Journal articles: 'Area-Level Socioeconomic Status'

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Herb, Joshua, Lisette Dunham, and Karyn Stitzenberg. "A Comparison of Area-Level Socioeconomic Status Indices in Colorectal Cancer Care." Journal of Surgical Research 280 (December 2022): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.036.

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Anderson, Ilene B., Susan Y. Kim-Katz, Jo Ellen Dyer, Gillian E. Earnest, John P. Lamb, and Paul D. Blanc. "Area-level socioeconomic status in relation to outcomes in γ-hydroxybutyrate intoxication." Clinical Toxicology 47, no. 1 (January 2009): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650802022839.

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Ha, Diep H., Loc G. Do, Liana Luzzi, Gloria C. Mejia, and Lisa Jamieson. "Changes in Area-level Socioeconomic Status and Oral Health of Indigenous Australian Children." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 27, no. 1A (2016): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0034.

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Yi, Okhee, Ho Kim, and Eunhee Ha. "Does area level socioeconomic status modify the effects of PM10 on preterm delivery?" Environmental Research 110, no. 1 (January 2010): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.004.

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Clarke, Christina A., Lisa M. Moy, Susan M. Swetter, John Zadnick, and Myles G. Cockburn. "Interaction of Area-Level Socioeconomic Status and UV Radiation on Melanoma Occurrence in California." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 19, no. 11 (October 26, 2010): 2727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0692.

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Luce, Danièle, Stéphane Michel, Julien Dugas, Bernard Bhakkan, Gwenn Menvielle, Clarisse Joachim, and Jacqueline Deloumeaux. "Disparities in cancer incidence by area-level socioeconomic status in the French West Indies." Cancer Causes & Control 28, no. 11 (August 28, 2017): 1305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0946-3.

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Hastert, Theresa A., Shirley A. A. Beresford, Lianne Sheppard, and Emily White. "Disparities in cancer incidence and mortality by area-level socioeconomic status: a multilevel analysis." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69, no. 2 (October 6, 2014): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204417.

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Wheeler, David C., Jenna Czarnota, and Resa M. Jones. "Estimating an area-level socioeconomic status index and its association with colonoscopy screening adherence." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2017): e0179272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179272.

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Peres, M. A., X. Ju, M. Mittinty, A. J. Spencer, and L. G. Do. "Modifiable Factors Explain Socioeconomic Inequalities in Children’s Dental Caries." Journal of Dental Research 98, no. 11 (August 3, 2019): 1211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519866628.

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The aim of this article was to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries experience among Australian children and to identify factors that explain area-level socioeconomic inequalities in children’s dental caries. We used data from the National Child Oral Health Survey conducted in Australia between 2012 and 2014 ( n = 24,664). Absolute and relative indices of socioeconomic inequalities in the dental caries experience in primary and permanent dentition (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces [dmfs] and DMFS, respectively) were estimated. In the first stage, we conducted multilevel negative binomial regressions to test the association between area-level Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) and dental caries experience (dmfs for 5- to 8-y-olds and DMFS for 9- to 14-y-olds) after adjustment for water fluoridation status, sociodemographics, oral health behaviors, pattern of dental visits, and sugar consumption. In the second stage, we performed Blinder-Oaxaca and Neumark decomposition analyses to identify factors that explain most of the area-level socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries. Children had a mean dmfs of 3.14 and a mean DMFS of 0.98 surfaces. Children living in the most disadvantaged and intermediately disadvantaged areas had 1.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.69–2.27) and 1.45 (1.26–1.68) times higher mean dmfs and 1.53 (1.36–1.72) and 1.43 (1.27–1.60) times higher mean DMFS than those living in the most advantaged areas, respectively. Water fluoridation status (33.6%), sugar consumption (22.1%), parental educational level (14.2%), and dental visit patterns (12.7%) were the main factors explaining area-level socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries in permanent dentition. Among all the factors considered, the factors that contributed most in explaining inequalities in primary dental caries were dental visits (30.3%), sugar consumption (20.7%), household income (20.0%), and water fluoridation status (15.9%). The inverse area-level socioeconomic inequality in dental caries was mainly explained by modifiable risk factors, such as lack of fluoridated water, high sugar consumption, and an unfavorable pattern of dental visits.

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Park, Subin, Hyesue Jang, and Eun-Sun Lee. "Major Stressors among Korean Adolescents According to Gender, Educational Level, Residential Area, and Socioeconomic Status." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102080.

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Adolescents are exposed to many stressors which have been associated with poor mental health. Using data from the 2015 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, we identified the major stressors among Korean adolescents based on gender, current educational level, residential area, and socioeconomic status (SES). The major stressors among girls were relationship- and appraisal-related factors, whereas boys more often reported health- and conflict-related factors. High school students more often reported academic performance and family circumstances as major stressors, whereas middle school students tended to report conflict-related factors. Urban adolescents reported academic performance and conflicts with parents as major stressors while rural adolescents reported conflicts with teachers and peer relationship problems. Finally, adolescents of lower SES reported multiple factors, including relational and family problems, as major stressors; contrarily, among those of higher SES, the primary stressor was uniquely related to academic performance. This result is significant in that adolescents’ stress levels, as well as the types of major stressors, vary depending on individual factors. It could also be beneficial for developing and implementing individualized and thus more efficient stress-management strategies.

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T, Hastert, Beresford A, and White E. "Contribution of Health Behaviors to the Association between Area-Level Socioeconomic Status and Cancer Mortality." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 22, no. 3 (March 2013): 474.2–474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0074.

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Hastert, Theresa A., Julie J. Ruterbusch, Shirley A. A. Beresford, Lianne Sheppard, and Emily White. "Contribution of health behaviors to the association between area-level socioeconomic status and cancer mortality." Social Science & Medicine 148 (January 2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.023.

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Sugiyama, Takemi, Natasha J. Howard, Catherine Paquet, Neil T. Coffee, Anne W. Taylor, and Mark Daniel. "Do Relationships Between Environmental Attributes and Recreational Walking Vary According to Area-Level Socioeconomic Status?" Journal of Urban Health 92, no. 2 (January 21, 2015): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9932-1.

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Loewenberg Weisband, Yiska, Vered Kaufman-Shriqui, Yael Wolff Sagy, Michal Krieger, Wiessam Abu Ahmad, and Orly Manor. "Area-level socioeconomic disparity trends in nutritional status among 5–6-year-old children in Israel." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 11 (May 6, 2020): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-318595.

