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Journal articles on the topic 'Area measurement'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Mano, K., K. Sakai, K. Tachibana, K. Sakita, and S. Nishiyama. "THE MEASUREMENT ACCURACY AND MEASUREMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEN LiDAR DRONE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-479-2020.

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Abstract. The aim of this study is to confirm the measurement accuracy and measurement characteristics of Green LiDAR Drone.In Japan, due to recent climate change, the frequency of heavy rainfall has been increasing, and more floods than estimated are occurring every year. Infrastructures that can safely drain the flood are river channel and river levee. Their role is becoming increasingly important. To reduce river disasters and manage disaster risk areas, river management administrations of Japan must understand the state of river channel and river levees. In order to fully identify risk area of disaster, it is considered using Green LiDAR Drone in Japanese river management. From these backgrounds, it is necessary to clarify the measurement accuracy and measurement characteristics of Green LiDAR Drone. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the theoretical basic performance assumed from the device performance. Also, we conducted experimental measurements on flat ground area, river area, and coast area. Through verification of experimental measurements, we confirmed the positional accuracy, bathymetric capabilities of water area, and measurement characteristics of point cloud obtained by Green LiDAR Drone. As the result, it was confirmed the point cloud acquired by Green LiDAR Drone could understand not only the riverbed or coasts topography but also the structures of rivers and coasts, and could be used as basic information for maintenance and construction.

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2

Taxis, Juergen, Lena Ungerboeck, Mika R. Gehrking, Constantin Motel, Matthias Wurm, Alexander W. Eckert, Gerrit Spanier, et al. "Two-Dimensional Post-Traumatic Measurements of Orbital Floor Blowout Fractures Underestimate Defect Sizes Compared to Three-Dimensional Approaches." Tomography 9, no. 2 (March 5, 2023): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography9020047.

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Orbital floor fractures represent a common fracture type of the midface and are standardly diagnosed clinically as well as radiologically using linear measurement methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic measurements of isolated orbital floor fractures based on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) measurement techniques. A cohort of 177 patients was retrospectively and multi-centrically evaluated after surgical treatment of an orbital floor fracture between 2010 and 2020. In addition to 2D and 3D measurements of the fracture area, further fracture-related parameters were investigated. Calculated fracture areas using the 2D measurement technique revealed an average area of 287.59 mm2, whereas the 3D measurement showed fracture areas with a significantly larger average value of 374.16 mm2 (p < 0.001). On average, the 3D measurements were 1.53-fold larger compared to the 2D measurements. This was observed in 145 patients, whereas only 32 patients showed smaller values in the 3D-based approach. However, the process duration of the 3D measurement took approximately twice as long as the 2D-based procedure. Nonetheless, 3D-based measurement of orbital floor defects provides a more accurate estimation of the fracture area than the 2D-based procedure and can be helpful in determining the indication and planning the surgical procedure.

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3

AOKI, Jun, Wei GAO, and Satoshi KIYONO. "High-Speed Measurement of Large Area Micro-Structured Surfaces(Nano/micro measurement and intelligent instrument)." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2005.2 (2005): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2005.2.381.

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4

Bobba, Rakesh B., Jeff Dagle, Erich Heine, Himanshu Khurana, William H. Sanders, Peter Sauer, and Tim Yardley. "Enhancing Grid Measurements: Wide Area Measurement Systems, NASPInet, and Security." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 10, no. 1 (January 2012): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2011.943133.

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5

Wykoff, William R. "Measuring and modeling surface area of ponderosa pine needles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-166.

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Two methods for needle area estimation were compared for Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. & C. Laws., and models were developed to predict total, projected, and abaxial areas. Areas of needles were determined by using video capture image analysis procedures (VCIA) and by direct measurement of needle sections. VCIA area estimates were 4060% less than abaxial areas determined from direct measurements. Allometric models fit to VCIA area and mean needle width (Wv) explained 96% of the variation in measured sample areas; models omitting Wv explained 91% of the variation. Predictions for independently collected validation data were somewhat poorer and slightly biased but had similar residual patterns. Allometric models fit to midneedle width and total needle length explained 99% of the variation in directly measured needle areas, with root mean square error equal to 2% of the mean measured areas. Results were similar for the validation data. For both models, final parameters were estimated from the combined data. It is shown that fascicle areas estimated from predictions for the middle-sized needles are nearly as accurate as estimates based on measurements for entire fascicles. Direct measurement of needles is more portable than VCIA and provides more accurate needle area estimates with less measurement effort.

