggest that main threats to PAs' biodiversity include turtle hunting and cattle ranching, but also mining - the third would not be addressed by agroforestry. Furthermore, I argue that the first two are unlikely to be reduced by agroforestry as cultural incentives to hunt are strong, and economic motivations would hinder the adoption of agroforestry by hunters and favour the combination (rather than replacement) of ranching with agroforestry.
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Guy, McCarthy Christopher. "Can ICT Enhance Nature Conservation and Protected Area Management? A case study from Mongolia's Khuvsgol Lake National Park." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242929.
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Chirico, Angelica. "Effects of contrasting types of marine protected areas on seagrass- and coral communities : are community-based reserves an important complement to government-managed protected areas?" Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93651.
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Coastal ecosystems, including seagrass beds and coral reefs, are among the most ecological and economical important ecosystems on Earth. At the same time as these ecosystems support livelihoods of coastal communities they are being highly degraded worldwide. Government-managed marine protected areas (MPAs) are a common tool in marine conservation and have been demonstrated to successfully protect natural resources. At the same time, they are increasingly criticized for excluding and marginalizing local communities. Therefore, alternative types of management that are managed by the communities themselves (community-based reserves; CBRs) constitute a promising alternative since they have a much higher acceptance among local people. However, the scientific knowledge on protection effects of CBRs on these critical habitats are scarce, and most research on the effects of place-based management has largely focused on coral reefs. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate how MPAs and CBRs affect corals and seagrasses, and their associated communities, using coastal Kenya (East Africa) as a case study. Paper I examines effects from CBRs and MPAs on benthic community composition, and cover and diversity of seagrasses, hard corals and associated benthic organisms. Paper II examines the effects of CBRs and MPAs on the density, size, biomass and potential monetary value of fish; the basis for coastal fisheries that are a particularly important ecosystem service in the study area. The results demonstrate that the small and recently protected Kenyan CBRs can increase the diversity of benthic organisms, protect important functional groups, increase structural complexity, and additionally increase fish size, biomass and monetary value. The results also show that protection from MPAs can result in shifts in both seagrass beds and coral reef communities (from a dominance of stress-tolerant species in fished areas, to stress-sensitive species in protected areas), and that the two habitats were similarly affected by protection. In summary, this thesis suggest that i) locally-managed CBRs may be an important complement to MPAs, and ii) that seagrass beds should more often be included in management plans.The thesis includes two unpublished manuscripter.
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Olson, Elizabeth Anne. "Nahua People of the Sierra of Manantlan Biosphere Reserve: Livelihoods, Health Experiences, and Medicinal Plant Knowledge in Mexico." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1244217934.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009Title from PDF (viewed on 19 August 2009) Department of Anthropology Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Zorlu, Eda. "Specially Protected Areas Within The Context Of The Mediterranean Environmental Programme." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613958/index.pdf.
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The enclosed and semi-enclosed seas are the most severely degraded and fragile ecosystems which necessitates immediate political responses. The problems encountered in relation to biological decline and habitat loss requires a special attention due to their unique value for the whole marine and coastal systems.
The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the contribution of the Mediterranean Environmental Programme to the protection and the preservation of the natural resources and biodiversity with a special focus on Turkey.
The Mediterranean Environmental Programme which was launched in 1975 with an Action Plan and conducted through an umbrella convention which addresses this issue through the SPA/BD Protocol.
In line with the SPA/BD Protocol over 750 areas are designated as specially protected areas and 25 areas as SPAMIs throughout the Mediterranean.
Turkey as a Contacting Party to the 1995 Barcelona Convention and the SPA/BD Protocol, declared specially environmental protected areas which amount to 12.842,46 km2 .
This thesis argues that the Mediterranean Environmental Programme provides a dynamic and flexible tool for the Mediterranean countries to address marine related problems including the biodiversity and protected areas. Whereas the ultimate success of the cooperation lies in effective implementation at national level which depends on the will of the decision makers, practitioners and the various other stakeholdersthe responsive characteristics of the legislative and administrative processes.
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Maciejewski, Kristine. "Exploring the linkages between biodiversity conservation and ecotourism in protected areas." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011033.
