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Academic literature on the topic 'Areas of coherence'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Areas of coherence"

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Jung, Jungkyo, and Sang-Ho Yun. "Evaluation of Coherent and Incoherent Landslide Detection Methods Based on Synthetic Aperture Radar for Rapid Response: A Case Study for the 2018 Hokkaido Landslides." Remote Sensing 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020265.

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Damage mapping using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery has been studied in recent decades to support rapid response to natural disasters. Many researches have been developing coherent and incoherent change detection. However, their performances can vary depending on the types of the damages, the characteristics of the scatterers and the corresponding capability of algorithms. In particular, the coherence-based methods have been used as promising detectors over urban areas where high coherences are observed, but their detection accuracies still remain controversial over the area where low coherences are mainly observed such as the 2018 Hokkaido landslides. In order to understand the characteristics of landslide (damage) detectors for low-coherence areas and find an alternative and complementary method, we designed the coherence difference, coherence normalized difference, log-ratio, intensity correlation difference, and normalized differences of the intensity correlation assuming limited availability of dataset, and also developed multi-temporal algorithms using the coherence, intensity, and intensity correlation. They were tested and evaluated using multiple polygons extracted from aerial photos. We were able to observe that the multi-temporal intensity correlation method has the potential to detect the landslides over the low coherence region and all types of land uses.
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Arce-McShane, Fritzie I., Callum F. Ross, Kazutaka Takahashi, Barry J. Sessle, and Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos. "Primary motor and sensory cortical areas communicate via spatiotemporally coordinated networks at multiple frequencies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 18 (April 18, 2016): 5083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600788113.

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Skilled movements rely on sensory information to shape optimal motor responses, for which the sensory and motor cortical areas are critical. How these areas interact to mediate sensorimotor integration is largely unknown. Here, we measure intercortical coherence between the orofacial motor (MIo) and somatosensory (SIo) areas of cortex as monkeys learn to generate tongue-protrusive force. We report that coherence between MIo and SIo is reciprocal and that neuroplastic changes in coherence gradually emerge over a few days. These functional networks of coherent spiking and local field potentials exhibit frequency-specific spatiotemporal properties. During force generation, theta coherence (2–6 Hz) is prominent and exhibited by numerous paired signals; before or after force generation, coherence is evident in alpha (6–13 Hz), beta (15–30 Hz), and gamma (30–50 Hz) bands, but the functional networks are smaller and weaker. Unlike coherence in the higher frequency bands, the distribution of the phase at peak theta coherence is bimodal with peaks near 0° and ±180°, suggesting that communication between somatosensory and motor areas is coordinated temporally by the phase of theta coherence. Time-sensitive sensorimotor integration and plasticity may rely on coherence of local and large-scale functional networks for cortical processes to operate at multiple temporal and spatial scales.
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CAREY, WILLIAM M., JAMES F. LYNCH, WILLIAM L. SIEGMANN, ILYA ROZENFELD, and BRIAN J. SPERRY. "SOUND TRANSMISSION AND SPATIAL COHERENCE IN SELECTED SHALLOW-WATER AREAS: MEASUREMENTS AND THEORY." Journal of Computational Acoustics 14, no. 02 (June 2006): 265–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x06003037.

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Experiments from several shallow-water areas are summarized. Coherent sound transmission results, particularly wavenumber spectra, are compared to range-dependent calculations that use oceanographic and geophysical characteristics from measurements and archives as bounded inputs to the propagation codes. In general excellent agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated results for both narrowband and broadband transmissions between 50 Hz and 1 kHz to ranges of 40 km. A relative signal gain (RSG) method for the estimation of horizontal coherence length was applied to measured RSG results and yielded coherence lengths on the order of 30λ at 400 Hz at distances of 40 km. Perturbation theory was applied to the shallow-water waveguide under the condition of adiabatic normal modes and expressions were derived for the phase structure function that was simplified by the use of Gaussian correlation functions. These analytical results, along with estimates of the variances of the environmental variables permitted the estimation of the coherence function and the RSG. The calculated coherence function and RSG were found to be consistent with measured RSG and replica correlation results. The fluctuations in the oceanic water volume were found to be the dominant factor in the loss of coherence.
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Cheung, Mei-chun, Agnes S. Chan, Yvonne M. Han, and Sophia L. Sze. "Brain Activity During Resting State in Relation to Academic Performance." Journal of Psychophysiology 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000107.

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EEG coherence has been widely used to investigate brain activity and learning. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between resting-state EEG coherence and academic performance. The present study investigated this relationship with 140 healthy, normal participants. EEG was recorded during resting periods, with eyes open for 3 min, and the recordings were analyzed for 64 electrode positions in the theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), and beta (12–25 Hz) frequency bands. Coherence, defined as the spectral cross-correlation between two signals normalized by their power spectra, was calculated. Short- and long-range intrahemispheric coherence within each hemisphere and interhemispheric coherence across the left and right hemispheres were then computed and compared for each of the theta, alpha, and beta bands. The results showed that academic performance, as measured by grade point average (GPA), was negatively correlated with short-range intrahemispheric alpha and beta coherences in both hemispheres and with interhemispheric alpha and beta coherences in the temporal cortical regions. Therefore, better academic performers demonstrated more decoupling of brain areas when resting with eyes open. This is consistent with a model that relates decreased coherence to neural efficiency.
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MORIN, JEAN-FRÉDÉRIC, and AMANDINE ORSINI. "Policy coherency and regime complexes: the case of genetic resources." Review of International Studies 40, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210513000168.

