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1
Beloshistaya, Anna. Learning to solve math problems in the 4th grade. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1537873.
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The textbook considers the methodology of working on problems in the 4th grade when teaching mathematics according to any textbook included in the Federal Educational Package. It contains a detailed methodological analysis of all types of problems that are found in various textbooks of mathematics for the 4th grade, as well as specific fragments of situations of working with problems in the classroom.
It will be useful for teachers of mathematics methodology in universities and pedagogical schools, as well as students of pedagogical specialties, as well as practical teachers working in schools, tutors of all levels and parents who help children in their studies.
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IEEE, International Solid-State Circuits Conference (53rd 2006 San Francisco Calif ). Digest of technical papers: 2006 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference : sponsors: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society, IEEE San Francisco Section, Bay Area Council, University of Pennsylvania. [Piscataway, N.J.]: IEEE, 2006.
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3
Ismailov, Nariman. Scientific basis of environmental biotechnology practical. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048434.
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The monograph is devoted to modern biotechnology, which allows to solve urgent environmental problems in all areas of modern society. Described the current use of biotechnological methods for environmental protection. The common assessment of the environment, the analysis bioaccumulating capacity of the biosphere, presented information on bio-ecological potential of human society. Considers the issues of technological bio-energetics, obtaining biodegradable materials, different fields of organic waste, bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum products, pesticides, heavy metals, solid waste processing, utilization of oil sludge and drill cuttings, cleaning of soil and groundwater from contamination, the use of biotechnology in the oil industry and others Described the modern problems of organic agriculture and the progress in this area. Discussed microbiological, biochemical and technological fundamentals of these processes. The prospects of the use of biotechnology in integrated environmental protection. Discusses the modern view of ecological culture and ecological civilization in the framework of the problems under consideration.
Designed for teachers, students, engineers, ecologists, agricultural workers, civil servants, decision-makers, engaged in the manufacture engaged in the development of programs for socio-ecological sustainable development.
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Komatsubara, T. Physics of strongly correlated electron systems: Report of priority areas on physics of strongly corrleated [sic] electron systems. Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Publication Office, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1999.
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5
Fridman, Yuriy, and Aleksandr Korzhenevich. Learning to solve problems in physics: preparing for the Unified State Exam. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995926.
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If you are holding this textbook in your hands, it means that you understand the need to solve problems when studying a physics course at school. Indeed, it is difficult to overestimate the effect that the solution of problems in the study of physics gives. The textbook contains about 800 problems for the high school physics course. The tasks are based on the examination materials of various universities, including the Republic of Crimea, data from the magazines "Kvant", "Physics at School", information received from correspondence physics and mathematics schools of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University). We also used the problem books that were released in various years to help those entering universities. The number of problems and their selection are not random and allow, according to the compilers, to demonstrate the types of problems that are often found in the high school physics course, the most rational methods, general approaches and ideas for solving them, and also help to acquire certain skills in solving problems. Can be useful for use in secondary schools when working with students for whom physics is of interest, optional, if you prepare for the entrance exams for physics, a specialized school with advanced study of physics, as well as anyone who wants to learn how to solve problems in physics.
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Solid Waste Interim Steering Committee (Toronto, Ont.). Status report #2 to member councils on the long-term plan for the management of solid waste in the Greater Toronto Area. Toronto, Ont: SWISC, 1990.
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7
Chikurov, Nikolay. Mathematical problems of coordinate measuring machines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1163946.
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The monograph discusses solutions to mathematical problems related to the measurement of various machine-building parts on coordinate measuring machines (CMM). In addition, a number of mathematical problems that arise when measuring parts on the CMM are solved. The method of carrying out the corresponding measurements and mathematical calculations is given. It is intended for specialists who develop and maintain CMM control systems, for CMM operators, as well as for students of technical universities of relevant specialties.
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Sdvizhkov, Oleg, and Nikolay Macnev. Physics: a workshop in Excel. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014621.
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In the workshop, the program codes of user-defined VBA Excel functions are presented; it is shown how these functions are used to solve typical problems of elementary physics on a computer. The textbook includes problems in kinematics, dynamics, statics, molecular kinetic theory, thermal phenomena and electrodynamics.
Each chapter includes: brief information on physics; code for one or more user functions and their description; step-by-step solutions to typical problems using user functions, illustrated with drawings of dialog boxes, fragments of worksheets, etc., made using screenshots.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of secondary vocational education institutions studying physics, but it will be useful for anyone who wants to learn how to solve problems in elementary physics at a modern level — on a computer using Excel.