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess area-level socioeconomic position (SEP) disparities in nutritional status, to determine whether disparities differed by sex and to assess whether nutritional status and disparities changed over time.DesignWe used repeated cross-sectional data from a national programme that evaluates the quality of healthcare in Israel to assess children’s nutritional status.SettingThe study included all Israeli residents aged 7 years during 2014–2018 (n=699 255).MethodsSEP was measured based on the Central Bureau of Statistics’ statistical areas, and grouped into categories, ranging from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). We used multivariable multinomial regression to assess the association between SEP and nutritional status and between year and nutritional status. We included interactions between year and SEP to assess whether disparities changed over time.ResultsChildren in SEP 1, comprised entirely of children from the Bedouin population from Southern Israel, had drastically higher odds of thinness compared with those in the highest SEP (Girls: OR 5.02, 99% CI 2.23 to 11.30; Boys: OR 2.03, 99% CI 1.19 to 3.48). Odds of obesity were highest in lower-middle SEPs (ORSEP 5 vs 10 1.84, 99% CI 1.34 to 2.54). Prevalence of overweight and obesity decreased between 2014 and 2018, normal weight increased and thinness did not change. SEP disparities in thinness decreased over time in boys but showed a reverse trend for girls. No substantial improvement was seen in SEP disparities for other weight categories.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the need to consider initiatives to combat the considerable SEP disparities in both thinness and obesity.

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Twardzik, Erica, Philippa Clarke, Michael R. Elliott, William E. Haley, Suzanne Judd, and Natalie Colabianchi. "Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Trajectories of Physical Health-Related Quality of Life Among Stroke Survivors." Stroke 50, no. 11 (November 2019): 3191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.025874.

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Background and Purpose— Stroke is the leading cause of serious, long-term disability in the United States, and the number of stroke survivors is projected to rise. Physical functioning status may be compromised in survivors living in low socioeconomic status environments in comparison to higher socioeconomic status environments. Higher socioeconomic status environments may include benefits in the built environment such as sidewalks, accessible transit, or low traffic volume. Investigation is needed to understand the effects of the socioenvironmental context on trajectories of stroke survivors’ physical health-related quality of life (PH-QOL) over time. Methods— Participants from the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study enrolled in the ancillary Caring for Adults Recovering from the Effects of Stroke project completed the SF-12 around 6 to 12, 18, 27, and 36 months poststroke. Measures of area-level income, wealth, education, and employment at the census tract level were combined to represent participants’ neighborhood socioeconomic status. Linear mixed models were used to predict trajectories of PH-QOL over time, controlling for individual characteristics. Results— The average trajectory of PH-QOL was flat over time. However, women and younger stroke survivors had better trajectories over time than men and older stroke survivors. Higher neighborhood socioeconomic status was significantly associated with better PH-QOL across all time points (β=1.73; 95% CI, 0.17–3.30), after controlling for demographic variables and severity of stroke. Conclusions— Our findings demonstrate that neighborhood socioeconomic status, sex, and age are associated with the poststroke recovery process. The results of this study suggest the importance of evaluating the environment surrounding stroke survivors when they return to their home communities. Future research should identify specific features of the environment within different socioeconomic status neighborhoods to better understand how they contribute to PH-QOL among stroke survivors.

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Galaviz, Uriel Zúñiga, Rubén Vélez González, Jaime Guereca Arvizuo, Edson Francisco Estrada Meneses, Cesar Villalobos Samaniego, Iván de Jesús Toledo Domínguez, and Arturo Osorio Gutiérrez. "SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENT RECESS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 1 (January 2021): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127012019_0033.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the level of physical activity (PA) at school has not been studied at length. Objective To describe the association between SES and the intensity of physical activity during recess in elementary school children as well as the space dedicated to physical activity. Methods A total of 212 children (110 boys and 102 girls) who were enrolled in the fourth, fifth and sixth grade of elementary school at the time participated in this study. The subjects were divided into 4 levels according to the marginalization index (MI). The geographical location of the schools and the available area were calculated using Google Maps Pro (GMP) software.1 Physical activity level was measured using accelerometry.2 Comparisons of different levels of PA with respect to marginalization indices and sex were investigated using one-way analysis of variance. The association between health variables and PA was determined through the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Results indicated that the level and intensity of PA during recess are associated with socioeconomic status and the social marginalization index, as well as sex, age, and infrastructure. Conclusion The higher the level of social marginalization, the lower the level of PA and the smaller the space dedicated to PA. Level of Evidence III; Comparative retrospective study.

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Lin, Daniel, Heather Taffet Gold, David Schreiber, Lawrence P. Leichman, Scott Sherman, and Daniel Jacob Becker. "Impact of socioeconomic status on anal cancer survival." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e18060-e18060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e18060.

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e18060 Background: Despite an increase in incidence of anal cancer over recent decades, improvements in awareness and therapy have improved survival outcomes. We hypothesized that the gains in outcomes were not shared equally by patients of disparate socioeconomic status (SES). We investigated whether area-based median household income (MHI) predicts survival of patients with anal cancer, after controlling for known predictors. Methods: Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) as the first primary malignancy from 2004 to 2013 in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry were included. SES was defined by census-tract MHI, and divided into quintiles. Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to evaluate the effect of (MHI) on cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS). A multivariable logistic regression was used to assess whether these same measures predicted receipt of radiation. Results: A total of 9,550 cases of SCCA were included; median age was 58 years, 63% were female, 85% were white, and 38% were married. In multivariable analyses, patients living in areas with lower MHI had worse OS and CSS compared to those in the highest income areas. Mortality HR’s in order of lowest to highest income were 1.32 (95%CI 1.18-1.49), 1.31 (95%CI 1.16-1.48), 1.19 (95%CI 1.06-1.34), 1.16 (95%CI 1.03-1.30); CSS HR similarly range from 1.34-1.22 from lowest to highest income. Other significant predictors of increased cancer specific mortality included older age, black race (HR 1.44, 95%CI 1.26-1.64), male gender, un-married, earlier year of diagnosis, higher grade, and later stage. Income level, however, was not associated with odds of initiating radiation in multivariable analysis (OR 0.87 for lowest to highest income level, 95%CI 0.63-1.20). Conclusions: SES measured by area-based MHI independently predicts cancer-specific and overall survival outcomes in patients with anal cancer, despite similar rates of initiating radiation therapy. Black race remains a predictor of anal cancer outcomes despite controlling for income. Further investigation is warranted to understand the mechanisms in which socioeconomic inequalities affect cancer care and outcomes.

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Hearst, Mary O., John R. Sirard, Ann Forsyth, Emily D. Parker, Elizabeth G. Klein, Christine G. Green, and Leslie A. Lytle. "The relationship of area-level sociodemographic characteristics, household composition and individual-level socioeconomic status on walking behavior among adults." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 50 (April 2013): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.006.

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Dhahri, Amina, Sam Azargoon, Portia Buchongo, Tatiana Chicas, Amrik Singh, Gity Meshkat Razavi, Smitha Gopakumar, and Gurdeep Singh Chhabra. "Neighborhood area-level social determinants and receipt of mammography screening in an area with high deprivation: A retrospective cohort study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e18550-e18550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18550.

