Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Areal infiltration'

Microglia are the primary immune cell in the central nervous system and are known as the “resident” macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS). While microglia are classically known as the immune cells of the CNS, their role has more recently been shown to extend far beyond immunity. The effects of ethanol on the brain are closely linked to neuroimmune responses mediated by microglia that are present in the healthy brain from the time of development. Though microglia have been classified as the “resident” immune cells of the CNS, new research suggests that other immune cells may be implicated in the immune response. Normally, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the infiltration of cells and foreign pathogens from crossing from the periphery into the CNS. However, peripheral monocytes are known to infiltrate the CNS in response to seizures, traumatic brain injury, infection, and multiple sclerosis. Whether or not these cells engraft and become microglia is still a topic of debate. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of acute ethanol on microglia activation and monocyte infiltration into the CNS. We hypothesized that acute EtOH would lead to an increase in neuroinflammation by activating “resident” microglia to an inflammatory polarization and induce the infiltration of macrophages across the BBB. Using the Macrophage FAS-Induced Apoptosis (MaFIA) mouse model (GFP+ on Csf1r promoter), fluorescent microscopy, and flow cytometry we assessed the presence and phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages following 1, 2, and 4 g/kg ethanol at .5, 1, and 2 hours post-injection. By measuring volume/surface area of microglia in the VTA and NAc following EtOH, we found that EtOH caused microglia activation in these areas, and that the microglia are shifting toward an M1 polarization. However, some of our findings were counter to our hypothesis. We found that EtOH, decreases the number of infiltrating monocytes in the VTA and NAc. It is possible that other cells like T and B cells are recruited across the BBB. These findings suggest a neuroimmune connection for acute ethanol use and challenge the dogma that ethanol has exclusively central effects on DA neuronal activity and release. Further research is being performed to examine the implications of this effect, and what effects a conditional knockdown of monocytes has on ethanol intoxication and reward.

To determine the soil infiltration characteristics of pine and acacia plantations, we used a double-ring infiltrometer in 15 different locations of up-hill, mid-hill and down-hill part in each kind of plantation from June to August, 2018. The spatial infiltration characteristics of the soil at three plots (with no tree, with acacia tree and with pine tree) was determined by dye tracer method. The factors having an impact to the infiltration process were also analyzed. The main findings include: (1) The soil infiltration rate under both pine and acacia plantation decreased over time and it was the highest in the bottom of the hill and the lowest in the middle of the hill. The infiltration rate and the total infiltrated water in one hour at the acacia plantation were higher than ones at the pine plantation. However, statistical significant difference was only found for stable infiltration rate between two plantations; (2) The area and the depth of infiltrated water were the highest at the plot without trees, smaller at the soil of acacia plot and smallest at the soil of pine plot. All spatial infiltration rates were within the findings of previous studies; (3) The result indicated that soil with high ground cover has high infiltration rate.
Để xác định đặc điểm thấm nước của đất dưới rừng trồng Thông và Keo, vòng đôi đo tốc độ thấm đã được sử dụng để đo ở sườn trên, sườn giữa và sườn dưới (5 lần/ ví trí) cho mỗi loại hình rừng từ tháng 6-8/2018. Trong khi, thuốc nhuộm được sử dụng để kiểm tra đặc điểm thấm nước của đất theo không gian trên 3 ô (ô không có cây, ô trồng Keo và ô trồng Thông). Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến đặc điểm thấm nước cũng được phân tích. Kết quả chính thu được: (1) Tốc độ thấm ở cả hai loại rừng giảm dần theo thời gian và cao nhất ở sườn dưới, nhỏ nhất ở sườn giữa. Cả tốc độ thấm và tổng lượng nước thấm trong một giờ của rừng keo đều cao hơn so với rừng Thông. Tuy nhiên, chỉ có tốc độ thấm ổn định là khác biệt có ý nghĩa thống kê; (2) Diện tích và độ sâu nước thấm xuống đất cao nhất ở ô không có cây, nhỏ hơn ở ô trồng Keo và nhỏ nhất ở ô trồng Thông; (3) Độ che phủ thực vật càng cao thì lượng nước thấm càng lớn.

This dissertation reports on the methods and results of a three-phased investigation to estimate the annual volume of ephemeral-channel-focused groundwater recharge attributable to urbanization (urban-enhanced groundwater recharge) in the Sierra Vista subwatershed of southeastern Arizona, USA. Results were used to assess a prior estimate.

The first research phase focused on establishment of a study area, installation of a distributed network of runoff gages, gaging for stage, and transforming 2008 stage data into time series of volumetric discharge, using the continuous slope-area method. Stage data were collected for water years 2008 - 2011.

The second research phase used 2008 distributed runoff data with NWS DOPPLER RADAR data to optimize a rainfall-runoff computational model, with the aim of identifying optimal site-specific distributed hydraulic conductivity values and model-predicted infiltration.

