Academic literature on the topic 'Area Marina Protetta'
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Journal articles on the topic "Area Marina Protetta"
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Corbisiero, Fabio. "Come apprendere ad essere un turista sostenibile attraverso le Aree Marine Protette: il caso del Parco Sommerso di Gaiola Napoli." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 126 (January 2022): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2021-126009.
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Le Aree Marine Protette svolgono tre funzioni-chiave: preservare la biodiversità marina, contribuire all'economia locale, sostenere processi di fruizione turistica sostenibile. In Italia, le AMP vengono realizzate sia per la preservazione di paesaggi naturalistici sia come dispositivo di educazione ambientale. Questo saggio considera il caso del Parco Marino Sommerso di Gaiola a Napoli esplorando, attraverso l'approccio etnografico, le implicazioni socio-culturali che configurano un rapporto tra visitatori, tutela ambientale e pratica turistica.
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Aznar, Mariano J. "Spain and Marine Protected Areas: Recent Developments." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 33, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12334051.
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Abstract Spain has just declared a new marine protected area in the Mediterranean. This follows a protective trend taken by Spanish authorities during the last decades and has permitted Spain to honour its international compromises under the Convention on Biological Diversity. It contributes to a framework of protected areas established under conventional regimes such as OSPAR, RAMSAR or EU Natura 2000. The new area protects a ‘cetacean corridor’ and will be inscribed in the list of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance under the Barcelona Convention regional framework.
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Gajjar, Juhi, Bhoomi Prajapati, and Hitesh Solanki. "A REVIEW ON MANGROVES AND ITS THREATS." VIDYA - A JOURNAL OF GUJARAT UNIVERSITY 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47413/vidya.v1i2.24.
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Mangroves are a very important ecosystem of the earth it provides habitat for fauna and flora. It protects the coastal area from degradation. It helps for groundwater recharge, reduces soil erosion protects the coastal areas from tides. Mangroves act as purification of polluted water that comes from rivers or streams to the sea, it absorbs heavy metals from the polluted water and protect the seawater from being polluted. It is very important to plant from marine vegetation.
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Estradivar, Christian Novia N. Handayani, Dirga Daniel, and Adib Mustofa. "MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORK DESIGN: CASE STUDY OF MALUKU PROVINCE." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 1, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/coj.1.2.135-146.
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Since 2014, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries has started to initate the development of MPA Network in several provinces in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to provide scientific recommendations to the government and stakeholders on MPA Network design that maximizes the ecological functions, protects critical marine habitats and maintains fisheries stocks. Multi-stages spatial analysis and larva connectivity modelling using the best available data in a provincial level were applied. Until December 2015, Maluku Province had seven MPAs with a total of 288,414 ha. Based on spatial analysis, those MPAs had good Replication of critical habitats, but low Representation of critical habitats (3,8% from 20% of ideal representation percentage) that were protected within MPAs. Besides that, only five out of seven MPAs that were connected, i.e. the distance between MPAs is less than 100 km, meanwhile the other two MPAs were isolated from other MPAs. Maluku Province also had several nodes of strong larva connectivity values. This study demonstates the potential to develop an MPA Network in Maluku Province under these several considerations: (1) build new MPAs in several locations such as Buru Island, Maluku Barat Daya, Aru Islands, etc. (2) enlarge the existing MPAs, especially the small size MPAs, and (3) strengthen the roles and functions of management bodies in each MPA and promote an integrated management plan development with all MPA management bodies.
Keywords
MPA Network, Maluku Province, 3K (Representation, Replication and Connectivity), Larva Connectivity
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Lodi, L., R. Tardin, and G. Maricato. "Modeling cetacean habitat use in an urban coastal area in southeastern Brazil." Marine Ecology Progress Series 642 (May 28, 2020): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13313.
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Most studies of cetacean habitat use do not consider the influence of anthropogenic activities. We investigated the influence of environmental and anthropogenic variables on habitat use by humpback Megaptera novaeangliae and Bryde’s whales Balaenoptera brydei off the coast of the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. Although there are 2 marine protected areas (MPAs) in this area, few data are available on cetacean habitat use or on the overlap of different cetacean species within these MPAs. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the MPAs and propose a buffer zone to better protect the biodiversity of the study area. We conducted systematic surveys and developed spatial eigenvector generalized linear models to characterize habitat use by the species in the study area. Habitat use by humpback whales was influenced only by depth, whereas for Bryde’s whales there was the additional influence of anthropogenic variables. For Bryde’s whales, which use the area for feeding, sea surface temperature and the distance to anchorages had a major influence on habitat use. We also showed that neither of the MPAs in the study area adequately protects the hotspots of either whale species. Most of the humpback whale grid cells with high sighting predictions were located within 2 km of the MPAs, while areas of high sighting prediction of Bryde’s whales were located up to 5 km from the MPAs, closer to beaches. Our findings provide important insights for the delimitation of protected areas and zoning of the MPAs.
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Montesano, Anna. "Turismo sostenibile e regolamentazione del traffico marittimo nelle aree marine protette: il caso del Santuario "Pelagos"." RIVISTA ITALIANA DI DIRITTO DEL TURISMO, no. 37 (December 2022): 144–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dt2022-037007.
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Al Batati, Nabil, Fakhruldin M. Hashim, and William Pao. "Simulation of Drill Pipe Lateral Vibration due to Riser's Oscillation." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.168.
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This paper attempts to explain the motion behaviour of the marine riser coupled to a drill string when the vortex induced vibration (VIV) is involved. Vibrations have been reported to have a major effect on the drilling performance, affecting the rate of penetration (ROP), causing severe damages to the drilling tools and also reduces the efficiency of the drilling process. There are two major components of drilling tools that are subjected to vibration, namely the marine riser and the drilling string. Analysis of vibration in the marine riser and drill string are two topical areas that have individually received considerable attention by researchers in the past. Though these two subjects are interrelated, borne by the fact that the marine riser encapsulates and protects the drill pipe, there have been few attempts to investigate them together as a unity. Due to the complexities of the models, simplified assumptions were made in order to undertake the investigation by using staggered approach. The results were compared with the experimental and simulation data from the open literature. It was found that the maximum displacement with negative damping occurs at low frequency and rotation speed.
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Sujan, D., C. W. Nguong, S. N. B. Lee, and Mesfin G. Zewge. "Wear Properties of Oil Palm Cellulose Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.81.
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This paper attempts to explain the motion behaviour of the marine riser coupled to a drill string when the vortex induced vibration (VIV) is involved. Vibrations have been reported to have a major effect on the drilling performance, affecting the rate of penetration (ROP), causing severe damages to the drilling tools and also reduces the efficiency of the drilling process. There are two major components of drilling tools that are subjected to vibration, namely the marine riser and the drilling string. Analysis of vibration in the marine riser and drill string are two topical areas that have individually received considerable attention by researchers in the past. Though these two subjects are interrelated, borne by the fact that the marine riser encapsulates and protects the drill pipe, there have been few attempts to investigate them together as a unity. Due to the complexities of the models, simplified assumptions were made in order to undertake the investigation by using staggered approach. The results were compared with the experimental and simulation data from the open literature. It was found that the maximum displacement with negative damping occurs at low frequency and rotation speed.
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Li, Liang, Ming Yang, Saroj Kumar Shrestha, Hyoungsu Kim, William H. Gerwick, and Yunjo Soh. "Kalkitoxin Reduces Osteoclast Formation and Resorption and Protects against Inflammatory Bone Loss." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052303.
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Osteoclasts, bone-specified multinucleated cells produced by monocyte/macrophage, are involved in numerous bone destructive diseases such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and inflammation-induced bone loss. The osteoclast differentiation mechanism suggests a possible strategy to treat bone diseases. In this regard, we recently examined the in vivo impact of kalkitoxin (KT), a marine product obtained from the marine cyanobacterium Moorena producens (previously Lyngbya majuscula), on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and on the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated in vitro osteoclastogenesis and inflammation-mediated bone loss. We have now examined the molecular mechanism of KT in greater detail. KT decreased RANKL-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-multinucleated cells at a late stage. Likewise, KT suppressed RANKL-induced pit area and actin ring formation in BMM cells. Additionally, KT inhibited several RANKL-induced genes such as cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), TRAP, and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). In line with these results, RANKL stimulated both genes and protein expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1), and this was also suppressed by KT. Moreover, KT markedly decreased RANKL-induced p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK pathways at different time points. As a result, KT prevented inflammatory bone loss in mice, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoclast differentiation markers. These experiments demonstrated that KT markedly inhibited osteoclast formation and inflammatory bone loss through NFATc1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Therefore, KT may have potential as a treatment for destructive bone diseases.