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Dodaro, Gene L. High-risk areas: Actions needed to solve pressing management problems : statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Assistant Comptroller General, Accounting and Information Management Division, before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Dodaro, Gene L. High-risk areas: Actions needed to solve pressing management problems : statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Assistant Comptroller General, Accounting and Information Management Division, before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Dodaro, Gene L. High-risk areas: Actions needed to solve pressing management problems : statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Assistant Comptroller General, Accounting and Information Management Division, before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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12
Korneev, Viktor, Larisa Gagarina, and Mariya Korneeva. Visualization in scientific research. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1029660.
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The textbook describes the methods of graphical representation of the results of the calculation of physical and engineering problems, represented by specialized programs and operating system tools. The graphic capabilities of the MATLAB package, which, along with powerful calculation tools, has excellent computer graphics, are studied in detail. A number of visualization tasks are solved by computer graphics programming methods in C++. The GDI GUI functions are used from the set of system API functions that the Windows operating system provides to the user. All examples in C++ are tested in the Visual Studio 2008 project development environment. The issues of interaction between the MATLAB package and programs written in C++ in the Visual Studio environment are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students studying in the field of training "Software Engineering".
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Blinovskaya, Yana, and Dar'ya Zadoya. Geoinformation systems in technosphere security. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1002663.
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The textbook considers the specifics of the use of information technologies in technosphere security. The article describes the characteristics of software products used to solve problems in the areas of life safety, organization of industrial production and environmental protection.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students studying in the enlarged group of training areas 20.00.00 "Technosphere safety and environmental management", as well as for students of related specialties studying the impact of industrial production on the environment and using GIS tools.
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1902-, Adams Ansel, ed. Ansel Adams and the photographers of the American West. North Dighton, Mass: JG Press, 2002.
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15
Myeyeryakova, Vyera, and Viktor Starodubov. CNC Metal-cutting Machines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5721.
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In the manual various ways of control of metal-cutting machines are considered, the principles of construction and possibility of systems of ChPU are given. Features of configurations and designs of machines with ChPU are presented,
ways of expansion of their technological capabilities, increases of productivity, accuracy and reliability.
The tasks solved during the training of managing directors of programs, feature of technological preparation, mathematical calculations and control unitary enterprise are considered. Programming bases for machines about ChPU, methods of adjusting are given,
features of technological service and repair. It is intended for students of the higher educational institutions which are trained in the directions 151900 "Design-technology ensuring machine-building productions" (qualification — the bachelor) and 151000
"Technological machines and the equipment" (qualification — the bachelor) on a preparation profile "Metal-cutting machines and complexes", and also for preparation in lyceums, technical schools, on special courses of CNC operators, members of repair crews, technologists-programmers.
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Frid, Christopher L. J., and Bryony A. Caswell. ‘Solved’ problems? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198726289.003.0003.
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Human wastewater (sewage) has been entering the sea for as long as there has been a coastal population and ice cores now show significant long-range movement of metal wastes dating from at least the Roman times. The human health impacts of metal poisoning were known to the Romans and the need for clean water has also been long recognised. This chapter focuses on pollutants, such as sewage, metals, pesticides, for which the impacts have long been known and for which regulations/legislative control measures are in place. As such, these types of pollution should be a thing of the past: the problem should be solved. Against this perspective, the extent to which the marine environment continues to be impacted by them and the reasons for these ongoing concerns are considered.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Primary Visual Perception from the Bottom Up. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0008.
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This chapter addresses primary visual perception, detailing how visual information comes about and, as a consequence, which visual properties provide particularly useful information about the environment. The brain extracts this information systematically, and also separates redundant and complementary visual information aspects to improve the effectiveness of visual processing. Computationally, image smoothing, edge detectors, and motion detectors must be at work. These need to be applied in a convolutional manner over the fixated area, which are computations that are predestined to be solved by means of cortical columnar structures in the brain. On the next level, the extracted information needs to be integrated to be able to segment and detect object structures. The brain solves this highly challenging problem by incorporating top-down expectations and by integrating complementary visual information aspects, such as light reflections, texture information, line convergence information, shadows, and depth information. In conclusion, the need for integrating top-down visual expectations to form complete and stable perceptions is made explicit.