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AbstractThis study argues that ‘regime complexes’ and ‘policy coherence’ are two faces of the same integrative process. The development of regime complexes co-evolves with the pressures on decision makers to coordinate their policies in various issue-areas. Conceptually, we introduce a typology of policy coherency (erratic, strategic, functionalistic, and systemic) according to its procedural and substantive components. Empirically, by triangulating quantitative and qualitative data, we use this typology for the case of the genetic resources' regime complex to illustrate the links between regime complexes and policy coherency. Our results suggest that a coherent policymaking process favours integrated regime complexes, while greater exposure to a regime complex increases the pressure to have a coherent policymaking. This study fills a gap in the literature on regime complexes by providing a micro-macro model linking structure to agency.
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Zhang, Yue, Kun Fu, Xian Sun, Guangluan Xu, and Hongqi Wang. "MODEL ACCURACY COMPARISON FOR HIGH RESOLUTION INSAR COHERENCE STATISTICS OVER URBAN AREAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-753-2016.

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The interferometric coherence map derived from the cross-correlation of two complex registered synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is the reflection of imaged targets. In many applications, it can act as an independent information source, or give additional information complementary to the intensity image. Specially, the statistical properties of the coherence are of great importance in land cover classification, segmentation and change detection. However, compared to the amount of work on the statistical characters of SAR intensity, there are quite fewer researches on interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence statistics. And to our knowledge, all of the existing work that focuses on InSAR coherence statistics, models the coherence with Gaussian distribution with no discrimination on data resolutions or scene types. But the properties of coherence may be different for different data resolutions and scene types. In this paper, we investigate on the coherence statistics for high resolution data over urban areas, by making a comparison of the accuracy of several typical statistical models. Four typical land classes including buildings, trees, shadow and roads are selected as the representatives of urban areas. Firstly, several regions are selected from the coherence map manually and labelled with their corresponding classes respectively. Then we try to model the statistics of the pixel coherence for each type of region, with different models including Gaussian, Rayleigh, Weibull, Beta and Nakagami. Finally, we evaluate the model accuracy for each type of region. The experiments on TanDEM-X data show that the Beta model has a better performance than other distributions.
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Zhang, Yue, Kun Fu, Xian Sun, Guangluan Xu, and Hongqi Wang. "MODEL ACCURACY COMPARISON FOR HIGH RESOLUTION INSAR COHERENCE STATISTICS OVER URBAN AREAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-753-2016.

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The interferometric coherence map derived from the cross-correlation of two complex registered synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is the reflection of imaged targets. In many applications, it can act as an independent information source, or give additional information complementary to the intensity image. Specially, the statistical properties of the coherence are of great importance in land cover classification, segmentation and change detection. However, compared to the amount of work on the statistical characters of SAR intensity, there are quite fewer researches on interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence statistics. And to our knowledge, all of the existing work that focuses on InSAR coherence statistics, models the coherence with Gaussian distribution with no discrimination on data resolutions or scene types. But the properties of coherence may be different for different data resolutions and scene types. In this paper, we investigate on the coherence statistics for high resolution data over urban areas, by making a comparison of the accuracy of several typical statistical models. Four typical land classes including buildings, trees, shadow and roads are selected as the representatives of urban areas. Firstly, several regions are selected from the coherence map manually and labelled with their corresponding classes respectively. Then we try to model the statistics of the pixel coherence for each type of region, with different models including Gaussian, Rayleigh, Weibull, Beta and Nakagami. Finally, we evaluate the model accuracy for each type of region. The experiments on TanDEM-X data show that the Beta model has a better performance than other distributions.
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Kocur-Bera, Katarzyna, and Hubert Frąszczak. "Coherence of Cadastral Data in Land Management—A Case Study of Rural Areas in Poland." Land 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040399.

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The cadaster functions laid down in the law should guarantee the safety of one’s rights. The reliability of the data gathered in the cadaster affects decisions concerning specific real estate or taken within the sphere of economic management. The legislation often requires the use of cadastral data, which makes it necessary to keep it up-to-date and coherent with the situation in the field. The effects of a lack of coherence may impact public finances and land management. Maintaining high-quality cadastral data is time-consuming and expensive. This study analysed the data coherence between the state in the field and cadastral documents. The analysis was based mainly on the information about the area of a plot and land use. The coherence index showed that the differences between registers and the state in the field range from 30% to 80%. This can be changed by comprehensive data modernisation, which can be facilitated using modern technology. Given the diverse use of cadastral data and the global trends in cadaster development and implementation of the third dimension, the currency and reliability of cadastral data become particularly important.
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Wang, Ziwei, Chao Wang, Hong Zhang, and Fan Wu. "‘Scatter coherence’ suppression for TomoSAR in urban areas." Remote Sensing Letters 6, no. 11 (September 14, 2015): 894–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2150704x.2015.1088670.

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Olen, Stephanie, and Bodo Bookhagen. "Mapping Damage-Affected Areas after Natural Hazard Events Using Sentinel-1 Coherence Time Series." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081272.

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The emergence of the Sentinel-1A and 1B satellites now offers freely available and widely accessible Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Near-global coverage and rapid repeat time (6–12 days) gives Sentinel-1 data the potential to be widely used for monitoring the Earth’s surface. Subtle land-cover and land surface changes can affect the phase and amplitude of the C-band SAR signal, and thus the coherence between two images collected before and after such changes. Analysis of SAR coherence therefore serves as a rapidly deployable and powerful tool to track both seasonal changes and rapid surface disturbances following natural disasters. An advantage of using Sentinel-1 C-band radar data is the ability to easily construct time series of coherence for a region of interest at low cost. In this paper, we propose a new method for Potentially Affected Area (PAA) detection following a natural hazard event. Based on the coherence time series, the proposed method (1) determines the natural variability of coherence within each pixel in the region of interest, accounting for factors such as seasonality and the inherent noise of variable surfaces; and (2) compares pixel-by-pixel syn-event coherence to temporal coherence distributions to determine where statistically significant coherence loss has occurred. The user can determine to what degree the syn-event coherence value (e.g., 1st, 5th percentile of pre-event distribution) constitutes a PAA, and integrate pertinent regional data, such as population density, to rank and prioritise PAAs. We apply the method to two case studies, Sarpol-e, Iran following the 2017 Iran-Iraq earthquake, and a landslide-prone region of NW Argentina, to demonstrate how rapid identification and interpretation of potentially affected areas can be performed shortly following a natural hazard event.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Areas of coherence"

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Dodo, Yoko. "Diabetic Neuroglial Changes in the Superficial and Deep Nonperfused Areas on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242362.