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Andesta, Indah, Hary Jocom, and Emilia Ayu Dewi Karuniawati. "Modeling of Sustainable Marine Resources: Case Study Sampan Tribe in Riau Island, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 324 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132403003.
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Currently, massive practice in fisheries caught and lack of marine ecosystem is not the only news in Indonesia but also in most other countries. Those practices are based on compliance with the growing food needs due to the growth of the world’s population. The Riau Island, known as the Sampan Tribe, has been practicing methods and maintaining a sustainable marine ecosystem from generation to generation for decades. The focus of this research is on the Sampan tribe and the practice of sustainable marine resources. To understand the interactions and activities, culture, values by the Sampan tribe to maintain harmony with the sea and marine ecosystems. It shapes modeling of sustainable marine resources. To gain the best of modeling the Sampan tribe using qualitative method. The researchers did the deep interview with the key of informant from sampan tribe in the land, observation the three areas which was Berakit Bintan, Kampung Tua Batam, and Belakang Padang Batam. To support the data, the researcher did a literature study related to the sea, sampan tribe, and coastal ecosystem. The Sampan tribe consists of three practices, namely the practice of fishing gear, marine ecosystem sustainability practice, and the practice of prohibiting the catching marine animals. They believe that maintaining the sustainability of the marine ecosystem will have an impact on fish survival. It followed by a ban on catching several types of marine animals such as dugongs, turtles, dolphins, and whales. In fishing, the Sampan tribe protects the spawning fish, and the size of the fish is not caught. Their practices are in line with the government policies regarding the catching of fish, fishing gear, and protected marine animals. To conclude, the Sampan tribe is one of the drivers for supporting sustainable marine resources with practices and it is believed to be able to save the sea and existence as a Sampan tribe.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Area Marina Protetta"
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Beltrano, Anna Maria. "Monitoraggio delle risorse alieutiche con l'ausilio di sistemi informativi geografici in una riserva naturale marina e sito natura 2000." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2555.
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2006/2007L’obiettivo di tale studio è stato quello di implementare un Sistema di Informazione Geografica (GIS) per il monitoraggio dell’attività di pesca e delle risorse alieutiche, considerando le marinerie delle Isole Egadi, a rappresentanza di alcune tipologie di base dell’attività di pesca artigianale e per i diversi vincoli ambientali che in quest’area insistono quali la Riserva Naturale Marina e i Siti Natura 2000, al fine di suggerire opportune strategie di protezione sia per le risorse pescabili che per l’ambiente. Quindi un sistema esperto a supporto delle decisioni, che consenta di visualizzare i complessi scenari nell’ambito della valutazione delle risorse alieutiche nella dimensione spazio-temporale (Spatial Decision Support System), orientato alla pianificazione territoriale per un uso sostenibile delle risorse naturali, sinergica e coordinata tra i vari enti territoriali preposti. Nel corso di tale studio è stato messo a punto un data-warehouse, orientato alla pianificazione territoriale contenente differenti tipologie di dati ambientali, un database relazionale (RDBMS) contenente i dati riguardanti la pesca e la flotta, e un GIS in grado di gestire, analizzare, integrare dati eterogenei, riferendoli alle rispettive posizioni geografiche, finalizzato nello specifico ai seguenti obiettivi: - Studio delle caratteristiche ambientali dell’area di interesse; - Caratterizzazione della struttura della flotta per ciascun porto; - Variabilità degli attrezzi utilizzati nel tempo e nello spazio in ciascun porto; - Indagine delle specie catturate, qualitativamente e quantitativamente; - Indagine dello sforzo di pesca e cattura per unità di sforzo (CPUE), nello spazio e nel tempo; - Analisi dei principali parametri chimico-fisici ambientali (temperatura, salinità, ossigeno, etc); - Rilevazione delle condizioni climatiche e meteo-marine; - Individuazione di specie e habitat di elevato valore ecologico; - Valutazioni ambientali e indicazioni gestionali. In particolare, è stata indagata l’area di studio, gli aspetti geologici, biologici, con particolare rilievo ad habitat e specie di interesse scientifico e/o ecologico, mediante ricerche bibliografiche e campagne sperimentali in mare. Sono state realizzate le indagini inerenti la pesca e la flotta mediante i seguenti metodi: metodo indiretto e metodo diretto. Il metodo indiretto ha compreso la raccolta dei dati settimanalmente mediante rilevazione allo sbarco, per un intero anno. Il metodo diretto ha compreso la realizzazione di campagne sperimentali opportunamente pianificate, utilizzando come campionatore diverse tipologie di imbarcazioni e attrezzi delle marinerie dell’area, per la raccolta diretta di dati, sempre nell’arco di un anno. Durante le pescate sperimentali si è fatto uso di strumentazione GPS (Global Positioning System) per registrare le coordinate geografiche del punto iniziale, medio e finale dell’attrezzo in pesca. La profondità, a cui sono state effettuate le pescate, è stata registrata mediante ecoscandaglio. I dati oceanografici sono stati prelevati in situ, mediante sonde multiparametriche. Sono state rilevate informazioni riguardo le condizioni climatiche e meteo-marine. E’ stato realizzato un GIS facendo uso del software ArcGIS 9.1 della ESRI. Per la definizione dei temi e per uniformare le informazioni raccolte e catalogate nel datawarehouse, questo è stato strutturato in accordo ad un Thesaurus di Riferimento per Applicazioni ambientali (Environmental Applications Reference Thesaurus, EARTh). I dati riguardanti la pesca e la flotta sono stati elaborati e organizzati in un Database relazionale (RDBMS), che ha permesso la gestione dell’informazione geografica assicurando caratteristiche quali efficienza nelle prestazioni, controllo degli accessi, controllo delle ridondanze, conferendo una formidabile elasticità alla struttura e quindi di analisi spaziale, permettendo così di analizzare i diversi aspetti dei fenomeni. Questo è stato arricchito con collegamenti (hyperlink) a documenti utili (leggi, direttive, vincoli territoriali), immagini (foto di barche, coste, specie, attrezzi), pagine web. Infine, il sistema è stato organizzato in modo che, effettuando differenti interrogazioni ed operazioni quali analisi di dati spaziali (interpolazioni, operazioni di overlay, raster calculator), analisi degli attributi (query o funzioni di ricerca, SQL, summarize, statistics) e analisi integrata (spaziali e attributi), ha permesso di ottenere differenti informazioni nella dimensione spazio-temporale. In conclusione, il sistema è stato predisposto per analizzare e visualizzare i complessi scenari esistenti nell’ambito della valutazione delle risorse alieutiche nella dimensione spazio-temporale (monitoraggio), considerando le caratteristiche ambientali e le diverse problematiche dell’area, in modo da prevedere i possibili scenari futuri (forecasting) creando una modellizzazione della realtà, al fine di: fornire indicazioni nel pianificare una gestione ottimale delle risorse, razionale, integrata e sostenibile, quindi fornire spazialmente una scelta di soluzioni al decisore (Spatial Decision Support System) per la conservazione degli stock ma anche per preservare gli ecosistemi marini; avviare in caso di un’area sottoposta a più vincoli (Riserva Marina, Sito Natura 2000, IBA) una pianificazione concertata e sinergica tra i diversi livelli istituzionali preposti (governance multilivello e interscalare) ed evitare quindi una pianificazione conflittuale o ridondante. Il sistema realizzato potrebbe vedere applicazione nell’ambito delle seguenti pianificazioni: per la realizzazione dei piani di gestione pesca regionali, inerenti il Programma Operativo Pesca - FEP nazionale (Fondo Europeo per la Pesca); per l’elaborazione dei piani di gestione dei Siti Natura 2000; per la predisposizione delle varie fasi della Valutazione Ambientale Strategica (VAS); per la predisposizione di piani territoriali di Gestione Integrata della Fascia Costiera GIZC; nell’istituzione di Aree Marine Protette o Riserve Naturali Marine, Parchi, ed in particolare risulterebbe utile nella pianificazione della zonazione, soprattutto quando in tali aree è presente come forte componente l’attività di pesca, ricoprendo un elevato valore in termini di occupazione, commercio, attività ricreative e quindi di benessere economico.
