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1
Jha, Bibha Kumari. "Mithila Women in the Past and Present: A Journey of Resilience and Transformation." Patan Prospective Journal 4, no. 01 (October 1, 2024): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ppj.v4i01.70191.
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This paper explores the multifaceted journey of Mithila women, tracing their evolution from historical to contemporary times. Situated in the culturally rich region of Mithila, spanning parts of Northern India and Nepal, these women have been the custodians of a profound heritage characterized by resilience and adaptability. The paper delves into their roles within traditional societal frameworks, where they have long been pivotal in maintaining cultural practices such as the renowned Madhubani art. Through examining historical texts, cultural studies, and contemporary research, this study highlights Mithila women's enduring strength and agency. Despite rigid patriarchal structures and socio-economic challenges, Mithila women have continually carved out spaces for self-expression and empowerment. The paper investigates the transformative impact of education, economic participation, and political involvement on their lives. It emphasises how access to education has not only enhanced their capacities but also contributed to the socio economic development of their communities. The rise of Mithila women in local governance and their increasing role in Panchayati Raj institutions signify a shift towards greater political empowerment and social change. Ultimately, this paper aims to contribute to the broader discourse on gender and development by offering insights into the unique experiences of Mithila women. It underscores their journey of resilience and transformation as a testament to their enduring spirit and as a critical aspect of the region's socio-cultural fabric. The study calls for sustained efforts to address the challenges faced by Mithila women and to support their ongoing journey towards equality and empowerment.
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Parajuli, Bishwo Raj. "Ritualization of Space and Body in Mithila Folk Arts." SIRJANĀ – A Journal on Arts and Art Education 8, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sirjana.v8i1.46655.
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This paper revisits the process of formation and ritualistic differentiation of the space of Kohbar and Aripana patterns traditionally painted on the mud walls of honeymoon chamber and the yards for pujas respectively. Kohbar and Aripana are the most celebrated folk art performances in the Mithila region of Nepal (and also in the Madhuvani District of Northern India). Kohbars are the ritualistic invocation through painted diagrams of kamala daha (seven-lotus pond motif) and several symbols of fertility and auspiciousness that are supposed to invite conjugal happiness and fertility power especially for newly married couple. Kohbars are often associated with Tantrism and procreative intercourse of opposite sex. Similarly, Aripanas are intricately designed decorative patterns performed on the sacred floor or yards especially during pujas and other auspicious occasions. The study of ritualization of space is relevant and important while studying folk art forms like Kohbar, Aripana, Ashtimki, etc. because ordinary spaces like yards, walls and floors are given special significance during such performances. These spots become sacred spaces for drawing some divine patterns and installing paraphernalia for specials rituals or pujas. The study basically incorporates Catherine Bell’s ideas on ‘Ritualization of Spaces’ and ‘Improvisation of Rituals’. The method of the study is based on the close observation of selected Kohbar and Aripana paintings as cultural texts. The critical analysis of the contents and performative details is expected to derive some cogent conclusion. This study attempts to pave the way for further studies on a number of similar folk art forms.
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Koirala, Hriday Lal. "Myth and reality of the eco-crisis in Nepal Himalaya." Geographical Journal of Nepal 10 (May 31, 2017): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v10i0.17389.
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The Himalaya extends from the Pamir in the west to the valley of the Brahmaputra in the east for nearly 2,500 km and passes through Pakistan, India, China, Nepal and Bhutan. The Himalayan area by virtue of its complex geologic structure, snow-capped peaks, a variety of natural landscapes, mountain peoples of unique socio-cultural diversities and adaptation mechanisms has attracted outsiders from the past. The favorable government policies and peaceful native people of the Nepal Himalaya have welcomed thousands of tourists, trekkers and researchers to fulfill their various aspirations and interests. However, the country is often blamed for causing the so-called eco-crisis in the region. During the 1970s and 1980s, publishing several books and articles with attractive titles, some mountain experts showed solidarity with those who propounded a hypothetical theory of Himalayan environmental degradation on the basis of the limited samples collected from a few localities. In this context, the present study is an attempt to review the available literatures and case studies in order to evaluate the potentiality of the so called eco-crisis/environmental degradation in the Nepal Himalaya areas. It also attempts to analyze the present scenarios in relation to the key factors within the area to judge its validity.The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 10: 39-54, 2017
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Shneiderman, Sara. "Are the Central Himalayas in Zomia? Some scholarly and political considerations across time and space." Journal of Global History 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022810000094.
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AbstractThis article examines the applicability of the Zomia concept for social scientific studies of the Himalayan region, with a focus on the Central Himalayas. While for both empirical and political reasons the term Zomia itself may not be entirely appropriate to the Himalayan Massif, the analytical imperatives that underlie James C. Scott’s usage of it – particularly the emphasis on the ethnic, national, and religious fluidity of highland communities, and their intentionality and agency vis-à-vis the states with which they engage – can be of great utility to those working in the Himalayan region. Through a historical review of the area tradition of ‘Himalayan studies’, as well as an ethnographic sketch of the cross-border Thangmi community of Nepal, India, and China’s Tibetan Autonomous Region, I argue that the potential power of the Zomia concept hinges on its ability to provide an additional framework for analysis (and perhaps political struggle), that adds value to, rather than replaces, ‘traditional’ nation-state rubrics.
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Shahrir, Aini Hidayati, and Gasim Hayder. "A Review of the Effects of Anthropogenic Activities during the Pandemic Lockdown Period Timeline on Water Quality." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 04, no. 01 (February 14, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2301020.
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The pandemic has shown its effect on the world regarding health, economy, society, and environment. Whether it is a negative or positive impact, the period of this pandemic has a vast open platform for further studies. This review focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on water quality. It is hypothesized that due to the reduced amount of anthropogenic activity due to the global lockdown, the water quality of water resources increased and rejuvenated. This review showed the study period, methods and parameters used by past researchers in this area. The research methods in this review have proven to be reliable in producing coherent results. The data presented showed a dependable indicator for the pollution and water quality standard whether it is based on the country’s standard or World Health Organization (WHO). The review focused on 23 articles from China, India, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, and Turkey. Findings from this review showed that the trend between the lockdown period and water quality is not rigid and may be affected by how the area is managed throughout the period. Moreover, this review gives definite suggestions for future studies and highlights the need for actions taken by policymakers.
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Gawne, Lauren. "Contexts of use of a rotated palms gesture among Syuba (Kagate) speakers in Nepal." Gesture 17, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.00010.gaw.
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Abstract In this paper I examine the use of the ‘rotated palms’ gesture family among speakers of Syuba (Tibeto-Burman, Nepal), as recorded in a video corpus documenting this language. In this family of gestures one or both forearms are rotated to a supine (‘palm up’) position, each hand with thumb and forefinger extended and the other fingers, in varying degrees, flexed toward the palm. When used independently from speech this gesture tends to be performed in a relatively consistent manner, and is recognised as an interrogative gesture throughout India and Nepal. In this use it can be considered an emblem. When used with speech it shows more variation, but can still be used to indicate the interrogative nature of what is said, even when the speech may not indicate interrogativity in its linguistic construction. I analyse the form and function of this gesture in Syuba and argue that there are a number distinct functions relating to interrogativity. These can therefore be considered as a family of gestures. This research lays the groundwork for a better understanding of this common family of gestures across the South Asian area, and beyond.
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Khan, Murad M. "Suicide on the Indian Subcontinent." Crisis 23, no. 3 (May 2002): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0227-5910.23.3.104.
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Summary: The Indian subcontinent comprises eight countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Bhutan, and the Maldives) and a collective population of more than 1.3 billion people. 10% of the world's suicides (more than 100,000 people) take place in just three of these countries, viz. India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. There is very little information on suicides from the other four countries. Some differences from suicides in Western countries include the high use of organophosphate insecticides, larger numbers of married women, fewer elderly subjects, and interpersonal relationship problems and life events as important causative factors. There is need for more and better information regarding suicide in the countries of the Indian subcontinent. In particular, studies must address culture-specific risk factors associated with suicide in these countries. The prevention of this important public health problem in an area of the world with myriad socio-economic problems, meager resources, and stigmatization of mental illness poses a formidable challenge to mental health professionals, policy makers, and governments of these countries.
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Surinaidu, L., Upali Amarasinghe, R. Maheswaran, and M. J. Nandan. "Assessment of long-term hydrogeological changes and plausible solutions to manage hydrological extremes in the transnational Ganga river basin." H2Open Journal 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2020.049.