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e18550 Background: Early detection through screening mammography has been shown to decrease breast cancer mortality. Screening mammography rates remains low among racial/ethnic minorities and patients with socioeconomic deprivation (SED). Most studies evaluating the role of area-level social determinants of health and breast cancer screening have included only a small number of variables; in this study, a comprehensive and granular measure of socioeconomic deprivation (SED) which included 17 variables was used to determine an association with screening mammogram completion. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at an academic hospital system between 2014-2020 to identify asymptomatic female patients who received screening mammogram referrals in their primary care clinic after they were deemed eligible per screening guidelines. Patients were assessed for mammogram completion at their annual visits. SED was evaluated using the area deprivation index (ADI), a measure of 17 variables including education, housing, and income at the census block group level. Other covariates analyzed were insurance status, age, and race. Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test and a multivariate logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis. Results: 856 women were referred for screening mammography. 324 (38%) underwent mammogram. Patients with high, moderate, and low SED comprised 69 (8%), 287 (34%) and 500 (58%) of the cohort, respectively. In multivariable analysis, SED and race were not associated with higher screening rates. Uninsured and self-pay patients had the lowest odds of screening mammography completion (AOR 0.22; 95% 0.08, 0.60) and Medicare patients had decreased odds of mammogram completion relative to privately insured patients (AOR 0.64; 95% CI 0.43, 0.97). Older age was associated with a slightly higher odds of mammography completion (AOR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00, 1.04). Conclusions: The receipt of screening mammography was low among all patients relative to previously published rates. Uninsured/self-pay status was the strongest indicator for completion of mammography. Additional research is needed to understand the barriers that may influence mammography completion in this population with high socioeconomic deprivation. Multivariate Logistic Regression Estimates for Associations Between Mammogram Completion and SED category.[Table: see text]

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Mwito, Anderson M., Lucy W. Ngige, and Jane N. Kieru. "Male Contraceptive Uptake and Associated Socio-Economic Characteristics in Kenya." East African Journal of Health and Science 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajhs.5.1.536.

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This research investigated the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and male contraceptive uptake in Kenya. A survey of 572 randomly selected male respondents participated in the study. The study assessed the respondents’ socioeconomic profiles such as the location of residence, age, marital status, polygyny, family size, education attainment, working status and income level. The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 60 years. Chi-square results indicated significant relationships between male contraceptive uptake and socioeconomic characteristics such as location of residence (p = 0.005), age (p = 0.005), marital status (p = 0.005), family size (p = 0.021), education attainment (p = 0.005) and income level (p = 0.032). The study concluded that men’s area of residence, age, marital status, desired number of children, level of education and level of income had a significant influence on male contraceptive uptake. It is recommended that there is a need to develop male-friendly and acceptable contraceptive options for men besides condoms and vasectomy, with the view of increasing contraceptive uptake among males in Kenya.

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Griggs, Jennifer J., Andrew W. Dick, Ann S. Hamilton, Christina Helen Jagielski, Kendra L. Schwartz, and Melony Elizabeth Sorbero. "Low area-level socioeconomic status and breast cancer biologic features in a diverse population-based sample." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2014): 6575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.6575.

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Koohsari, Mohammad Javad, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Tomoki Nakaya, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Yung Liao, Koichiro Oka, and Takemi Sugiyama. "Associations of Neighborhood Environmental Attributes with Walking in Japan: Moderating Effects of Area-Level Socioeconomic Status." Journal of Urban Health 94, no. 6 (September 12, 2017): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0199-1.

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Lidin, Matthias, Mai-Lis Hellenius, Monica Rydell Karlsson, and Elin Ekblom-Bak. "Effects of Structured Lifestyle Education Program for Individuals With Increased Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Educational Level and Socioeconomic Area." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 15, no. 1 (August 29, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827620951143.

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Background. Differences in socioeconomic status contribute to inequalities in lifestyle habits and burden of noncommunicable diseases. We aimed to examine how the effects of a 1-year structured lifestyle education program associate with the participant’s educational level and socioeconomic area (SEA) of residence. Methods. One hundred individuals (64% women) with high cardiovascular risk were included. Education level (nonuniversity vs university degree) was self-reported and SEA (low vs high) defined by living in different SEAs. Lifestyle habits and quality of life were self-reported, cardiovascular risk factors and Framingham 10-year cardiovascular disease risk were measured at baseline and after 1 year. Results. Sedentary behavior decreased in both nonuniversity degree and low SEA group over 1 year, with a significantly greater improvement in daily activity behavior in low- compared with high-SEA group. Abdominal obesity decreased significantly more in the nonuniversity compared with the university degree group. Cardiovascular risk and quality of life improved in all groups, however, with greater discrimination when using educational level as the dichotomization variable. Conclusion. The results are clinically and significantly relevant, suggesting that low socioeconomic status measured both as educational level and SEA are no barriers for changing unhealthy lifestyle habits and decreasing cardiovascular risk after participation in a lifestyle program.

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Park, Eunok, and Young Ko. "Socioeconomic Vulnerability Index and Obesity among Korean Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 13370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413370.

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Examining the socioeconomic vulnerability–obesity relationship is a different approach than comparing obesity rates according to the socioeconomic level. This study explored the socioeconomic vulnerability–obesity relationship among Korean adults. This secondary analysis used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which were collected nationwide from participants aged 30–64 years. Seven socioeconomic indicators (education level, residential area, personal income level, household income level, food insecurity, house ownership, and national basic livelihood security beneficiary status) were used to create the socioeconomic vulnerability index. The prevalence of obesity was higher in the lowest socioeconomic vulnerability index quartile than in the highest socioeconomic vulnerability index quartile (odds ratio = 1.31; 95% confidence interval = 1.13–1.52) after adjusting for gender. When developing future interventions for the prevention and management of obesity, health care providers and researchers need to consider the differences in socioeconomic vulnerability index in adults.

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Luo, Yanan, Lei Zhang, Ping He, Lihua Pang, Chao Guo, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and schizophrenia: cross-sectional analyses using the evidence from 1.9 million Chinese adults." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e026532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026532.