The objective of this study was to implement a Geographic Information System (GIS) for the monitoring of fishing activities and alieutic resources in the Egadi Islands, as being representative of a few fundamental kinds of small-scale fishing and for various existing environmental restrictions such as the Marine Reserve and Natura 2000 sites. The purpose was to suggest appropriate conservation strategies for both alieutic resources and the environment. In other words, an expert system to decision support, making it possible to visualize complex scenarios in the assessment of alieutic resources in a space-time dimension (Spatial Decision Support System), geared towards spatial planning -for a sustainable use of natural resources- in synergy and coordination among the various authorities in charge. In the study a data-warehouse was set up, geared towards spatial planning and containing various categories of environmental data, a relational database (RDBMS) containing data on fishing and fleets, and a GIS capable of processing, analyzing and integrating heterogeneous data in reference to their respective geographical locations, with the following specific objectives: - Study of the environmental characteristics of the area of focus; - Characterization of the structure of the fleet for each port; - Investigating fishing gear changes in time and space in each port; - Quantitative and qualitative investigation of the species caught; - Analysis of fishing effort and catch per unit effort (CPUE), in time and space; - Analysis of the main environmental -physical and chemical- parameters (temperature, salinity, oxygen, etc.); - Survey of climatic and sea weather conditions; - Identification of species and habitats of high ecological value; - Environmental assessment and management guidelines. In particular, the investigation was carried out on the area of focus, its geological and biological aspects, with special attention to habitats and species of scientific/ecological interest, through bibliographic research and experimental sampling at sea. The investigation on fishing and fleets has been carried out with the following methods: indirect method and direct method. The indirect method has involved weekly collection of data from interviews at landing, over a whole year. The direct method has involved carefully planned sampling trips, using various types of boats and gear of the local fisheries for direct collection of data, also over a whole year. In the sampling process, a GPS (Global Positioning System) was used to record the initial, middle and final geographical coordinates of the fishing gear. Depths of experimental fishing were recorded with an echo sounder. Oceanographical data were obtained on site, with the use of multiparametric probes. Information has been recorded on climatic and sea weather conditions. The GIS was set up using ArcGIS 9.1 software by ESRI. For definitions of topics and to standardize the information collected and filed in the data-warehouse, this has been structured in accordance to the Environmental Applications Reference Thesaurus (EARTh). Data regarding fishing and fleets have been processed and organized in a relational database (RDBMS), which has made it possible to manage geographical information as well as assuring characteristics such as efficiency of performance, access control, redundancy control, thus giving the structure remarkable flexibility also in terms of spatial analysis and the possibility of looking at the various aspects of events. The database has also been enriched with hyperlinks to useful documents (laws, directives, planning restrictions), images (photos of boats, coastlines, species, gear), and web pages. Finally, the system has been organized so as to be able to obtain various kinds of information in a space-time dimension through operations and procedures such as spatial data analysis (interpolation, overlay, raster calculator), analysis of attributes (query or search functions, SQL, summarize, statistics) and integrated analysis (spatial data and attributes). In conclusion, the system has been set to analyze and visualize complex scenarios in the assessment of fishable resources in a space-time dimension (monitoring), taking into consideration the environmental characteristics and various critical factors of the area, so as to forecast possible scenarios and create models of reality with the purpose of: providing indications for optimal, rational, integrated and sustainable resource management, as well as a range of spatial options for decision-makers (Spatial Decision Support System) for the conservation of stock and marine ecosystems; in the case of areas subjected to multiple restrictions [Marine Reserve, Natura 2000 site, IBA (Important Bird Areas)], giving way to a concerted, synergic planning activity among the various authorities in charge (multi-level and inter-scalar governance) and thus avoiding any conflictual, redundant planning. Such system could be applied in the following planning situations: implementation of regional fishing management plans within the national Operational Programme – EFF (European Fisheries Fund); preparing of management plans for Natura 2000 sites; preparation of the various phases of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA); preparing of plans for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM); institution of Marine Protected Areas or Marine Reserves, Parks, in particular, it would be useful to plan the zoning of this areas protected, especially when fishing activity is strong and of high value for occupation, trade, recreational activities and hence economic welfare.
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TANI, ILARIA. "Le aree naturali protette marine e costiere e il diritto internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7793.
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The research focuses on the institutional and regulatory aspects of marine protected areas in the international legal framework. The first Part analyses the concept of "marine (and/or coastal) protected area" in its fundamental elements; the second Part evaluates the zonal approach, on which the regulation of all ocean activities is actually based, and the sectoral approach, that characterizes almost all international instruments dealing with the creation of marine reserves; the third Part relates to the experience in the Mediterranean Sea and analyses two national legislations on marine protected areas (Spain and Italy).
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Ceciliot, Giulia. "Valutazione dell'efficacia di gestione dell'AMP di Miramare: gli impatti delle attività di visita in snorkeling." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6263/.
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All’interno della Riserva Marina di Miramare, in particolare nella zona A, vengono svolte da sempre attività di balneazione a scopo educativo, didattico e di visita guidata, autorizzate dall’Ente Gestore. In questo studio, è stato scelto un set significativo di specie, su cui verificare un livello di efficacia di gestione rispetto al possibile impatto causato da attività svolte in snorkeling, in particolare seawatching e mini corsi di biologia marina per bambini. Per prima cosa, con l’utilizzo di un GPS, si è voluto caratterizzare l’itinerario svolto dalle attività, come un insieme di punti, e questa procedura è stata ripetuta più volte per avere una rappresentazione realistica del percorso. In seguito attraverso QGIS, è stato possibile creare delle Mappe di concentrazione dei punti, per individuare i siti in cui i turisti, che si apprestano a svolgere le attività, si soffermano maggiormente ad osservare gli organismi sottostanti, in questo modo sono state evidenziate delle aree lungo il percorso, caratterizzate da un maggiore impatto antropico. Il campionamento in acqua si è svolto in queste aree, attraverso l’ausilio di transetti, lungo i quali sono stati presi dati di presenza/assenza inerenti al set di specie preso in considerazione. A ciascuna specie, sono stati poi attribuiti dei criteri: Vulnerabilità, Valore eco-naturalistico, Diffusione, Valore estetico e Valore economico, per mezzo dei quali sono state individuate le specie che necessitano di maggiore attenzione, in quanto potrebbero subire danni a causa delle attività che si svolgono in Riserva.
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MARCIAS, SANDRO. "Misura della connettività e della dispersione dell’aragosta rossa Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) in Sardegna con l’uso di marcatori genetici STRs e mitocondriali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266092.
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Measures of connectivity and dispersion of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) in Sardinia through the use of STRs and mitochondrial genetic markers
The spiny lobster Palinurus elephas is an important alieutic resource for all the Mediterranean Sea and especially Sardinia. For this reason, recently, in order to protect the intensively exploited stocks of the species, several no-take areas have been created in Sardinia seas. Apart from the first area (Su Pallosu), established in 1998, 14 new no-take areas have been created in 2009, after the encouraging results of the first experimentation.
On the basis of this new important project, for the first time a genetic survey was established, through the development of this thesis, in order to achieve several important objectives. In fact, the present work permitted to: i) evaluate the genetic effects of the first pilot project established in Su Pallosu in 1998, comparing the molecular data of individuals sampled at the time of the institution and after twelve years; ii) provide the first genetic data and characterize the populations living in the new no-take areas, which will serve as a future baseline for comparison in assessing the effectiveness of new project; iii) estimate the extent of the gene flow and thus the connectivity and genetic structuring among populations of Palinurus elephas in Sardinia; iv) assess the health status of the stock, through the measurement of genetic variability and any demographic changes over time; v) verify the efficiency and the differences of two genetic markers here implemented.
The study was accomplished through the use two different molecular markers: 10 different microsatellite loci, of nuclear origin, and a portion of the mitochondrial control region. The two types of markers have substantial differences in terms of measuring the spatial and temporal variability, thus can be considered complementary in the study.
In order to achieve all the objectives, 305 individuals of spiny lobsters were sampled, representing 7 of the 15 no-take areas, and genetically characterised for all microsatellite loci and mitochondrial control region.
Results evidenced a positive increment in genetic variability in the first experimental area Su Pallosu from 1998. This results enforces the success of the repopulation action. Moreover, mitochondrial marker did not reveal any significant structure among sampling sites, whereas the individuals seem to belong to the same unique population. From a demographic point of view, Su Pallosu sample seems to be stable, mainly because of the release in the area of tagged spiny lobster during the restocking project, while all other samples are most probably expanding at the moment. Once again, all efforts towards the establishment of an active repopulation seems to be positive.
Microsatellite loci, on the other side, seem to reveal a fable population structure, also because of the higher resolution degree of the marker, nevertheless this structure is not to be considered as consequence of a reduced gene flow. This weak structure could be the result of two important opposite forces driving the gene flow: a very dispersive larval phase versus a more sedentary adult lifestyle.