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Barannik, Vlad, Y. Babenko, S. Shulgin, and M. Parkhomenko. "Video encoding to increase video availability in telecommunication systems." Thesis, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2020. https://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/16582.

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Article shows presence of the imbalance caused by insufficient level of productivity of modern and perspective information communication technologies concerning information intensity of bit streams. It is described how imbalance level reducing can be formed as a result of increasing of information processing technologies efficiency and that JPEG platform is the basic concept for construction of technologies of compression representation. Therefore it is proposed to provide further development of video processing methods using individual components of the JPEG platform for improving the integrity of information in terms of ensuring the required level of its availability.:
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Li, Yu [Verfasser], and Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Ludwig. "Flood mapping in rural and urban areas with multi-temporal SAR intensity and InSAR coherence / Yu Li ; Betreuer: Ralf Ludwig." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223849899/34.

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Ross, Rebecca E. "Investigating the role of larval dispersal models in the development of an 'ecologically coherent' network of deep sea marine protected areas." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/6560.

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There is currently worldwide pressure to establish Marine Protected Area (MPA) networks which are self-sustaining and will persistently protect habitats and species. In order for MPA networks to be effective, the species targeted for conservation must be able to disperse between protected areas and maintain a gene-flow necessary for population sustainability and persistence. This warrants new research on how to quantify and map faunal dispersal to ensure that protection will be effective and sustainable. Population genetic methods have merit, with the ability to track parentage and gene flow between areas directly. However the costs, quantity of samples, and time required to genetically quantify dispersal for multiple species make these approaches prohibitive as the only method of assessment, especially in relatively inaccessible offshore waters. Dispersal modelling is now becoming more accessible and may fulfil immediate needs in this field (although ground truthing will be necessary in the future). There have been very few dispersal modelling studies focussed on deep sea or offshore areas, predominantly due to the lack of high resolution hydrodynamic models with sufficient geographic extent away from shore. Current conclusions have been drawn based on shallow water coastal studies, informing offshore MPA network size and spacing. However the differences between these two environments may mean that dispersal abilities are not comparable. Deep water receives less influence from wind and weather, and the scales are vastly different in terms of a) the depth ranges covered, b) the planktonic larval durations (PLDs) of animals, and c) the geographic areas concerned as a consequence. Global hydrodynamic models with reasonable resolution are now becoming more accessible. With the outputs from these models, and freely available particle simulators, it is becoming more practical to undertake offshore deep water dispersal studies. This thesis aims to undertake an analysis of these accessible modelling tools within a deep sea context. The guidelines which are currently available to dispersal modellers are yet to encompass the needs of deep water modellers which may require some additional considerations given the extended depth range covered and the different hydrodynamic drivers away from the air/sea interface. Chapter 1 reviews the larval dispersal process, the factors which may affect dispersal success, and those which should be incorporated into future predictions of dispersal. The current methods for assessing larval dispersal are explored covering genetics, elemental tagging and modelling approaches with an extended look at modelling considerations. Existing marine conservation policy is also touched on in the context of connectivity and larval dispersal. Chapter 2 is designed to inform future deep sea modellers on how to parameterise and understand a dispersal model. As models appear as a ‘black box’ to the majority of users, sensitivity tests can offer a way of scaling model inputs and tempering expectations from model outputs. A commonly used model pairing (the HYCOM hydrodynamic model and the Connectivity Modeling System) is assessed, using parameters which link to the temporal and spatial scales of mixing in the modelled system: timestep of particle tracer, horizontal and vertical positioning of release points, release frequency of larvae, and temporal range of simulation. All parameters were shown to have a decreased sensitivity with depth, with patterns reflecting local watermass structure. Future studies observing similar hydrodynamic conditions seeking to optimise their model set up would be advised to stratify their model release locations with depth. A means to incorporate all sensitivity test results into optimal input parameters for future studies is demonstrated. Chapter 3 investigates whether dispersal models provide any advantage over a “sphere of influence” estimate based on average current speeds and PLDs: there is no use pursuing dispersal modelling if the outputs are too erroneous to provide any advantage over a back-of-the-envelope calculation. This chapter examines the outputs of two dispersal models driven by two different hydrodynamic models in order to observe the variability in prediction between models. This model comparison revealed a greater disparity between hydrodynamic model predictions than has been previously understood by ecologists. The two models compared (POLCOMS and HYCOM) may equally be considered as suitable to promote realism in the study region, but slight differences in resolution and numerical error handling resulted in dispersal predictions from which opposing conclusions can be drawn. This chapter therefore emphasises the necessity for model ground truthing before predictions can be trusted. Chapter 4 assimilates the findings of the previous chapters and applies their advice to a study of MPA network dispersal connectivity. Using the hydrodynamic model which performed best in chapter 3 (HYCOM), a simulation was undertaken for cold water coral (Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758)) larval dispersal between already established MPAs in the NE Atlantic. As larval characters have only been observed ex situ, dispersal was simulated using two null models (passive and active vertical migration) and averaged to provide an intermediate prediction. A method for assessing dispersal within MPAs and MPA networks is offered based on the intermediate prediction, as well as a network wide assessment of the difference in dispersal patterns for passive and active larvae. It was found that the existing network performs well at supplying larvae to non-networked sites, but performs poorly at supplying other MPAs. The ‘best’ MPAs were central to the network and facilitated the traverse of regional gaps in suitable habitat. The ‘worst’ MPAs were peripheral to the network and small in size. Network-wide passive and active dispersal matrices had no significant difference between them. However site specific variability in the effect of vertical migration was detected subject to variability in local topographic barriers to dispersal, only some of which could be surmounted with vertical migration. All chapters aim to inform future deep sea dispersal modellers, and encourage exploration of this tool in other contexts, as well as marine conservation. The thesis cautions against the transplantation of shallow water assumptions to deep water environments, and advocates region specific studies and mandatory ground truthing of predictions. An upcoming study will ground truth the findings of this thesis with both genetic and oceanographic data, allowing the accuracy of study results to be quantified.
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Yenuganti, Nagalaxmi. "Authentication in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN)." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6442.