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Abstract The Ganga is an international transboundary river that flows across three major riparian countries: India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, where India shares a significant proportion of the total basin area. The river system is highly dynamic and regularly floods in all three countries due to abundant rainfall in a short period of only four months each year that causes tremendous loss of both property and human life. In this study, we have done a synoptic review to synthesize the hydrology, hydrogeology, and modeling studies that have analyzed hydrological changes and their impacts in the Ganga basin. This review also identifies some of the knowledge gaps and discusses possible options for enhancing the understanding of sustainable water development and management. This review indicated that transparent data sharing, use of satellite-based observations along with in-situ data, integrated hydro-economic modeling linked to reliable coupled surface–groundwater models, a central shared decision support center for early warning systems to deal with hydrological extremes, joint river commissions and monitoring teams, and multilateral water sharing treaties (agreements) are required to promote sustainable and equitable distribution of water resources and to avoid water sharing conflicts in the Ganga basin.
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Sapkota, Kanhaiya. "Seasonal labour migration and livelihood in the middle hill of Nepal: Reflections from Arghakhanchi District." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v1i1.21273.
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People’s livelihood in the villages of the middle hill of Nepal are based on farming system. The relationship between climate change and seasonal labor migration in the middle hill areas is a relatively understudied research topic, particularly from an empirical point of view. This article aims at contributing to the literature by analyzing the relationship between livelihoods and human mobility in two rural communities located in the Province 5, Arghakhanchi district, Nepal. Traditional rain-fed agriculture is the most important economic activity in the area. This article highlights differences in livelihood and human mobility patterns between households. The economy of the middle hill is primarily agrarian. Over 80% of the population of the middle hill districts still lives in rural areas/settings, where levels of poverty are higher than in the neighbouring countries. They depend on farming and collecting forest products for their livelihoods. In Arghakhanchi district, during the dry season, many migrate in search of temporary work as labourers particularly in Indian states. Arghakhanchi is the district where the proportion of inhabitants from low income is relatively higher than the other surrounding districts of Province 5. These people are marginalized and experience high rates of poverty, low levels of education and poor health. They are highly vulnerable to climate change, due to poverty and dependence on climate-sensitive livelihoods in a vulnerable region. Consequently, more households are likely to participate in seasonal migration and those already migrating are credible to do so for longer times. Currently, such migrants take up low-paying unskilled works, mainly in urban areas in Uttarakhand, Panjab and Bhopal of India, which enables them to make meager savings, hardly enough to repay the debt of their family has incurred during food shortages. In the study area, the non-agricultural diversification is widespread and income from non-agricultural activities exceeds agricultural income. However, though mobility patterns in the area are determined primarily by broader economic considerations.Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies Vol.1(1) 2018 42-57
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Koirala, Pramila, Bijaya Neupane, Thakur Silwal, Bijaya Dhami, Siddhartha Regmi, and Deepa Dahal. "Distribution of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and its Conservation Threats in Bardia National Park, Nepal." Journal of Forest and Natural Resource Management 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfnrm.v2i1.40220.
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Blue bull is Asia’s largest antelope, a species of least concern in IUCN Red data list of 2020. In Nepal, it is vulnerable and is often considered as a problem animal for its crop raiding habit. Although, its population is restricted in India and Nepal, there are insufficient studies conducted on the distribution and threats of the species at local level. This study aimed to assess the distribution of blue bull and its conservation threats in Bardia National Park and its buffer zone. Field survey was carried out to identify the potential area with the information provided by park staff and buffer zone people and by the transect method in the selected habitat to determine the distribution of blue bull population. Additionally, six focus group discussions (1 in each of thefive sites and 1 with park staff) and a half-day workshop (involving 25 participants representing each site and park office) were organized to assess the existing threats to the species. Data were analyzed descriptively using MS Excel, while the distribution map was prepared using Arc GIS. Also, 8 major identified threats were ranked using relative threat ranking procedure and classified into four severity classes. We found that the population of blue bull was dispersed from core area of Bardia National Park towards the buffer zone area. Open grazing, invasive species, predation by tiger and flash flood were the major threats to the blue bull as perceived by the local people. Habitat management activities including control of grazing, removal of invasive plant species, plantation of palatable grass species, increase in other prey species of tiger and control of flood in blue bull’s habitats are recommended to protect the species and thus sustain their threatened population.
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Yadav, Shiva Kumar. "Opportunities and Challenges of Higher Education: Status of Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Tribhuvan University." Patan Pragya 11, no. 02 (December 31, 2022): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v11i02.52131.
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This paper primarily discusses the major challenges the faculty of humanities and social sciences facing today at Tribhuvan University with more emphasis on exploring the future prospects as opportunities in its areas in the context of growing educational unemployment in Nepal. University degree has largely become a basic requirement to enter into the job market in most of the areas particularly in Nepal today. This is because higher education has been accessible to all whoever passes higher secondary education including all undergraduate studies. Although access to higher education has been easier to all the common people there are challenges in getting job in the market even after an individual gets the certificate of university degree. The government and universities of Nepal have not realized yet that we need a body of knowledge to solve the problems at our own local realities, experiences and actual need in the areas of humanities and social sciences. Most of the political leaders representing government and secretaries and officers in bureaucracy are from the field of humanities and social sciences. However, government is hesitant to invest in the areas of humanities and social sciences on higher education. Government’s investment in the universities is decreasing, in proportion, every year. Within this reference the allocation in the areas of humanities and social sciences is very low. Attraction is now increasing in technical area which is good from job perspective. But ignoring the importance of social science discipline which is continuously leading country is certainly not good. The advocates of such ideas have quoted success stories of countries like India and China. But they have not heeded to the fact that mere focus on science will ultimately result in the failure to produce fully developed human resources. These are the challenges facing by social sciences of Nepal. However, there are some new opportunities emerging in this area when it is examined in the context of Tribhuvan University. Some examples can be referenced with growing scope of social science disciplines such as Sociology, Social Work, International Relations, Economics and discipline in humanities such as English as attraction of larger number of students competing to get admission.
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JAŁOSZYŃSKI, PAWEŁ. "The first species of Eutheia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae) in Pakistan." Zootaxa 4526, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.10.
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Eutheia Stephens, 1830 is distributed in Holarctic and Neotropical regions, with a majority of species known to occur in the Palaearctic. Recent studies focused on the Russian Far East, China, Taiwan and Japan yielded many new species (Hoshina 2007; Jałoszyński 2004, 2008a, 2008b, 2010a, 2010b, 2013; Kurbatov 1990, 1991). Central and South Asia are very poorly studied, as these areas include several countries whose geopolitical situation makes field studies difficult. Besides two Himalayan species of Eutheia discovered in Nepal (Franz 1974, 1985), the scydmaenine fauna of the vast area comprising Afghanistan, Pakistan and some of the former Soviet republics is very poorly known. Southern areas of this region (mostly India) are better studied, but as Eutheia prefers temperate climate and even in the Neotropics and in Taiwan can be found only in high mountains (Jałoszyński 2008b, 2011), it is not very likely to find this genus far south of the mountain arc formed by the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush. Pakistan, with its potentially species-rich, forested sub-Himalayan region with a subtropical highland climate, is exceptionally poorly studied, with only four species of Scydmaeninae recorded: Scydmoraphes gartneri (Franz, 1979), Scydmoraphes hastipes Vít, 1999, Stenichnus fallax Vít, 1999 (all Glandulariini), Scydmaenus minangkabauensis C. Blattný, 1926 and Scydmaenus ravalpindii Franz, 1970 (Scydmaenini). However, some of these species remain problematic. The identity of Pakistani material of Sc. minangkabauensis remains unclear, as this species was described from Sumatra, and recorded from Vietnam, southern China, Java, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Pakistan (e.g., Franz 1982). Such a broad distribution seems unlikely, especially that many species of Scydmaenus share very uniform appearance and their aedeagi were often studied and illustrated by Franz just in any possible view, depending on how they solidified in euparal, without making any attempt to obtain repeatable preparations. Stenichnus fallax, in turn, is very likely a junior synonym of Stenichnus rothangensis (Franz, 1981), a species redescribed by Jałoszyński (2015) and known to occur in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, not far from the type locality of St. fallax.