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ObjectivesHealth disparities in schizophrenia are well established. However, it is less understood whether area-level socioeconomic status (SES) is differentially associated with schizophrenia depending on individual-level SES. Therefore, using a nationally large representative data, this study investigated the association between individual-level SES, area-level SES and their interaction with schizophrenia in Chinese adults from a multilevel perspective.SettingHousehold interviews in 734 counties (districts), 2980 towns (streets) and 5964 communities (villages) from 31 provinces, People's Republic of China, as part of the cross-sectional survey of Second China National Sample Survey on Disability.Participants1 909 205 men and women aged 18 years old and above.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA screen followed by clinical diagnosis was used to identify schizophrenia, and schizophrenia was ascertained according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (code F20).Results1-SD increase in individual SES was associated with decreased risk of schizophrenia (OR=0.45,95% CI0.43 to 0.46). 1-SD increase in area-level SES was associated with increased risk of schizophrenia (OR=1.30,95% CI1.24 to 1.37). The interaction of individual SES and area-level SES was statistically significant (OR=1.05,95% CI1.02 to 1.08); as the level of area SES increased, schizophrenia risk of lower SES people grew faster than the risk of higher SES people.ConclusionsArea-level SES is particularly important to mental health of low SES individuals, with low SES people in high SES counties having the highest risk of schizophrenia than other groups. Action to reduce SES disparities in schizophrenia will require attention to the area-level context of low SES adults.

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Delpeuch, F., P. Traissac, Y. Martin-Prével, JP Massamba, and B. Maire. "Economic crisis and malnutrition: socioeconomic determinants of anthropometric status of preschool children and their mothers in an African urban area." Public Health Nutrition 3, no. 1 (March 2000): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980000000069.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relative importance of socioeconomic and maternal/prenatal determinants of the nutritional situation of children < 6 years old in an urban African area after several years of economic crisis.DesignCross-sectional cluster sample survey.SettingBrazzaville, capital city of the Congo.SubjectsInformation on socioeconomic characteristics was gathered from a random sample of 1368 households by house visits and anthropometric measurements were performed using standardized procedures on preschool children (n=2373) and their mothers (n=1512).ResultsThe influence of socioeconomic factors on the nutritional status of children, taking into account adjustment variables such as mother's age and child's age and sex was assessed. For stunting, as well as for the mean height-for-age index among children, the main determinants were economic level of the household (P=0.048 and P=0.004, respectively), schooling of the mother (P=0.004 and P < 10−3) and living in the peripheral district (P=0.005 and P < 10−3). The influence of socioeconomic determinants on weight-for-age and wasting was less straightforward. When adjusting, in addition, for maternal and prenatal factors (mother's height and body mass index (BMI) and birth weight), most of the effects of the socioeconomic determinants on the nutritional status of children persisted somewhat, but the effect of the economic level on the stunting became not significant (P=0.11). The mean BMI of mothers appeared to be related to the economic level of the household (P < 10−4), to the marital status (P=0.01) and to the occupation of the mother (P < 10−4).ConclusionsAmong the socioeconomic determinants of malnutrition in children, some, such as economic level of the household or schooling of the mother, seem to act mainly through prenatal factors, whereas others, mainly dwelling district characteristics, seem to influence more directly the children's nutritional status.

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Wainwright, Nicholas W. J., and Paul G. Surtees. "Area and individual circumstances and mood disorder prevalence." British Journal of Psychiatry 185, no. 3 (September 2004): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.3.227.

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BackgroundAssociations have been demonstrated between contextual (area level) factors and a range of physical health outcomes, but their relationship with mental health outcomes is less well understood.AimsTo investigate the relative strength of association between individual and area-level demographic and socioeconomic factors and mood disorder prevalence in the UK.MethodCross-sectional data from 19 687 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk.ResultsArea deprivation was associated with current (12-month) mood disorders after adjusting for individual-level socio-economic status (OR for top v. bottom quartile of deprivation scores 1.29, 95% C11.1–1.5, P < 0.001). However, this association was small relative to those observed for individual marital and employment status. Significant residual area-level variation in current mood disorders (representing 3.6% of total variation, P=0.04) was largely accounted for by individual-level factors.ConclusionsThe magnitude of the association between socio-economic status and mood disorders is greater at the individual level than at the area level.

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Oka, Masayoshi. "Census-Tract-Level Median Household Income and Median Family Income Estimates: A Unidimensional Measure of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010211.

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Previous studies suggested either census-tract-level median household income (MHI) or median family income (MFI) estimates may be used as a unidimensional measure of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) in the United States (US). To better understand its general use, the purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of MHI and MFI in a wide range of geographic areas. Area-based socioeconomic data at the census tract level were obtained from the 2000 Census as well as the 2005–2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2019 American Community Survey. MHI and MFI were used as two simple measures of neighborhood SES. Based on the five area-based indexes developed in the US, several census-tract-level socioeconomic indicators were used to derive five composite measures of neighborhood SES. Then, a series of correlation analyses was conducted to assess the relationships between these seven measures in the State of California and its seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Two simple measures were very strongly and positively correlated with one another, and were also strongly or very strongly correlated, either positively or negatively, with five composite measures. Hence, the results of this study support an analytical thinking that simple measures and composite measures may capture the same dimension of neighborhood SES in different geographic areas.

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Monk, David H., and Jennifer King Rice. "The Distribution of Mathematics and Science Teachers Across and Within Secondary Schools." Educational Policy 11, no. 4 (December 1997): 479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089590489701100404.

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Using data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth, this study examines the allocation of mathematics and science teachers' subject area preparation levels across as well as within a national sample of American secondary schools. At the school level, the study assesses relationships between average teacher preparation levels and socioeconomic status of the clientele, size of the school, and measures of internal collegiality. The study also examines within-school allocations and estimates the degree to which individual student shares of teacher resources are related to pupil attributes, such as previous test scores, school work ethic, socioeconomic status, and level of previous course work in the subject area. Results suggest that teachers with differing levels of content preparation are systematically allocated across as well as within secondary schools, particularly in the mathematics area of the curriculum. Implications for policy are discussed.

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Saul, C., and N. Payne. "How does the prevalence of specific morbidities compare with measures of socioeconomic status at small area level?" Journal of Public Health 21, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/21.3.340.

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Steenland, K. "Individual- and Area-Level Socioeconomic Status Variables as Predictors of Mortality in a Cohort of 179,383 Persons." American Journal of Epidemiology 159, no. 11 (June 1, 2004): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh129.

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KARRIKER-JAFFE, KATHERINE J. "Areas of disadvantage: A systematic review of effects of area-level socioeconomic status on substance use outcomes." Drug and Alcohol Review 30, no. 1 (January 2011): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00191.x.

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Vyas, Seema, and Lori Heise. "How do area-level socioeconomic status and gender norms affect partner violence against women? Evidence from Tanzania." International Journal of Public Health 61, no. 8 (August 24, 2016): 971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0876-y.

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Wee, Liang En, Yan Zhen Yong, Michelle Wan Xing Chng, Shi Hao Chew, Lenard Cheng, Qi Han Aaron Chua, Jacklyn Jia Lin Yek, et al. "Individual and area-level socioeconomic status and their association with depression amongst community-dwelling elderly in Singapore." Aging & Mental Health 18, no. 5 (January 7, 2014): 628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.866632.