The third research phase used the period-of-record runoff stage data to identify study-area ephemeral flow characteristics and to estimate channel-bed infiltration of flow events. Design-storm modeling was used to identify study-area predevelopment ephemeral flow characteristics, given the same storm event. The difference between infiltration volumes calculated for the two cases was attributed to urbanization. Estimated evapotranspiration was abstracted and the final result was equated with study-area-scale urban-enhanced groundwater recharge. These results were scaled up to the Sierra Vista subwatershed: the urban-enhanced contribution to groundwater recharge is estimated to range between 3270 and 3635 cubic decameters (between 2650 and 2945 acre-feet) per year for the period of study. Evapotranspirational losses were developed from estimates made elsewhere in the subwatershed. This, and other sources of uncertainty in the estimates, are discussed and quantified if possible.

The project was conducted on a small-scale catchment at Goedertrou in the Riebeek- Kasteel district. The focus of this study was to address some of the hydrological processes active in the research catchment, namely infiltration, run-off and sediment mobilisation on different soil types. It was done to investigate the origin of Berg River pollutants. To answer the overall question about what influence the natural salt load of the Berg River, a number of subprojects have been identified, one of which is to understand the hydrological processes in the soil mantle and vadose zone. Hence, the study aimed to answer the research questions mentioned and discussed in section 1.3 of Chapter 1. Considering the results, it could be suggested that decayed root systems from the rows of plants, soil cracks, small channels and openings created by small animals, as well as slope orientation and, therefore, soil composition, all played a major role in influencing the ability of the soil to absorb the simulated rainfall. In this study, the factors that influenced run-off are micro topography, soil moisture, root system, animal activities in soil profile, soil crack dimensions and the hydraulic conductivity. The main factors that played a major role to influence sediments mobilisation are strongly believed to be the micro topography within the ring, slope gradient and length, vegetation cover and rainfall-simulation intensity. After using different techniques, the results show that farmers must be aware that with storm rainfall, particles smaller than 65 &mu
m are subject to mobilisation. It is important to let land-users know that they need proper and appropriate methods for land-use.

Hydraulic conductivity of variably-saturated soils is critical to understanding processes at the land surface. Yet measuring it over an area comparable to the resolution of land-surface models is fraught because of its strong spatial and temporal variations, which render point measurements nearly useless. We derived unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at the horizontal scale of hectometers and the vertical scale of decimeters by analyzing trends in soil moisture measured using the cosmic-ray neutron method. The resulting effective hydraulic conductivity remains close to its value at saturation over approximately half of the saturation range and then plummets. It agrees with the aggregate of 36 point measurements near saturation, but becomes progressively higher at lower water contents; the difference is potentially reconcilable by upscaling of point measurements. This study shows the feasibility of the cosmic-ray method, highlights the importance of measurement scale, and provides a route toward better understanding of land-surface processes.

Diffuse water pollution in urban areas is growing due to polluted runoffs. Therefore, there is a need to treat this kind of pollution. Different structural treatment practices can be used for these purposes. However, little is known about their environmental, economic and social impacts. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to develop an integrated methodology for sustainability evaluation of structural treatment practices, considering environmental, economic and social aspects. Both environmental and economic evaluations have been carried out on a life cycle basis, using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing, respectively. For social evaluation, a number of social indicators, identified and developed in this research, have been used. The methodology has been applied to the case of the Magdalena river catchment in Mexico City. Three structural treatment practices have been analysed: bio-retention unit, infiltration trench and porous pavement. Based on the assumptions and the results from this work, the bio-retention unit appears to be environmentally the most sustainable option for treatment of diffuse water pollution. It is also the second-best option for social sustainability, slightly behind the porous pavement. However, if the costs of treatment are the priority, then the porous pavement would be the cheapest option. If all the sustainability aspects evaluated here are considered of equal importance, then the bio-retention unit is the most sustainable option. Therefore, trade-offs between the different sustainability aspects are important and should be considered carefully before any decisions are made on diffuse water pollution treatment. This also includes the trade-offs with the additional life cycle impacts generated by the treatment options compared to the impacts from the untreated runoff. The decisions can only be made by the appropriate stakeholders; however, some recommendations are given, based on the outcomes of this research.

Impervious surfaces such as roads, sidewalks, and roofs increase the volume of runoff generated in a watershed. Traditional stormwater management techniques emphasize conveyance of runoff away from impervious surfaces in order to reduce flooding. Rain gardens are becoming popular as a different means to manage stormwater in such a way that runoff is captured and infiltrated onsite rather than conveyed offsite. A stormwater management system consisting of a rainwater harvest system, rain garden, and infiltration chamber was built at the Coca-Cola Refreshments USA, Inc. distribution center in Lexington, Kentucky during the fall of 2011. Precipitation, inflow, and water level were measured from May, 2012 to April, 2013 to evaluate the hydrologic performance of the rain garden. The rain garden had a high infiltrative capability and was able to capture and infiltrate 100% of the runoff generated during the study period. The results of the study were used to formulate recommendations for rain garden design and construction in central Kentucky.