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Chowdhury, Parangama, and Arindam Basak. "Partition, Urbanization, and Informal Economies: A Case Study of Darjeeling District with Special Reference to Siliguri Municipal Corporation." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2025): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n2.006.
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The study attempted to explore the transformative impact of partition on the urbanization trends and informal economic activities in the Darjeeling district based on various census publications from 1901 to 2011. The Darjeeling district of West Bengal is significant in partition studies due to its unique geopolitical, socio-cultural, and economic context during and after the Partition of India in 1947. As a strategic region near the borders of Nepal, Bhutan, and China, it gained prominence for its tea plantations, inhabited by a diverse population. The Partition exacerbated identity and administrative issues in the district, including debates over its inclusion in West Bengal and demands for greater autonomy. In this research paper, the percentage share of the urban area, volume, trend, degree, pace, and tempo of urbanization in the pre-and post-partition periods in the study area was examined extensively. The results show a steady growth of the urban population in the district after independence. When compared with the national average, it is observed that urbanization in the district is relatively faster. This steady pace of urbanization has resulted in the growth of various informal sectors, such as small-scale retail, street vending, and informal transportation services, which have become integral parts of the economic landscape of the study area. This informal economy sector in the Darjeeling district has not only provided livelihoods to a significant portion of the population but also contributed to the socio-economic resilience of the district amidst rapid urban changes.
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Guran, Sandeep Kumar, Khadija Parveen Aalam, Monia Manjur, Gaurav Kapoor, Mohammad Intesar Alam, Satya Mehra, and Soni Kumari. "Awareness and Attitude of Wives of Laborer Outmigrants Originating from Indian Subcontinent Towards Emergency Contraceptives- A Multi-Country Study." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 25 (June 25, 2024): 2650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i25.1531.
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Objective : The present study aims to analyze the attitude and awareness of wives of male migrants (WMM) towards EC (Emergency Contraceptives Pills) residing in either of three countries of the Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, and Nepal). Further, the present study also aims to identify the socioeconomic determinants of the EC awareness of WMM. Methods : A cross-sectional survey of 621 WMM was conducted across multiple low-income sites in the three countries. Findings: The majority of the respondents (77.6%) reported being aware of EC methods, out of which the majority (32%) reported their friends circle to be the primary source of knowledge followed by husband (23.4%), family members (19.9%) and healthcare workers (9.8%), respectively. About 56% of the respondents reported that they consumed EC pills more than thrice in the last year. The study discovered that WMM engaged in unprotected intercourse about 5 times (SD= ±1.6) on average in the last year. While the reported consumption of EC pills by WMM was 2.6 times (SD= ±1.2) on an average during the same year. Regression analysis revealed that ‘place of husband’s migration’ is the strongest determinant of WMM’s EC awareness (OR=3.67, p<0.05), followed by ‘age of the WMM’ (OR=2.12, p<0.05), and ‘religion’ (OR=1.32, p<0.05) respectively. Furthermore, ‘having children’ was also found to be a significant determinant (p<0.05). Novelty : Firstly, the study offers an examination of comparison of WMMs’ attitudes and awareness residing in three low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), an area not thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Secondly, the study has identified the factors influencing the awareness of EC among WMM, a subject largely unexplored in prior research. Conclusion : We conclude that based on the findings the level of awareness of EC is not adequate and policymakers could use these findings to strengthen the reproductive health policies of targeted intervention groups. Keywords: Emergency contraceptives, Left behind, Wives of migrants, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Low- and middle-income countries
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Rastogi, A. K., P. K. Thakur, G. S. Rao, S. P. Aggarwal, V. K. Dadhwal, and P. Chauhan. "INTEGRATED FLOOD STUDY OF BAGMATI RIVER BASIN WITH HYDRO PROCESSING, FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING & 1-D HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-165-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Flood is one of the most the most re-occurring natural hazard in the state of Bihar, as well as in India. The major rivers responsible for flood in the state of Bihar are Kosi, Gandak, Ghagra and Bagmati, which are the tributary rivers of Ganges. The head water catchment area of these rivers lies in the Himalayan state of Nepal. The high rainfall in Nepal, siltation of hydraulic structures, rivers and low topography of North Bihar causes flood occurrence in these areas on regular basis. Remote sensing and GIS plays an important role in mapping, monitoring and providing spatial database for all flood related studies. The present work focuses on the use remote sensing based topography and images in GIS environment for integrated flood study of Bagmati River, which is one of the most flood prone rivers of North Bihar. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) was used to create detailed sub-basin and river network map of entire Bagmati basin. The floods of July–August 2002 were mapped using RADARSAT-1 data using threshold based method. The SRTM DEM and ground based river cross-section from Dheng to Benibad stretch of Bhagmati River were used to create 1-dimensional hydrodynamic (1-D HD) model for simulating flood water level, discharge and flood inundation. Validation of simulated flood flows was done using observed water level of central water commission (CWC) from Dheng to Runisaidpur stations, with coefficient of correlation of 0.85. Finally, an integrated framework for flood modelling and management system is proposed.</p>
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Sathar, Zeba A. "G. Rodgen (ed) Population Growth and Poverty in Rural South Asia. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 3-4 (September 1, 1990): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i3-4pp.355-357.
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Rapid population growth and high levels of poverty continue to be outstanding features of the South Asian region. It is often acknowledged, both implicitly and explicitly, that these two features have close linkages especially in the case of South Asia. This book addresses this very issue through five case studies of Rural Bihar, Rural Pakistan, India, Rural Bangladesh, and Nepal. The book makes an interesting contribution to the literature on population in South Asia. In particular, it has a strong empirical base. However, most of the enquiries, as is quite understandable, are limited by the type of data typically collected in cross-sectional sample surveys. Their limitations are pointed out by the authors themselves. Each chapter makes a significant contribution in its own area and the country-specific results are interesting. In Chapter 2, Rodgers, Gupta, Sharma and Sharma, examine, as their title says, "Demographic Patterns and Poverty among Households in Rural Bihar". The associations between family planning, fertility, child mortality, and incomerelated measures are studied: the relationship between economic variables and fertility is found to be weak; mortality and poverty are more directly related; and the conclusion, therefore, is that there is no evidence to warrant the conclusion that reducing poverty (even if a desirable objective in itself) would reduce fertility.
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Glushkova, Irina P. "‘South Asia’: Construction and Deconstruction of Spaces and Institutions. Part I." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2023): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080024447-8.
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‘South Asia’ in its present meaning was coined in the late 1940s following a reinterpretation of previous approaches to the study of the (ancient) Orient, which proved to be ill-suited under the conditions of the Second World War. The author of the concept was the American Indologist W. Norman Brown (1892–1975) who thus designated almost the entire territory of British India and founded the Department of South Asia Regional Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. This innovation led to the institutionalization of the modern socio-political disciplines essential for the familiarization with the area of the languages studied. Later this model spread to the educational institutions of the New World and reached the Old one. In the mid-1970s, the Chair of History of India, Pakistan, Nepal and Ceylon of the Institute of Countries of Asia and Africa of Moscow State University was renamed the Chair of History of South Asia, and 40 years later several units under the heading of ‘South Asia’ sprang up in several Russian academia. Part I sheds light on Brown’s activities in the US Office of Strategic Services and his contacts with the Institute of Pacific Relations, as well as the US reaction to the launch of the first Soviet satellite, the passage of the US National Defense Education Act, and the ‘cold war’ contest between the US and the USSR in the field of training specialists to be engaged as an instrument of influence on the post-colonial world structure within the South Asian countries.
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Tahir, Rabia. "Population Status, Distribution, Threats and Conservation of Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra in South Asia: An Updated Literature Review." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/15.1.3.
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Blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, is a diurnal ungulate species with distinct sexual dimorphism and spellbinding beauty. Male blackbuck has mesmeric beauty with its unique darker coat, showing the increased intensity of color with age. Blackbuck is endemic to Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh but now its population is reduced to a few areas. Threats such as hunting, stress, habitat loss, diseases, poaching, road accidents, habitat fragmentation, interspecific competition, predation pressure etc., have reduced the population size of blackbuck to a threatened level. Therefore, different conservation strategies are underway to increment its count for improvement of faunal diversity, tourism development and dispersal of the local culture in South Asia. Captive breeding of species is the most efficacious conservation strategy in South Asia so far. Furthermore, various rules and regulations along with strategies like hormone-mediated conservation by injections of prostaglandin and artificial insemination are assisting the species by increasing its birth rate. Genetic studies, introduction to non-endemic but suitable habitat and religious affiliation of communities also contributed to blackbuck conservation. Current conservation practices are helping to conserve the blackbuck but are associated with a few concerns also, thereby proper management, planning, monitoring of conservation practices is required. Population size, distribution range, threats confronted by species, conservation practices and recommendations have been discussed in this article, which will help in advancement of work in this area.