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The prospect of using ecotourism to add value to conservation initiatives has frequently been stated. However, there is a general lack of information on the costs and benefits of biodiversity and its management, and how this can be influenced by the ecotourism industry. This study seeks to explore the value of biodiversity from the perspective of ecotourism in a hierarchical series of studies that move from the biome-level perspective down to the value of juveniles in ecotourism. Ecotourism plays a significant role in the establishment and management of Private Protected Areas (PPAs) and hence the opportunity to be added to the conservation estate. The financial opportunity to be found in ‘big five’ areas had led to an uneven biome coverage of PPAs which has resulted in the over-representation of certain areas and a skewed contribution towards national conservation targets. The landscape-use of PPAs have indicated that ecotourism operators are largely driven to achieve successful game-viewing sightings which has influenced management and affected the landscape use of PPAs, the stocking rate of species, the introduction of extralimital species, and management of flagship species. These management decisions are based on anecdotal sources and have been made at the expense of biodiversity and therefore apparent conflict exists between ecotourism and conservation objectives. This is based on lack of information: ecotourism operators, despite the large area they protect, have not realised their potential to contribute to conservation. It is therefore important to develop policy and incentives to motivate the establishment of PPAs in areas of high conservation significance in order to contribute to national conservation targets. Ecotourism should be used as a solution to provide important insights into tourist preferences which contribute to the larger debate of how to establish a balance between managing animal populations to ensure tourist satisfaction while supporting conservation. To ensure sustainability of PPAs, it is strongly recommended to manage PPAs more intensively with regards to PPA size, species stocking rates and landscape use. The presence of juveniles at an animal sighting significantly contributes to tourist satisfaction which suggests that the loss of juveniles may reduce the attraction. This is used to provide recommendations that using contraception to control elephant population numbers should be applied with caution as a management tool as it may be counterproductive by negatively impacting ecotourism. The findings from this study not only contribute to the conservation of biodiversity through the use of ecotourism, but will also ensure sustainability of the ecotourism industry and build capacity for sustainable living.
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Mirkarimi, Hamed, and hamed mirkarimi@student rmit edu au. "Landscape ecological planning for protected areas using spatial and temporal metrics." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080507.122506.
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The natural characteristics of protected areas have changed for a variety of reasons through time. Changes in protected area landscapes can occur because of natural and/or cultural processes. Natural processes such as geomorphological disturbance and climatic condition can permanently and/or temporarily change the characteristics of the environment. In addition, changes in human needs, knowledge and activities are the cultural driving forces behind changing characteristics of landscape through time. These changes can be studied both spatially and temporally. Spatially, protected area landscape structures such as shape, size and location with respect to their neighbourhood context can be studied to describe landscape configuration. Temporally, landscape functions such as different geographical locations and land characteristics can be studied to determine the rate of temporal variability in landscape. Any changes in temporal characteristics may lead to changes in spatial characteristics of protected areas and vice versa. This thesis has developed a framework to enhance the landscape ecological planning approach with attention to changes in landscapes of protected areas. Considering landscape ecological concepts, this framework draws upon spatial and temporal characteristics of protected areas. Initially, a basic model of the landscape ecological approach to protected area planning and data requirements for landscape ecological planning was developed according to the concept of landscape ecological planning. In order to examine the model in the real world, the data requirements for landscape ecological planning were implemented using a case study method. The basic list of data required for landscape ecological planning was further developed through the case study approach by highlighting the importance of road metrics in the process of planning. In addition, the case study approach proved that spatial and temporal metrics can be used in the interpretation of spatial configuration and temporal variability of protected areas th rough a quantitative method. The framework was developed for three case studies in Iran and three case studies in Australia. A number of metrics were applied in order to quantify spatial and temporal aspects of the protected areas. A list of spatial and temporal criteria was developed to assist interpretation of area compaction, spatial fragmentation and temporal variability of protected areas. Using the criteria list, a new framework for spatial and temporal evaluation of protected areas has been developed. This can be used to determine spatial and temporal management issues of protected areas at the landscape scale. Then planning scenarios for spatial and temporal issues of protected areas at the landscape scale can be suggested. The developed framework has the potential to be applied to all protected areas even where detailed ecological data and information are not available. In addition, when all data required are available, the developed framework using spatial and temporal metrics has the potential to suggest a flexible zoning plan for protected areas.
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Holmes, Sidney Rankin. "EVALUATING RANGELAND CONDITIONS IN NEIGHBORING PROTECTED AREAS OF RUSSIA AND MONGOLIA." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-02062008-111210/.
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With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, demands on the vast steppe rangelands and other natural resources in Mongolia, Russia, and other Central Asian states experienced drastic changes. Moving from a socialistic system into a free-market economy of supply and demand saw regulatory institutions, which historically managed natural resources like rangelands, dissolved or without the capacity to enforce their work requirements. Like other places in Russia, the region of the Kosh-Agach Wildlife Refuge experienced a decrease in demand for livestock products, which forced many rural peoples to move to urban areas in search of work. The opposite occurred in the region of western Mongolia where the so-called Cluster A of the Siilkhemiin Nuruu National Park is located. That Region saw an increase in migration from urban to rural areas to embrace their traditional pastoralist lifestyle in order to make a living. This study uses satellite imagery, remote sensing analysis, and field data to assess rangeland conditions in these two protected areas over the past twenty years. The study concludes that rangeland conditions are deteriorating in both areas. Yet more research is needed in order to assess the levels at which climatic and anthropogenic factors are influencing this decline.