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Content Area Mathematics for Secondary Teachers: The Problem Solver. Christopher-Gordon Publishers, Inc., 2006.
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19
Gutman, Deborah C. Measure and solve: Activities on perimeter and area : Grade 5-8. Learning Resources, Inc, 1998.
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20
Measure and solve: Activities on surface area and volume : Grades 5-8. Learning Resources, Inc, 1998.
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21
Afuah, Allan. Crowdsourcing: A Primer and Research Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0002.
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Managers are regularly confronted with unsolved problems. If a manager knows who can solve a problem, they can assign the problem to the correct person to have it solved under an ex ante contract or other form of agreement/commitment, inside or outside the organization. If they do not know who can solve it, they can crowdsource it, broadcasting the problem to an undefined set of people (the crowd) to self-select and solve it with no ex ante contract or other commitment. Although the practice of crowdsourcing goes back to at least the Longitude Prize of 1714, research on the phenomenon has only recently flourished, thanks, in part, to advances in information technology, globalization, and other macro-environmental factors. This chapter presents a crowdsourcing primer and framework with the goal of providing management scholars with some of the fundamentals needed to pursue their research interests in this compelling phenomenon.
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Saha, Prasenjit, and Paul A. Taylor. Gravity versus Pressure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816461.003.0005.
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Formally, the title of this chapter is a statement of the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium. A large number of stellar objects exist in the balance between gravity and pressure, with the large ‘zoo’ of observed types being due to the various physical phenomena providing the latter. This chapter is devoted to various applications of that equilibrium. Some cases can be solved exactly, such as spheres of solid rock or ice; some cases can only be solved in detail numerically, notably degenerate white dwarfs up to the Chandrasekhar mass limit. For other cases, analytical approximations such as a version of the virial theorem are helpful in understanding underlying structure and behaviour.
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Gillespie, Alexander. The Long Road to Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819516.001.0001.
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This book examines the idea of sustainable development, made up of economic, social, and environmental parts over the period of human history. This work suggests humanity has been unsustainable in all three areas for most of its history, although in the last few hundred years the scale of unsustainability has increased, while, simultaneously, answers have started to emerge. This conclusion can be seen in two parts, namely the economic and social sides of sustainable development and then the environmental ones. This work suggests that, with the correct selection of tools, solid and positive foundations for the economic and social sides of sustainable development is possible as the world globalizes. This is not, however, a foregone conclusion. Despite a number of recent positive indicators in this area, there are still very large unanswered questions with existing mechanisms and other gaps in the international architecture which, if not fixed, could quickly make problems of economic and social sustainability worse, not better. With the third leg of sustainable development, that for the environment, the optimism is not as strong. The good news is that science, laws, and policies have evolved and expanded to the level that, in theory, there is no environmental problem which cannot be solved. In many areas, especially in the developed world, success is already easy to measure. Where it is not easy to measure, and pessimism creeps in, is in the developing world, which is now inheriting a scale and mixture of environmental difficulties which are simply unprecedented.
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Bleakley, Chris. Poems That Solve Puzzles. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853732.001.0001.
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Algorithms are the hidden methods that computers apply to process information and make decisions. The book tells the story of algorithms from their ancient origins to the present day and beyond. The book introduces readers to the inventors and events behind the genesis of the world’s most important algorithms. Along the way, it explains, with the aid of examples and illustrations, how the most influential algorithms work. The first algorithms were invented in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago. The ancient Greeks refined the concept, creating algorithms for finding prime numbers and enumerating Pi. Al-Khawrzmi’s 9th century books on algorithms ultimately became their conduit to the West. The invention of the electronic computer during World War II transformed the importance of the algorithm. The first computer algorithms were for military applications. In peacetime, researchers turned to grander challenges - forecasting the weather, route navigation, choosing marriage partners, and creating artificial intelligences. The success of the Internet in the 70s depended on algorithms for transporting data and correcting errors. A clever algorithm for ranking websites was the spark that ignited Google. Recommender algorithms boosted sales at Amazon and Netflix, while the EdgeRank algorithm drove Facebook’s NewsFeed. In the 21st century, an algorithm that mimics the operation of the human brain was revisited with the latest computer technology. Suddenly, algorithms attained human-level accuracy in object and speech recognition. An algloirthm defeated the world champion at Go - the most complex of board games. Today, algorithms for cryptocurrencies and quantum computing look set to change the world.