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Dasen, Pierre R., Ramesh C. Mishra, and Jürg Wassmann. "Quasi-experimental research in culture sensitive psychology." Culture & Psychology 24, no. 3 (August 17, 2018): 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x18779043.
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The research presented in this article follows up on several aspects of Gustav Jahoda’s long and fruitful career: (1) his early fieldwork on cognitive development in Africa, particularly in the area of spatial skills; (2) his interest in cross-cultural psychology as a research method; and (3) his insistence on bringing anthropology and psychology together. The topic of our research is the development of a so-called “geocentric” frame of spatial reference. This is a cognitive style, in which individuals describe and represent small-scale table-top space in terms of large-scale geographic dimensions. We explore the development with age of geocentric language and cognition, and the relationships between the two. We also explore the many environmental and socio-cultural variables that favor the use of this frame. We demonstrate how we untangled several of these variables by using a succession of within-society group comparisons, in several societies where a geocentric frame is in common usage (Bali, Indonesia, India, and Nepal). Our research program unfolds like a detective story, where one finding that is difficult to interpret because of several confounded variables leads to another quasi-experimental group comparison that suggests another hypothesis, which is then tested in a further session of field-work. In each case, we emphasize how important it was to have extensive linguistic and ethnographic knowledge before implementing psychological tests. The research design is not cross-cultural as such (we hardly ever perform comparisons between societies), but culturally sensitive within a series of societies; in other words, as Dasen and Jahoda (1986 , p. 413) defined it, “cross-cultural developmental psychology is not just comparative: essentially it is an outlook that takes culture seriously.”
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Jain, Sambhav. "Why Hindu Population is Decreasing: Is this a Serious Issue?" International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, no. 04 (2022): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.003.
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“Hindu philosophy is at the core of all religions”. Hindus are a significant international faith that originated here on the Indian subcontinent and consists of many different philosophical, religious, including ceremonial traditions. About 80% of people in India followed Hinduism as a religion before the beginning of the twenty-first century however this percentage is declining as the number of Muslims in this region is rising. Hindu and Muslim reproductive differences in India were studied using census data and the results of 11 surveys. There was a reason for the variations in fertility. And again when the country was divided, the proportion of Muslims in the population rose while the proportion of Hindus fell. After the partition, between 1951 and 1971, the percentage of Muslims rose from 9.9 to 11.2 while the percentage of Hindus fell from 84.9 to 82.7% . These proportionate changes can't be ascribed to variations in immigration or death hence these should be caused by variations in fertility, according to an analysis of mortality and migration statistics. The significant indication that Muslim reproduction is greater than Hindu fertility may be found in census and survey data. According to statistics from the 1971 census, Muslim women had a total marital fertility rate that was 20% higher in rural regions and 11% higher in urban areas than it would be for Hindu women. The Muslim rate was greater even when schooling was kept under control. The results of 11 demographic studies consistently showed that Muslim women had greater fertility rates than Hindu women. Numerous researches showed that when socio-economic and educational criteria were taken into account, these discrepancies shrank but remained substantial. To explain the disparities, researchers often provide one of three ideas. Hindutva is in genuine danger, and we need to do a self-evaluation and begin building unity and resolve to regain our former greatness. Otherwise, by 2050, Muslims will overtake Hindus as the majority religion in the Asia-Pacific area. Hindus are currently the predominant community in both India and Nepal, making them the largest religious group in the area. They are also widely present in Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Malaysia. While the proportion of Muslims in the area is anticipated to rise from 24 in 2010 to almost 30 in 2050, the percentage of Hindus will expand more slowly, from 25 to almost 28. This essay will provide all the details as to why Hindus are dwindling, why this is a severe problem, and all the evidence that demonstrates how the Hindu religion is at elevated danger.
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Biemans, Hester, Christian Siderius, Ashok Mishra, and Bashir Ahmad. "Crop-specific seasonal estimates of irrigation-water demand in South Asia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 5 (May 17, 2016): 1971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1971-2016.
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Abstract. Especially in the Himalayan headwaters of the main rivers in South Asia, shifts in runoff are expected as a result of a rapidly changing climate. In recent years, our insight into these shifts and their impact on water availability has increased. However, a similar detailed understanding of the seasonal pattern in water demand is surprisingly absent. This hampers a proper assessment of water stress and ways to cope and adapt. In this study, the seasonal pattern of irrigation-water demand resulting from the typical practice of multiple cropping in South Asia was accounted for by introducing double cropping with monsoon-dependent planting dates in a hydrology and vegetation model. Crop yields were calibrated to the latest state-level statistics of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The improvements in seasonal land use and cropping periods lead to lower estimates of irrigation-water demand compared to previous model-based studies, despite the net irrigated area being higher. Crop irrigation-water demand differs sharply between seasons and regions; in Pakistan, winter (rabi) and monsoon summer (kharif) irrigation demands are almost equal, whereas in Bangladesh the rabi demand is ∼ 100 times higher. Moreover, the relative importance of irrigation supply versus rain decreases sharply from west to east. Given the size and importance of South Asia improved regional estimates of food production and its irrigation-water demand will also affect global estimates. In models used for global water resources and food-security assessments, processes like multiple cropping and monsoon-dependent planting dates should not be ignored.
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Biemans, H., C. Siderius, A. Mishra, and B. Ahmad. "Crop-specific seasonal estimates of irrigation water demand in South Asia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2015): 7843–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-7843-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Especially in the Himalayan headwaters of the main rivers in South Asia, shifts in runoff are expected as a result of a rapidly changing climate. In recent years, our insight in these shifts and their impact on water availability has increased. However, a similar detailed understanding of the seasonal pattern in water demand is surprisingly absent. This hampers a proper assessment of water stress and ways to cope and adapt. In this study, the seasonal pattern of irrigation water demand resulting from the typical practice of multiple-cropping in South Asia was accounted for by introducing double-cropping with monsoon-dependent planting dates in a hydrology and vegetation model. Crop yields were calibrated to the latest subnational statistics of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The representation of seasonal land use and more accurate cropping periods lead to lower estimates of irrigation water demand compared to previous model-based studies, despite the net irrigated area being higher. Crop irrigation water demand differs sharply between seasons and regions; in Pakistan, winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) irrigation demands are almost equal, whereas in Bangladesh the Rabi demand is ~ 100 times higher. Moreover, the relative importance of irrigation supply vs. rain decreases sharply from west to east. Given the size and importance of South Asia, improved regional estimates of food production and its irrigation water demand will also affect global estimates. In models used for global water resources and food-security assessments, processes like multiple-cropping and monsoon-dependent planting dates should not be ignored.
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Kharka, Damber S., M. S. Turan, and K. P. Kaushik. "Stock Market Integration in South Asia." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1, no. 2 (July 25, 2012): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v1i2.1442.
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While the topic of stock market integration has been one of the highly researched area in the literature but focus had mostly been on the stock markets of developed economies. Few have focused on analyzing market integration in South Asian region and no inclusion of Bhutanese stock has been found in the literature in any of the earlier studies. The objective of this paper is to analyze market integration between Bhutanese, Indian and other indices in the region. We also analyzed whether other indices in the region are co-integrated with Indian stock market, as Indian market is more proficient in the region and can be believed to have influences on others. We analyzed all indices in the region on one to one basis (using pairwise co-integration test). We used weekly data from January 2006 to December 2011 period from the stock exchanges of (Bhutan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan). Applying, Dickey-Fuller method, we tested unit root for each stock indices and used Johansen co-integration approach pairwise to test the long-term relationship between stock indices and multivariate approach to test market integration as a whole. We found that all indices are stationary at I(1) and confirmed no long-term relationship between Bhutanese stock with Indian and other regional stock markets. In fact we find no market integration either on one to one basis or for the south Asian market as a whole. Information on market integration should help market players in managing their investments in capital markets in a sustainable manner.
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Hoornweg, Daniel, Lorraine Sugar, and Claudia Lorena Trejos Gomez. "Cities and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Moving Forward." Urbanisation 5, no. 1 (May 2020): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747120923557.