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6

TORIGOE, Ippei, and Yasushi ISHII. "Surface Area Measurement Utilizing Sound." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 34, no. 3 (1998): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.34.182.

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7

Darvann, Tron A., Nuno V. Hermann, Bjarne K. Ersbøll, Sven Kreiborg, and Samuel Berkowitz. "Palatal Surface Area of Maxillary Plaster Casts—A Comparison between Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Measurements." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, no. 4 (July 2007): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-213.1.

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements on maxillary plaster casts taken from photographs and three-dimensional surface scans, respectively. Materials and Methods: Corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of selected linear distances, curve lengths, and (surface) areas were carried out on maxillary plaster casts from individuals with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate. The relationship between two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements was investigated using linear regression. Results and Conclusions: Error sources in the measurement of three-dimensional palatal segment surface area from a two-dimensional photograph were identified as photographic distortion (2.7%), interobserver error (3.3%), variability in the orientation of the plaster cast (3.2%), and natural shape variation (4.6%). The total error of determining the cleft area/palate surface area ratio was 15%. In population studies, the effect of using two-dimensional measurements is a decrease of discriminating power. In well-calibrated setups, a two-dimensional measurement of the cleft area/palate surface area ratio may be converted to a three-dimensional measurement by use of a multiplication factor of 0.75.

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8

Joseph, Thomas, Barjeev Tyagi, and Vishal Kumar. "Adaptive optimal wide-area controller for multi-area power system using phasor measurement unit measurements." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2019): 5284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0548.

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9

Chandra, Dikky, Sri Yusnita, Dana Bahari Sitepu, Arif Mursydan, and Dwiny Meidelfi. "LTE Network Area Coverage on FDD and TDD Technology." International Journal of Advanced Science Computing and Engineering 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/ijasce.2.1.47.

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FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) and TDD (Time Division Duplexing) Technology I is a duplex technology on the 4G LTE network. FDD technology in Indonesia is deployed in the 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz frequency bands. Meanwhile, TDD technology uses frequency of 2300 MHz. In order to see the performance from the side of coverage, a measurement of the signal strength is conducted by direct measurements in field so that the appropriate technology and frequency band can be determined for the measurement area. The measurements have been done by two samples of different frequencies, namely 1800 MHz for FDD and 2300 MHz for TDD. Measurement of coverage is conducted on the same existing BTS and different BTS for both FDD and TDD modes. The parameter used in this measurement is the RSRQ value as one of the basic parameters of KPI (Key Performance Indicator). The results of drivetest data obtained the farthest coverage area of 789 m, namely the FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) technology with frequency of 1800 MHz and TDD with frequency of 2300 MHz for 633 m.

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10

Chandra, Dikky, Sri Yusnita, Dana Bahari Sitepu, Arif Mursydan, and Dwiny Meidelfi. "LTE Network Area Coverage on FDD and TDD Technology." International Journal of Advanced Science Computing and Engineering 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.62527/ijasce.2.1.47.

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FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) and TDD (Time Division Duplexing) Technology I is a duplex technology on the 4G LTE network. FDD technology in Indonesia is deployed in the 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz frequency bands. Meanwhile, TDD technology uses frequency of 2300 MHz. In order to see the performance from the side of coverage, a measurement of the signal strength is conducted by direct measurements in field so that the appropriate technology and frequency band can be determined for the measurement area. The measurements have been done by two samples of different frequencies, namely 1800 MHz for FDD and 2300 MHz for TDD. Measurement of coverage is conducted on the same existing BTS and different BTS for both FDD and TDD modes. The parameter used in this measurement is the RSRQ value as one of the basic parameters of KPI (Key Performance Indicator). The results of drivetest data obtained the farthest coverage area of 789 m, namely the FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) technology with frequency of 1800 MHz and TDD with frequency of 2300 MHz for 633 m.