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Inaba, Naoki, and Ryoichi Murakami. Original Area Mazes, Volume 2: 100 More Addictive Puzzles to Solve with Simple Math--And Clever Logic! Experiment LLC, The, 2018.
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26
Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Continuum dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0019.
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The theory and application of a variety of methods to solve partial differential equations are introduced in this chapter. These methods rely on representing continuous quantities with discrete approximations. The resulting finite difference equations are solved using algorithms that stress different traits, such as stability or accuracy. The Crank-Nicolson method is described and extended to multidimensional partial differential equations via the technique of operator splitting. An application to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, via scattering from a barrier, follows. Methods for solving boundary value problems are explored next. One of these is the ubiquitous fast Fourier transform which permits the accurate solution of problems with simple boundary conditions. Lastly, the finite element method that is central to modern engineering is developed. Methods for generating finite element meshes and estimating errors are also discussed.
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Unger, Herwig, and Wolfgang A. Halang, eds. Autonomous Systems 2016. VDI Verlag, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783186848109.
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To meet the expectations raised by the terms Industrie 4.0, Industrial Internet and Internet of Things, real innovations are necessary, which can be brought about by information processing systems working autonomously. Owing to their growing complexity and their embedding in complex environments, their design becomes increasingly critical. Thus, the topics addressed in this book span from verification and validation of safety-related control software and suitable hardware designed for verifiability to be deployed in embedded systems over approaches to suppress electromagnetic interferences to strategies for network routing based on centrality measures and continuous re-authentication in peer-to-peer networks. Methods of neural and evolutionary computing are employed to aid diagnosing retinopathy of prematurity, to invert matrices and to solve non-deterministic polynomial-time hard problems. In natural language processing, interface problems between humans and machines are solved with g...
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Blanchard, Cynthia H. An analysis of the mathematical thought processes of grade eight students as they solve perimeter and area questions. 1991.
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29
Morawetz, Klaus. Transient Time Period. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0019.
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The formation of correlations at short- time scales is considered. A universal response function is found which allows describing the formation of collective modes in plasmas created by femto-second lasers as well as the formation of occupations in cold atomic optical lattices. Quantum quench and sudden switching of interactions are possible to describe by such Levinson-type kinetic equations on the transient time regime. On larger time scales it is shown that non-Markovian–Levnson equations double count correlations and the extended quasiparticle picture to distinguish between the reduced density matrix and quasiparticle distribution solve this shortcoming. The problem of initial correlations and how they can be incorporated into the Green’s function technique to result into modified kinetic equations is solved and a systematic expansion is suggested.
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Smith, Leslie S. Audition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0015.
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Audition is the ability to sense and interpret pressure waves within a range of frequencies. The system tries to solve the what and where tasks: what is the sound source (interpretation), and where is it (location)? Auditory environments vary in the number and location of sound sources, their level and in the degree of reverberation, yet biological systems have robust techniques that work over a large range of conditions. We briefly review the auditory system, including the auditory brainstem and mid-brain major components, attempting to connect its structure with the problems to be solved: locating some sounds, and interpreting important ones. Systems using knowledge of animal auditory processing are discussed, including both CPU-based and Neuromorphic approaches, starting from the auditory filterbank, and including silicon cochleae: feature (auditory landmark) based systems are considered. The level of performance associated with animal auditory systems has not been achieved, and we discuss ways forward.
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Reiter-Palmon, Roni, ed. Team Creativity and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.001.0001.
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Creativity and innovation have been viewed by researchers and practitioners as critical to organizational success and survival. In recent years, research in organizational psychology and management has focused on understanding creativity and innovation in teams. The more recent attention to teams has occurred because many of the problems facing organizations are complex and cannot be solved by a single individual, and these problems require creative and innovative solutions. Recent research in particular has focused on team creativity as an outcome and sought to understand how teams collaborate to solve problems creatively and introduce innovation, as well as the factors that facilitate and hinder those. The purpose of this edited book is to provide a state-of-the-art review of the major concepts and current research related to team creativity and innovation. The book has four different sections: (1) an introduction to team creativity and innovation, (2) team processes, (3) organizational and level issues, and (4) applications related to team creativity and innovation.
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Giacovazzo, Carmelo. Phasing in Crystallography. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199686995.001.0001.
