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Journal articles on the topic 'Area functional'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Truskolaski, Tadeusz, Anna Busłowska, and Kamil Waligóra. "Formation of Functional Urban Areas: The Case of Bialystok Functional Area." Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne, no. 5(89) (2017): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ose.2017.05.89.12.

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2

WĘGRZYNOWICZ, Piotr. "Characteristics of Residential Areas in Krakow Functional Urban Area." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning SI, no. 11 (December 31, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jsspsi.03.cspter.

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Urban sprawl is an unfavourable phenomenon not only in economic terms, but also due to the social and spatial effects. The failure to implement a coherent spatial policy in suburban areas may result in a chaotic distribution of residential buildings and cause spatial disorder. The main aim of this study is to present the classification of residential housing in the Krakow Functional Urban Area (FUA). Another objective of the study is to analyse the distribution of residential buildings in selected area. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that the chaotic suburbanization causes an uneven distribution of residential buildings in Krakow FUA. The urban transect method was selected to illustrate the spatial distribution of residential buildings in this area. Additionally, GIS analyses were performed based on official spatial data describing the location and type of residential buildings. Thanks to the combination of both methods, a classification of residential housing and its spatial distribution in Krakow FUA were presented. The analysis of the results obtained leads to the conclusion that the suburbanization process in Krakow FUA is characterized by a significant dominance of single-family housing. The result of chaotic suburbanization is also visible in the lack of developed general urban areas.

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3

Lomako, T. V., and R. R. Salimov. "Extremal problem for functional of area." Researches in Mathematics 17 (January 29, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/240912.

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In the present article, the generalization of Lavrent'ev problem about the estimate of area of image of the circle is studied. It is shown that the above estimate in the investigated class is precise.

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4

Mann, William C., James P. Klyczek, and Roger C. Fiedler. "Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE)." Occupational Therapy in Mental Health 9, no. 3 (October 27, 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j004v09n03_01.

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5

Herholz, K., A. Thiel, U. Pietrzyk, H. M. von Stockhausen, J. Kessler, and W. D. Heiss. "Individual functional anatomy of Broca's area." NeuroImage 3, no. 3 (June 1996): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80136-4.

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6

Romić, Ivan. "Functional diversity in Keihanshin Metropolitan Area." Regional Studies, Regional Science 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2018.1479982.

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7

Cynader, MS, NV Swindale, and JA Matsubara. "Functional topography in cat area 18." Journal of Neuroscience 7, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.07-05-01401.1987.

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8

Duan, Y. "Functional Relationship between the Hypothalamic Vigilance Area and PAG Vigilance Area." Physiology & Behavior 62, no. 3 (September 1997): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00004-8.

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9

Gamberini, M., C. Galletti, A. Bosco, R. Breveglieri, and P. Fattori. "Is the Medial Posterior Parietal Area V6A a Single Functional Area?" Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 13 (March 30, 2011): 5145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5489-10.2011.

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10

HIROSHIMA, Satoru, Ryogo ANEI, Noboru MURAKAMI, and Kyousuke KAMADA. "Functional Localization of the Supplementary Motor Area." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 54, no. 7 (2014): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.oa2012-0321.

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11

Boling, Warren, David C. Reutens, and André Olivier. "Functional topography of the low postcentral area." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 2 (August 2002): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.2.0388.

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Object. The goal of this study was to establish a reliable method for identification of face and tongue sensory function in the lower central area. Methods. All positron emission tomography (PET) clinical activation studies performed over a 3-year period at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital were evaluated by coregistering the PET images with three-dimensional reconstructions of magnetic resonance images obtained in the same patients. In addition to stereotactic coordinates and measurements based on distance from the sylvian fissure, gyral and sulcal landmarks were analyzed to determine their reliability in localizing the sensory areas of the tongue and lower face. The convolutional anatomy of the central area is an important guide to the identification of function. The sensory area of the tongue is recognized as a triangular region at the base of the postcentral gyrus; the sensory area of the lower face resides in the narrowed portion of the postcentral gyrus, immediately above the tongue area. Conclusions. Cortical landmarks such as the substrata of tongue and face sensory impressions are more reliable guides than stereotactic coordinates or measurements for localizing function.