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11

Joram, Elana, and Vicki Oleson. "Learning about Area by Working with Building Plans." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 9, no. 8 (April 2004): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.9.8.0450.

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Area measurement is one of the most difficult topics in measurement that teachers cover in the K–6 curriculum. Several authors (Nitabach and Lehrer 1996; Outhred and Mitchelmore 2000) have noted that students' difficulties with area stem from an overreliance on the area formula, with little accompanying understanding of its conceptual basis. Students in the early elementary grades measure objects directly with instruments such as rulers, and in this sense, they see the units that they are “counting.” Calculating the area of a rectangle by means of the a = l × w formula, however, involves a shift in thinking, because area is derived from measurements that have been obtained with a ruler, rather than by directly counting units. When using the formula, students do not have to think about units covering space or an object. When designing a unit of instruction on area measurement, we began the process with this question: How could we help students see how direct measurement (counting units) is connected to indirect (a = l × w) measurement? Another way to frame the question is this: How can students better understand the conceptual basis of area measurement?

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12

Arai, F., C. A. Ng, L. X. Dong, and T. Fukuda. "Temperature Measurement in Local Area by Carbon Nanotubes Thermal Probe." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2004 (2004): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2004.132_1.

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13

Bazan, Anna, Paweł Turek, Paweł Sułkowicz, Łukasz Przeszłowski, and Andrzej Zakręcki. "Influence of the Size of Measurement Area Determined by Smooth-Rough Crossover Scale and Mean Profile Element Spacing on Topography Parameters of Samples Produced with Additive Methods." Machines 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11060615.

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Surface topography measurements are becoming more and more popular and complement the 2D analysis of surface texture. The selection of the measurement area is not yet included in the standards, and the size of this area affects the values of the determined parameters. The article presents the results of research on determining the measurement area based on the smooth-rough crossover scale (SCR) and mean profile element spacing (Rsm) parameters. The tests focused on measuring the surface topography of random and directional types of polymer parts produced by various additive manufacturing techniques. The measurements were conducted using the focus variation method. Surface topography parameters were determined for large evaluation areas determined based on the cut-off filter length Lc and for small areas defined based on the SCR and Rsm parameters. The values of parameters determined from large areas constituted the reference values to which the values determined from small areas were compared. In the case of random-type samples, it was shown that the values of the parameters calculated from smaller areas determined based on the SCR significantly differed from the reference values. For both types of samples, determination of the evaluation area based on the Rsm yielded good results. In most cases, the greatest differences between the values of parameters calculated for small and large areas were noted for the Ssk and Smr1 parameters. Based on the test results, it could be advantageous to replace the measurement of a larger area with the measurement of several smaller areas located at different places on the sample.

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14

Giniotis, Vytautas, and Darius Mariūnas. "ANALYSIS OF DISCRETISATION STRATEGY FOR AREA AND SPACE MEASUREMENT." Geodesy and cartography 31, no. 1 (August 3, 2012): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921541.2005.9636661.

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Measurement strategy is discussed in the article. It is important to optimise the data selection (sampling) from the object for the determination of its geometrical features within some limits of accuracy. The minimal and maximal intervals of measurement must be selected ensuring the maximal efficiency of operation and the accuracy as well. In machine engineering the typical case is in the calibration of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) as it is a quite complicated task because of the variety of accuracy parameters to be checked and the high accuracy that must be assured. Some new techniques for the two- and three-dimensional measurements are discussed in this paper leading to a more efficient calibration process. This is relevant to machine engineering where geometric accuracy parameters are to be determined, to the geodetic measurements where slopes of terrain, area flatness and volumetric features are surveyed, in structural engineering, etc.