In conclusion, the results here shown demonstrate the efficacy of a more aware and conscious policy towards such an important ecological and economic resource. All efforts to repopulate and make recover the Sardinian spiny lobsters population seem to be effective and should be maintained and improved whenever and wherever possible. The results obtained today, originating in 1998, give strong support for locally defined management and conservation plans strategies that have been demonstrated to be effective.
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ZAPATA, PAULA ANDREA. "The use of remote sensing techniques to support marine protected areas management and marine spatial planning decisions." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243073.
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La presente tesi di dottorato prende in considerazione tecniche di rilevamento acustiche (Remote sensing, RS) e ottiche per lo sviluppo di modelli di distribuzione e mappatura (Distribution and mapping modelling, DMS) come strumenti di gestione per valutare lo stato degli habitat bentonici e per supportare decisioni relative alla pianificazione dello spazio marittimo (Marine Spatial Planning). Modelli di distribuzione di habitat e specie sono stati analizzati congiuntamente ad analisi spaziali e analisi di immagine da video subacquei, e messi in relazione alle caratteristiche geomorfologiche del substrato, raccolte tramite RS e validate tramite immersioni di controllo. L’impiego del Sistema Informativo Geografico (GIS) ha permesso di disegnare spazialmente la distribuzione e l’estensione degli habitat così come la distribuzione e l’intensità delle pressioni antropiche, creando quindi un dataset utile a sostenere adeguate scelte gestionali. L’accuratezza dei modelli è stata testata e confrontata. I risultati hanno permesso di definire un quadro metodologico che potrebbe essere facilmente recepito a fini gestionali. Sono infatti state sviluppate delle linee guida da distribuire ai gestori di Aree Marine Protette e ai manager interessati alla gestione della fascia costiera, utili ad inviduare le aree prioritarie in termini di conservazione, sulla base di modelli predittivi che potrebbero suggerire anche eventuali azioni di recupero ambientale. I risultati ottenuti dal presente lavoro mettono quindi in relazione complessità geomorfologica e habitats, permettendo di sviluppare piani di gestione che prendono in considerazione la distribuzione e l’intensità degli impatti antropici.The present doctoral degree thesis is based on the implementation of remote sensing (RS) methods habitat mapping and distribution modelling (DMs) techniques as management tools to assess the status of benthic habitats and to support Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) decisions. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to model the spatial boundaries of the physical and biological datasets, as well to assess the proximity of anthropogenic pressures. Through spatial examination, image analysis and underwater video, the biological patterns of habitats/species were related to the variation in geomorphology based on geophysical substrate properties gathered through RS techniques in combination with optical data, collected during the ground truthing sampling. In addition, DMs and classification approaches were applied and their accuracy tested. Finally, a methodological framework was suggested as guideline to inform and provide recommendations to managers and policymakers about how to accurately locate and best protect benthic habitats and its resources, how to evidence possible different sensitivities between habitats in relation to geomorphology, create or redefine different zones or levels of protections at Marine Protected Areas and how to forecast future changes due to global warming and/or anthropogenic activities. General results demonstrate that the produced maps provide information about where the habitats/species could be present and how they are related to the geomorphological context and/or the anthropogenic pressures. Results emphasize the role of critical expert evaluation of spatial predictions before they are used to guide policy. We conclude that RS and DMs could be very useful tools for understanding the distribution of species–habitat associations and to help resources managers make informed and ecologically relevant decisions.
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Massaro, Giorgio <1976>. "Metodi di gestione delle aree marine protette: attività di ricerca per l'applicazione di tecniche ed indicatori di efficacia." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1009.
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Pacha, Vicente Esteban. "Propuesta de designación de la Zona Marina Especialmente Sensible del Estrecho de Gibraltar y Golfo de Cádiz : Una estrategia para mejorar la protección de las aguas marinas frente a los riesgos que se derivan del transporte marítimo = Proposal for the designation of the Particularly Sensitive Sea Area of the Strait of Gibraltar and Gulf of Cadiz : a strategy to protect the marine environment from risks rising as a consequence of maritime transportation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277379.
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In recent years, society has begun to take a new view of its relations with the surrounding environment, and in particular has become aware of the need to ensure the sustainability of the oceans and their biodiversity. This concerns have also moved the scientific community to include aspects of environmental science and engineering in their curricula.
This thesis links both the causes and effects of maritime transport with the necessary protection of marine resources aiming to justify a specific proposal that would allow the right balance between the needs of maritime transportation and the desired environmental protection of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cadiz.
Recent studies show that the model of human activity in this area is hardly sustainable in the terms in which has occurred to date and conclude that continuing with the current rate of growth of these activities would result in environmental problems leading to decreased levels of quality of life and a weakness of the productive sectors. It has also been demonstrated that the effects of chronic discharges in areas adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar are more damaging than large spills even though limited in time, as occurred in the aftermath of the Prestige accident.
Shipping is one of those human activities that have an ongoing impact on the marine environment and is capable of generating acute risks of serious environmental and economic consequences to the region. For these reasons, other Spanish waters enjoy some degree of protection against threats arising from shipping: the Mediterranean Sea is a Special Area under MARPOL Convention; the Cantabrian Sea and the north-western Atlantic waters are part of the Western European PSSA; and the Canary Islands were also designated as PSSA were several protective measures have been implemented.
The designation of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) represents a major advance in environmental protection that complements other existing conservation strategies. It is striking to note that despite the fact that the area subject to study supports one of the largest maritime traffic intensities of the planet and includes important spaces of environmental conservation - including UNESCO's Biosphere Reserves-, lacks an adequate level of protection to minimize the risks of marine pollution.
In summary, this thesis studies the characteristics of the maritime area of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cadiz, as well as the levels of protection against the risks arising from shipping. A thorough analysis of the different options offered by international regulations to improve the aforementioned levels of protection leads to the conclusion that it would be appropriate to formally designate the area as a PSSA. Consequently, the dissertation postulates a detailed and definitive proposal for the designation of the PSSA STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR AND GULF OF CADIZ including various associated protective measures that could be implemented to improve safety of navigation, thus reducing the impact that maritime activities pose on the marine environment.
The proposals put forward may also constitute a case study on how to combine science and engineering to achieve an environmental objective. In particular, Chapter 5 forms the basis for an eventual formulation of the proposed PSSA to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Finally, the thesis provides lines of future research on further protection of the proposed PSSA. As a result, in addition to its value in the academic context, the work undertaken could materialize into concrete proposals that would contribute to the transfer of knowledge to the advantage of economic and social development through implementation of the academic research. This indeed contributes to the achievement of the UPC's own driven general strategies, as well as the enacted goals of the Campus of International Excellence of the Sea in the territorial context of the area covered by this thesis.Esta tesis estudia las características del litoral y de las aguas marítimas de la zona del Estrecho de Gibraltar y Golfo de Cádiz, así como los niveles de protección frente a los riesgos derivados de la navegación y otras actividades marítimas en esa zona. Tras analizar detalladamente las diferentes opciones que ofrece la normativa internacional para mejorar los referidos niveles de protección, se concluye que resultaría adecuada la designación por parte de la Organización Marítima Internacional de esas aguas como Zona Marina Especialmente Sensible (ZMES) de acuerdo con las disposiciones del Convenio MARPOL. Consecuentemente, el trabajo personal de planteamiento de la tesis aporta una propuesta concreta para la designación de la ZMES del ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR Y GOLFO DE CÁDIZ que constituye el objeto principal de la tesis. Finalmente, a través de metodologías de selección de criterios, se diseña un sistema de ordenación de tráfico marítimo para la zona designada, que incluye distintas Medidas de Protección Asociadas que podrían implantarse para mejorar la eficiencia y los niveles de seguridad de la navegación reduciendo por tanto el impacto de las actividades marítimas sobre el medio marino
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Madeira, Helena Pereira. "A proteção da biodiversidade marinha da Ilha de Ataúro, Timor-Leste." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/91280.
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Timor-Leste is one of six countries of the Coral Triangle Region. Several studies show that its
seas have the largest maritime biodiversity in the world, particularly the waters around Ataúro
island. In order for these resources to contribute to the national economy, a preservation analysis
is required that only protect areas can allow.
About 90 % of the economy of Timor-Leste depends on the revenues of the oil industry. Timor-
Leste is the second most dependent country in the world on oil, and its reserves are rapidly
ending. This means it is necessary to establish policies of economic diversification, and to look
for new economic industries with more sustainable capacity for growth.
The creation of the marine protected area (MPA) is regarded as an adequate tool to protect
maritime biodiversity, species and habitats, endangered ecosystems and ecological processes.