Sustainability of irrigated agriculture is a growing concern in the Baix Llobregat area. Although irrigated land accounts for a substantial proportion of food supply to the local market, it has been, and still is increasingly degraded by poor agricultural management. This dissertation focuses on ways to evaluate furrow irrigation and to assess soil water content and soil salinity (temporally and spatially) under usual farmers's management practices. This dissertation meets these goals through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out with a case study on representative fields of the area. Empirical and stochastic models were applied to evaluate furrow irrigation as well as to monitor water flow and solute transport in the root zone. This research produced a number of key findings: first, evaluating furrow irrigation confirmed that 40-43 % of the applied water would have been saved in the study fields if irrigation was stopped as soon as soil water deficit was fully recharge taking the amount of water needed for salt leaching into account, and that the application efficiency (AE) would increase from 48% to 84% and from 41% to 68% (Field 1 and Field 2, respectively). Second, the predictions of soil water content using ARIMA models were logical, and the next irrigation time and its effect on soil water content at the depth of interest were correctly estimated. Third, considering the linear relationship eb-sb, by transforming the Hilhorst (2000) model, which is based on the deterministic linear relationship eb-sb, into a time- varying Dynamic Linear Model (DLM) enabled us to validate this relationship under field conditions. An offset esb=0 value was derived that would ensure the accurate prediction of sp from measurements of sb. It was shown that the offset esb=0 varied for each depth in the same soil profile. A reason for this might be changes in soil temperature along the soil profile. The sp was then calculated for each depth in the root zone. Fourth, by using a (multiple input--single output) transfer function model, the results showed that soil water content and soil temperature had a significant impact on soil salinity, and soil salinity, predicted as a function of soil water and soil temperature, was correctly estimated. Finally, applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the results showed that the irrigation frequency, according to the farmer's usual management practice, had statistically significant effects on soil salinity behaviour, depending on soil depth and position (furrow, ridge). Moreover, it was shown that at the end of the crop's cycle the farmers left the field with less soil salinity, for each depth, than at the beginning of the crop's agricultural cycle.

A two-dimensional numerical model (RiverFLO-2D) has been enhanced to simulate flooding of urban areas by developing an innovative wet and dry surface algorithm, accounting for variable rainfall, and recoding the model computer program for parallel computing. The model formulation is based on the shallow water equations solved with an explicit time-stepping element-by-element finite element method. The dry-wet surface algorithm is based on a local approximation of the continuity and momentum equations for elements that are completely dry. This algorithm achieves global volume conservation in the finite element, even for flows over complex topographic surfaces. A new module was implemented to account for variable rainfall in space and time using NEXRAD precipitation estimates. The resulting computer code was parallelized using OpenMP Application Program Interface, which allows the model to run up to 5 times faster on multiple core computers. The model was verified with analytical solutions and validated with laboratory and field data. Model application to the Malpasset dam break and Sumacarcel flooding event show that the model accurately predicts flood wave travel times and water depths for these numerically demanding real cases. To illustrate the predictive capability of the enhanced model, an application was made of the city of Sweetwater flooding in Miami-Dade County, FL caused by the Hurricane Irene. The simulation starts with dry bed and rainfall is provided by NEXRAD estimates. Integrating NEXRAD rainfall estimates, developing a novel dry-wet area algorithm and parallelizing RiverFLO-2D code, this dissertation presents a proof of concept to accurately and efficiently predict floods in urban areas, identifying future improvements along this line of research.

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
This master dissertation aims to study mass movements dynamics and its classification, as well as the identification of the factors that control and initiate them. These concepts and knowledge were applied to the district of Angra do Heroísmo in Terceira´s island of the Azores in order to elaborate a map where the areas showing susceptibility to mass movements were identified. This identification and mapping of mass movements is a contribution to the planning and management of the municipality territory, where the natural conditions are favorable to the geomorphic instability. The misadjusted human actions in this vulnerable region can improve the landscape instability. There are several causes for the mass movements starting. Usually, the beginning of a mass movement is attributed to a single factor, as for instance an unusual precipitation, however this does not correspond to the reality, as a complex number of factors are involved. It was given highlight in this study to the human action as a trigger factor, that in a perspective of sustainable management and development, allow to understand how devastation and significant can be his action. In a perspective of identifying the impact of human actions in the mass movements, as well as the characterization of the geomorphic susceptibility of the area in study, the maximum infiltration areas were delimitated. The maximum infiltration areas are one of the most important territory management figures to preserve, and several times have misadjusted human occupation. In order to delimitate these areas, as well as to elaborate the mass movements susceptibility map for the district of Angra do Heroísmo, several physical characteristics of the region were analysed: geology/lithology, volcanic activity and seismicity, geomorphology, soils, etc. The Permeability of the geologic formations and the soils was also evaluated. Intervention actions for the area were recommended to implement in the most instable areas, in order to promote its protection, conservation or recuperation. These measures are considered crucial to maintain the balance of the Landscape, and prevent the occurrence of possible catastrophic events.