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15

Kluková, Zuzana, Štěpán Nosek, Zbyněk Jaňour, and Libor Kukačka. "Lateral transport of traffic pollutants in complex urban area." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002125.

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Owing to the spatial variability of an urban area, even the transport of passive scalar is complex. The examination of the pollutant transport in such turbulent flow as occur within the urban canopy requires the measurements not only the advective but also the turbulent part of this transport. However, recent measurement techniques for the turbulent transport have their limitations. In particular, these measurements are very demanding if one needs to analyze the ventilation processes of the street through the entire streetcanyon openings and which needs to be performed also in the positions where the handling with the measurement instruments might comprise a complex issue or is even impossible. Thus we present a comparison of two methods for the assessment of turbulent and advective pollution fluxes through the lateral openings of two different street canyons with respect to the wind direction and the roof-height nonuniformity to evaluate the importance of the measurement of these fluxes nearby the street-canyon walls. Both of them are based on the simultaneous point measurement of concentration and lateral velocity component and the interpolation between the last measured point and the street-canyon borders, but in the second method the measured area is extended from 77% to 84% of the total area of the lateral openings.

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16

Korva, J. T., and G. A. Forbes. "A simple and low-cost method for leaf area measurement of detached leaves." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 01 (January 1997): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797000173.

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A technique for leaf area measurement utilizing water spray as an inexpensive substitute for electronic equipment was developed and tested with leaves of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The leaf areas measured by the spray method were highly correlated with those measured by an electronic area meter. Measurements of leaf area obtained by the spray method were significantly more highly correlated with those obtained by the area meter than were the measurements of dry weights. The main advantages of the new method are precision, accuracy and immediate results at a low cost.

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17

Bao, Hai, Jin Si Han, Gang Liu, and Ling Wang. "Error Analysis of Wide Area Measurement Based Measurement Power Flow." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.446.

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Measurement take place of calculation is an advantage of wide area measurement based measurement power flow, but its accuracy needs to be explored. This paper points out the measurement power flow’s data dose not conform to the actual power flow’s data on condition of phase angle measurement exist error. Through the analysis of example we can see that the deviation of active power will reach 15% when phase angle exist 0.1°error, its accuracy is worse than DC power flow in engineering calculation .This paper suggest using the phase angle value which was measured as initial value in power flow calculation, it will reduce the error’s impact on power flow calculation.

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18

Wu, Yingchun, Xuecheng Wu, Zhihua Wang, Linghong Chen, and Kefa Cen. "Coal powder measurement by digital holography with expanded measurement area." Applied Optics 50, no. 34 (October 7, 2011): H22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.50.000h22.

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19

Crasto, Jared A., Michael E. Scott, and John R. Fowler. "Ultrasound Measurement of the Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve: The Effect of Teaching on Measurement Accuracy." HAND 14, no. 2 (September 20, 2017): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944717731857.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of concise instruction and guidance on the accuracy of measuring the cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel inlet. Methods: Seven orthopedic residents and 5 hand fellows obtained serial measurements of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel inlet using a 15-6 MHz ultrasound (US) probe. After a 5-minute teaching session, all participants repeated measurements. A single cadaveric specimen was used. Measurements were compared with the measurement of a fellowship-trained hand surgeon with extensive experience in US diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. This was considered the reference standard. Results: The rate of participants selecting the correct structure to measure on US was 36% before instruction and 97% after. Discarding the measurements of the incorrect structure, the average measurement was 4.8 mm2 before instruction and 5.2 mm2 after. The standard measurement was 6 mm2. The average deviation from the standard measurement −.2 mm2 before instruction and −0.8 mm2 after. The percent of measurements (of the correct structure) that fell within 1 mm2 of the standard measurement increased from 62% to 74%. Participant self-reported confidence in performing measurements elevated from 2.4/10 before instruction to 6.5/10 after. Conclusions: US of the median nerve cross-sectional area can be efficiently taught and results in measurements consistent with that of an experienced operator.

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20

Rodhe, Henning. "Photograph from the Zotino measurement area." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 54, no. 5 (November 2002): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16677.