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Ramos, Marília. "Impact of socioeconomic status on Brazilian elderly health." Revista de Saúde Pública 41, no. 4 (August 2007): 616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102006005000042.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of socioeconomic status on elderly health. METHODS: The study was based on cross-sectional data from Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean. The sample comprised 2,143 non-institutionalized elderly aged 60 years and older living in the urban area of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Linear regression models estimated the effect of socioeconomic status indicators (years of schooling completed, occupation and purchasing power) on each one of the following health indicators: depression, self-rated health, morbidity and memory capacity. A 5% significance level was set. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of years of education and purchasing power on self-rated health and memory capacity when controlled for the variables number of diseases during childhood, bed rest for at least a month due to health problems during childhood, self-rated health during childhood, living arrangements, sex, age, marital status, category of health insurance, intake of medicines. Only purchasing power had an effect on depression. Despite the bivariate association between socioeconomic status indicators and number of diseases (morbidity), this effect was no longer seen after including the controls in the model. CONCLUSIONS: The study results confirm the association between socioeconomic status indicators and health among Brazilian elderly, but only for some dimensions of socioeconomic status and certain health outcomes.

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Hutasavi, S., and D. Chen. "SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS FROM SPACE: EXAMPLE OF ESTIMATING THAILAND’s SUB-DISTRICT HOUSEHOLD INCOME BASED ON REMOTELY SENSED AND GEOSPATIAL DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 24, 2020): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-109-2020.

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Abstract. The socioeconomic data, such as household income, is an important indicator of people’s well-being. However, due to the limited resource in many developing countries such as Thailand, the data obtained from household income surveys are often incomplete. As a result, the annual household survey usually contains a gap at the municipality household level. In this study, we aim to quantify the household income with K-NN imputation models at the sub-district level using satellite imageries and geospatial data as proxies to socioeconomic indicators. We examined the role of satellite and geospatial data in household income estimation, applied the K-NN imputation methods to estimate the missing income data by using various geographical and statistical variables, and quantified how these data improved the accuracy of sub-district household income estimation. Our results illustrated a significant correlation between sub-district household income and geographical data extracted from day-night satellite data, such as night light intensity (r = 0.53), urban density (r = 0.44), residential area (r = 0.68), urban area (r = 0.64), and statistical data as well as household expenditure (r = 0.97). These can be used to improve the socioeconomic indicators’ estimation as well as household income in sub-district level. The income imputation from geographical data perform better result than purely statistical variables. Especially, the night light intensity can infer the wealth of people living in large scale areas, while day-time satellite images can be interpreted for land use and land cover also implying socioeconomic status. Such socioeconomic proxy from space provides spatially explicit information in further study.

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LIPOWICZ, ANNA, ALICJA SZKLARSKA, and ROBERT M. MALINA. "ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN POLISH ADULT MEN." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 2 (June 28, 2013): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000345.

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SummaryThis study considers the relationship between a cumulative index of biological dysregulation (allostatic load) and several dimensions of socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle in adult Polish males. The extent to which lifestyle variables can explain SES variation in allostatic load was also evaluated. Participants were 3887 occupationally active men aged 25–60 years living in cities and villages in the Silesia region of Poland. The allostatic load indicator included eleven markers: % fat (adverse nutritional intake), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (cardiovascular activity), FEV1 (lung function), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (inflammatory processes), glucose and total cholesterol (cardiovascular disease risk), total plasma protein (stress-haemoconcentration), bilirubin, creatinine clearance and alkaline phosphatase activity (hepatic and renal functions). A higher level of completed education, being married and residing in an urban area were associated with lower physiological dysregulation. The association between indicators of SES and allostatic load was not eliminated or attenuated when unhealthy lifestyle variables were included in the model. Smoking status and alcohol consumption played minimal roles in explaining the association between SES and allostatic load; physical activity, however, had a generally protective effect on allostatic load.

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Wulandari, Ratna Dwi, and Agung Dwi Laksono. "HUBUNGAN STATUS EKONOMI TERHADAP PERNIKAHAN DINI PADA PEREMPUAN DI PERDESAAN INDONESIA." Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi 11, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/kespro.v11i2.3870.115-124.

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Abstract Background: Early marriage practice in Indonesia is more often found in rural than in urban areas. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of socioeconomic status and early marriage in rural areas in Indonesia. Method: This study used data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey. The sample was 2,252 of women aged 19 – 24 living in rural Indonesia. The variables included in the analysis were early marriage status, socioeconomic status, educational level, and working status. Analysis of collinearity, chi-square, and multiple logistic regressions were conducted in this study. Results: The socioeconomic status and educational level were significantly associated with early marriage among women aged 19 – 24 in rural Indonesia. The poorest socioeconomic women were 2.23 times more likely to experience early marriage than the richest women. Poorer women were 1.68 times more likely to experience early marriage than the richest women. Women who did not go to school, having primary to secondary level of education were more likely to experience early marriage than those having tertiary level, constituting for 10.34 times, 12.10 times and 4.52 times, respectively. Educational level was more dominant in relation to early marriage than socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Socioeconomic status and educational level are associated with early marriage. Poor young women with low educational level in rural areas should be the focus of the program target to reduce the coverage of early marriage in Indonesia. Keywords: rural area, women, early marriage, socioeconomic. Abstrak Latar belakang: Praktik pernikahan dini di Indonesia lebih sering ditemukan di wilayah perdesaan dibandingkan perkotaan. Tujuan: Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan status sosioekonomi terhadap kejadian pernikahan dini di perdesaan di Indonesia. Metode: Studi ini menggunakan data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2017. Sampel yaitu 2.252 perempuan 19 – 24 tahun yang tinggal di perdesaan Indonesia. Variabel yang dianalisis meliputi pernikahan dini, status sosioekonomi, tingkat pendidikan, dan status bekerja. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu uji collinearity, chi-square, dan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil: Status sosioekonomi dan tingkat pendidikan berhubungan secara signifikan dengan pernikahan dini pada perempuan 19 – 24 tahun di perdesaan Indonesia. Perempuan paling miskin memiliki kemungkinan lebih tinggi 2,23 kali untuk mengalami pernikahan dini dibandingkan perempuan paling kaya. Perempuan miskin memiliki kemungkinan lebih tinggi 1,68 kali mengalami pernikahan dini dibandingkan perempuan paling kaya. Perempuan yang tidak sekolah, pendidikan SD-SLTP, dan SLTA memiliki kemungkinan lebih tinggi mengalami pernikahan dini dibandingkan lulusan perguruan tinggi, berturut-turut sebesar 10,34 kali, 12,10 kali, dan 4,52 kali. Faktor tingkat pendidikan lebih dominan hubungannya dengan pernikahan dini dibandingkankan dengan faktor status sosioekonomi. Kesimpulan: Status sosioekonomi dan tingkat pendidikan berhubungan dengan pernikahan dini. Remaja putri miskin dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah di perdesaan harus menjadi fokus sasaran program penurunan cakupan pernikahan dini di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: perdesaan, perempuan, pernikahan dini, sosioekonomi.