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Cities are blamed for the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. So too are more affluent, highly urbanised countries. If all production- and consumption-based emissions that result from lifestyle and purchasing habits are included, urban residents and their associated affluence likely account for more than 80 per cent of the world’s GHG emissions. Attribution of GHG emissions should be refined. Apportioning responsibility can be misguided, as recent literature demonstrates that residents of denser city centres can emit half the GHG emissions of their suburban neighbours. It also fails to capture the enormous disparities within and across cities as emissions are lowest for poor cities and particularly low for the urban poor. This article presents a detailed analysis of per capita GHG emissions for several large cities and a review of per capita emissions for 100 cities for which peer-reviewed studies are available. This highlights how average per capita GHG emissions for cities vary from more than 15 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) (Sydney, Calgary, Stuttgart and several major US cities) to less than half a tonne (various cities in Nepal, India and Bangladesh). The article discusses where GHG emissions arise and where mitigation efforts may be most effective. It illustrates the need to obtain comparable estimates at city level and the importance of defining the scope of the analysis. Emissions for Toronto are presented at a neighbourhood level, city core level and metropolitan area level, and these are compared with provincial and national per capita totals. This shows that GHG emissions can vary noticeably for the same resident of a city or country, depending on whether these are production- or consumption-based values. The methodologies and results presented form important inputs for policy development across urban sectors. The article highlights the benefits and drawbacks of apportioning GHG emissions (and solid waste generation) per person. A strong correlation between high rates of GHG emissions and solid waste generation is presented. Policies that address both in concert may be more effective as they are both largely by-products of lifestyles.
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Emmrich, Christoph, Joseph McQuade, Sana Aiyar, and Thibaut d'Hubert. "Towards a Burma-inclusive South Asian Studies: A Roundtable." Modern Asian Studies, May 18, 2022, 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x21000718.
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Abstract Burma, or Myanmar as it was renamed in 1989, is largely ignored within the discipline of South Asian Studies, despite its cultural, religious, economic, and strategic significance for the wider worlds of Asia. Burma is often studied either in isolation or alongside Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia, despite its equally important historical and cultural connections to communities, states, and networks across what is now India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, or Nepal. In this Roundtable, four scholars of South Asia discuss Burma's erasure within the discipline, the origins and limitations of traditional area studies frameworks, and the possibilities afforded by Burma's inclusion within a more expansive conception of South Asia.
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Pearson, Chirstopher, and Niraj Manandhar. "Towards a Modernized Geodetic Datum for Nepal Following the April 25, 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal, June 15, 2016, 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v15i1.51188.
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Along with the damage to buildings and infrastructure, the April 25, 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake caused quite significant deformation over a large area in central Nepal with displacements of over 2 m recorded in the vicinity of Kathmandu. In this paper we consider options for a modernized geodetic datum for Nepal that will have the capacity to correct for the earthquake displacements and ongoing tectonic deformation associated with Nepal’s location on the India/Eurasian plate boundary. In the scenario we present here, the datum would be based on ITRF2014 with a reference epoch set some time after the end of the current sequence of earthquakes. We have developed a preliminary velocity field by collating GPS derived crustal velocities from four previous studies for Nepal and adjacent parts of China and India and aligning them to the ITRF. We developed preliminary patches for the coseismicpart of the deformation using published dislocation models. By combing the velocity and coseismic models we have developed an NDM that can correct coordinate for both the effect of the earthquakes and continuous deformation associated with Indian / Eurasian plate boundary. High order control would be a CORS network based around the existing Nepal GPS Array. Coordinates for existing lower order control would be determined by readjusting existing survey measurements and these would be combined with a series of new control stations spread throughout Nepal.
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Pearson, Chris, Niraj Manandhar, and Paul Denys. "Options for developing modernized geodetic datum for Nepal following the April 25, 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake." Journal of Applied Geodesy 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2016-0033.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAlong with the damage to buildings and infrastructure, the April 25, 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake caused significant deformation over a large area of eastern Nepal with displacements of over 2 m recorded in the vicinity of Kathmandu.Nepal currently uses a classical datum developed in 1984 by the Royal (UK) Engineers in collaboration with the Nepal Survey Department. It has served Nepal well; however, the recent earthquakes have provided an impetus for developing a semi-dynamic datum that will be based on ITRF2014 and have the capacity to correct for tectonic deformation.In the scenario we present here, the datum would be based on ITRF2014 with a reference epoch set some time after the end of the current sequence of earthquakes. The deformation model contains a grid of the secular velocity field combined with models of the Gorkha Earthquake and the May 12 Mw7.3 aftershock. We have developed a preliminary velocity field by collating GPS derived crustal velocities from four previous studies for Nepal and adjacent parts of China and India and aligning them to the ITRF. Patches for the co-seismic part of the deformation for the Gorkha earthquake and the May 12, 2015 Mw 7.2 aftershock are based on published dislocation models.High order control would be a CORS network based around the existing Nepal GPS Array. Coordinates for existing lower order control would be determined by readjusting existing survey measurements and these would be combined with a series of new control stations spread throughout Nepal.
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Choden, Kezang, Bhagat Suberi, and Purna Chettri. "Terrestrial Carbon Stock Potential in Selected Forest in Bhutan, India and Nepal." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, May 29, 2021, 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2021/v15i130219.
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Forests are natural carbon reservoirs that play an important role in the global carbon cycle for storing large quantities of carbon in vegetation and soils. Carbon stored in pool helps in mitigating climate change by carbon sequestration. The vulnerable countries to changing climate such as Bhutan, Nepal, and India require a full understanding of carbon dynamics as well as baseline data on carbon stock potential to mitigate anticipated risks and vulnerabilities (RVs) through climate change. The scope of such RVs are trans boundary in nature, however, the comparative studies at regional scale are still scanty. Therefore, the aim of this review is to assess the carbon stock potentials of selected forest types in the eastern Himalayan area, with an emphasis on Bhutan, India, and Nepal. This review paper is based on published articles, information from websites and considerable data from National forestry reports of India and Bhutan; emphasizing on aboveground biomass and soil organic carbon stock.
The review showed that carbon stock potential is highly dependent on stand density, above-ground biomass, species richness and forest types. The sub-tropical forest was found to have larger carbon capacity and sequestration potential. SOC concentration and tree biomass stocks were significantly higher at the high altitude where there is less human disturbance. In general, forest coverage has increased compare to previous year in Bhutan, India and Nepal which ultimately leads to higher carbon stock potential. It is mainly due to strong policies and different strategies for conservation of forest management have reduced mass destruction despite a growing population. Despite the rules, deforestation continues to occur at various scales. However, it can be stated that the government and citizens are working hard to increase carbon stock potential, mostly through afforestation and community forest creation. In addition, it is recommended to practice sustainable forest management, regulated and planned cutting of trees and proper forest products utilization.
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Joshi, D. D., David R. Chapman, and Yuba Raj Joshi. "Epidemiological Survey of the Snakebite Problem in Human in the Terai Region of Nepal, 1996/97." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 22, no. 3 & 4 (December 31, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.128.