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21

Westreich, M. "ENLARGED PHOTOCOPIES FOR SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENT." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 86, no. 6 (December 1990): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199012000-00042.

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22

Kanuma, Takahiro, K. Ganno, S. Hayashi, and O. Sakaue. "Leaf Area Measurement Using Stereo Vision." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 5 (April 1998): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)42115-x.

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23

Cullen, Amanda L., and Jeffrey E. Barrett. "Area measurement: structuring with nonsquare units." Mathematical Thinking and Learning 22, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10986065.2019.1608619.

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24

SCOTT-CONNER, CAROL E. H., KEVIN M. CLARKE, and HARRY F. CONNER. "Burn Area Measurement by Computerized Planimetry." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 28, no. 5 (May 1988): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198805000-00013.

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25

Schulte‐Fortkamp, Brigitte. "Soundscape measurement in an urban area." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (May 2006): 3260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786097.

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26

Kwinta, Andrzej. "Accuracy of land parcel area measurement." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 6, no. 2 (2012): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2012.6.2.71.

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27

Ansari-Shahrezaei, Siamak, Erdem Ergun, and Michael Stur. "Digital area measurement of fundus landmarks." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 244, no. 6 (December 21, 2005): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-005-0189-y.

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28

Graham, A. A., D. J. McCaughan, and F. S. McKee. "Measurement of surface area of stones." Hydrobiologia 157, no. 1 (January 1988): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00008813.

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29

Ziviani, Artur. "An Overview of Internet Measurements:Fundamentals, Techniques, and Trends." African Journal of Information & Communication Technology 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2006): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajict.v2i1.19.

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The Internet presents great challenges to the characterization of its structure and behavior. Different reasons contribute to this situation, including a huge user community, a large range of applications, equipment heterogeneity, distributed administration, vast geographic coverage, and the dynamism that are typical of the current Internet. In order to deal with these challenges, several measurement-based approaches have been recently proposed to estimate and better understand the behavior, dynamics, and properties of the Internet. The set of these measurement-based techniques composes the Internet Measurements area of research. This overview paper covers the Internet Measurements area by presenting measurement-based tools and methods that directly influence other conventional areas, such as network design and planning, traffic engineering, quality of service, and network management.

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30

Umezaki, Eisaku, Kosuke Saito, Wataru Murata, and Kenichi Kodama. "OS7-7 Photoelastic Stress Analysis by Area-Type Shear Difference Method(Stress and strain measurement II,OS7 Stress and strain measurement,MEASUREMENT METHODS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.98.

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31

RECIOUI, Abdelmadjid, Mohamed TAZIBT, and Hakim BENHENNI. "Fault Detection in Wide Area Monitoring Systems via PMU Optimal Placement." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v2i3.41.

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The Phasor measurement units (PMUs) have become more and more attractive in power engineering as they can provide synchronized measurements of real-time voltage and currents phasors. The objective of this work is twofold: first, the optimal placement of PMUs is done in the standardized IEEE systems. Next, fault location is determined based on the measurements collected from these PMUs. The simulations are carried out using MATLAB SIMULINK. The results show that it is possible to exploit the PMU measurement data to locate and hence cure the faults in the power system.

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32

Dahlkötter, Florian, Frank Griessbaum, Andres Schmidt, and Otto Klemm. "Direct measurement of CO2 and particle emissions from an urban area." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 19, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0492.

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33

Gdoura, Ahmed, Jacquelyn D. Parente, Sabine Hensler, Sabine Krüger-Ziolek, Claudia Kuehlbach, Margareta M. Mueller, and Knut Möller. "Method Comparison of In Vitro Wound Area Measurements." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0075.