Dricksvatten är en livsviktig resurs. Att varje hushåll får dricksvatten ser vi idag ofta som självklart, dock har vatten som dricksvattenresurs en begränsning inte minst i kommuner utmed Sveriges kust. I dessa kustnära kommuner finns mängder av fritidsbostäder som allt fler ägare väljer att utnyttja som permanentbostäder. Kustkommunerna, som tidigare inte valt att bygga ut vatten- och avloppsnätet till dessa bostadsområden, har inte haft möjlighet att hinna anpassa utbyggnaden efter det nya befolkningsantalet. Istället tas dricksvattenförsörjningen från grundvattnet via enskilda bergborrade brunnar. Den snabba inflyttningen ökar därmed uttaget av grundvatten från brunnar som kanske inte har den kapacitet som krävs för att försörja allt fler permanentbostäder. Denna studie är begränsad till tre kommuner längs Sveriges östkust, Norrtälje-, Tyresö- och Oskarshamns kommun. Grundvattenbildningen och magasineringen av grundvattnet i dessa områden är mycket begränsad på grund av den geologiska bildningen, vilket hotar grundvattennivåerna. Därav är det viktigt för kommunerna att bevara de täkter som finns i kommunen. För att säkra kommunernas grundvattenförekomster kan vattenskyddsområden införas och gamla vattenskyddsområden kompletteras. De tre kommunerna arbetar alla för en hållbar dricksvattenförsörjning. Ingen av dem når dock upp till den önskvärda nivån av hållbarhet. Både Norrtälje- och Oskarshamns kommun har vattenskyddsområden för sina betydande vattentäkter. Tyresö kommun har dock inga vattenskyddsområden, de har istället naturreservat och nationalparker som även skyddar vattnet i kommunen. Dock löser inte ett vattenskyddsområde eller skydd av annat slag problemet med ett överutnyttjat grundvattenuttag. Där krävs metoder för att se till att uttagen är mindre än nybildningen av grundvatten. En sådan metod är beräkning av grundvattenbalansen i området, som visar när grundvattenbildningen sker och när uttagen är som störst under en viss tidsperiod. Därefter kan då uttagen planeras utefter vattentäktens kapacitet. En annan lösning är att bidra till en ökad grundvattenbildning via konstgjord väg. Det kan ske via till exempel sprinklers eller ytvattendammar, där dessa kan tillföra vatten till grundvattnet och därmet kan uttag göras utefter den nya grundvattenbildningens förmåga. Utöver dessa förslag krävs att kommunernas nuvarande råd och riktlinjer för enskild vattenförsörjning skärps till lagar och regler. I detaljplanen kan även styrmedel läggas in så som antal brunnar, brunnsdjup och maximalt uttag för kommunen. Detta blir då juridiskt bindande och betydande viktigt för den enskilda vattenförsörjningen och för hållbarhetsarbetet. Det finns därav många åtgärder som måste vidtas snarast för kommunerna för att de ska kunna uppnå miljömålet “Grundvatten av god kvalitet”, vilket nu ser ouppnåeligt ut för sin tidsgräns till 2020.
Drinking water is a vital resource that often is taken for granted. This is a problem not least in municipalities along the coast of Sweden. This due to the salty sea water that pushes towards land. It is very popular in today's society to live in coastal areas. There are both many vacation houses but also a lot of permanent livings. It is common these days that people choose to turn their vacation house into permanent living house and that has its effects on the drinking water resource. The houses of coastal areas are getting their drinking water from individual wells instead of the communal water. The main problem for the drinking water in the coastal areas are therefore the quality of the groundwater. There are risk for infiltration of salt water to the ground water. When the salt reaches the ground water, it will end up in the well and reduce the quality. That makes it a huge problem in these areas. Not to mention that the groundwater reservoirs are very limited in these territories, which limits the groundwater as a drinking water resource at the coast. To exemplify the facts, this study will cover the information for three different municipalities along the coast of Sweden. These are Norrtälje, Tyresö and Oskarsham. The drinking water supply in these three municipalities are similar but one thing that is different is the plan for sustainable drinking water supplies. Building and storage of groundwater in these areas is very limited due to the geological formation, which threatens groundwater levels. In order to secure the municipalities groundwater reservoirs, water protection areas can be made. The three municipalities all work for sustainable drinking water supply, but none of them manage to reach the goal “sustainable”. Both Norrtälje and Oskarshamn has water protection areas for its significant water resources. However, Tyresö has no water conservation areas, but they have nature reserves and national parks instead, that also protect the water. A water protection does not solve the problem of an over-exploited groundwater outlet. There are methods required to ensure that the outlets are smaller than the formation of groundwater. Such a method is the calculation of the groundwater balance in the area, which shows when the groundwater formation occurs and when the outlet is the largest during a certain period of time. After that, the outlet can be planned according to the capacity of the water source. Another solution is to contribute to increased groundwater formation through artificial infiltration. This can be done by sprinklers or surface water ponds, where they can supply water to the groundwater, and the outlet can be taken along the new groundwater formation. In addition to these proposals, the current advices and guidelines for individual water supply need to be tightened up and be replaced with laws and regulations. There are many moves that must be taken as soon as possible for the municipalities to achieve the goal "Grundvatten av god kvalitet", which is now unreachable for its time limit by 2020.