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With the advancements in technology and computing environment capabilities, the number of devices that people carry has increased exponentially. This increase initially occurred as a result of necessity to monitor the human body condition due to chronic diseases, heart problems etc. Later, individuals’ interest was drawn towards self-monitoring their physiology and health care. This is achieved by implanting various sensors that can proactively monitor the human body based on medical necessity and the health condition of the user. Sensors connected on a human body perceive phenomena such as locomotion or heartbeat, and act accordingly to form a Body Area Network. The primary concern of these sensors is to ensure a secure way of communication and coordination among the devices to form a flawless system. A secondary concern is wireless sensor authentication, which ensures trustworthiness and reliable gathering of a user’s data. To address this concern, we designed a secure approach using low cost accelerometers to authenticate sensors in Body Area Networks. To ensure authentication in on-body sensor networks, we need a mechanism which intuitively proves all the communicating nodes are trusted ones. In order to achieve sensor authentication, we used accelerometer data gathered from sensors to distinguish whether or not the devices are carried on waist of same individual’s body. Our approach is focused at analyzing walking patterns recorded from smartphone accelerometers placed in the same location of the user’s body, and we present results showing these sensors record similar pattern.
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Griffin, Robert A. "Coherent optical matched filtering for application in photonic code-division multiple access communication networks." Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240135.

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Arias, Suárez Alda Lisseth [Verfasser], and Shannon [Akademischer Betreuer] Whitlock. "Probing the non-equilibrium dynamics and coherence properties of Rydberg-enhanced gases / Alda Lisseth Arias Suarez ; Betreuer: Shannon Whitlock." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185644644/34.

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Rima, Ghashut. "EVALUATION OF MACULAR ISCHEMIA IN EYES WITH CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232114.

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Iida, Yuto. "Morphological and Functional Retinal Vessel Changes in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232104.

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Naidoo, Sherina. "The sense of coherence and coping resources of adult family caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients in the Kwazakhele area of Port Elizabeth." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1021.

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Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), which results in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), has many manifestations. Literature reveals that some of these manifestations may compromise the infected individual’s sense of well-being and negatively impact on health related quality of life. As the number of people living with HIV/AIDS disease grows, so does the need for their care. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, care was primarily handled by special agencies, hospitals and clinics. These agencies have been inundated with the demands of people living with HIV/AIDS, while their resources are shrinking. As it stands now, the total assistance given to people living with HIV/AIDS is provided by relatives and this responsibility of caregiving will more increasingly rest with families. This situation is particularly salient for the rural community in South Africa, which has been disproportionately affected by the AIDS epidemic. AIDS has a tremendous impact on the entire family system, particularly on the individual who has primary responsibility for caregiving. The caregiver must cope with many circumstances that are frustrating and often beyond their control. Caring for a Person Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) appears to be a major stressor in the lives of caregivers, and can be very demanding, impacting on carers financially, physically, emotionally and socially. Given the lack of research on HIV/AIDS family caregiving from a salutogenic approach, this study aimed to explore and describe the sense of coherence and coping of family caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients in the Kwazakhele area in Port Elizabeth. The sample consisted of 50 participants aged between 21 and 65 years, recruited via the Kwazakhele Masizakhe Project. An exploratory-descriptive design was employed. Data was obtained by a biographical questionnaire, the Coping Resources Inventory (CRI) and the Sense of Coherence (SOC-29) Questionnaire. A non-probability convenience sample of adult male and female family caregivers were sampled. Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients were utilized to describe and explore the coping and sense of coherence of the family caregivers and the correlation between these constructs, respectively. The data obtained from the biographical questionnaire was analysed by using descriptive statistics and frequency counts. Key findings include the following: Results from the coping resources measure indicated that this sample perceived themselves as having an average level of coping resources. The sample tended to rely more readily on spiritual resources and less on cognitive resources. Results from the SOC-29 revealed fairly high mean scores. There is no positive relationship between the SOC-29 and the CRI for the current sample. No significant relationship existed between the SOC and the subscales of the CRI. Suggestions are made for future research, the limitations and value of research were outlined.
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Books on the topic "Areas of coherence"

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Berikashvili, Valeriy. The coherent optics and optical information processing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/999893.

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Presented in the textbook materials relate to the disclosure of the common features of radio and optical telecommunication systems. In detail the device and principles of operation of gas, solid and semiconductor lasers, photodetectors, key photoelectric devices, phototransistors, of photothyristors. The studied display device. Great attention is paid to the elemental basis of fiber-optical systems of collecting and information transfer. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students in the areas of "Photonics and Optoinformatics", "Instrumentation" and "optical engineering".
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Hooydonk, E. van. The impact of EU environmental law on waterways and ports: Including a proposal for the creation of Portus 2010, a coherent EU network of strategic port development areas. Antwerp: Maklu, 2006.

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Azova, Ol'ga, Elena D'yakova, Zhanna Antipova, and Mariya Vorob'eva. Speech therapy technologies. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1038017.