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AbstractWound area is a primary outcome measure in wound healing studies. This method comparison study evaluates differences of wound area measurements of a newly developed image analysis method based on wound edge contour to an existing method based on contrast tolerance. Digital images of 64 wounds were taken immediately after wounding matured in vitro 3D organotypic tissues with a biopsy punch. Wound area measurements were calculated using each image analysis method and then normalized. The method comparison study evaluates the difference of each paired measurements for all 64 wound areas. Measurement differences are demonstrated and evaluated in normalized data boxplots, scatter plots with a line of equality, data histogram and Normal probability plots, and a Bland-Altman plot of paired measure difference against mean. The measured wound areas using the tolerance method have large variability in comparison to the contour method measures. The tolerance method measures often underestimate and overestimate what is assumed to be an approximately repeatable initial wound size. Skewness in comparison plots are due to the ‘fat tails’ introduced by the variability of measurements of the tolerance method. In contrast, the contour method results in larger wound area measurements on average at a statistically significant level of difference. The relatively less variable range of contour method measurements suggest this method has more potential to agree with the ‘true’ wound area. Future work to improve the method are proposed for application of image analysis methods to distinguish true wound area and measurement error in time for wound healing treatment-control experiments.

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34

Kobler, James B., Steven M. Zeitels, Robert E. Hillman, and Jeff Kuo. "Assessment of Vocal Function Using Simultaneous Aerodynamic and Calibrated Videostroboscopic Measures." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 107, no. 6 (June 1998): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949810700605.

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Despite many attempts to model how vocal fold movements relate to the aerodynamic forces acting on them during phonation, there have been few simultaneous measurements of glottal area and transglottal air pressures and flows. A novel system is described that combines endoscopic measurement of glottal area with aerodynamic flow and pressure measures made during phonation. Results from bench top model tests and from one human subject are presented. For both tests, an aerodynamic model of airflow through a constriction was used to predict the area of the constriction (glottis), and these predictions were compared with endoscopic measurements. The results showed good correlation between predicted and observed areas; however, for small constrictions (<0.025 cm2), whether artificial or glottal, the errors in estimating areas with either optical or aerodynamic methods increase significantly. These results suggest that this measurement system has the potential to enhance the assessment of vocal function.

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35

Liao, Lyuchao, Zhengrong Li, Shukun Lai, Wenxia Jiang, Fumin Zou, Xiang Yu, and Zhiyu Xu. "An expressway traffic congestion measurement under the influence of service areas." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): e0279966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279966.

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Identifying traffic congestion accurately is crucial for improving the expressway service level. Because the distributions of microscopic traffic quantities are highly sensitive to slight changes, the traffic congestion measurement is affected by many factors. As an essential part of the expressway, service areas should be considered when measuring the traffic state. Although existing studies pay increasing attention to service areas, the impact caused by service areas is hard to measure for evaluating traffic congestion events. By merging ETC transaction datasets and service area entrance data, this work proposes a traffic congestion measurement with the influence of expressway service areas. In this model, the traffic congestion with the influence of service areas is corrected by three modules: 1) the pause rate prediction module; 2) the fitting module for the relationship between effect and pause rate; 3) the measurement module with correction terms. Extensive experiments were conducted on the real dataset of the Fujian Expressway, and the results show that the proposed method can be applied to measure the effect caused by service areas in the absence of service area entry data. The model can also provide references for other traffic indicator measurements under the effect of the service area.

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Takagawa, Junya, Yan Zhang, Maelene L. Wong, Richard E. Sievers, Neel K. Kapasi, Yan Wang, Yerem Yeghiazarians, Randall J. Lee, William Grossman, and Matthew L. Springer. "Myocardial infarct size measurement in the mouse chronic infarction model: comparison of area- and length-based approaches." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 6 (June 2007): 2104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00033.2007.