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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
The obtaining of ceramic materials from polymeric precursors is subject of numerous studies due to lower energy costs compared to conventional processing. The aim of this study is to investigate and improve the mechanism for obtaining ceramic matrix composite (CMC) based on SiOC/Al2O3/TiC by pyrolysis of polysiloxane in the presence of an active filler and inert filler in the pyrolysis temperature lower than the usually adopted for this technique, with greater strength. It also investigates the influence of pyrolysis temperature, the content of Alas active filler, the presence of infiltrating agents (Al, glass and polymer) after pyrolysis, temperature and infiltration time on some physical and mechanical properties. Alumina is used as inert filler and Al and Ti as active filler in the pyrolysis. Aluminum, glass and polysiloxane are used as agents infiltrating the post-pyrolysis. The results are analyzed with respect to porosity and bulk density by the Archimedes method, the presence of crystalline phases by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ceramic pyrolyzed between 850 ?C 1400 ?C contain porosity 15% to 33%, density 2.34 g/cm3 and flexural strength at 4 points from 30 to 42 MPa. The microstructure features are porous, with an array of Al2O3 reinforced by TiC particles and AlTi3. The infiltration post-pyrolysis reveals decrease in porosity and increase density and strength. The composites have potential applications where thermal stability is the main requirement
A obten??o de materiais cer?micos a partir de precursores polim?ricos ? objeto de in?meros estudos devido ao menor custo energ?tico em rela??o ao processamento convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar e aprimorar o mecanismo de obten??o de comp?sito de matriz cer?mica (CMC) baseado em SiOC/Al2O3/TiC pela pir?lise de um polissiloxano em presen?a de cargas ativa e inerte, em temperatura de pir?lise inferior ? usualmente adotada para essa t?cnica, com maior resist?nci mec?nica. Tamb?m se investiga a influ?ncia da temperatura de pir?lise, do teor de Al como carga ativa, da presen?a de agentes infiltrantes (Al, vidro de La e pol?mero polissiloxano) p?s-pir?lise, da temperatura e do tempo de infiltra??o sobre algumas propriedades f?sicas e mec?nicas. A alumina ? utilizada como carga inerte e Ti e Al como carga ativa na pir?lise. Alum?nio, vidro de La e um polissiloxano s?o utilizados como agentes infiltrantes p?s-pir?lise. Os materiais obtidos foram analisados com rela??o ? porosidade e densidade aparente pelo m?todo de Arquimedes, a presen?a de fases cristalinas por difratometria de raios-X (DRX) e a microestrutura por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV). Os corpos cer?micos pirolisados entre 850 ?C 1400 ?C apresentam porosidade de 15 -33%, densidade de 2,34 2,62 g/cm3 e resist?ncia mec?nica ? flex?o em 4 pontos de 30 -42 MPa. A microestrutura apresentou-se porosa, com uma matriz de Al2O3 refor?ada por part?culas de TiC e AlTi3. A infiltra??o p?s-pir?lise revelou redu??o da porosidade e incremento da densidade, dos corpos infiltrados, em torno de 20% e da resist?ncia mec?nica em torno de 40%, com o Al e o pol?mero agindo mais eficazmente como agentes infiltrantes, sob v?cuo. As propriedades mec?nicas de comp?sitos processados sem press?o de compacta??o se apresentaram equivalentes ?quelas de algumas literaturas em que se utilizou press?o de compacta??o e retra??o linear de apenas 2%, bem. Os comp?sitos obtidos apresentam potencial de aplica??o onde estabilidade t?rmica ? o principal requisito.

The first section of this diploma thesis pursues an algorithm design of flood wave transformation in Excel software and its application afterwards. The software is used to design a small multipurpose reservoir. The algorithm covers consumption calculations of typical dam structures such as discharge structures, sluice planks, narrowed section of discharge pipes and safety spillways. The thesis also includes a mathematical model of water infiltration into the bottom of the inundation area and through the dam body. The last section of the thesis is dealing with an aesthetic integration of the whole structure into the local environment.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業工程學系
85
Flooded paddy field exhibits productive,ecological and environmental multi-functions.Since the paddy field has long term ponded with water,it becomes one of the major sources for groundwater recharge. The purpose od the study is to quantity the amount of annualinfiltration and to locate the potential recharge area with the help of a GeographicalInformation System from paddy rice field in Yun-Lin.The result is useful to the government for planning and management of groundwater resources. A one-dimensional,Darcy-based soil/water balance model SAWAH and an empiricaleqaution used by Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau are an adopted to estimatethe quantity of infiltration from the paddy field in Yun-Lin.A ten centimeter thicknesshard pan soil with 0.03cm/day hydraulic conductivity is selected to analyze the irrigateddata from Shan-Shin group,Mayan station in Yun-Lin. The simulated result from SAWAH model shows the flux infiltrating into hard pan rangesfrom 0.1821 to 0.1858 billion cubic meters annually.The infiltration estimated from empirical equation ranges from 0.337 to 0.3891 billion cubic meters per year whichis two times larger than the result from model simulation.The empirical equation is designed to estimate the amount of irrigation water for rice grow up in the paddyfield and may be over-estimated.To accurately evaluate the annual infiltration fromirrigated paddy field,two-dimensional model simulation with detailed hydraulic conductivity data of hard pan soil are suggested to carry out in the future.