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The textbook discusses the features of the formation of speech and motor functions in children, as well as their disorders. Technologies of examination of the pronouncing side of speech, lexical and grammatical structure of language and coherent speech, tempo-rhythmic organization of speech and motor functions in children are presented. The methods and techniques of diagnostics, criteria for assessing the violation of the formation of functions are described in detail. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training 44.03.03 "Special (defectological) education" (bachelor's level). It may be useful for undergraduate students studying in the areas of training 44.03.02 "Psychological and pedagogical education" and 44.03.01 "Pedagogical education" - future primary school teachers. It is recommended for the examination of all components of speech and motor functions in children with various disorders.
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(Netherlands), Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken, ed. Migration and development cooperation: Coherence between two policy areas. The Hague: Advisory Council on International Affairs, 2005.

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Kehler, Andrew, and Jonathan Cohen. On Convention and Coherence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0014.

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A bedrock principle in pragmatics is that the linguistic signals produced by speakers generally underdetermine the meanings that are communicated to interpreters. For Grice, for instance, utterance meaning lies close to what is overtly encoded, allowing only for the resolution of indexicals, tense, reference, and ambiguity. Lepore and Stone (L&S) agree, but with a stunning twist: they analyze all extrasemantic content as being derived from ambiguity resolution, leaving no work for Gricean tools. Despite significant areas of concurrence with L&S, we ultimately find their analysis to be untenable. To establish this, we focus on a form of pragmatic enrichment that recruits coherence establishment processes to apply within the clause—‘eliciture’—for which we see no credible analysis in terms of ambiguity resolution. We argue that an adequate account of language understanding must recognize the robust roles of both ambiguity resolution and pragmatic enrichment, using tense interpretation as a case study.
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Delivering as one: Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on UN System-wide Coherence in the areas of development, humanitarian assistance and the environment. [New York?]: United Nations, 2006.

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Chen, Fred K., and Simon D. M. Chen. Vitreoretinal surgery. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199237593.003.0003.

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This chapter begins by looking at retinal anatomy and physiology, before covering key clinical and practical skills, namely posterior segment history taking and examination, diagnostic lenses, optical coherence tomography, ultrasonography, and retinal photocoagulation. The following areas of clinical knowledge are then discussed: vitreous disorders, retinal detachment, peripheral retinal abnormalities, macular surgery, submacular surgery, retinal tumours, choroidal tumours, vitreoretinopathies, retinopathy of prematurity, and posterior segment trauma. The chapter concludes with two case-based discussions, on retinal detachment and elevated fundal mass.
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Lepore, Ernie, and Matthew Stone. Issues for Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0016.

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We think it best to keep our observations general and minimal. The essays in this volume are clear and well argued, but we feel the same about our own book, and so, it would be otiose to dive deeper into the dialectic. Instead we will discuss a few areas where we believe additional research is needed to adjudicate central issues concerning the rules of language and the processes of interpretation which we take to be open, focusing primarily on conventions, intentions and coherence relations. We end with some comments on the scope of meaning in language and its consequences for the semantic enterprise.
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Olawuyi, Damilola S. Environmental Law in Arab States. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896186.001.0001.

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Environmental Law in Arab States offers a comprehensive and authoritative account of the guiding principles and rules relating to environmental protection in the Arab region. The book introduces readers to the latest developments of environmental law across the Arab region, including the applicable legislation, governance structures, and legal innovations in each of the major areas of environmental regulation, including air pollution, water pollution, biodiversity, conservation of nature and cultural heritage, chemicals and waste management, construction and infrastructure development, and Islamic ecology. Yet this book is not simply a stock-taking exercise. It also outlines participatory and bottom-up legal strategies—focusing on transparency, accountability, gender justice, human rights safeguards, and regional cooperation—needed to achieve greater coherence and coordination in the implementation and enforcement of environmental regulation across the region. The book also provides legal assessments and reflections on how Arab countries can advance existing national strategies and visions on trade and investment, green growth, Islamic green finance, circular economy, blue economy, and low carbon future among others, through clear and comprehensive legislation. Taking an international and comparative approach, this text is an essential reference and textbook for students, academics, and practitioners who work in the areas of environmental law and policy, human rights, sustainable development, political ecology, environmental diplomacy, and environmental studies, particularly area studies on the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia.
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Liyanage, Sidath E., Fred K. Chen, and James W. Bainbridge. Vitreoretinal surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199672516.003.0005.

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This chapter explores vitreoretinal surgery. It starts off with a detailed examination of retinal anatomy, including a discussion of retinal embryology, and then discusses the physiology of the retina. Next, it outlines the clinical skills of posterior segment history taking and examination. It then discusses the use of diagnostic lenses, which enable visualization of the fundus by neutralizing the optical power of the eye (direct lenses) or increasing the refractive power of the eye to create an inverted real image of the fundus anterior to the eye (indirect lenses). It then continues with a discussion of the practical skills of optical coherence tomography, ultrasonography, and retinal photocoagulation. The chapter also outlines clinical knowledge areas of vitreous disorders, retinal detachment, peripheral retinal abnormalities, macular surgery, submacular surgery, retinal tumours, choroidal tumours, vitreoretinopathies, and posterior segment trauma.
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Book chapters on the topic "Areas of coherence"

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Taudt, Christopher. "Thin-film Characterization." In Development and Characterization of a Dispersion-Encoded Method for Low-Coherence Interferometry, 123–30. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35926-3_5.

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AbstractThe third intended application for the proposed dispersion-encoded low-coherence interferometry is the evaluation of thin-film characteristics on substrate materials. Due to the usage of thin-film technologies in high-volume production in e.g. the photovoltaics and semiconductor industry, process monitoring becomes relevant in order to ensure functional parameters such as solar cell efficiency, [289]. In this context, film thickness as well as film homogeneity over large areas are important criteria for quality assurance.
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Mantegazzi, Daniele, Maria Giulia Pezzi, and Gabriella Punziano. "Tourism Planning and Tourism Development in the Italian Inner Areas: Assessing Coherence in Policy-Making Strategies." In Regional Science Perspectives on Tourism and Hospitality, 447–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61274-0_22.