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Efficacy of potential treatments for myocardial infarction (MI) is commonly assessed by histological measurement of infarct size in rodent models. In experiments involving an acute MI setting, measurement of the infarcted area in tissue sections of the left ventricle is a standard approach to determine infarct size. This approach has also been used in the chronic infarct setting to measure infarct area several weeks post-MI. We tested the hypothesis that, because wall thinning is known to occur in the chronic setting, the area measurement approach would be less appropriate. We compared infarct measurements in tissue sections based on 1) infarct area, 2) epicardial and endocardial infarct arc lengths, and 3) midline infarct arc length. Infarct sizes from all three measurement approaches correlated significantly with left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion abnormality. However, the infarct size values derived from the area measurement approach were significantly smaller than those from the other two measurement approaches, and the range of values obtained was compressed 0.4-fold. The midline method allowed detection of the expected size differences between infarcts of variable severity resulting from proximal vs. distal ligation of the coronary artery. Segmental infarct size was correlated with segmental wall motion abnormality. We conclude that both area- and length-based measurements can be used to determine relative infarct size over a wide range of severity, although the area-based measurements are substantially more compressed due to wall thinning, and that the estimation of infarct midlines is a simple, reliable approach to infarct size assessment.

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Fleury, M. "Measurement of interfacial area from NMR time dependent diffusion and relaxation measurements." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 509 (January 2018): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.024.

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Santos, Mary C., Louise Strande, and Edward J. Doolin. "Airway Measurement Using Morphometric Analysis." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, no. 11 (November 1995): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510401101.

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Measurement of airway size using endoscopic morphometry was investigated. Endoscopic images of the porcine tracheobronchial tree were obtained via a Storz system at a known distance from the telescope. The bronchi were marked with transluminal wires, transected, and imaged. All images were analyzed morphometrically with a computer image at multiple sites (N = 20). The endoscopic measurements were plotted against the macro lens images so that a straight line with a slope of 1 would indicate a consistent correlation. Area measurements for all images had a slope of 0.67 (r = .885); however, for images with area < 80 mm2 the slope was 1 (r = .928) and for images with area > 80 mm2 the slope was −0.63 (r = .757). Minor axis measurements had a slope for all images of 0.71 (r = .879), for images with area < 80 mm2 of 0.93 (r = .875), and for images with area > 80 mm2 of −0.34 (r = .482), and major axis had a slope for all images of 0.73 (r = .904), for images with area < 80 mm2 of 0.88 (r = .923), and for images with area > 80 mm2 of−0.59 (r = .771). Accurate area measurements as well as major and minor axis measurements can be obtained for airways with area < 80 mm2 by means of this system. Each bronchoscope-telescope unit has an optimal target size for which measurements are accurate.

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Molnár, Viktor. "Minimization Method for 3D Surface Roughness Evaluation Area." Machines 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9090192.

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3D surface roughness measurement is still a less mature procedure than its 2D version. The size of the evaluation area is not as standardized as the measurement length in the 2D version. The purpose of this study is to introduce a method for minimizing the evaluated surface area. This could help industrial applications in minimizing the time and cost of measurements. Machining experiments (hard turning and infeed grinding) and surface roughness measurements were carried out for automotive industrial parts to demonstrate the introduced method. Some frequently used roughness parameters were analyzed. Basic statistical calculations were applied to analyze the relationship between the surface area and the roughness parameter values and regression analyses were applied to validate the results in case of the applied technological data. The main finding of the study is that minimum evaluation areas can be clearly designated and, depending on the different roughness parameter–procedure version, different evaluation sizes (Sa: 1.3 × 1.3 mm; Sq: 1.4 × 1.4 mm; Ssk and Sku: 2 × 2 m; Sp and Sv: 1.7 × 1.7 mm) are recommended.

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Biging, Greg S., and Lee C. Wensel. "The Effect of Eccentricity on the Estimation of Basal Area and Basal Area Increment of Coniferous Trees." Forest Science 34, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/34.3.621.

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Abstract A sample of noncircular tree cross-sections was examined to determine basal area and basal area increment. Basal area estimates were calculated with a circular model from single measurements of diameter and from averages of two diameter measurements. Basal area increment estimates were made with several geometric models from single measurements of radial increment and averages of two measurements of radial increment. Commonly used tree cross-sectional area estimates investigated were biased, usually overestimating basal area. Several generalized geometric models of area increment were investigated, but none tested were uniformly supported by the data with accuracy related to the specific increment measurements selected. However, results indicated that either a single increment measurement taken on the minor axis or the shortest increment from the major axis yielded accurate estimates of basal area increment for several of the models tested. For. Sci. 34(3):621-633.