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Breunig, Lydia Ann. "Conservation in Context: Establishing Natural Protected Areas During Mexico's Neoliberal Reformation." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1450%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Byrne, Allison. "Involving the community in management of multiple-use marine protected areas /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arb9947.pdf.
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Pita, Cristina B. "The human dimensions of marine protected areas : the Scottish fishing industry." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158382.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being used as tools for fishery management and marine conservation. This thesis investigates several aspects of the human dimensions of MPAs in Scotland with the purpose to contribute to the understanding of the attitudes of Scottish inshore fishers towards this management measure. Paper I reviews the literature on fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs. It reveals that most empirical work collects information on fishers’ attitudes towards three general issues of importance to MPAs: governance, conservation of biodiversity and the environment, and the impact of MPAs on fishing activity. Using data from surveys conducted with Scottish fishers, papers II, III, IV and V investigate fishers’ attitudes towards, and perceptions of, several issues of interest to MPAs. Plus, multivariate data analysis was used in all papers in order to identify which individual characteristics influence fishers’ attitudes towards, or perceptions about, the issues under investigation. Papers II, IV and V use data collected on a survey conducted with Scottish inshore fishers in 2006/07, while Paper III uses data from a survey conducted previously (in 2001/02). Paper II investigates Scottish inshore fishers’ perceptions about participation in the decision-making process. Results reveal that around half of the fishers perceived themselves to be informed about management, but most did not perceive themselves to be consulted or involved in the decision-making process. Papers III and IV investigate fishers’ attitudes towards labour mobility. More precisely, the papers investigate fishers’ willingness to leave the fishing sector, change to another gear or move to another area to remain fishing. Results reveal that fishers’ attitudes towards leaving the fishing sector were different in the two periods. In 2002 most fishers were willing to leave the fishing sector (Paper III) while five years later most were not (Paper V). Most importantly, both papers point to the importance of job satisfaction for fishers. Results point to the importance of understanding the economic, social and cultural contexts of the fishing industry for the success of measures and policies aimed at providing fishers with alternative job opportunities in order to counter impacts of displacement caused by the implementation of MPAs and reduction of the overcapacity of the European fishing fleets. Paper V investigates inshore fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs and issues of relevance to MPAs (e.g. compliance with, and enforcement of, rules, and state of resources). More precisely, the paper investigates the attitudes towards closed areas between users of different gears which are affected by closed areas in different ways. Results reveal that Scottish inshore fishers are not a homogenous collective; the attitudes towards closed areas differ among users of different gears.
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Rodela, Romina. "Integrated rural development: Protected areas and their potential for social learning." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488576.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an interdisciplinary attempt to refine the understanding of social learning processes in relation to the management of protected areas. In this, it draws on theories ot integrated rural development, environmental governance, participatory decision-making and social capital and develops a multi-level framework. The framework is tested in empirical applications.
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Boonzaier, Lisa. "Marine protected areas : a global exploration of their quantity and quality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46707.
Full textAbstract:
Expansion in the number and extent of marine protected areas (MPAs) has been dramatic during the past century, but coverage remains limited and there are concerns that many MPAs are failing to meet their objectives. After updating the global database of MPAs maintained by the Sea Around Us, new estimates of global marine protected area were calculated and revealed a degree of progress towards protecting at least 10% of the global ocean by 2020. It is estimated that more than 6,000 MPAs covering 3.27% of the world’s oceans (∼11.9 million km²) have been designated to date. The protection these MPAs offer is generally weak with about one-fifth (∼2.2 million km²) of their combined area designated as no-take (i.e., where fishing and other extractive activities are prohibited). Additional large tracts of ocean will need to be protected to reach the 10% target, and hypothetical scenarios for such expansion were investigated. To improve understanding of the likely conservation effectiveness of MPAs, trends in their management effectiveness were explored. Results from a self-administered survey questionnaire, distributed to managers and other experts associated with a random sample of MPAs from around the world, revealed a wide range of MPA management effectiveness across different socioeconomic contexts. The results were intended to inform a model of MPA management effectiveness based on socioeconomic, governance and other contextual variables, but no clear relationships between contextual variables and MPA management effectiveness were identified. Overall, the survey findings confirmed results of other studies: while some MPAs are well supported with funding, staff and equipment, others lack even basic management elements. Additional research is essential to understanding the issues preventing MPAs from meeting their objectives, including effectively contributing to biodiversity conservation.
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Hutchinson, David John. "Institutional fit in tropical ecosystems : a test using marine protected areas." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405692.
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