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Meyer-Nandi, Sathi. "Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development in International Tax Matters: A Way Forward for Donor Countries?" In Taxation, International Cooperation and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 63–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64857-2_4.

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AbstractThe actual implementation of Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD) in the area of international tax matters has some room for improvement undisputedly. Though civil servants agree that giving with one hand but taking with the other is inefficient and that seeking synergies between different policy areas is a good thing to do, the holistic dialogue between all relevant ministries and stakeholders is often missing. A big hurdle here is the technical subject matter, which makes a productive dialogue among different ministries and stakeholders often tricky, next to a different understanding of what benefits sustainable development. This is why PCSD is often lost in translation and stays a concept that constitutes the neglected hot potato despite being internationally endorsed. This chapter tries to provide some food for thought regarding potential measures donor countries could introduce to improve the alignment between their tax policy and their development effort. Suggestions will be given regarding tax treaty and tax transparency policies of donor countries and mechanisms to enhance cooperation between the tax administration of donor and developing countries. These measures aim at raising the revenues in developing countries, provide skill transfer while also contributing to a favorable investment climate through boosting tax certainty for companies and reducing the risk of double taxation.
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Lauterborn, Werner, and Thomas Kurz. "The Main Areas of Optics." In Coherent Optics, 9–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05273-0_2.

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Lauterborn, Werner, Thomas Kurz, and Martin Wiesenfeldt. "The Main Areas of Optics." In Coherent Optics, 9–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03144-5_2.

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Colin-Koeniguer, E., N. Trouve, Y. Yamaguchi, Y. Huang, L. Ferro-Famil, V. D. Navarro Sanchez, J. M. Lopez Sanchez, et al. "Urban Applications." In Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar, 215–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56504-6_5.

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AbstractThe experimental result reported in this chapter review the application of (high resolution) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to extract valuable information for monitoring urban environments in space and time. Full polarimetry is particularly useful for classification, as it allows the detection of built-up areas and to discriminate among their different types exploiting the variation of the polarimetric backscatter with the orientation, shape, and distribution of buildings and houses, and street patterns. On the other hand, polarimetric SAR data acquired in interferometric configuration can be combined for 3-D rendering through coherence optimization techniques. If multiple baselines are available, direct tomographic imaging can be employed, and polarimetry both increases separation performance and characterizes the response of each scatterer. Finally, polarimetry finds also application in differential interferometry for subsidence monitoring, for instance, by improving both the number of resolution cells in which the estimate is reliable, and the quality of these estimates.
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Greiner, C., T. Wang, T. Loftus, B. Boggs, and T. W. Mossberg. "Instability, area quantization and area gaps in cavity-accelerated superradiant atom-cavity systems." In Coherence and Quantum Optics VIII, 213–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8907-9_26.

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Le Tissier, Martin, and Hester Whyte. "Why Does Making Connections Through Resilience Indicators Matter?" In Creating Resilient Futures, 23–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80791-7_2.

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AbstractThe year 2015 saw the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Paris Agreement. These landmark UN agreements both characterise and present the opportunity for developing integrated responses and coherence to the challenges bridging development, humanitarian, climate and disaster risk reduction areas. This chapter will provide examples of experiences and best practices from the international arena that identify how approaches to SDGs, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Management (DRM), and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) are juxtaposed, and the policy instruments currently in place that address SDG, DRR and CCA activities and actions. The text will consider opportunities for developing a concept of resilience that integrates SDG, DRR and CCA frameworks in response to global challenges, thereby constituting a development continuum instead of a series of independent and isolated phenomena. It will also identify and characterise opportunities for synergies across the different domains for community and sector vulnerability at local, national and international scales through integrated reporting across agreements.
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Ahufinger, V., J. Mompart, R. Corbalán, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, M. C. Torrent, and R. Vilaseca. "Local field effects on the spatiotemporal dynamics of broad-area two-level lasers." In Coherence and Quantum Optics VIII, 563–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8907-9_169.

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Partanen, Henri Simo, Sandy Claudia Peterhänsel, Christof Pruss, Wolfgang Osten, Jani Tervo, and Jari Turunen. "Broad Area Laser Diode Coherence Measurement and Modeling." In Fringe 2013, 879–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36359-7_163.

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Conference papers on the topic "Areas of coherence"

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Fornaro, G., A. Pauciullo, D. Reale, and S. Verde. "SAR coherence tomography: A new approach for coherent analysis of urban areas." In IGARSS 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2013.6721095.

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Malik, Hubert. "EXCLUSION OF NON-COHERENT AREAS FROM THE INTERFEROMETRIC SAR ANALYSIS USING COHERENCE MASKS." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b21/s10.135.

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Zhang, Tao, Ling Wan, Xiaolei Lv, and Jun Hong. "Interferometric SAR Baseline Estimation by Partitioned High Coherence Areas." In 2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siprocess.2018.8600444.

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Wei Shunjun and Zhang Xiaoling. "Interferometric phase compensation using coherence for vegetation areas in PolInSAR." In IET International Radar Conference 2009. IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.0257.

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Zhang, H. Y., Z. F. Li, and Z. B. Wang. "Analysis of x-band Polinsar coherence characteristics in forested areas." In IET International Radar Conference 2015. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2015.1123.

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Tan, Nguyen Ngoc, Pham Minh Nghia, Mai Quoc Khanh, and Le Van Nhu. "Forest Parameters Estimation over Sloping Forest Areas Using Coherence Optimization Method." In 2019 19th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2019.8905129.