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Modern crystallographic methods originate from the synergy of two main research streams, the small-molecule and the macro-molecular streams. The first stream was able to definitively solve the phase problem for molecules up to 200 atoms in the asymmetric unit. The achievements obtained by the macromolecular stream are also impressive. A huge number of protein structures have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The solution of them is no longer reserved to an elite group of scientists, but may be attained in a large number of laboratories around the world, even by young scientists. New probabilistic approaches have been tailored to deal with larger structures, errors in the experimental data, and modest data resolution. Traditional phasing techniques like ab initio, molecular replacement, isomorphous replacement, and anomalous dispersion techniques have been revisited. The new approaches have been implemented in robust phasing programs, which have been organized in automatic pipelines usable even by non-experts. Protein structures, which 50 years ago could take months or even years to solve, can now be solved in a matter of hours, partly also due to technological advances in computer science. This book describes all modern crystallographic phasing methods, and introduces a new rational classification of them. A didactic approach is used, with the techniques described simply and logically in the main text, and further mathematical details confined to the Appendices for motivated readers. Numerous figures and applicative details illustrate the text.
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Haji, Ishtiyaque. The Obligation Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190050856.001.0001.
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This book argues for the prima facie plausibility of the surprising and paradoxical conclusion that there are no moral obligations regardless of whether determinism is true. In the form of a dilemma, the primary argument for this skeptical conclusion presupposes that obligation requires freedom. A minimal number of credible principles entail that this is the freedom both to do, and to refrain from doing, what is obligatory. On the deterministic horn of the dilemma, since determinism eliminates freedom to do otherwise, it imperils moral obligation. On the indeterministic horn, pertinent actions are too luck-infected to qualify as obligations. Hence, there are no moral obligations. The book’s principal goal is to develop the obligation dilemma as powerfully and clearly as possible to inspire sustained philosophical work to solve it (assuming that it can be solved). In many respects, the obligation dilemma mirrors the venerable responsibility dilemma: regardless of whether determinism is true, no one is morally responsible for anything. The book shows that various prevalent moves in favor of, or in response to, the responsibility dilemma are, when suitably amended, not promising as supportive of, or retorts to, the obligation dilemma. Exposing the obligation dilemma’s implications for responsibility, and its ramifications for forgiveness (something central to salutary interpersonal relationships), underscores its urgency.
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Abu Bakar, Nor'Aznin. Currency crisis in four Asian countries: The insolvency model approach. UUM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672064039.
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The book deals with the 1997 Asian currency crisis and analyses the causes and consequences of the crisis.The two hypotheses, fundamental and panic/herd behavior hypotheses, which are often viewed as competing, are also examined. The first hypothesis states that fundamental imbalances triggered the Asian currency and financial crisis in 1997.The crisis occurred because the economies had deteriorating current accounts, a slow down in growth rates and short-term debt approaching a dangerous level; while the second hypothesis states that sudden shifts in market expectations and confidence were the cause of the initial financial turmoil.When the crisis erupted, it caused panic among domestic and foreign investors. The main focus of this book is to evaluate these two approaches and to examine whether there was evidence of insolvency prior to the crisis in four Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. A solvency index, originally popularized by Cohen, is calculated for each country.An analysis of the trade sector is undertaken in which the dynamic OLS is employed. Subsequently, the price elasticities obtained from the export demand model together with the GDP supply elasticity are used to calculate the index. From the analysis, it appears that all countries were solvent prior to the crisis where the percentage of actual debt service paid (in 1997) was greater than the percentage that must be paid to be solvent. This suggests that further external credit could have solved the problem, as it was a matter of short-term liquidity difficulties and panic, rather than insolvency.
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Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Ordinary differential equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0011.
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This chapter surveys the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that occur in classical and quantum mechanics, and describes both numerical algorithms and appropriate software design for solving them. Systems of ordinary differential equations, together with a few constants of integration, can in most cases be regarded as a means of defining a function (the “solution”). In this chapter, we develop an object-oriented architecture that applies integrators of the Runge-Kutta family to create these functions. Together with an automatic derivative system for generating partial derivatives from functions of one or more variables, the differential equation solver becomes a powerful tool for solving a variety of few-body problems in classical Hamiltonian systems. This chapter presents a blend of numerical algorithms, physics, and computing techniques. The phenomenon of energy drift is discussed and used to motivate symplectic solvers. Techniques such as adaptive step size and possible problems with stability and multiple scales are also discussed.