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In this survey the team visited 13 zonal or district hospitals, veterinary hospitals, and municipalities across the Terai and gathered a variety of informations. Epidemiological data on snakebite incidence was collected for 1996 & 1997 from all these hospitals. Information on treatment protocols for snakebite by medical staff, availability and cost to the patient of ASV, and awareness of the rural populations about first aid treatment for snakebite was gathered. Age & sexwise venomous snakebite cases were recorded in Nepal for the year 1996/1997. The case fatility rate is higher in children: 8% in 1996 and 3% in 1997, than adults: male 3% & female 4%. The 1994 study demonstrated a total of 1917 bites by venomous snakes in the Terai area and a total of 151 deaths, the mortality rate being 8% over a period of 6 years. Morbidity was highest in Mechi, Koshi, Sagarmatha, Bharatpur and Lumbini hospitals respectively. The peak season for snakebite was from June to September, during and following the monsoon, when snakes are most abundant. It has been shown that a breakdown of snakebite morbidity by age and sex for 10 years (1985/86 - 1994/95) from Bharatpur hospital, Chitwan. The case fatality rate exceeded 20% in this district. Mortality and injury to both humans and livestock due to the bites of venomous snakes is a serious public health problem in much of the developing world, and particularly in Southeast Asia where there are abundant venomous snakes (Navy, 1965a). It has been estimated that there are on average 3000 reported human deaths per year from snakebites (Sawai, 1993), and this figure is probably underestimated. Several prior epidemiological studies (Joshi 1982, 1983, 1994) have demonstrated that mortality and morbidity caused by snakebite is a significant problem in the Terai region of Nepal. Studies in neighbouring India have identified 4 species of snake responsible for the majority of fatal bites: the Indian cobra (Naja naja), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Russell's viper (Vipera russellii), and saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) (Gaitonde, 1979). The polyvalent anti-snake-venin (ASV) produced in India by the Haffkine Institute and Serum Institute of India, and currently purchased by His Majesty's Government for use in Nepal, is directed against the venom of these four snakes. Recent studies (Joshi et al., 1996) in Nepal suggest that the Indian cobra and common krait are the problem snakes in the Terai region, whilst Russell's viper and the green pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris) constitute a threat in the hill and mountain forest areas of Nepal. Fear and dislike of snakes often leads to indiscriminate killing of snakes on sight, even though the great majority of snakes are non-venomous. In addition to the ecological impact of decimating snake populations, there are economic impacts to farmers of such actions. It has been suggested that 20 - 50% of India's grain crop is destroyed by rodents (Whitaker, 1975), and snakes constitute one of the most effective natural controls over rodent populations, often multiplying in response to increasing rodent populations. Unfortunately, indiscriminate killing of snakes removes this natural control leading to expanding rodent populations and increased loss or grain and crops.
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Ahmed, Tahera, Kuldeep Kumar, and Ping Zhang. "A systematic review of the status of neuropsychological research and dementia in South Asia." Discover Psychology 3, no. 1 (June 27, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44202-023-00078-2.
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AbstractIt is recognised that there is a notable presence of psychology and dementia-related issues in South Asian (SA) countries, and this problem is on the rise. Nevertheless, the problems found in the field of neuropsychology are yet to be fully resolved in the region. Unlike the case in developed countries, neuropsychology, despite the scopes and genuine potential, is not broadly practised in South Asia (which constitutes 25% of the world population), and the opportunity for extensive research is limited. Although India has made substantial progress in neuropsychology through the establishment of neuropsychological units and by developing assessment modules based on cultural requirements and the living standards of the population, the rest of the South Asia region is lagging far behind in the sphere of health science. Neuropsychology covers a vast area of brain-behaviour relationships, of which cognitive impairment is an important part. Except for India, other South Asian countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal have not had specific noteworthy studies on neuropsychology, but there have been a few research works done on neuropsychology, cognitive impairment, and other neurological assessments. This article focuses on reviewing the status of the development of neuropsychological research in South Asia, and it also assesses quantitative studies on dementia in the region where cognitive and neuropsychological assessments have been used.
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"Ethnopharmacological Studies of Argemone Mexicana for the Management of Psoriasis Followed By Molecular Techniques: Focus on Plant Metabolomics & Mechanism of Action." International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing 2, no. 8 (July 20, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijbsac.h0097.072819.
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Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition which results in the body attacking itself. It occurs in the age group of 14 to ≥ 65 years. The average age is 28 years. More than 10 million cases per year in India are being recorded. Around 15% of cases emerge before the age of 10 years. In the case of psoriasis, white blood cells known as T cells mistakenly attack the skin cells. Around 80% of people have mild psoriasis, and the other 20% have moderate to severe psoriasis. There are different types of psoriasis they are Plaque psoriasis occurs in about 80-90% of people, it appears as raised, inflamed, red lesions, covered by a silvery, white scales, usually on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back. Inverse psoriasis appears in the different parts like armpits, the groin, under the breasts, and in other skin folds such as the buttocks and around the genitals. Argemone Mexicana (Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, flowering thistle, cardo or cardosanto) is a species of poppy found in Mexico and now widely naturalized in many parts of the world. An extremely hardy pioneer plant as it is tolerant of drought and poor soil, often being the only cover on new road cuttings or verges. The flower has bright yellow latex, and though poisonous to grazing animals and is rarely eaten, but has been used medicinally by many people including those in its native area, the Natives of the western US, parts of Mexico and in Whole part of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, etc.
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Kumar, Joshi Amit, and Juyal Divya. "Traditional and Ethnobotanical uses Premna barbata Wall. Ex Schauer in Kumaun and Garhwal Regions of Uttarakhand, India and Other Western Himalayan Countries- A Review." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 9, no. 09 (September 25, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/phyto.v9i09.10308.
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The Himalayas are a repository of tremendous wealth of medicinal plants. Kumaun and Garhwal are characterized by a rich diversity of ethno-medicinal plants as well as a rich heritage site in traditional medicine system in the western Himalayan region. Present study deals with the status, identification and to explore the traditional knowledge of plant Premna Barbata Wall. Ex Schauer about its uses in local medicine by village people in Kumaun, Garhwal region in India and other western Himalayan Countries. The genus Premna contains 200 species under the family Verbenaceae all over the world and out of that approximately 30 species are present in India and are native mainly to the tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, Australia and the Pacific islands. Premna Barbata Wall. Ex Schauer plant is belonging to family Verbenaceae. It is distributed in the forest area of the Eastern and northern parts of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Myanmar and nearby regions.The present paper is a review on ethno-medicinal uses of Premna Barbata Wall. Ex Schauer, which is widely used by different tribes and medicinal practitioners for treatment of various diseases. Different parts of the plant (bark, wood and leaves) are variably used in treating wide range of diseases such as joints and back pain, dropsy, ulcer, diarrhea, wound healing, throat infection, antibacterial, fever, herpes complex disease, arthritic pain. With this review it is concluded that there is a need for conducting further investigation and studies for pharmacognostic characteristics and the isolation of individual active constituents form Premna Barbata Wall. Ex Schauer plant. Also the study is expected to provide basic data for further studies aimed at conservation of traditional medicine.
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Hussain, Gazala, Ashok Kumar B N, and Govinda Sharma K. "Analytical Study of Shilajatu." RGUHS Journal of AYUSH Sciences 11, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.26463/rjas.11_1_5.
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Background Rasashastra is a branch in Ayurveda Pharmaceutics that deals with utilization of varied origin of drugs like metals minerals etc. in articulating different formulations. Among the mineral group of drugs a mineral very commonly used in designing formulations is lsquoShilajatursquo. It is a pale brown to black coloured exudate available in mountainous regions. Based on the region and mountainous area it is collected from its appearance and the composition vary. Research studies revealed it to be a combination of organic elements and inorganic substances. Vast content relating to Shilajatu is available in the treatises of Rasashastra and much research was carried out on it. However it still remains a drug of ambiguity. Therefore this analytical study was conducted to evaluate the varied composition of Shilajatu. Methods Two samples of Shilajatu were collected from two different sources one from Nepal and another from local market in India and the samples were analyzed to determine the organic constituents and also the elemental constituents. Physico chemical analysis Phyto chemical test and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy EDAX were carried out. Results Phytochemical evaluation of aqueous extracts of Shilajatu samples demonstrated presence of carbohydrates protein tannin steroid saponin and mucilage. EDAX revealed the presence of different elements and the sample from Nepal showed the presence of more elements. Conclusion Shilajatu is a combination of organic and inorganic elements. Various phyto constituents are present and the elemental analysis showed presence of C O Na Mg S Cl and K in Indian sample and presence of C N O Na Mg Al Si Cl K and Ca in Nepal sample.
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Srinivasulu, Aditya, Deepa Senapathi, and Manuela González-Suárez. "Anthropogenic impacts drive habitat suitability in South Asian bats." Biodiversity and Conservation, September 28, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-024-02941-7.
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AbstractDespite their diversity and importance as ecological indicators and ecosystem service providers, the macroecology of bats in South Asia is poorly understood, and until recently studies on the ecological niches of these species have been rare. This study analyses the ecogeographic predictors of habitat suitability in South Asian bats by conducting ensemble ecological niche modelling using four algorithms (random forests, artificial neural networks, multivariate adaptive regression splines, and maximum entropy) to define suitability envelopes for 48 selected bat species, based on topographic, hydrographic, land-use, land-cover, and other anthropogenic impact factors. Anthropogenic impact variables showed high importance with Median Night-time Light being the biggest driver of habitat suitability for most of the study species with generally lower suitability of brighter areas. Projected suitable areas for individual species covered between 6.28% and 22.98% of the study area. Regions such as the Thar desert of northwestern India were consistently identified to have low suitability. The Western Ghats in India, the Himalayas in Bhutan, northern India, and Nepal, and Sri Lanka were identified as suitability hotspots for more than half the studied species overlapping with human-impacted habitats. This study offers insight into the impacts of anthropogenic pressure on the macroecology of bats in a megadiverse region and stresses the importance of analysing ecogeographic effects on ecological niches and habitat suitability, which can be vital to inform conservation planning and policymaking in the future.