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Sajjad, Muhammad A., Kara L. Holloway-Kew, Mohammadreza Mohebbi, Mark A. Kotowicz, Lelia L. F. de Abreu, Patricia M. Livingston, Mustafa Khasraw, et al. "Association between area-level socioeconomic status, accessibility and diabetes-related hospitalisations: a cross-sectional analysis of data from Western Victoria, Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e026880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026880.

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ObjectiveHospitalisation rates for many chronic conditions are higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged and less accessible areas. We aimed to map diabetes hospitalisation rates by local government area (LGA) across Western Victoria, Australia, and investigate their association with socioeconomic status (SES) and accessibility/remoteness.DesignCross-sectional studyMethodsData were acquired from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset for all hospitalisations (public and private) with a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus during 2011–2014. Crude and age-standardised hospitalisation rates (per 1000 population per year) were calculated by LGA for men, women and combined data. Associations between accessibility (Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia, ARIA), SES (Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage, IRSAD) and diabetes hospitalisation were investigated using Poisson regression analyses.ResultsHigher LGA-level accessibility and SES were associated with higher rates of type 1 and type 2 diabetes hospitalisation, overall and for each sex. For type 1 diabetes, higher accessibility (ARIA category) was associated with higher hospitalisation rates (men incidence rate ratio [IRR]=2.14, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.80; women IRR=2.45, 95% CI 1.87 to 3.19; combined IRR=2.30, 95% CI 1.69 to 3.13; all p<0.05). Higher socioeconomic advantage (IRSAD decile) was also associated with higher hospitalisation rates (men IRR=1.25, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.43; women IRR=1.32, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.51; combined IRR=1.23, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.42; all p<0.05). Similarly, for type 2 diabetes, higher accessibility (ARIA category) was associated with higher hospitalisation rates (men IRR=2.49, 95% CI 1.81 to 3.43; women IRR=2.34, 95% CI 1.69 to 3.25; combined IRR=2.32, 95% CI 1.66 to 3.25; all p<0.05) and higher socioeconomic advantage (IRSAD decile) was also associated with higher hospitalisation rates (men IRR=1.15, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.30; women IRR=1.14, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.28; combined IRR=1.13, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.27; all p<0.05).ConclusionOur observations could indicate self-motivated treatment seeking, and better specialist and hospital services availability in the advantaged and accessible areas in the study region. The determinants for such variations in hospitalisation rates, however, are multifaceted and warrant further research.

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Gonzalez Velez, Miguel, Carolyn Mead-Harvey, Heidi E. Kosiorek, Yael Kusne, Leyla Bojanini, Candido E. Rivera, Donald Northfelt, Chung-II Wi, and Leslie Padrnos. "Relationship of Area-Level Socioeconomic Status Indicators and Nutritional Anemias: Analysis of Folate, Vitamin B12, and Iron Deficiencies." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142897.

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Introduction: Serum folate (SF), vitamin B12 (B12), and iron deficiency (def) are common causes of nutritional anemias (NA). These deficiencies are usually multifactorial, with nutritional and non-nutritional causes playing a role. SF, B12, and iron levels are usually ordered in the setting of anemia, and malnutrition with or without neurologic symptoms. Clinical evidence suggests that these def have a strong dietary component and socioeconomic status (SES). The relationship of NA and area-based SES in the US has not been studied. We aimed to determine the relationship of SES with the prevalence of NA. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of adult patients with SF, B12 and iron levels at Mayo Clinic Arizona and Florida between 2010 and 2018. Race was classified using the NIH criteria. Normal laboratory values were determined according to our lab reference and the US NHANES III. SF levels (mcg/Lt) were defined as deficient <4, normal ≥4.0, and excess ≥20. B12 levels (ng/L) as deficient <150, borderline 150-400, normal >400-900, and excess ≥900. Iron def was determined by ferritin levels (mcg/L) as low <24, normal 24-336, elevated >336 for men, low <11, normal 11-307, elevated >307 for women. Area-Level SES indicators: Median Household income (MHI), unemployment rate (UR), median gross rent month (MGRM), % uninsured, median house value (MHV), % high school; were geocoded by zip code using the 2014 American Community Survey. Demographics and clinical variables were compared between groups by chi-square test for frequency data or Kruskal Wallis rank-sum test for continuous variables. Results: 202,046 samples from 128,084 patients were analyzed. In the sample-level analysis, there were statistically significant associations between SES and SF def; all SES indicators except UR for B12 def; and no differences for iron def, except % uninsured (Table 1). There was no statistically significant interaction between race and SES for SF def and iron def. Race was a statistically significant modifier between B12 def and MHI (p<0.001), % uninsured (p=0.002), and MHV (p=0.007). Asian and Other race had an increase in odds of B12 def with increasing MHI (Asian OR=1.11 , Other OR=1.18); white race had a decrease in odds of B12 def with increasing MHI (OR=0.95 for a $10,000 increase in MHI). Conclusions: We show significant relationships between SES and NA in the US. Differences were observed between SF def and all the SES indicators without race interactions. There were significant interactions between B12 def, race and SES for pts of White, Asian and Other race. There were no differences between SES and race for iron def. These relationships confirm that NA are related to area-level SES and other social determinants of health. Research regarding the causes of these disparities on a population level are needed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Williams, E. D., D. J. Magliano, P. Z. Zimmet, A. M. Kavanagh, C. E. Stevenson, B. F. Oldenburg, and J. E. Shaw. "Area-Level Socioeconomic Status and Incidence of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study." Diabetes Care 35, no. 7 (May 22, 2012): 1455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1410.

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Bowyer, Ruth, Matthew Jackson, Caroline Le Roy, Mary Ni Lochlainn, Tim Spector, Jennifer Dowd, and Claire Steves. "Socioeconomic Status and the Gut Microbiome: A TwinsUK Cohort Study." Microorganisms 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7010017.

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Socioeconomic inequalities in health and mortality are well established, but the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are less understood. In parallel, the gut microbiome is emerging as a potentially important determinant of human health, but little is known about its broader environmental and social determinants. We test the association between gut microbiota composition and individual- and area-level socioeconomic factors in a well-characterized twin cohort. In this study, 1672 healthy volunteers from twin registry TwinsUK had data available for at least one socioeconomic measure, existing fecal 16S rRNA microbiota data, and all considered co-variables. Associations with socioeconomic status (SES) were robust to adjustment for known health correlates of the microbiome; conversely, these health-microbiome associations partially attenuated with adjustment for SES. Twins discordant for IMD (Index of Multiple Deprivation) were shown to significantly differ by measures of compositional dissimilarity, with suggestion the greater the difference in twin pair IMD, the greater the dissimilarity of their microbiota. Future research should explore how SES might influence the composition of the gut microbiota and its potential role as a mediator of differences associated with SES.