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Ren, Ke, and Ronald Dubner. The first crystal structure of an ionotropic glutamate receptor ligand-binding core. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0032.
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The known functional ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are composed of three major subtypes: AMPA, NMDA, and kainate. In 1998, in the landmark paper discussed in this chapter, Armstrong et al. provided the first crystal structure of an iGluR-subunit ligand-binding core, the S1S2 region of the rat GluA2 ‘flop’ isoform. They solved its structure with X-ray crystallography from selenomethonine crystals. They also identified residues involved in kainate binding, analysed allosteric sites that regulate affinity and specificity of the agonist, and mapped potential subunit–subunit interaction sites. They also proposed that binding of different agonists may result in variable degrees of domain closure. This work has profound impact on the field and it has been importantly cited. Subsequently, numerous high-resolution crystal structures of ligand-binding domains of iGluRs in complex with ligands, both agonists and antagonists, have been solved.
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Садовников, Василий. Теория гетерогенного катализа. Теория хемосорбции. Publishing House Triumph, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32986/978-5-40-10-01-2001.
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This monograph is a continuation of the monograph by V.V. Sadovnikov. Lateral interaction. Moscow 2006. Publishing house "Anta-Eco", 2006. ISBN 5-9730-0017-6. In this work, the foundations of the theory of heterogeneous catalysis and the theory of chemisorption are more easily formulated. The book consists of two parts, closely related to each other. These are the theoretical foundations of heterogeneous catalysis and chemisorption. In the theory of heterogeneous catalysis, an experiment is described in detail, which must be carried out in order to isolate the stages of a catalytic reaction, to find the stoichiometry of each of the stages. This experiment is based on the need to obtain the exact value of the specific surface area of the catalyst, the number of centers at which the reaction proceeds, and the output curves of each of the reaction products. The procedures for obtaining this data are described in detail. Equations are proposed and solved that allow calculating the kinetic parameters of the nonequilibrium stage and the thermodynamic parameters of the equilibrium stage. The description of the quantitative theory of chemisorption is based on the description of the motion of an atom along a crystal face. The axioms on which this mathematics should be based are formulated, the mathematical apparatus of the theory is written and the most detailed instructions on how to use it are presented. The first axiom: an atom, moving along the surface, is present only in places with minima of potential energy. The second axiom: the face of an atom is divided into cells, and the position of the atom on the surface of the face is set by one parameter: the cell number. The third axiom: the atom interacts with the surrounding material bodies only at the points of minimum potential energy. The fourth axiom: the solution of the equations is a map of the arrangement of atoms on the surface. The fifth axiom: quantitative equations are based on the concept of a statistically independent particle. The formation energies of these particles and their concentration are calculated by the developed program. The program based on these axioms allows you to simulate and calculate the interaction energies of atoms on any crystal face. The monograph is intended for students, post-graduate students and researchers studying work and working in petrochemistry and oil refining.
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Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Dynamic Solvent Effects: Kramers Theory and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0011.
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This chapter discusses dynamical solvent effects on the rate constants for chemical reactions in solution. The effect is described by stochastic dynamics, where the influence of the solvent on the reaction dynamics is included by describing the motion along the reaction coordinate as Brownian motion. Two theoretical approaches are discussed: Kramers theory with a constant time-independent solvent friction coefficient and Grote–Hynes theory, a generalization of Kramers theory, based on the generalized Langevin equation with a time-dependent solvent friction coefficient. The expressions for the rate constants have the same form as in transition-state theory, but are multiplied by transmission coefficients that incorporate the dynamical solvent effect. In the limit of fast motion along the reaction coordinate, the solvent molecules can be considered as “frozen,” and the predictions of the Grote–Hynes theory can differ from the Kramers theory by several orders of magnitude.
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LO, Gane Samb, Aladji Babacar Niang, and Lois Chinwendu Okereke. A course of Elementary Probability Course. SPAS-EDS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/sts/2020.001.