碩士
國立中央大學
應用地質研究所
103
The development of metropolitan leads to creasing impermeable surface areas, which therefore induce the risk of flooding in storm seasons. Installing gravel piles in the open areas such as parks or detention ponds in metropolitan areas provides alternatives to increase the infiltration of storm water. The objectives of the study are to quantify the infiltration efficiency of gravel piles installed in a retention pond. The numerical FEMWATER model associated with field and laboratory experiments are employed to assess the improvements of infiltration influenced by the number of gravel piles. The study area is located in the industrial park in Taichung Dali district. In this study, the pressure plate extractor and falling head tests were used to obtain the soil water characteristic curves and the saturated hydraulic conductivity K. Those soil characteristics parameters, saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and digital elevation model, will then employed in the FEMWATER numerical model for modeling Infiltration scenarios on different scales. A number of conditions, including different ponding depths in detention pond, hydraulic conductivity values, groundwater levels, and numbers and distances of gravel piles were used in the FEMWATER model to quantify the effects of the factors on the infiltration. Based on the van Genuchten soil characteristic formula, the results of pressure plate extractor test show that the soil sample has saturated soil volumetric water content of 0.358 (-), residual soil volumetric water content of 0.067 (-),the air entry suction of 0.643 (1/L), and the pore-size distribution of 1.556 (-). The saturated K is 0.6 (m/day) based on the in-situ infiltration experiment. The numerical simulations indicate that the infiltration is mainly controlled by hydraulic conductivity and the flooding depth in detention pond. Simulation results also show that the distance between two gravel piles didn’t have significant influences on infiltration rate when the distance is longer than 1 m. One gravel pile in gravel piles’ scaling model made can lead to 2% of increased infiltration compared with the no gravel pile condition. In the study area, the existing three gravel piles can increase the infiltration up to 0.375%.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業工程學研究所
87
Flooded paddy field exhibits productive, ecological and environmental multifunctions. Since the paddy field has long term ponded with water, it becomes one of the major sources for groundwater recharge. The Choshuchi Alluvial Fan is an important area for groundwater recharge. This study conducts the field experiment and numerical simulation of flooded paddy field in Ten-Chung. The experimental methods are to take a sample of soil, to observe the water content of soil and infiltration in suit and soil analysis, unsaturated curve experiment in laboratory. The data of soil characteristics/hydraulic parameter are used to calibrate the simulation model. The FEMWATER model is adopted to simulate infiltration and groundwater recharge. The GMS software is used to structure the parameter and model . The numerical simulation can establish the relationship between the lateral and vertical infiltration. According to the simulation result, the simulation area is 262506 m2, the based infiltration of the experimental field in Ten-Chung is 3.86 mm/day, the vertical recharge of groundwater is 30713.23 cubic meter and the lateral percolation is 303.1226 cubic meter with plow sole. If there is no plow sole, the vertical recharge of groundwater is 52763.755 cubic meter and the lateral percolation is 913.03 cubic meter. Since it is useful to break the hard pan to increase the groundwater recharge. For regional flooded paddy field, the movement of infiltration water is mainly vertically downward in most area, The lateral movement is obviously occur on the wet to dry boundary. The vertical recharge rate is 2~10 times higher than the horizontal movement of water for wet to wet paddy field boundary condition and 1/10 for the wet to dry paddy field boundary condition. The mainly return water is the lateral percolation for wet to dry paddy field boundary.

碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系
86
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the influences of different landuses and water quality at slopeland area along Ali-shan highway . The experiments were carried out to compare the differences in infiltration, soil physical and chemical properties, water quality at sites with various covers(forests, bamboo, tea, betel-nut marstard) 1.The final infiltration rates for the different agricultural crops planting areas are compared as follows: (1)Forest District #3: forest＞marstard. (2)Forest District #7: forest＞marstard. (3)Forest District #146: bamboo＞tea bare ground. (4)Forest District #151: forest＞betel-nut＞tea. 2.The regression equations relating infiltration rates(mm/min) are 　listed below: (1)Forest District #3: forest: F = 6.714 + 7.103 * e-0.0302t marstard: F = 2.010 + 2.865 * e-0.0896t (2) Forest District #7: forest: F = 6.310 + 7.895 * e-0.0420t marstard: F = 1.897 + 3.305 * e-0.0221t (3) Forest District #146: bamboo: F = 7.343 + 18.413 * e-0.0248t tea: F = 5.945 + 16.890 * e-0.0480t bare ground: F = 1.238 + 4.835 * e-0.0578t (4) Forest District #151: forest: F = 14.179 + 5.846 * e-0.0200t bamboo: F = 13.335 + 6.398 * e-0.0177t betel-nut: F = 5.418 + 19.327 * e-0.0428t tea: F = 2.406 + 9.008 * e-0.0493t 3.The water regulation capacities of soils as related to macropore contents, are compared for various landuses as follows: forest＞bamboo＞betel nut＞tea＞ marstard 4.Planting of agricultural crops caused degradation of water. This is especially true for marstard site with E.C., total P and COD of water significantly higher than those from forest sites. Keywords: Ali-shan highway ,landuses ,infiltration rate,water quality,betel-nut,,marstard