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Bona, Kira O., Ruta Brazauskas, Naya He, Leslie E. Lehmann, Joanne Wolfe, Jignesh Dalal, Shahrukh K. Hashmi, et al. "Area-Based Socioeconomic Status and Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcomes: A CIBMTR Analysis." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-118544.

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Abstract Introduction: Outcome disparities related to race and area-based socioeconomic status (SES) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) have been identified in adult patients [Baker et al. 2009]. The relationship between SES and outcomes in pediatric allo-HCT has not been previously described. Among a large cohort of pediatric allo-HCT recipients we sought to determine the impact of area-based poverty on 5-year outcomes of overall survival (OS), acute and chronic graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD, cGVHD); as well as the short-term outcome of infection through day 100 . Methods: We utilized the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) database to examine the association of sociodemographic variables with outcomes in two cohorts of pediatric transplant recipients aged <=18 years who received allo-HCT at U.S. centers between 2006-2015. Cohort 1 (malignant) included 2053 children who received myeloablative conditioning for any malignancy. Cohort 2 (non-malignant) included 1696 children who received myeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioning for any non-malignant disease. Zip codes of child's residence were categorized as high-poverty area (>=20% households living below 100% federal poverty level (FPL)) versus low-poverty area (<20% households below 100% FPL) by linkage to U.S. Census data [Krieger et al. 2002]. Individual-level sociodemographic variables including insurance (Medicaid-only vs Other), race (Caucasian vs Black vs Other) and ethnicity (non-Hispanic vs Hispanic) were included as covariates. Cox regression was used to examine the effect of patient-related (age, performance status, insurance, race, and ethnicity), disease-related (disease type and status), and HCT-related (donor/graft type, CMV status, stem cell source, HLA match, donor age and gender, conditioning regimen and intensity, GVHD prophylaxis, year of HCT) variables on the outcomes of interest between the two area-based poverty groups. Results: Fifteen percent (N=299) of children in Cohort 1 lived in a high-poverty area; 35% (N=711) were insured by Medicaid-only; 11% (N=227) were African-American and 20% (N=417) Hispanic. Median follow-up of survivors was 74 months. In multivariable analysis, there was no association between area-based poverty and OS; however, OS was inferior in children with Medicaid-only insurance compared to those with private insurance (HR 1.22 (95% CI 1.06-1.40), p=0.0037) and in Black children compared to Caucasian (HR 2.02 (95% CI 1.10-3.73), p=0.0234). For the secondary outcomes of aGVHD, cGVHD or infection through day 100, there were no associations between area-based poverty, insurance, race, or ethnicity in multivariable analysis. To further explore the independent association of insurance with OS, we performed an ad hoc univariate analysis that demonstrated that insurance-related differences in OS for malignant disease appear to be driven by differences in treatment-related mortality (TRM) (5-year TRM: Medicaid-only 25% (95% CI 22-28) versus 18% (95% CI 16-21) other). Thirteen percent (N=228) of children in Cohort 2 lived in a high-poverty zip code; 35% were insured by Medicaid-only (N=597); 20% (N=332) were African-American and 20% (N=344) Hispanic. Median follow-up of survivors was 74 months. In multivariable analyses, there was no association between area-based poverty, insurance, race or ethnicity and any outcome. Conclusion: Area-based poverty is not associated with disparate outcomes in pediatric allo-HCT for malignant or non-malignant disease. In the setting of malignant disease, insurance-a household-level measure of socioeconomic status-and Black race are independently associated with inferior OS. These results suggest that future prospective investigation of more refined measures of household-level socioeconomic status may identify risk-factors for treatment-related mortality in this population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Goldani, Marcelo Zubaran, Marco Antonio Barbieri, Heloisa Bettiol, Marisa Ramos Barbieri, and Andrew Tomkins. "Infant mortality rates according to socioeconomic status in a Brazilian city." Revista de Saúde Pública 35, no. 3 (June 2001): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102001000300007.

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OBJECTIVE: Data from municipal databases can be used to plan interventions aimed at reducing inequities in health care. The objective of the study was to determine the distribution of infant mortality according to an urban geoeconomic classification using routinely collected municipal data. METHODS: All live births (total of 42,381) and infant deaths (total of 731) that occurred between 1994 and 1998 in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, were considered. Four different geoeconomic areas were defined according to the family head's income in each administrative urban zone. RESULTS: The trends for infant mortality rate and its different components, neonatal mortality rate and post-neonatal mortality rate, decreased in Ribeirão Preto from 1994 to 1998 (chi-square for trend, p<0.05). These rates were inversely correlated with the distribution of lower salaries in the geoeconomic areas (less than 5 minimum wages per family head), in particular the post-neonatal mortality rate (chi-square for trend, p<0.05). Finally, the poor area showed a steady increase in excess infant mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that infant mortality rates are associated with social inequality and can be monitored using municipal databases. The findings also suggest an increase in the impact of social inequality on infant health in Ribeirão Preto, especially in the poor area. The monitoring of health inequalities using municipal databases may be an increasingly more useful tool given the continuous decentralization of health management at the municipal level in Brazil.

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Hatløy, Anne, Jesper Hallund, Modibo M. Diarra, and Arne Oshaug. "Food variety, socioeconomic status and nutritional status in urban and rural areas in Koutiala (Mali)." Public Health Nutrition 3, no. 1 (March 2000): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980000000628.

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AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to analyse the associations between the food variety score (FVS), dietary diversity score (DDS) and nutritional status of children, and to assess the associations between FVS, DDS and socioeconomic status (SES) on a household level. The study also assessed urban and rural differences in FVS and DDS.Design: Cross-sectional studies in 1994/95, including a simplified food frequency questionnaire on food items used in the household the previous day. A socioeconomic score was generated, based on possessions in the households. Weight and height were measured for all children aged 6–59 months in the households, and anthropometric indices were generated.Subjects and setting: Three hundred and twenty-nine urban and 488 rural households with 526 urban and 1789 rural children aged 6–59 months in Koutiala County, Sikasso Region, Mali.Results: Children from urban households with a low FVS or DDS had a doubled risk (OR>2) for being stunted and underweight. Those relations were not found in the rural area. There was an association between SES and both FVS and DDS on the household level in both areas. The FVS and DDS in urban households with the lowest SES were higher than the FVS and DDS among the rural households with the highest SES.Conclusions: Food variety and dietary diversity seem to be associated with nutritional status (weight/age and height/age) of children in heterogeneous communities, as our data from urban areas showed. In rural areas, however, this association could not be shown. Socioeconomic factors seem to be important determinants for FVS and DDS both in urban and rural areas. FVS and DDS are useful variables in assessing the nutritional situation of households, particular in urban areas.