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This book introduces to the theory of probabilities from the beginning. Assuming that the reader possesses the normal mathematical level acquired at the end of the secondary school, we aim to equip him with a solid basis in probability theory. The theory is preceded by a general chapter on counting methods. Then, the theory of probabilities is presented in a discrete framework. Two objectives are sought. The first is to give the reader the ability to solve a large number of problems related to probability theory, including application problems in a variety of disciplines. The second is to prepare the reader before he takes course on the mathematical foundations of probability theory. In this later book, the reader will concentrate more on mathematical concepts, while in the present text, experimental frameworks are mostly found. If both objectives are met, the reader will have already acquired a definitive experience in problem-solving ability with the tools of probability theory and at the same time he is ready to move on to a theoretical course on probability theory based on the theory of Measure and Integration. The book ends with a chapter that allows the reader to begin an intermediate course in mathematical statistics.
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Oddie, Graham. Value Perception, Properties, and the Primary Bearers of Value. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786054.003.0013.
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This chapter argues for a value appearance thesis: that there are value appearances, that these serve as evidence for evaluative beliefs and judgments, and that felt desires and preferences are just such appearances of value. It is often assumed that states of affairs are both the objects of desire and the bearers of value but this assumption, combined with the value appearance thesis, gives rise to the familiar problem of the legitimacy of agent-relative preferences. However, if both value bearers and the objects of desire are states of being—or properties—then the problem of agent-relativity can be neatly solved.
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Rajeev, S. G. Viscous Flows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0005.
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Here some solutions of Navier–Stokes equations are found.The flow of a fluid along a pipe (Poisseuille flow) and that between two rotating cylinders (Couette flow) are the simplest. In the limit of large viscosity (small Reynolds number) the equations become linear: Stokes equations. Flow past a sphere is solved in detail. It is used to calculate the drag on a sphere, a classic formula of Stokes. An exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equation describing a dissipating vortex is also found. It is seen that viscosity cannot be ignored at the boundary or at the core of vortices.
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McMurtry, Angus, Kelly N. Kilgour, and Shanta Rohse. Health Research, Practice, and Education. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.33.
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Interdisciplinary health science and interprofessional healthcare are distinct yet intertwined fields that are driven by a similar challenge: Complex health problems that are too broad or multifaceted to be solved through the logic of a single discipline. A few factors distinguish them from other interdisciplinary areas, however, including (1) their foci—cancer, diabetes, infectious disease and so forth—which are quite literally matters of life and death; and (2) that they are generally carried out by teams of collaborating specialists, so issues of interpersonal dynamics, negotiation, and collaborative learning are especially important. “Health Research, Practice and Education” defines and critically reviews the two fields. More specifically, it compares their differing approaches to a number of emerging issues: stakeholder engagement and transdisciplinarity, the complexity of human health, the development of more sophisticated theories of collaboration and teamwork, practical conditions that support collaboration and teamwork, and finally, issues of evaluation and measurement.
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30 лет программе «Байкал-бурение». Академическое изд-во «Гео», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21782/b978-5-6043022-3-1.
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The book is devoted to the International Baikal Drilling Project, a part of the program «Global changes of the environment and climate», accomplished by the Russian, American and Japanese scientists. Much attention is given to the fact that the Baikal Drilling team acted as a single, solid team. The major results obtained from those studies were described in numerous publications published in various Russian and International journals. We hope that the book will be interesting for young scientists, so that they can feel an interest in studying the secrets of nature. The project was accomplished owing to the efforts of M.I. Kuzmin, V.S. Antipin, A.V. Goreglyad, V.F. Geletyi, G.V. Kalmychkov (Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS), M.A Grachev, O.M. Khlystov (Limnological Institute, SB RAS). Many problems that arouse in the project management were solved with the assistance of V.A. Fialkov, Director of the Baikal Museum, SB RAS, A.A. Bukharov, Vive-Director of the Baikal Museum, and the translators T. V. Bunaeva and M. Yu. Khomutova. The book not only describes a difficult work in the ice of Lake Baikal, but also presents the valuable data on the mineral composition of the bottom sediments, the discovery of Baikal gas hydrates, and the evolution of the landscapes and climate of the Baikal region in the Late Cenozoic. Modern methods of electron-probe x-ray spectral microanalysis and isotope geochemistry are described in detail. All this, as well as the methods of modeling real mineral associations, make this book valuable for researchers in different fields of science.
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Okeke, Edward Chukwuemeke. Nature of International Organizations and Purpose of Their Immunity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611231.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses the nature of international organizations and the purpose of their immunity. International organizations are created by their constituent member States to discharge vital functions and responsibilities on their behalf, and in some cases on behalf of the world community as a whole. They are established to offer cooperative and concerted approaches to common challenges and some problems that have the best chance of being solved through multilateral actions. Although States remain the primary actors in international relations, international organizations have joined the arena to provide the platform that enables different States to work together. International cooperation by States has become a necessity. To achieve their objectives, international organizations are granted certain privileges and immunities by their member States: in particular, jurisdictional immunity, which protects them from legal process. It is well settled that international organizations require those immunities that are necessary for them to fulfill their functions.