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Tyagi, Pallavi. "FLOOD RISK, COASTAL MEGACITIES, AND URBAN POOR: ASSESSING THE FUTURE URBAN FLOOD RISK IN THE H/E WARD OF MUMBAI." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, December 15, 2020, 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2020.v14n2.192-203.
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In India, Mumbai city is highly vulnerable to the threats posed by climate change, such as sealevel rise, storm, and floods. The vulnerability of the city was demonstrated on the 26 July 2005 when thousands of houses were submerged in the water, and assets worth billions of rupees were damaged. The flood severely impacted the residents in informal settlements known as slums, which incurred substantial financial losses. With the increasing vulnerability of coastal megacities to urban floods, there is a need for an effective risk assessment and Adaptation Planning. Hence this study aims to assess the current amd future Flood Risk faced by the H/E Ward (study area) of Mumbai. The flood risk assessment is performed using the standard catastrophe Risk modeling, which combines Hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Various data sources such as Historical rainfall data, Elevation Data, Soil Database, Landsat Imagery, and census data were collected from multiple online sources to achieve this objective. The data processing is done using GIS, Hydrological and Hydraulic Processes. As the H/E ward lies in the Mithi River catchment area, we processed the DEM and used the SCS-Curve Number and kinematic routing method to generate the peak discharge at the River Sub basins in HEC-HMS software. The River geometry is prepared in HEC-RAS software, and Flood Hazard Maps were prepared. The current & future Risk analysis shows an increase in the inundation extent for the 100 year return period in the H/E Ward, which highlights that there would be an increase in the total affected Population and losses incurred by them. The study also highlights that the people's adaptive capacity is deficient. Most of the affected Population are poor people, employed in menial jobs, chosen to stay in the riskier site because of proximity to work. Hence this study highlights an urgent need for an effective Risk Management and Adaptation planning in the H/E ward of Mumbai.
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Thapa, Sandeep. "Comparison and diagnosis of Entamoeba in stool sample from rural community of Nepal." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9853.
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ObjectiveTo find out the prevalence of Entamoeba species in rural community of Nepal.The purpose of the study is to evaluate Nested PCR, microscopic examination and Elisa assay for detection and differentiation of Entamoeba species.IntroductionNepal being a developing country has many health problems, which escalate in intensity at different times of the year or in epidemic form.Amebiasis is one of the infectious diseases that is highly seen in rural area of Nepal caused by Entamoeba species ((1, 2). Recent reports show that open defecation, drinking untreated water, unsanitary habits and lack of basic health knowledge cause higher mortality and morbidity in our country.E. histolytica is an anaerobic pathogenic parasitic. However, E. dispar and E.moshkovskii exits as non-pathogenic. Likewise, E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii are morphologically identical but genetically distinct species (3).MethodsA total of 270 faecal sample were collected from south eastern terai region of Nepal after the informed consent form. The samples were processed by direct wet smear and formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique (4). Eventually, microscopic examination were performed for the detection of Entamoeba species along with other intestinal parasites. Furthermore, enzyme immunoassay were executed to detect antigens of E. histolytica through ELISA. Additionally, microscopically positive samples for Entamoeba species cysts were further characterized using a Nested- PCR targeting 16S-like ribosomal RNA gene (5). The PCR generate amplicons which was subjected to 2% agarose gels electrophoresis and visualized under UV transilluminator.Results8.52% of the total collected samples were microscopically positive for Entamoeba cysts either singly or in combination with other intestinal parasites. Likewise, among 270 stool sample, viral diarrheal was most significant form of diarrhoea found in 76.67% of patients. Among different organisms, As. Lumbricoids and E. histolytica, G. lambia and H. nana were identified in most of the patients accounting for 11.11%, 8.52%, 2.59% and 1.11% respectively. However, Lumbricoids, G. lambia, Tenia solium and E. histolytica were present in an individual patient while two patient was found with both As. Lumbricoids and G. lambia. Among several symptoms, diarrhoea seems to be the common symptoms infecting all of the patients which is followed by fever and vomiting which accounts for 55.1 % and 46.2% correspondingly. Whereas, nausea appears to be the least common symptoms infecting only 14.4% of patients.Subsequently, 56 cases were PCR positive, 51 cases were ELISA positive whereas 47 were found to be positive by microscopy.ConclusionsMolecular techniques are indeed promising tools for epidemiological studies, particularly in discriminating the pathogenic from the non-pathogenic species of the Entamoeba species. This study reports a new nested multiplex PCR strategy for detection and differentiation of E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii which is highly rapid, specific and sensitive which is useful for proper diagnosis, immunological assay and drug testing.References1. Chaudhary M, Maharjan M. ( 2014). Association of Anaemia with Parasitic Infection in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Koshi Zonal Hospital. Neplalese Journal of Zoology, 2(1):1-7.2. Tandukar S, Ansari S, Adhikari N, Shrestha A, Gautam J, Sharma B, et al (2013). Intestinal parasitosis in school children of Lalitpur district of Nepal. BMC research notes, 6(1):449.3. Clark C, Espinosa Cantellano M, Bhattacharya A. Entamoeba histolytica: an overview of the biology of the organism (2013). Amebiasis: World Scientific, 1-45.4. Dhanabal J, Selvadoss PP, Muthuswamy K(2014). Comparative study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in low socioeconomic areas from South Chennai, India. Journal of parasitology research.5. Van den Bossche, D., Cnops, L., Verschueren, J., & Van Esbroeck, M. (2015). Comparison of four rapid diagnostic tests, ELISA, microscopy and PCR for the detection of Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba histolytica in feces. Journal of microbiological methods, 110, 78-84.
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Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed Nairoos, RM. Risly, and Uthuman Kandu Mohammed Muhees. "APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL LOAN IN MUSLIM COMMUNITY: A STUDY BASED ON KEKIRAWA DIVISIONAL SECRETARIAT OF ANURADHAPURA IN SRI LANKA." EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), September 13, 2021, 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra8442.
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Agriculture plays most important role in Sri Lankan economy like some other developing nations in South Asia such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan. In this way, the agricultural farming sector is identified as a key tool for the economic development in Sri Lanka and it helps to effectively utilize the invaluable resources of the country such as green lands and appropriate climate as it should be and to significantly boost the wealth of the country as well. Furthermore, as it helps to expand the level of GDP, the Interest rates as well as the inflation rates are mostly estimated at present depending on the level of agricultural cultivation sector in the country. It is noteworthy to point out at this occasion that as Sri Lanka is mainly an agricultural nation the most people are involving in individual and joint venture farming activities. At the same time, it is also very important to mention here that most people who involve in agricultural cultivation reach the banks and financial institution for the purpose of getting loans to meet their agricultural financial needs. In this context, this research aims to identify the loan systems which are implemented in agricultural sector among the Muslim community, especially among Muslim farmers who are living in Kekirawa divisional secretariat in Anuradhapura district. The research would be extremely significance due to there is no sufficient previous studies find concerning with agricultural loan systems among Muslim community in particular research area in Sri Lanka. This research is designed as mixed method with the inclusion of qualitative and quantitative data which collected in term of finding the correct solutions and providing appropriate recommendations. The findings of the research reveals that the farmers who live in Kekirawa divisional secretariat of Anuradhapura do not depend and connect with banks or other financial institutions to get any advances, but they use to fulfil their needs of capital for farming from money lenders, shopkeepers, friends relatives and NGOs. Therefore, the system should be introduced under the Islamic banks and financial institutions to promote the Shariah compliance products and interest free loan systems not only for Muslim farmers but also to all citizens who wish to involve in agricultural cultivations. Moreover, NGOs and shopkeepers who provide agricultural credit services should be adapted in accordance with the Islamic Shariah compliance. KEY WORDS: Agriculture, Loan Systems, Farmers, Kekirawa. Shariah Compliance, Islamic Banks
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Heneise, Michael. "The Highlander: The Art of Decolonising Publishing." Septentrio Conference Series, no. 4 (September 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/5.5627.