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Kronqvist, Pauliina, Teijo Kuopio, Yrjö Collan, Csaba Horvath, and Ülle Tamm. "The Reproducibility of Nuclear Morphometric Measurements in Invasive Breast Carcinoma." Analytical Cellular Pathology 15, no. 1 (1997): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/402125.

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The intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of computerized nuclear morphometry was determined in repeated measurements of 212 samples of invasive breast cancer. The influence of biological variation and the selection of the measurement area was also tested. Morphometrically determined mean nuclear profile area (Pearson’sr0.89, grading efficiency (GE) 0.95) and standard deviation (SD) of nuclear profile area (Pearson’sr0.84, GE 0.89) showed high reproducibility. In this respect, nuclear morphometry equals with other established methods of quantitative pathology and exceeds the results of subjective grading of nuclear atypia in invasive breast cancer. A training period of eight days was sufficient to produce clear improvement in consistency of nuclear morphometry results. By estimating the sources of variation it could be shown that the variation associated with the measurement procedure itself is small. Instead, sample associated variation is responsible for the majority of variation in the measurements (82.9% in mean nuclear profile area and 65.9% in SD of nuclear profile area). This study points out that when standardized methods are applied computerized morphometry is a reproducible and reliable method of assessing nuclear atypia in invasive breast cancer. For further improvement special emphasize should be put on sampling rules of selecting the microscope fields and measurement areas.

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Ma, Jing, Shravan Garlapati, and James S. Thorp. "Robust Wide Area Measurement System-Based Control of Inter-area Oscillations." Electric Power Components and Systems 39, no. 9 (May 24, 2011): 850–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2010.549542.

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Deventer, Malte Julian, Frank Griessbaum, and Otto Klemm. "Size-resolved flux measurement of sub-micrometer particles over an urban area." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0441.

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Caset, Freke, and Ben Derudder. "Measurement and interpretation of ‘global cultural cities’ in a world of cities." Area 49, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/area.12324.

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Vykhristyuk, I. A., R. V. Kulikov, and E. V. Sysoev. "Measurement of the large area surface relief by optical interference microscope." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 8, no. 1 (May 18, 2022): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-8-1-66-71.

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It was presented the procedure of stitching surface regions measured by optical interference microscope to get a microrelief of large area. It was shown that usage of that procedure allows to perform measurements which are difficult at the processing of measured surface regions separately. Measurement results and stitching are presented.

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Harada, Tadashi, Takashi Fukuda, Kazumi Etori, Osamu Nishizawa, Hiromitsu Noto, Takumi Kumasaki, and Kazuaki Kigure. "URETHRAL COMPLIANCE AND CROSS SECTIONAL AREA MEASUREMENT." Japanese Journal of Urology 76, no. 9 (1985): 1341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1928.76.9_1341.

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OBAIA, ABED EL WAHB R., and ABD EL FATAH M. DREES. "DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT LEAF AREA MEASUREMENT APPARATUS." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 95, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2017.148899.

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Goo, You Mee, and Dal Ho Kim. "Bayesian small area estimations with measurement errors." Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society 24, no. 4 (July 31, 2013): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2013.24.4.885.

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Dimitraki, N. S., and S. N. Dimitraki. "Measurement of a conductor cross sectional area." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 44, no. 1 (February 2008): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375508010146.

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Zakharenko, V. A., D. G. Lobov, A. G. Shkayev, and A. A. Valke. "Pyrometer with video monitoring of measurement area." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 181 (2022): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2022-181-73-77.

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A pyrometer with non-parallel sighting is developed, which allows simultaneously with temperature measurement to perform video surveillance of the control object. Pyrometer has optically connected lens, signal meter, thermostat in which radiation receiver is placed, and video camera. The front surface of the thermostat is polished, directed at an angle of 45 ° to the optical axis of the lens and has a hole that acts as a field diaphragm. Video camera is directed to polished surface of thermostat perpendicular to optical axis of lens. Pyrometer operation, its design and functional diagram are described.

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