This is true for the coastal areas as well as in the deep ocean. The assurance of the long-term
sustainability of the MPA’s will greatly depend of the ability and resources (human, financial and
material or technological). The collaboration between the public entities, the private sector, the
civil society, non-governmental organizations and local communities also plays a crucial role.
This work aims at finding the adequate public policies for the conservation and protection of the
maritime natural resources and the environment of Timor-Leste. It also analyzes two important
subsectors for the substitution of oil revenues, namely Tourism and Fishing. According to the
literature, as well from the practice of other countries, these subsectors are key to generate
profits from the sea, both greatly benefiting with the creation and management of MPA’s. If well
managed and exploited, it is expected they can contribute to the economic growth of the country
and the well-being of the Timorese people, especially in the island of Ataúro.
Furthermore, the obstacles and challenges to the achievement of the goals set in the strategic
plan for national development, particularly regarding the sea, will also be discussed.Timor-Leste é um dos seis países da Região do Triângulo de Coral. Vários estudos mostram que o seu mar tem a maior biodiversidade marinha do mundo, particularmente as águas em torno da ilha de Ataúro. Para que estes recursos contribuam para a economia nacional, requer-se uma atitude preservacionista, que as áreas protegidas podem realizar na perfeição. Cerca de 90% da economia de Timor-Leste depende das receitas do setor petrolífero. Com efeito, Timor-Leste é o segundo país do mundo mais dependente do petróleo e as suas reservas estão quase a acabar. Isto significa que exige uma necessidade urgente de políticas de diversificação económica, procurando desenvolver setores económicos mais sustentáveis. A criação de área marinha protegida (AMP) é considerada uma ferramenta para proteger a biodiversidade marinha, espécies e habitats, ecossistemas em risco e o processo ecológico, quer nas zonas costeiras, quer nas oceânicas. A sustentabilidade a longo prazo da AMP está grandemente dependente do desenvolvimento de capacidades e de recursos (humanos, financeiros, e materiais/tecnológicos). É importante ainda a colaboração entre entidades públicas, setor privado, sociedade civil, organizações nãogovernamentais e as comunidades locais. Neste trabalho, além de se procurarem descobrir quais as medidas e políticas públicas adequadas para a conservação e proteção dos recursos naturais marinhos e meio ambiente em Timor-Leste, são também analisados dois subsetores importantes para a substituição das receitas petrolíferas, nomeadamente o Turismo e a Pesca. De acordo com a literatura, bem como pelas experiências de outros países, estes dois subsetores económicos apresentam-se como fundamentais para gerar receitas a partir do mar, beneficiando grandemente pela criação e gestão de AMPs. Quando bem geridos ou explorados, espera-se que possam contribuir para o crescimento económico do país e para o bem-estar do povo timorense, principalmente a população da ilha de Ataúro. Para além disso, também aqui se analisam os obstáculos e desafios passíveis de impedir Timor- Leste de alcançar as metas traçadas no seu plano estratégico de desenvolvimento nacional, particularmente no domínio do mar.
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BRIANI, MASSIMO. "Dalle valutazioni di sostenibilità alla gestione integrata delle zone turistiche costiere del mediterraneo." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/608445.
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CAIANIELLO, LUCA. "Il diritto delle coste." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1196764.
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La presente ricerca mira a fornire spunti utili ai fini di un ripensamento sistemico delle politiche, degli strumenti, nonché dei connessi dispositivi giuridici settoriali, che incidono sulle coste nazionali, nella prospettiva della “Gestione integrata delle zone costiere” (Gizc). Più in particolare, il lavoro è volto a declinare il modello di origine sovranazionale su scala nazionale, offrendo soluzioni de iure condito e de iure condendo, concepite entro i due distinti schemi gestionali – più o meno consolidati – del “governo del territorio” e della “protezione integrale della natura”, idonei a rappresentare i principali paradigmi teorico-giuridici rinvenibili sul piano interno in ordine alla tutela delle coste, nonché, più in generale, alla tutela dell’ambiente.
Books on the topic "Area Marina Protetta"
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Pintagro, Mario. Le aree marine protette in Sicilia =: Marine protected areas in Sicily. Palermo: Kalós, 2009.
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Marino, Davide. Le aree marine protette italiane: Stato, politiche, governance. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2011.
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Zoppi, Corrado. Aree protette marine e costiere: Questioni di pianificazione del territorio. Roma: Gangemi, 1993.
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Benincasa, Fabrizio, ed. Seventh International Symposium "Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas. Problems and Measurement Techniques". Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-811-2.
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The Seventh International Symposium Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas. Problems and Measurement Techniques (Livorno, Italy June 19-20-21, 2018) was organized by the CNR-IBIMET in collaboration with the City of Livorno, the LEM Foundation, the FCS Foundation and the Compagnia dei Portuali di Livorno, with the patronage by Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Accademia dei Georgofili, The University of Florence, the Tuscany Region and the North Tyrrhenian Sea Port System Authority. The Symposium, in which scholars from all over the Mediterranean basin participated, was an opportunity to illustrate new proposals and to promote actions to protect the Mediterranean coastal marine environment. In particular, the event was characterized by the search for technical and instrumental solutions to problems related to: energy production in the coastal area, morphology and evolution of coastlines, flora and fauna of the littoral system, management and integrated coastal protection, coastline geography, human influence on coastal landscape.
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Valutazione dell'efficacia di gestione delle aree marine protette italiane: Isole Ciclopi, Miramare, Penisola del Sinis, Secche di Tor Paterno, Torre Guaceto. Trieste: EUT, 2007.
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Chapman, Blake. Shark Attacks. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307364.
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Humans spend more time in or on the water than ever before. We love the beach. But for many people, getting in the water provokes a moment’s hesitation. Shark attacks are big news events and although the risk of shark attack on humans is incredibly low, the fact remains that human lives are lost to sharks every year.
Shark Attacks explores the tension between risk to humans and the need to conserve sharks and protect the important ecological roles they play in our marine environments. Marine biologist Blake Chapman presents scientific information about shark biology, movement patterns and feeding behaviour. She discusses the role of fear in the way we think about sharks and the influence of the media on public perceptions. Moving first-hand accounts describe the deep and polarising psychological impacts of shark attacks from a range of perspectives.
This book is an education in thinking through these emotive events and will help readers to navigate the controversial issues around mitigating shark attacks while conserving the sharks themselves.
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Jaeckel, Aline, and Rosemary Rayfuse. Conceptions of Risk in an Institutional Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795896.003.0009.
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Advances in scientific knowledge have led to competing imageries of the environmental risks and uncertainties associated with deep seabed mining. As the central institution charged with managing deep seabed mining and protecting the marine environment from its adverse impacts, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) provides an institutional platform for the conceptualisation and regulation of those risks and uncertainties. This chapter examines the manner in which environmental risks and uncertainties are conceptualised within the ISA and the processes through which it regulates in the face of uncertainty. In doing so it reveals the extent and the manner in which the existence of an institutional platform affects how the imagined future of perceived economic riches is being balanced against the need to protect an environment about which little is known.
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Chapman, Blake, and Astred Hicks. Ocean Animals. CSIRO Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486311422.
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Dive in to the incredible world of ocean animals!
Ocean animals are truly awesome. They come in every size, colour and shape imaginable. They are also some of the weirdest, sneakiest and smartest animals on the planet!
This book focusses on the features and skills that make these creatures extra-incredible. You will discover animals that are masters of defence and others that use high speeds to eat or avoid being eaten. There are sea creatures that use their size as an advantage, both big and small, and others that are just really, really smart!
Whether you’re a fan of fish, a connoisseur of crustaceans, mad about molluscs or just love jellyfish, Ocean Animals has got you covered. You may even discover some fantastical creatures you never knew existed.
Full of fun facts, 'sea-lebrity' species profiles and amazing pictures, you will also learn about issues threatening marine life and tips on how to help protect our amazing ocean environments.
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Richardson, Allissa V. Bearing Witness While Black. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190935528.001.0001.