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MACAROF, Paul, and Paul-Marian GHERASIM. "STUDYING THE COHERENCE VALUES FOR UHI: A CASE STUDY OF IASI." In SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.16.

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Thermal properties of surface, Earth’s surface energy balance and atmospheric conditions effect the land surface dramatically. Local and global change continues in the Earth’s climate since the industrial era continues. The urban heat island (UHI) represents the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban area or metropolitan area than in the surrounding rural zones due to urbanization. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the UHI effect is from the modification of land surfaces. In this research was using MODIS and SENTINEL data. From SENTINEL images was extracted coherence maps to determine values of this parameter in areas where UHI was notice. Coherence for SUHI range from 0.20 to 0.89 for day and varies for night between 0.23-0.89.
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Guillaso, Stephane, and Franck Garestier. "Deformation estimation on low coherence areas by means of polarimetric differential SAR interferometry." In 2015 8th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images (Multi-Temp). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/multi-temp.2015.7245748.

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Fanelli, Attilio, and Maurizio Santoro. "Characterization of urban areas using principal component analysis from multitemporal ERS coherence imagery." In International Symposium on Remote Sensing, edited by Manfred Ehlers. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462360.

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CAREY, WILLIAM M., JAMES F. LYNCH, WILLIAM L. SIEGMANN, ILYA ROZENFELD, and BRIAN J. SPERRY. "HHSOUND TRANSMISSION AND SPATIAL COHERENCE IN SELECTED SHALLOW WATER AREAS: MEASUREMENTS AND THEORY." In Theoretical and Computational Acoustics 2003 - The Sixth International Conference (ICTCA). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702609_0005.

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Reports on the topic "Areas of coherence"

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Atuhurra, Julius, and Michelle Kaffenberger. System (In)Coherence: Quantifying the Alignment of Primary Education Curriculum Standards, Examinations, and Instruction in Two East African Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/057.

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Improvements in instructional coherence have been shown to have large impacts on student learning, yet analysis of such coherence, especially in developing countries and at a systems level, is rare. We use an established methodology, the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC), and apply it to a developing country context to systematically analyze and quantify the content and coherence of the primary curriculum standards, national examinations, and actual teaching delivered in the classroom in Uganda and Tanzania. We find high levels of incoherence across all three instructional components. In Uganda, for example, only four of the fourteen topics in the English curriculum standards appear on the primary leaving exam, and two of the highest-priority topics in the standards are completely omitted from the exams. In Tanzania, only three of fourteen English topics are covered on the exam, and all are assessed at the “memorization” level. Rather than aligning with either the curriculum standards or exams, teachers’ classroom instruction is poorly aligned with both. Teachers tend to cover broad swathes of content and levels of cognitive demand, unrelated to the structure of either the curriculum standards or exams. An exception is Uganda mathematics, for which standards, exams, and teacher instruction are all well aligned. By shedding light on alignment deficits in the two countries, these results draw attention to a policy area that has previously attracted little (if any) attention in many developing countries’ education policy reform efforts. In addition to providing empirical results for Uganda and Tanzania, this study provides a proof-of-concept for the use of the SEC methodology as a diagnostic tool in developing countries, helping education systems identify areas of instructional (in)coherence and informing efforts to improve coherence for learning.
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Olsen, Laurie, Elvira Armas, and Magaly Lavadenz. A review of year 2 LCAPs: A weak response to English Learners. Center for Equity for English Learners, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.lcap2016.1.

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A panel of 32 reviewers analyzed the Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) of same sample of 29 districts for the second year of implementation of the 2013 California Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF). Using the same four questions as the Year 1 report, the Year 2 analysis also addresses the key differences between first and second-year LCAPs. Key findings from the Year 2 LCAPs review include: (1) similarly weak responses to the needs of ELs by LEAs in Year 2; (2) some improvement in clarity about services provided to ELs in some areas, though most evidence was weak; (3) minimal attention to the new English Language Development Standards; (4) minimal investment in teacher capacity building to address EL needs; (5) lack of attention to coherent programs, services and supports for ELs and failure to address issues of program and curriculum access; (6) weak engagement of ELs’ parents in LCAP process and content of LCAP plans; (7) poor employment of EL data to inform LCAP goals and weak use of EL indicators as an LCAP accountability component; (8) lack of specificity in describing district services and site allocations for supplemental and concentration funding; and (9) difficulty identifying the coherence of responses of EL needs in year 2 LCAPs. Overall, the analysis of the 29 LCAPs continue to signal a weak response to EL needs. The authors reassert the urgency of the recommendations in the Year 1 report, offer additional specific recommendations for the state, county offices of education, and districts, and call upon the state to reaffirm the equity commitment in the LCFF design.
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Wallgren, Anders, and Britt Wallgren. Toward an Integrated Statistical System Based on Registers. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003204.

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This note describes how Latin American and Caribbean countries can join a revolution in statistical systems, moving from data collection based on geographic frames to one based on administrative registers, and the advantages of making this change. Northern European countries have already shifted from a traditional area frame-based statistical system to a register-based system, in which all surveys are based on statistical registers. Among the key advantages of the shift are: i) lower production costs; ii) potential for higher levels of geographic disaggregation and greater frequency; and iii) reduce the burden on informants by following the maxim of “ask once, use many times”. Evidence from Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru points to the viability of this transition in the region. However, to take better advantage of the new strategy, countries should invest to improve the quality and coverage of their administrative systems and should create an integrated register system, allowing for efficient data use, and ensuring consistency and coherence across statistical registries.
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Lin, Hongwei, Yanjun Gao, Kang Sun, and Faguang Jin. Association between PM2.5 pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0144.