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Chereches-Panta, Paraschiva. "The Impact of Socio-Economical Status on the Quality of Life of Children with Asthma." Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Surgical Care 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/ets-8798/100054.

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Low socioeconomic level may contribute to the severity of asthma, frequency of exacerbation, and hospitalization and affects the quality of life. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on general score of quality of life (GSQL). Methods: The study group included children aged between 8-16 years with persistent asthma, and we followed them up 12 months. We analyzed the location and the size of the household, educational level, and employment status of parents and family income. The GSQL was obtained based on the questionnaire of quality of life in children with asthma. According to the SES, we divided the study group into high income and low-income groups. Results: Half of the patients belonged to families with low income. There were no significant differences in GSQL regarding the living area, educational level, and parents' employment status. The general score of quality of life was higher in patients from the high-income group than those with lower income at the beginning of the study (5.04±1.09 versus 4.43±0.97; p=0.0101). Alter 12 months GSQL increased significantly in both groups (6.57±0.57 versus 6.49±0.56; p=0.3167). The quality of life was not affected by atopic status. Conclusions: The low income has a negative impact on children GSQL. The educational level and employment status of parents, rural area, and the association of other allergic diseases do not affect the quality of life.

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Akinyoola, Lawrence A., Zachary Gunderson, Seungyup Sun, Ryan Fitzgerald, Christine B. Caltoum, Tyler W. Christman, Robert Bielski, and Randall T. Loder. "Association of Socioeconomic Status With Relapse After Ponseti Method Treatment of Idiopathic Clubfeet." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 3 (July 2022): 247301142211191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24730114221119180.

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Background: The Ponseti method is today’s standard treatment of idiopathic talipes equinovarus (ITEV). Compliance with foot abduction bracing (FABO) and socioeconomic factors have been shown to impact treatment outcome. We wished to further study socioeconomic factors using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a more comprehensive way to evaluate socioeconomic status, which has not been done before. Methods: All TEV patients from 2010 through 2019 treated with the Ponseti method were reviewed. Standard demographic variables, as well as the number of casts to complete initial correction, FABO compliance, and occurrence of relapse were tabulated. Socioeconomic level was quantified with the 2018 ADI. Results: There were 168 children; 151 had typical and 17 complex TEV. Average follow-up was 4.3 ± 1.8 years; relapse occurred in 46%. There were no significant differences in the percentage of relapse by sex, race, or ADI. FABO noncompliance was present in 46%. Relapse increased with increasing time of follow-up and FABO noncompliance (76% vs 21%, P < 10−6). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only FABO compliance and length of follow-up were associated with relapse. The OR of relapse for FABO noncompliance was 17.9 (7.6, 42.4, P < 10–6) and for follow-up >4 years the OR was 4.97 (2.1, 11.70, P = .0003). Conclusion: The outcome of the Ponseti method for TEV treatment is dependent on local circumstances. In our state, socioeconomic status, as determined by the ADI, was not associated with the occurrence of relapse. Thus, each center needs to assess its results, and analyze its own reasons for relapse. There were no other demographic variables associated with relapse except FABO compliance and length of follow-up. Parents should be strongly advised that FABO compliance and follow-up appears paramount to achieving the best results, and that complex TEV are at greater risk for relapse. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series

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Jorge, Kelly Oliva, Luís Otavio Cota, Efigênia Ferreira e. Ferreira, Miriam Pimenta do Vale, Ichiro Kawachi, and Patrícia Maria Zarzar. "Tobacco use and friendship networks: a cross-sectional study among Brazilian adolescents." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 20, no. 5 (May 2015): 1415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015205.13542014.

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Aim: To determine the prevalence of tobacco use and its association with types of friendship networks, socioeconomic status and gender among Brazilian adolescents.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a representative sample of 905 students aged 15 to 19 years. Information on social networks and tobacco use was collected by the self-administered questionnaire 'Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test" and the question "What is your most important group of close friends?'. Socioeconomic status was assessed using an area-based social vulnerability index and type of school. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was employed to test associations between tobacco use and the independent variables.Results: The overall prevalence of tobacco use was 18.9%. Female adolescents had 3.80-fold greater odds of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use compared to male adolescents. Participants who reported that their most important groups of close friends were from church had a lower risk of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use in comparison to those who reported that their best friends were from school.Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use was high and was associated with school-based (as compared to church-based) friendship networks, female gender and higher area-level socioeconomic status.

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Park, Hang A., Hye Ah Lee, and Ju Ok Park. "Association between Area-Level Socioeconomic Deprivation and Prehospital Delay in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: An Ecological Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 11, 2020): 7392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207392.

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We analyzed the associations between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and prehospital delay in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients by degree of urbanization with the use of an ecological framework. The participants were 13,637 patients over 18 years of age who experienced AIS from 2007 to 2012 and were admitted to any of the 29 hospitals in South Korea. Area-level SES was determined using 11 variables from the 2010 Korean census. The primary outcome was a prehospital delay (more than three hours from AIS onset time). Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to define the associations of individual- and area-level SES with prehospital delay after adjusting for confounders, which includes the use of emergency medical services (EMS) and individual SES. After adjusting for covariates, it was found that the area-level SES and urbanization were not associated with prehospital delay and EMS use was beneficial in both urban and rural areas. However, after stratification by urbanization, low area-level SES was significantly associated with a prehospital delay in urban areas (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.47) but not in rural areas (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 0.78–1.38). Therefore, we posit that area-level SES in urban areas might be a significant barrier to improving prehospital delay in AIS patients.

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Borders, T. F., J. E. Rohrer, and T. E. Vaughn. "Limitations of Secondary Data for Strategic Marketing in Rural Areas." Health Services Management Research 13, no. 4 (November 2000): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148480001300402.

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Market research is an important element of the strategic marketing process. By understanding the healthcare needs of a market area, hospital and health system managers can set priorities for new services and allocate resources appropriately. The process of market research often begins with an evaluation of health status and socioeconomic indicators collected from secondary sources. Unfortunately, indicators that have been recommended in the literature may not be feasible for use in rural markets because of their lack of statistical precision or inability to differentiate healthcare service needs. This study evaluated the statistical precision and variability of 79 secondary health status and socioeconomic measures reported at the county level in Iowa, USA, a largely rural state. Our findings suggest that many readily available health status and socioeconomic indicators do not discriminate need among rural health care markets. Only six health status and two socioeconomic indicators met our statistical precision and variability criteria. These findings have important implications for managers planning health services in rural localities. Managers of rural health systems may need to employ alternative market research methods, such as analysis of claims-based utilization rates or community health surveys.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Area-Level Socioeconomic Status'

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