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Bearing Witness While Black: African Americans, Smartphones and the New Protest #Journalism tells the story of this century’s most powerful black social movement through the eyes of 15 activists. At the height of the Black Lives Matter uprisings, African Americans filmed and tweeted evidence of fatal police encounters, spurring a global debate on excessive police force, which disproportionately claimed the lives of African Americans. The book reveals how smartphones, social media, and social justice empowered black activists to create their own news outlets, continuing a centuries-long, African American tradition of using the news to challenge racism. It identifies three overlapping eras of domestic terror against African American people—slavery, lynching, and police brutality—and the journalism documenting their atrocities, generating a genealogy showing how slave narratives of the 1700s inspired the abolitionist movement; black newspapers of the 1800s galvanized the anti-lynching and civil rights movements; and smartphones of today powered the anti–police brutality movement. This lineage of black witnessing, the book shows, is formidable and forever evolving. The text is informed by the author’s activism. Personal accounts of her teaching and her own experiences of police brutality are woven into the book to share how she has inspired black youth to use mobile devices to speak up from the margins. Bearing Witness While Black conveys a crucial need to protect our right to look into the forbidden space of violence against black bodies and to continue to regard the smartphone as an instrument of moral suasion and social change.
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Majumder, Sarasij. People's Car. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282425.001.0001.
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People's Car explores one of the major movements for resisting the acquisition of land by the government in the interests of siting a Tata Motors car factory in Singur, India. The factory becomes the alibi for nuanced interrogations that are both material and theoretical on resistance, changing rural realities in globalizing India and the very nature and idea of land. It asks why such long drawn resistances against corporate industrialization coexist with political rhetoric and slogans promoting fast paced industrialization. It argues that such contradictory rhetoric and promises target divided sentiments in rural India where land is more than a simple agricultural plot to middle caste small and marginal landowners aspiring nonfarm futures. People's Car breaks new ground by ethnographically establishing the incommensurability between land and money. Such incommensurability or non-equivalence, the book shows, simultaneously drives protests against land acquisition and fuels the demands for non-farm jobs and industrialization, the crux of rural middle-caste aspirational politics. It questions the dominant trend of romanticizing rural life and associated anti-development protests that uses the clichéd dichotomous tropes—rural Bharat vs. urban India.
Book chapters on the topic "Area Marina Protetta"
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Sgambati, Domenico, Erica Moura, Ala Eddine Said, Laura Rueda, Etienne Hoarau, Lidija Pribelja, Daniels Kļaviņš, Alba Fagnano, Antonella de Angelis, and Antonino Miccio. "Monitoraggio, conservazione e informazione nella Baia Di Ieranto: un modello circolare per la gestione delle Aree Marine Protette." In Proceedings e report, 597–609. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.60.
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The 7 years monitoring-conservation-information program in the special B zone of Ieranto bay (belonging to the Marine Protected Area Punta Campanella - Naples, Italy) shows good results in terms of reducing illegal activities (such as illegal fishing, unauthorized boating, pollution and anchoring) and promoting environmental awareness for visitors. This 3-way management model represents one of the best practices of the MPA that could be applied to other MPAs in order to improve the correct usage of a protected area and to decrease/control the illegal actions and protect the environment
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Fossi, Maria Cristina, and Cristina Panti. "The Impact of Marine Litter in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Mediterranean Sea: How Can We Protect MPAs?" In Mare Plasticum - The Plastic Sea, 117–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38945-1_6.
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Küfeoğlu, Sinan. "SDG-14: Life Below Water." In Emerging Technologies, 453–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_16.
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AbstractGlobal systems and processes that assure the supply of rainwater, drinking water and oxygen are regulated by oceanic temperature chemistry, currents and life. Pollution, diminished fisheries and the loss of coastal habitats all have negative impacts on the ocean’s sustainability. Such activities have severely impacted around 40% of the world’s oceans. SDG-14, Life Below Water, aims to conserve marine ecosystems by establishing regulations for removing pollutants from the sea, decreasing sea acidification and regulating the fishing sector to ensure sustainable fishing. As a result, the major incentive for this goal is to protect and utilise marine ecosystem services sustainably. This chapter presents the business models of 36 companies and use cases that employ emerging technologies and create value in SDG-14. We should highlight that one use case can be related to more than one SDG and it can make use of multiple emerging technologies.
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Kallenbach, Emilie M. F., Elisabeth S. Rødland, Nina T. Buenaventura, and Rachel Hurley. "Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments." In Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process, 87–130. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_4.
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AbstractIn recent years, the focus of microplastic research has begun to observe a shift from the marine towards terrestrial and freshwater environments. This is in response to a greater awareness of the predominance of land-based sources in marine microplastic contamination. In this regard, terrestrial and freshwater environments are often perceived as conduits for microplastic particles to the oceans, but this overlooks substantial and important complexities associated with these systems, as well as the need to protect these ecosystems in their own right. This chapter focuses on several critical sources and pathways deemed to be highly important for the release of microplastics to the environment. These include road-associated microplastic particles (RAMP) and emissions related to agriculture that are, thus far, under-researched. Transfers and accumulations of particles within terrestrial and freshwater systems are also reviewed, including the state of knowledge on the occurrence of microplastics in different environmental compartments (air, water, sediments, biota). Methodological constraints are addressed, with particular focus on the need for greater harmonisation along all stages of sampling, analysis, and data handling. Finally, the chapter discusses the ultimate fate of particles released to terrestrial and freshwater environments and highlights critical research gaps that should be addressed to evolve our understanding of microplastic contamination in complex and dynamic environmental systems.
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Huang, Pei-Hua. "Uncertainty, Vaccination, and the Duties of Liberal States." In Philosophy of Engineering and Technology, 97–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08424-9_5.
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AbstractIt is widely accepted that a liberal state has a general duty to protect its people from undue health risks. However, the unprecedented emergent measures against the COVID-19 pandemic taken by governments worldwide give rise to questions regarding the extent to which this duty may be used to justify suspending a vaccine rollout on marginal safety grounds. In this chapter, I use the case of vaccination to argue that while a liberal state has a general duty to protect its people’s health, there is a limit to the measures this duty can be used to justify. First, I argue that since every available option involves different risks and benefits, the incommensurability of the involved risks and benefits forbids the prioritisation of a particular vaccine. Second, I argue that given epistemic limitations and uncertainty, policies that favour certain vaccines are not only epistemically ill-founded but also morally unacceptable. I conclude that in a highly uncertain situation such as the unfolding pandemic, the duty a liberal state ought to uphold is to properly communicate the knowns and unknowns to the general public and help people decide which option to choose for themselves. I call this duty the duty to facilitate risk-taking.
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Miniero, Paola. "Il parco sommerso di Baia: da sito archeologico ad area marina protetta." In Comunicare la memoria del Mediterraneo, 197–204. Publications du Centre Jean Bérard, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pcjb.4015.
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"Developments since 1982: The Obligations to Protect and Conserve Marine Biodiversity." In Marine Protected Areas in International Law, 81–84. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004324084_007.
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"Specially Designated Areas to Protect the Marine Environment against Impact of International Shipping Activities." In Marine Protected Areas in International Law, 371–403. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004324084_020.
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"The Traditional Approach of the los Convention to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment and to Conserve Living Resources." In Marine Protected Areas in International Law, 74–80. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004324084_006.
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Beuret, Jean-Eudes, and Anne Cadoret. "Measuring Marine Protected Areas’ Conservation Effort: A Different Look at Three Deeply-Rooted Illusions." In Protected Area Management - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98933.
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As a major tool for policies to protect biodiversity, the current idea of Marine Protected Areas is based on a triptych (a status, a perimeter, and regulations) that is intended to ensure their effectiveness, with the conservation effort assessed by adding up the classified surface areas. Based on an international comparative analysis using 13 differentiated case studies, we take another look at three founding illusions according to which (a) the MPA status corresponds to protection (b) on the level of the classified perimeter, and (c) founded upon regulations laid down to be respected. Our analysis shows that the status is an activatable capital, whose activation may encounter various obstacles that we have listed; that we should distinguish between two levels and types of protection, active and passive, rather than stick to the classified perimeter; that the lack of specific regulations means nothing with regard to the lack of protection; and that MPAs with a legal arsenal at their disposal use these rules first and foremost as a medium for dialogue with stakeholders, with various aims. This analysis leads us to specify what MPAs actually are, and to suggest new means and indicators to assess the conservation efforts made.
Conference papers on the topic "Area Marina Protetta"
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Kostianoy, A. G., C. Ambjorn, and D. M. Soloviev. "Seatrack Web: A numerical tool to protect the Baltic Sea marine protected areas." In 2008 IEEE/OES US/EU-Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/baltic.2008.4625487.
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Verlotski, Vadim, Rudolf H. Stanglmaier, Gu¨nter Moormann, and Ralph Geraets. "Mineral-Metal, Multi-Phase Coatings to Protect Combustion Chamber Components Against Hot-Gas Corrosion and Thermal Loading." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35068.