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In 2015, I embarked on a new project with my former PhD supervisor at Edinburgh: to create a respected area studies journal of Highland Asia that would be both accessible and accountable to the communities where, and with whom, we do our research: Highland Asia! We successfully built up an editorial board of renowned scholars, convinced the Edinburgh University Library to be our publisher, and soon we had our journal online, with a short first issue free to download anywhere. However, we suddenly realised that we had lost something in the process. While we now engage with the global academic community, offering excellent peer-review, and editorial value to authors, we also found we were beginning to replicate a publishing model we were trying to get away from. Like pay-wall journals we were operating in a space at a distance, closed off, and culturally inaccessible to the communities we were eager to engage with. Can Open Access forge new pathways that are different from the pay-wall journals and big publishers? In recent months, we have started to look at our old notes, to see where we might regain our footing, to get back that ‘anarchist’ DIY inspiration! Providing free downloadable PDFs is good, but it is no great achievement anymore. How can we meaningfully bridge the worlds we work in so that knowledge production itself is more open? In our case, we think one approach is to open up the entire publishing process. In addition to indigenous authors and reviewers, we want to engage proof-readers, copyeditors, typesetters, photographers, cover designers, printers and remote college departments and libraries across the Himalayas. We have only started exploring this in 2020, but in the process we have discovered that there is great demand, for example, for printed versions. Easily produced locally, we could set up a basic subscription model, and stock local college libraries, book stores, and coffee shops in Northeast India, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal. By opening up, and engaging in dialogue with local scholars, librarians, designers, and artists we have found all kinds of opportunities that help our journal move in the direction of being truly ‘Open Access’ in every way. In Edinburgh, we have also found a community of PhD students doing research on the Himalayas, excited to learn about publishing. We are forming an editorial collective that is now connecting with our community in Asia, offering additional contacts that can facilitate research exchange. Our journal remains experimental. We have, for example, decided to go with a rolling publishing model instead of distinct issues. I also want to engage my own students in Tromsø, especially in editorial management. I also hope we can develop synergies with the Open Access community in Norway. Beyond library publishing, we see an opportunity to create a new space, instead of combatting an old space dominated by for-profit publishers. Finally, by crossing borders, and truly opening up in this way, we also push this idea of knowledge production towards greater accountability. Indeed we are calling for truly tangible ways in decolonising publishing.
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"A review of geophysical constraints on the deep structure of the Tibetan Plateau, the Himalaya and the Karakoram, and their tectonic implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326, no. 1589 (September 1988): 33–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1988.0080.
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The Tibetan Plateau, the Himalaya and the Karakoram are the most spectacular consequences of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the rest of Eurasia in Cainozoic time. Accordingly, the deep structures beneath them provide constraints on both the tectonic history of the region and on the dynamic processes that have created these structures. The dispersion of seismic surface waves requires that the crust beneath Tibet be thick: nowhere less than 50 km, at least 65 km, in most areas, but less than 80 km in all areas that have been studied. Wide-angle reflections of P-waves from explosive sources in southern Tibet corroborate the existence of a thick crust but also imply the existence of marked lateral variations in that thickness, or in the velocity structure of the crust. Thus isostatic compensation occurs largely by an Airy-type mechanism, unlike that, for instance, of the Basin and Range Province of western North America where a hot upper mantle buoys up a thin crust. The P-wave and S-wave velocities in the uppermost mantle of most of Tibet are relatively high and typical of those of Precambrian shields and stable platforms: Vp = 8.1 km s~* or higher, and Fs « 4.7 km s-1. Travel times and waveforms of S-waves passing through the uppermost mantle of much of Tibet, however, require a much lower average velocity in the uppermost mantle than that of the Indian, or other, shields. They indicate a thick low-velocity zone in the upper mantle beneath Tibet, reminiscent of tectonically active regions. These data rule out a shield structure beneath northern Tibet and suggest that if such a structure does underlie part of the plateau, it does so only beneath the southern part. Lateral variations in the upper-mantle structure of Tibet are apparent from differences in travel times of S-waves from earthquakes in different parts of Tibet, in the attenuation of short-period phases, Pn and Sn, that propagate through the uppermost mantle of Tibet, and in surface-wave dispersion for different paths. The notably lower velocities and the greater attenuation in the mantle of north-central Tibet than elsewhere imply higher temperatures there and are consistent with the occurrence of active and young volcanism in roughly the same area. Surface-wave dispersion across north-central Tibet also requires a thinner crust in that area than in most of the plateau. Consequently the relatively uniform height of the plateau implies that isostatic compensation in the north-central part of Tibet occurs partly because the density of the relatively hot material in the upper mantle is lower than that elsewhere beneath Tibet, the mechanism envisioned by Pratt. Several seismological studies provide evidence consistent with a continuity of the Indian Shield, and its cold thick lithosphere, beneath the Himalaya. Fault-plane solutions and focal depths of the majority of moderate earthquakes in the Himalaya are consistent with their occurring on the top surface of the gently flexed, intact Indian plate that has underthrust the Lesser Himalaya roughly 80-100 km or more. P-waves from explosions in southern Tibet and recorded in Nepal can be interpreted as wide-angle reflections from this fault zone. P-wave delays across the Tarbela network in Pakistan from distant earthquakes indicate a gentle dip of the Moho beneath the array without pronounced later variations in upper-mantle structure. High Pn and Sn velocities beneath the Himalaya and normal to early S-wave arrival times from Himalayan earthquakes recorded at teleseismic distances are consistent with Himalaya being underlain by the same structure that underlies India. Results from explosion seismology indicate an increase in crustal thickness from the Indo-Gangetic Plain across the Himalaya to southern Tibet, but Hirn, Lepine, Sapin and their co-workers inferred that the depth of the Moho does not increase smoothly northward, as it would if the Indian Shield had been underthrust coherently beneath the Himalaya. They interpreted wide-angle reflections as evidence for steps in the Moho displaced from one another on southward-dipping faults. Although I cannot disprove this interpretation, I think that one can recognize a sequence of signals on their wide-angle reflection profiles that could be wide-angle reflections from a northward-dipping Moho. Gravity anomalies across the Himalaya show that both the Indo—Gangetic Plain and the Himalaya are not in local isostatic equilibrium. A mass deficit beneath the plain is apparently caused by the flexure of the Indian Shield and by the low density of the sedimentary rock in the basin formed by the flexure. The mass excess in the Himalaya seems to be partly supported by the strength of the Indian plate, for which the flexural rigidity is particularly large. An increase in the Bouguer gravity gradient from about 1 mGal km-1 (1 mGal = 10-3 cm s-2) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain to 2 mGal km-1 over the Himalaya implies a marked steepening of the Moho, and therefore a greater flexure of the Indian plate, beneath the Himalaya. This implies a northward decrease in the flexural rigidity of the part of the Indian plate underlying the range. Nevertheless, calculations of deflections of elastic plates with different flexural rigidities and flexed by the weight of the Himalaya show larger deflections and yield more negative gravity anomalies than are observed. Thus, some other force, besides the flexural strength of the plate, must contribute to the support of the range. A bending moment applied to the end of the Indian plate could flex the plate up beneath the range and provide the needed support. The source of this moment might be gravity acting on the mantle portion of the subducting Indian continental lithosphere with much or all of the crust detached from it. Seismological studies of the Karakoram are consistent with its being underlain by particularly cold material in the upper mantle. Intermediate-depth earthquakes occur between depths of 70 and 100 km but apparently do not define a zone of subducted oceanic lithosphere. Rayleigh-wave phase velocities are particularly high for paths across this area and imply high shear wave velocities in the upper mantle. Isostatic gravity anomalies indicate a marked low of 70 mGal over the Karakoram, which could result from a slightly thickened crust pulled down by the sinking of cold material beneath it. Geophysical constraints on the structure of Tibet, the Himalaya and the Karakoram are consistent with a dynamic uppermost mantle that includes first, the plunging of cold material into the asthenosphere beneath southern Tibet and the Karakoram, as the Indian plate slides beneath the Himalaya, and second, an upwelling of hot material beneath north-central Tibet. The structure is too poorly resolved to require such dynamic flow, but the existence for both a hot uppermost mantle beneath north-central Tibet and a relatively cold uppermost mantle beneath southern Tibet and the Karakoram seem to be required.