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
106
There are many collapses and cracks in the section of Chai-shan Community. During the flood season, the rainwater utilization cracks are infiltrated into the surface and surface runoff through the characteristics of high porosity. The rainwater accumulates on the soil rock interface, and the soil water content starts from the soil rock interface. The increase, coupled with the surface runoff, makes the water content of the surface of the slope and its shallow layer increase, and if the mudstone is infiltrated in the rain for a long time, it is easy to disintegrate, and if it is not effective for the Chaishan community If the drainage is improved, it may slip due to insufficient soil carrying capacity. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation tool-PLAXIS 3D was used to model the soil parameters with the topographic map and stratigraphic drilling data of the Chaishan community, and the rainfall data of the Meiji typhoon in 2016 was used as the rainfall condition to explore the actual typhoon rainfall. In the case of actual typhoon rainfall, the drainage method of the slope of Chaishan community is set up below the slope to set up the water collecting system in the direction of water flow in the catchment area to explore whether the distribution of the fan-shaped horizontal drain to the Chaishan community will be due to the water collecting pipe. The length affects the soil moisture content and water level leakage of the slope, and compares its water collection effect. The research results show that the time to enter the stable high saturation state at the position B is earlier, which may be due to the shallower thickness of the collapse layer under the community. Therefore, the soil saturation increases faster during rainfall, and if it is below The faster the water content of the slope soil reaches a stable value, the faster it spreads to the upper slope. In addition, the result of the horizontal drain is compared with the case of no rainfall, and the position A is set to be underwater under different lengths, and the water collecting effect of the horizontal drain 30 meters is better, but the setting position B is not because of the length of the horizontal drain. The reason is that the change is because even if a long horizontal drain is set, if the soil moisture has been pumped out and the water level has not reached the pumping elevation, the water collecting cannot be effectively performed. Therefore, the soil saturation and the water level drop degree of the position B are similarly changed.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
94
The results in this study show that this system exhibits satisfactory reduction efficiency in BOD, NH3-N and T-P. However, its performance for SS is relatively poor. Although the overall reduction rate is not that outstanding, the effluent after the treatment with this system can meet most criteria of the Effluent Regulation Limits set by EPA Taiwan. It reveals that this system do have potential in depleting pollutants from the household sewage. The input concentration of effluent is closely related with the reduction rate. Also, there is an interdependent relationship between the pollution loading and the reduction amount. It implies that, within assimilative capacity of the system, a higher pollution loading will generally results in a better reduction rate. While this system may not be suitable for the metropolitan areas in Taiwan for their high density of population and land utilization, but it does work well in the remote areas such as the suburb, village and so on, where there are no sewage sewer system available. It may act as a substituting treatment facility for the household sewage. Also, as this system is installed in the underground, for the cases that larger land is available and light development is permitted, it is possible to cultivate the lands for amusement parks, agricultural pastures, schools and so on while leave the function of the major objects undisturbed.