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Many marine and stationary engines operate on fuels that contain corrosive elements, with the result that some highly-loaded combustion chamber components must be replaced frequently. MWH has pioneered the development of mineral-metal, multi-phase coatings to protect valves and other highly-loaded engine components against hot-gas corrosion. Mineral-metal, multi-phase coatings are a unique and innovative approach to improving hot-gas corrosion resistance in a cost-effective manner. In general, these coatings combine the beneficial chemical and thermal attributes of ceramic coatings with the mechanical properties and substrate adhesion characteristics of a metal. Extensive laboratory and field trials have proven that MWH CrystalCoat protects HFO engine exhaust valves against hot-gas corrosion. It is projected that the newest coating formulation (CrystalCoat HT) will protect 4-stroke HFO exhaust valves against hot-gas corrosion over their entire service life.
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Said Salim, A., S. Velusamy, and A. Nachiappan. "Renewable power source weather station." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.027.
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Due to the huge significance of climatic changes in various fields, weather forecasting and monitoring play a big role in the day to day life. These atmospheric changes like temperature, pressure, and humidity are critical elements to be checked regularly as they can help to either plan activities like agriculture, the likelihood of rain, or they can warn and protect human life from the serious issues that can happen including floods and extreme heat. There are numerous instruments and online applications that can monitor and give weather forecasting information, yet these methods do not provide accurate weather readings at a local area but instead, they give readings of the nearby station where they receive the information. This paper gives an outstanding solution of monitoring weather conditions accurately at a local area, by utilization of electronic sensors and equipment like DHT11 [3] for sensing of the data and display those on the LCD screen.
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Duchateau, Etienne, and Richard Logtmeijer. "System-Of-Systems Modelling and Simulation in Warship Design for Operations." In SNAME 14th International Marine Design Conference. SNAME, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-261.
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Naval ships, or more generically naval systems, rarely operate as a single asset, most often they operate in small or large task-groups. Individual ships are thus part of a larger complex interacting system-of-systems performing a variety of tasks and missions in support of national and international naval operations. In such a system-of-systems composition naval systems are mutually supportive. For example, a replenishment ship is there to support task-group combatants, while the combatants in turn protect the replenishment ship which typically has few self-defence measures. Timely insight into system interactions and trade-offs driving the performance, effectiveness and affordability of these system-of-systems is crucial in achieving balanced designs which work and operate effectively in naval operations. A NATO Research Task Group (RTG) was initiated to investigate how systems-of-systems technical, operational and cost modelling can help in identifying and understanding such insights aiding requirements elucidation. In support of this RTG, the Netherlands Defence Materiel Organization has worked on a test-case to demonstrate the benefits and possibilities of assessing alternative naval ship designs, and their individual technical requirements, in a system-of-systems modelling approach. In this test-case, a small task-group performing two consecutive naval operations, mine clearance and a non-combatant evacuation, was modelled with the purpose of investigating the influence of ship design requirements on the overall mission effectiveness. Specifically, the interactions of varying requirements on ship signatures and mine clearance sonar performance were investigated. Also, the difference between a single large or two smaller amphibious assault ships was included. This was done to investigate the trade-off between a single large ship with concentrated but possibly vulnerable landing capacity versus two smaller ships with distributed and less vulnerable landing capacity. Each system-of-systems alternative was evaluated in terms of the overall mission effectiveness, which is defined as the number of evacuees rescued, and total acquisition cost. The results of the test-case indicate that indeed a significant trade-off in mission effectiveness and cost exists between investing in mine clearance sonar performance versus reducing the vulnerability of the task-group ships, either by distributing the landing capacity over two assault ships, or by reducing the ship signatures. The cost-benefit results clearly show these distinct trade-offs giving the supporting information for setting the task-group ships requirements. In conclusion, the applied system-of-systems modelling approach has made it possible to identify and quantify important interactions in the test-case. Traditional single ship, single operation modelling and simulation would not have captured these essential insights. Hence, designing effective and affordable (war) ships requires a broadening of scope from a single ship and single operation perspective to a system-of-systems performing multiple (consecutive) operations.
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Lester, T., S. J. Harris, D. Kingerley, and S. Matthews. "Thermally Sprayed Ternary Materials for Enhanced Corrosion Protection." In ITSC 1997, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1997p0183.
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Abstract Thermal spraying has been used to protect many steel structures from aqueous corrosion using Zinc and Aluminium, and to some extent their alloy coatings to provide galvanic protection. The lifetimes of the coatings can approach 50 years even when exposed in severe marine environments. Zinc coatings work by continuously sacrificing themselves and slowly dissipating over time. Aluminium coatings passivate more readily and form a barrier layer, the passivity makes them less able to protect damaged areas and to self heal. A new ternary coating system involving Aluminium, Zinc and Magnesium has been shown to be capable of providing both a passive barrier layer as well as being able to give galvanically active protection. Salt spray tests have shown that the resistance to red rust of these new coatings increases by 300% over similar thicknesses of the separate metal coatings. Processing by arcspray is straightforward and both adhesion and deposition efficiency are better than where Zinc is sprayed alone.
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Chen, Yang, and Mengqi Hu. "A Guided Particle Swarm Optimizer for Distributed Operation of Electric Vehicle to Building Integration." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67530.
Full textAbstract:
Relevant research has demonstrated that more potential benefits can be achieved when energy and information are transacted and exchanged locally among different energy consumers. With increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), various models and solution strategies have been developed for collaboration between building and EV charging station to achieve greater energy efficiency. However, most of the existing research employs centralized decision model which is time consuming for large scale problems and cannot protect private information for each participator. To bridge these research gaps, a guided particle swarm optimizer based distributed decision approach is proposed to study the energy transaction between building and EV charging station. In the proposed decision approach, the marginal price signal of transactive energy is collected to guide iterative direction of particle’s velocity and position which can maximally protect private information of building and EV charging station. A study case based on a commercial building and a nearby charging station in Chicago area is designed for illustration. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed marginal price guided particle swarm optimizer is more stable and efficient comparing with canonical particle swarm optimizer and two state-of-the-art distributed decision algorithms.
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Berry, David, Mehar Chand Meelu, Bruce G. McMordie, and Thomas A. Kircher. "Enhancing Performance of Silicon-Modified Slurry Aluminides on Turbine Components Operating in Marine Environments." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-359.
Full textAbstract:
A variety of coatings have been designed to protect turbine components from corrosion due to the combined effects of environmental contaminants, fuel impurities and elevated temperatures. The most effective of these systems rely upon formation of a protective alumina scale to act as a barrier between the gas path environment and the component. Protection offered by these alumina-forming high temperature coatings is increased by a number of additive elements, including platinum and chromium, but silicon (Si) is found to be especially beneficial in coatings exposed to high concentrations of sulfur in marine environments. Silicon-modified slurry aluminides are shown to resist to both high temperature and low temperature hot corrosion on both nickel and cobalt alloys in marine service. Laboratory tests show this corrosion resistance can be further enhanced by redistributing critical elements (particularly silicon) within the microstructure of the silicon-modified aluminide. The benefits of these changes are demonstrated in field engine trials.
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Katti, Srinidhi, Simone Colantoni, and Girolamo Tripoli. "Sealing in Fabricated Shrouds of Aero-Derivative Power Turbine for Marine and Industrial Applications." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2339.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gas Turbine shroud is a static component, which forms the outer flow path surface and sealing clearances to turbine blade tip. It also protects the casing from hot gases ingestion and radiation. Shrouds are segmented circumferentially to accommodate the large thermal gradients. The sealing between adjacent segments and the hook clearances play an important role in controlling hot gas ingestion and loss of efficiency. Heavy duty engine shrouds are typically bulky and machined from either forged ring or investment casting. They have tight tolerance-controlled hooks and hence controlled clearances with casing. It incorporates intersegment seals to control leakages between adjacent segments. On the other hand, Aero-derivative shrouds are typically thin and sheet metal fabricated. Tight tolerance control is not possible in sheet metal hooks and use of intersegment seal is also not feasible in these thin structures. Hence both the design features and approach to address sealing criteria will be different. In this article, it presents the challenges like manufacturing constraints and life requirements and the optimization study that was performed to meet the sealing criteria considering these challenges.
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Hughes, K. D. "The Role of Ozone in Marine Environmental Protection." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2014-oc1.