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Golan, Amos. New Applications Across Disciplines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0014.
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In this chapter I provide four detailed, cross-disciplinary case studies, developed for this book. The case studies are from the medical sciences, political science, and finance. In each case, I discuss the empirical background, the input information, the necessary analytics, the inferred solution, and a brief summary of its implications. Each problem highlights one basic issue and demonstrates the advantage and applicability of the info-metrics framework. In each one of the problems analyzed, the constraints are specified as stochastic. Thus, the inference tolerates possible misspecification in the constraints or other possible uncertainties in the data or the model. This chapter demonstrates that the info-metrics framework is general enough to tackle problems across the scientific spectrum, can accommodate all types of uncertainties, can solve problems that other methods are unable to solve, and always allows the use of priors.
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Blockley, David. 4. Understanding structure. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199671939.003.0004.
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‘Understanding structure’ considers the science of how structures work. How do structures resist all of the demands made on them by forces of self-weight, people moving about, or wind that may blow a hurricane? These forces have to ‘flow-though’ the components of the structure. Some simple structures are statically determinate so the internal forces can be calculated by just making sure all of the forces are in equilibrium. More complex structures have too many unknowns to be solved this way—they are statically indeterminate. The internal forces in these structures are found by satisfying the three conditions of equilibrium, constitutive relations, and compatibility of displacements when the total potential is a minimum.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Cognition is Embodied. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0003.
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With the motivation to develop computational and algorithmic levels of understanding how the mind comes into being, this chapter considers computer science, artificial intelligence, and cognitive systems perspectives. Questions are addressed, such as what ‘intelligence’ may actually be and how, and when an artificial system may be considered to be intelligent and to have a mind on its own. May it even be alive? Out of these considerations, the chapter derives three fundamental problems for cognitive systems: the symbol grounding problem, the frame problem, and the binding problem. We show that symbol-processing artificial systems cannot solve these problems satisfactorily. Neural networks and embodied systems offer alternatives. Moreover, biological observations and studies with embodied robotic systems imply that behavioral capabilities can foster and facilitate the development of suitably abstracted, symbolic structures. We finally consider Alan Turing’s question “Can machines think?” and emphasize that such machines must at least solve the three considered fundamental cognitive systems problems. The rest of the book addresses how the human brain, equipped with a suitably-structured body and body–brain interface, manages to solve these problems, and thus manages to develop a mind.
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Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0015.
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This final chapter recaps the main problems facing the welfare states in Europe and insists on the need for reform. The acquired right issue but also the opposing views on what should be a welfare state too often tend to slow down the implementation of changes. Also, the two main challenges—coping with the digital revolution and fighting the social divide—are addressed. Faced with dramatic changes in how people work, social protection has to adapt. Reducing the gap between haves and have-nots will also be crucial for social policies and this may not be solved just by cash transfers.
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Aziz, Nazrina, and Zakiyah Zain. Application of statistical methods in various disciplines. UUM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672210382.
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As Leonardo da Vinci once said, Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. This book is evidence of how diverse problems can be solved using basic statistical methods; from the minute molecule level to widespread epidemic issues, data analysis can be accomplished using basic statistical methods with sound scientific thinking.This book is a valuable resource for students, academics and practitioners seeking simple yet effective solutions to real problems. The six chapters presented are indeed worthy additions to the literature, which will potentially enhance understanding of statistics and its applications. Statistics is a scientific way of unravelling the story behind the data enjoy the story!
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Dobson, Andrew. 5. Environmental futures. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199665570.003.0006.
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Environmental politics is a feature of the political landscape, which, now that it is established, is likely to persist well into the future. In part this is because the problems that have given rise to it are not likely to be solved any time soon. Global warming is at present the most obvious example, but other environmental issues such as species loss, deforestation, and urban pollution are also proving long-lasting. ‘Environmental futures’ also shows that environmental politics has a future because of the way in which it is tied up with livelihoods, particularly in poor and vulnerable communities. The different approaches of reform and radicalism in environmental politics are also discussed.