Głównym celem pracy doktorskiej była prezentacja scenariuszy zagrożenia wód podziemnych związkami azotu, czyli ocena podatności specyficznej oparta na uzyskanej wielkości ładunku azotu wnoszonego do warstwy wodonośnej z powierzchni terenu wraz z infiltrującymi wodami. Przyjęte scenariusze zagrożenia wynikały z trendów obecnie zachodzących zmian w strukturze zagospodarowania obszaru badań. Ich realizacja miała za zadanie wskazanie kierunków najlepszych dla utrzymania lub poprawy jakości wód podziemnych przy ograniczeniach związanych z ogólnie pojętymi zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju. Przedstawione scenariusze dotyczyły zarówno przypowierzchniowego poziomu wodonośnego, jak i głębszego poziomu wodonośnego o charakterze użytkowym. Realizacja pracy wymagała wieloetapowości działań: rozpoznania warunków hydrogeologicznych i ich schematyzacji do tzw. hydrostref, oceny wielkości zasilania infiltracyjnego w oparciu o wyniki hydrodynamicznych badań modelowych, oceny podatności naturalnej na zanieczyszczenia (wykonanej metodami DRASTIC i MRT) wraz z określeniem niepewności tych metod, rozpoznania struktury i sposobu zagospodarowania przestrzennego obszaru i wprowadzenia własnej klasyfikacji oraz wskazania tendencji zmian w użytkowaniu, a także charakterystyki hydrogeochemicznej wód przypowierzchniowego poziomu wodonośnego, ze szczególnym wskazaniem na przestrzenne zmiany stężeń mineralnych związków azotu. Zebrane dane zostały sklasyfikowane w trzy grupy zmiennych: zmiennych chemicznych, hydrogeologicznych i zmiennych związanych z zagospodarowaniem terenu. Grupy te wykorzystane zostały w analizie czynnikowej, którą przeprowadzono w celu identyfikacji procesów formujących skład chemiczny wód podziemnych. Zastosowano dwa warianty analizy, różniące się ilością danych hydrochemicznych (chemiczne analizy wskaźnikowe i analizy podstawowe). W każdym wariancie stwierdzono obecność pięciu procesów formujących skład chemiczny, z których trzy wystąpiły w obu wariantach. Stwierdzono, że najsilniej oddziałującym procesem jest wymywanie azotanów z obszaru wysoczyzny. Wartości czynnikowe w punktach obserwacyjnych umożliwiły oszacowanie wartości wskaźników wymycia azotanów z profilu glebowego do wód podziemnych. W celu prezentacji scenariuszy zagrożenia związkami azotu zastosowano szereg założeń, m.in.: dotyczyły one jedynie zagrożenia wód podziemnych ze strony azotanów, ze względu na niskie stężenia jonów amonowych i azotanowych, które nie stanowią takiego zagrożenia, określały końcowy efekt zmian zagospodarowania terenu wyrażony zmianą zagrożenia azotanami. Przedstawione zmiany w strukturze zagospodarowania wynikały z tendencji zachodzących nie tylko na badanym obszarze, ale również na obszarze Polski, a prezentowane zmiany miały prowadzić do dywersyfikacji krajobrazu rolniczego, co powodowałoby zmniejszenie zagrożenia zanieczyszczeniem obszarowym pochodzenia rolniczego. Opracowano 4 scenariusze w 12 wariantach. Scenariusze dotyczyły: aktualnego zagrożenia azotanami, określonego w wyniku obliczenia ładunku azotu całkowitego wymywanego z profilu glebowego, zagrożenia w wyniku zmiany sposobu zagospodarowania terenu na skutek zalesienia nieużytków i wyłączenia z produkcji gleb o najniższej produktywności, zagrożenia zanieczyszczeniem azotanami w wyniku występowania lub wprowadzania do krajobrazu nowych zadrzewień śródpolnych jako preferowanego działania w ramach współczesnych nurtów badań, np. agroleśnictwa. Wykonano również scenariusze określające zmiany stężenia azotanów w wodach ujmowanych z głównego użytkowego poziomu wodonośnego, definiując działania pożądane z punktu widzenia poprawy jakości wód oraz działania mogące spowodować wystąpienie zagrożenia lub zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych.

With increasing population comes the concern for waste disposal. The absence of sanitary disposal methods has left most city residents with open landfills as their only source of waste disposal. The resulting leachate formed from the decomposition of these waste materials is highly polluting and finds its way to the underground water supply. The study investigated the effects of open landfill sites on the underground water quality by examining the physical and chemical properties of underground water in hand-dug wells around the Solous landfill sites in Igando, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. Solous landfill is the second largest landfill by landmass and volume of waste in Lagos State. Systematic random sampling was used for data gathering. Eighteen hand-dug wells were sampled at increasing distances from the landfill site. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). Soil samples were also taken from both the A (0 – 30cm) and B (30 – 60cm) horizons of the water sampling points to determine the soil texture (silt, clay and loamy composition) and to show the impact of soil texture on ground water quality within the sampled area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. The results showed high degree of conformance with W.H.O standard with respect to the microbiological properties of the sampled groundwater. However, coliform tests indicated the potential presence of pathogens. Of the seven (7) physical parameters tested, conductivity was higher in one sample. The study of chemical properties from the eighteen wells showed five (5) parameters (dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, iron, lead, nitrates and copper) above W.H.O limits in some samples. The water may therefore not be safe for human consumption and there is a serious need to monitor the groundwater quality in the area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. Areas of high and medium contamination were discovered. There was no area with low contamination level in the area sampled. Contamination levels were mapped to show the exact levels of contamination in the study area. The results of the soil analysis showed that the study area had soil that was mostly sandy in nature which may suggest an increase in parameters over time with significant health implications for the people who depend on surrounding wells for domestic use. The study also showed no significant variation in water quality with increasing distance from the dump site. Findings also indicated that the water around Solous 1 was of better quality for domestic use than groundwater around Solous 2 and 3 due to temporal reduction of contaminant concentration. There is therefore a need for adequate and proper planning, design and construction, and strategic management disposal of waste, as well as the implementation of a better sustainable environmental sanitation practice.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)