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Ozone has an important but as yet largely unfulfilled role to play in reducing damage to marine ecosystems, as well as, improving the onboard environment and living conditions for all shipboard personnel. Ozone can provide pure and safe potable water that is critical to vessel safety as pure water has an immediate impact on the health and morale of both crew and passengers. Ozone can also be the central player to eliminate chlorine in the disinfection of sewage in a new type of MSD that recycles the water for reuse in toilets. Controlling the spread of non-indigenous, invasive species transported in ballast water is another beneficial and valuable application of ozone The in situ purification of potable water in the holding tanks is in use 24/7 aboard four US Navy-owned ships, Research Vessels Knorr, Atlantis, Roger Revelle, and Melville and one NSF-owned ship, R/V Oceanus. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was the first to opt for an ozone-based Water Quality Assurance system to treat water stored in the ship’s fresh water holding tanks in 1996andwith immediate success of the first installation the rest followed soon thereafter. The most recent installations of the Chem-Free WQA (Water Quality Assurance) system aboard new US Navy vessels are AGOR 27, R/V Neil Armstrong, commissioned in April 2014, and AGOR28 R/V Sally Ride. Ozone is also being used on board yachts from 31 ft. to over 300 ft., both power and sail, for indoor air quality and odor control, as well as odor control in the headspace of black and gray water holding tanks and simultaneous treatment of potable water. The marine environment, be it fresh, brackish, or salt, is exceptionally delicate. Environmental changes wrought by the activities of human activities worldwide are happening far too rapidly for marine species to evolve strategies that are necessary to successfully deal with them. Maintaining the health and viability of the marine ecosystem is absolutely essential to protect all aquatic life forms, as well as, humanity itself and preserve them for posterity. This paper will details several uniquely different applications in which ozone can best be used to the benefit of the marine environment on both outside and inside a vessel’s hull.
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Schiefler, M. F. O., F. Gärtner, J. Voyer, A. Kirsten, H. Kreye, and A. J. A. Buschinelli. "Protection of Steel Components Against Marine Corrosion by Thermally Sprayed Anodic Coatings." In ITSC2003, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2003p0361.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract It is well known that thermally sprayed aluminum and aluminum alloys can be used to protect low-alloyed steel against marine corrosion in offshore applications. The efficiency and service life of this protection can be, however, severely limited by the amount and distribution of defects, which are usually present in coating microstructures. In thermal spraying, microstructures and properties are strongly influenced by the type of spray system used for the production of coatings. To investigate the influence of defects like pores, oxides and cracks on the corrosion performance, coatings were processed by conventional thermal spray techniques, such as Flame Spraying (FS) and Arc Spraying (AS). In addition, the more recently introduced High Velocity Combustion Wire (HVCW) spraying technique was used, which, due to higher particle velocities, results in lower porosity and finer coating microstructures as compared to conventional processes. The influence of spray conditions and related microstructures on the performance in corrosion tests was investigated for protective coatings of Al99.5, AlMg5 and Al - 30 wt. % W2C. The resistance against corrosion was analyzed by different electrochemical methods, such as corrosion potential monitoring, polarization resistance and potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements. Additionally, the microstructures of the coatings were examined before and after the electrochemical tests. The results from these tests are correlated and attributed to the different microstructures obtained by the various spray techniques and different compositions of the feedstock material.
Reports on the topic "Area Marina Protetta"
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Walsh, Alex. The Contentious Politics of Tunisia’s Natural Resource Management and the Prospects of the Renewable Energy Transition. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.048.
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For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greater benefit to Tunisia’s coastal metropolitan areas. Natural resource exploitation is also a source of livelihoods and the contentious politics around them have, at times, led to somewhat more equitable relationships. The most important actors in these contentious politics include citizens, activists, local NGOs, local and national government, international commercial interests, international NGOs and multilateral organisations. These politics fit into wider and very longstanding patterns of wealth distribution in Tunisia and were part of the popular alienation that drove the uprising of 2011. In many ways, the dynamic of the contentious politics is fundamentally unchanged since prior to the uprising and protests have taken place within the same month of writing of this paper. Looking onto this scene, commentators use the frame of margins versus centre (‘marginalization’), and also apply the lens of labour versus capital. If this latter lens is applied, not only is there continuity from prior to 2011, there is continuity with the colonial era when natural resource extraction was first industrialised and internationalised. In these ways, the management of Tunisia’s natural wealth is a significant part of the country’s serious political and economic challenges, making it a major factor in the street politics unfolding at the time of writing.
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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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Ham, Andrés, Angela Guarin, and Juanita Ruiz. How Accurately are Household Surveys Measuring the Size and Inequalities for the LGBT Population in Bogota, Colombia? Evidence from a List Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004721.
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This paper studies whether household surveys precisely identify the LGBT population and are suitable to measure labor market discrimination in Colombia. We first quantify the size of the LGBT population and estimate labor market inequalities from these data, highlighting potential pitfalls from using this approach. We then present findings from a list experiment in Bogotá, Colombia. Results show that household surveys underestimate the size of the LGBT population and may yield biased estimates of labor market inequalities. While survey estimates range between 1-4%, we find that LGBT people constitutes around 12-22% of the total population. We find heterogeneous reporting by sex, age groups, educational attainment, and marital status. Our findings suggest that while current measurement practices are a step forward for the LGBT populations statistical visibility, additional steps are required before household surveys may be used to consistently estimate discrimination and guide policy responses to protect this population.
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Brayton, Kelly A., Varda Shkap, Guy H. Palmer, Wendy C. Brown, and Thea Molad. Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis: Protective Capacity of the MSP2 Allelic Repertoire. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699838.bard.
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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently, the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently, development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. Despite its drawbacks as a live, blood-based vaccine, the Israel vaccine strain protects against disease upon challenge with wild-type A. marginale in extensive experimental trials and during 50 years of deployment in Israel. Field studies in Australia and Argentina indicate that this protection is broadly effective. Thus, to identify antigens for development of a safe and effective recombinant vaccine, we have used a comparative genomics approach by sequencing the Israel vaccine strain and searching for shared surface antigens with sequenced wild-type U.S. strains. We have focused on Msp2, the immune-dominant but antigenically variable surface protein, based on shared structure among strains and demonstration that antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain binds Msp2 from the genetically and geographically distinct U.S. St. Maries strain, consistent with the ability to protect against St. Maries challenge. Importantly, we have defined the full repertoire of Msp2 simple variants encoded by the vaccine strain and hypothesize that a recombinant vaccine encoding this full repertoire will induce protection equivalent to that induced by the live vaccine strain. Any escape from immunity by generation of complex Msp2 variants is predicted to carry a severe fitness cost that prevents high-level bacteremia and disease— consistent with the type of protection induced by the live vaccine strain. We tested the hypothesis that the Msp2 simple variant repertoires in wild-type A. marginale strains are recognized by antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain and that immunization with the vaccine strain Msp2 repertoire can recapitulate the protection provided by the vaccine strain upon challenge with Israel and U.S. strains of A. marginale. Our findings demonstrate that a set of conserved outer membrane proteins are recognized by immune serum from A. centrale vaccinated animals but that this set of proteins does not include Msp2. These findings suggest that “subdominant” immunogens are required for vaccine induced protection.
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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.
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Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.
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Atkinson, E. A. Regional mapping and qualitative petroleum resource assessment of the Magdalen Basin, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331452.
Full textAbstract:
The Geological Survey of Canada conducted a broad regional study of the Magdalen Basin in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as part of the Marine Conservation Targets initiative. MCT is a national initiative to protect more of Canada's offshore areas, and resource assessment and related regional mapping are part of the review process. This study assembled a large seismic and geologic database that allowed new regional mapping of several key horizons in this basin. Digital seismic data was donated by industry, and reprocessing undertaken both in-house and with contractors. Wells were correlated and tops from literature were used to indentify regional reflection packages. Regionally consistent two-way time interpretations add to confidence. Depth conversion used regional time-depth functions from literature, which were developed from refraction data, with a residual correction for the water column. Nine regional depth maps and eight isopach maps were produced, including Pre-Horton Basement, Horton Group Isopach, Base Windsor Group, Top Salt, Top Bradelle Formation, Bradelle / Cumberland Isopach, and Top Cable Head Formation. These maps illustrate that the Pre-Horton basement is about 15 km deep in the centre of the basin. Two main trends are visible in the Horton Grabens, which may relate to basin formation, and no significant reactivation of deeper Appalachian structure is observed. In the basin centre, the more robust Base Windsor Unconformity horizon reaches about 12 km deep, and a key reservoir and source sequence in the Bradelle Formation reaches 7 km. These maps are useful for considering regional stratigraphy. The new mapping also constrained basin models and became the input for our Qualitative Petroleum Potential map. Basin modelling reveals scenarios where oil may be preserved. The petroleum potential of the region is highest north of Îles de la Madeleine and southeast of Îles de la Madeleine and northwest of Cape Breton.