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Review question / Objective: Previous epidemiological studies on the association between PM2.5 pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in China were mostly limited to one region， and the different papers have no coherent results. Our objective is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant literature in order to summarize the association between PM2.5 pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in multiple cities in China. Condition being studied: As an important component of air pollutants, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) can float in the atmosphere for a long time with a small aerodynamic size (≤2.5μm) and large specific surface area which is attached to a variety of toxic and harmful substances . PM2.5 can deposite under the trachea of the respiratory tract, reaching deep into the alveolar area, damaging alveolar macrophages and type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, inducing alveolar inflammation, resulting in decreased immunity of the respiratory tract and interfering with normal physiological functions of the lungs.
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Hwa, Yue-Yi, and Lant Pritchett. Teacher Careers in Education Systems That Are Coherent for Learning: Choose and Curate Toward Commitment to Capable and Committed Teachers (5Cs). Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2021/02.

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How can education authorities and organisations develop empowered, highly respected, strongly performance-normed, contextually embedded teaching professionals who cultivate student learning? This challenge is particularly acute in many low- and middle-income education systems that have successfully expanded school enrolment but struggle to help children master even the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. In this primer, we synthesise research from a wide range of academic disciplines and country contexts, and we propose a set of principles for guiding the journey toward an empowered, effective teaching profession. We call these principles the 5Cs: choose and curate toward commitment to capable and committed teachers. These principles are rooted in the fact that teachers and their career structures are embedded in multi-level, multi-component systems that interact in complex ways. We also outline five premises for practice, each highlighting an area in which education authorities and organisations can change the typical status quo approach in order to apply the 5Cs and realise the vision of empowered teaching profession.
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Dudley, J. P., and S. V. Samsonov. SAR interferometry with the RADARSAT Constellation Mission. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329396.

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The RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) is Canada's latest system of C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Earth observation satellites. The system of three satellites, spaced equally in a common orbit, allows for a rapid four-day repeat interval. The RCM has been designed with a selection of stripmap, spotlight, and ScanSAR beam modes which offer varied combinations of spatial resolution and coverage. Using Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques, the growing archive of SAR data gathered by RCM can be used for change detection and ground deformation monitoring for diverse applications in Canada and around the world. In partnership with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) has developed an automated system for generating standard and advanced deformation products and change detection from SAR data acquired by RCM and RADARSAT-2 satellites using DInSAR processing methodology. Using this system, this paper investigates four key interferometric properties of the RCM system which were not available on the RADARSAT-1 or RADARSAT-2 missions: The impact of the high temporal resolution of the four-day repeat cycle of the RCM on temporal decorrelation trends is tested and fitted against simple temporal decay models. The effect of the normalization and the precision of the radiometric calibration on interferometric spatial coherence is investigated. The performance of the RCM ScanSAR mode for wide area interferometric analysis is tested. The performance of the novel RCM Compact-polarization (CP) mode for interferometric analysis is also investigated.
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Harris, Jody, Sarah Gibbons, O’Brien Kaaba, Tabitha Hrynick, and Ruth Stirton. A ‘Right to Nutrition’ in Zambia: Linking Rhetoric, Law and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.051.

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Zambians in all walks of life are affected by malnutrition, and working through human rights is one key way to address this injustice. Based on research aiming to understand how a ‘right to nutrition’ is perceived by different actors globally and in Zambia, this brief presents a clear framework for a rights-based approach to nutrition in Zambia. This framework identifies rhetorical, legal and practical functions of human rights, and offers a way to think through clearly how different actors might work on the different aspects of rights. Addressing these three aspects of a right to nutrition all together – instead of by very separate constituencies as happens now – is fundamental to a coherent rights-based approach to nutrition. This brief outlines which actors need to come together – from law and policy, activism and communities, across global, national and local levels – and suggests how to start. It lays out the Zambian policy, legal and practical environment as it stands, and suggests actions to move forward in each of these areas in ways that are consistent with the different aspects of rights. Through these steps, Zambia can become known as a hub of action on a right to nutrition, to join with others in using human rights to address the injustice of malnutrition.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Feminist Foreign Policy: Contributions and Lessons. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.110.

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A relatively small number of countries have an explicit “Feminist Foreign Policy” (FFP). Those most often cited are Sweden, Canada, France, Mexico, and Spain. In theory, an FFP moves beyond gender mainstreaming in foreign development assistance to include: (1) a wider range of external actions, including defence, trade and diplomacy (2) a wider range of marginalised people, not just women. Within foreign development assistance, it implies a more coherent and systematically institutionalised approach to gender mainstreaming. In practice, those countries with an explicit FFP implement it in different ways. Canada currently focuses on development assistance, France on development assistance and formal diplomacy, Sweden more comprehensively covers the trade and defence policy arenas. Mexico and Spain are yet to produce detailed implementation plans. There is increasing academic interest in FFP, but most analyses found during the course of this rapid review focus on narrative content of policies rather than impact. Policy advocacy and advice is provided by several high-profile advocacy organisations. National government agencies in Sweden, France and Canada have produced some evaluations of their FFP, but the evidence is weak. There are many international institution evaluations of gender mainstreaming for many different sectors that are context-specific.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Population policy in Bangladesh: A review of ten priority areas. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1994.1000.

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One of the most important factors contributing to the success of Bangladesh’s FP-MCH Program in recent years has been the strong support provided at the policy level by all the governments of Bangladesh since independence. This has given the government confidence and supported the development of a coherent set of policies at the implementation level. However, the success of policies at one stage in the development of a family planning (FP) program carries with it the need for changes in policy to support the program at the next stage. In Bangladesh, if the nation is to attain the demographic goals important to survival, it must adapt its policies to attract larger numbers of users through better service structures, stronger teamwork, and cooperation both within government and between the government and NGOs, and ultimately through higher quality service for clients. The Population Council and URC (Bangladesh) have been collaborating since 1992, and the present report in draft form was instrumental in determining the long-term policy issues now being addressed by the National Steering Committee for Future Challenges in the FP-MCH Program.
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