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12

Wang, Wenchong, and Lifeng Chi. "Area-Selective Growth of Functional Molecular Architectures." Accounts of Chemical Research 45, no. 10 (July 25, 2012): 1646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar200299w.

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13

Wang, Ziyi, Debin Ma, Dongqi Sun, and Jingxiang Zhang. "Identification and analysis of urban functional area in Hangzhou based on OSM and POI data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0251988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251988.

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The accurate identification of urban functional areas is of great significance for optimizing urban spatial structure, rationally allocating spatial elements, and promoting the sustainable development of the city. This paper proposes a method to precisely identify urban functional areas by coupling Open Street Map (OSM) and Point of Interest (POI) data. It takes the central urban area of Hangzhou as a case study to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the functional areas. The results show that: (1) The central urban areas of Hangzhou are divided into 21 functional areas (6 single functional areas, 14 mixed functional areas and 1 comprehensive functional area). (2) The single functional areas and the mixed functional areas show the geographical distribution characteristics of the looping stratification, which means “Core-periphery” differentiation is obvious, and the comprehensive functional area is relatively scattered. (3) The mixed degree of regional function with ecological function and production function is low while comprehensive functional areas are usually associated with higher potential and vitality. (4) The identification results are in great agreement with the actual situation of Hangzhou central urban area, and the method is feasible. Therefore, this paper can provide a reference for urban development planning and management.

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14

Wu, Junjie, Jian Zhang, and Huixia Zhang. "Urban Functional Area Recognition Based on Unbalanced Clustering." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (September 22, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7245407.

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Urban functional area recognition refers to refining the main functions of building coverage areas. At present, multisource data analysis is prone to data imbalance, and types with large data volume are more likely to affect data analysis results. Therefore, this study took the main urban area of Taiyuan as the research object and used the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technology (SMOTE) method to reduce the impact of data imbalance. In this study, the SOMTE method was used to incrementally process the microblog check-in data in the main urban area of Taiyuan, which reduced the phenomenon of data imbalance and further improved the recognition accuracy. The Point of Interest (POI) data were clustered through K-nearest neighbor, and microblog check-in data were semantically analyzed by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Then, the eigenvalues of the two kinds of data results were obtained by frequency density analysis. Finally, feature fusion was carried out by means of weighted average. The fused data were divided into single and mixed functional areas according to the difference of frequency density, which was rendered and displayed on the ArcGIS platform, so as to realize the visual identification and division of urban functional areas, and the results were compared with Gaode Map. The experimental results showed that this method can effectively identify urban functional areas with a recognition accuracy of 85%, which provided reference value for the planning and research of urban functional areas in the future.

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15

Meissner, Tobias W., Marisa Nordt, and Sarah Weigelt. "Prolonged functional development of the parahippocampal place area and occipital place area." NeuroImage 191 (May 2019): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.025.

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16

Halás, Marián, Pavel Klapka, Pavol Hurbánek, Branislav Bleha, János Pénzes, and Gábor Pálóczi. "A definition of relevant functional regions for international comparisons: The case of Central Europe." Area 51, no. 3 (July 27, 2018): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/area.12487.

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17

Musiał-Malagó, Monika. "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE TERRITORIAL ENTITIES OF FUNCTIONAL AREAS - CASE STUDY OF THE CRACOW FUNCTIONAL AREA." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Formatio Circumiectus 4 (2017): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/asp.fc/2017.16.4.167.

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18

Busłowska, Anna, and Kamil Waligóra. "Integrated projects as the instrument of the development of functional areas using the example of Bialystok Functional Area." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 3(93) (2018): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2018.03.93.22.

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19

Hashi, Kazuo. "Removal of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation in the Functional Cortical Areas of the Brain." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 8, no. 6 (1999): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.8.377.

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20

Paulesu, E., D. Perani, V. Blasi, G. Silani, N. A. Borghese, U. De Giovanni, S. Sensolo, and F. Fazio. "A Functional-Anatomical Model for Lipreading." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (September 2003): 2005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00926.2002.

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Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) PET scans were used to study the physiological bases of lipreading, a natural skill of extracting language from mouth movements, which contributes to speech perception in everyday life. Viewing connected mouth movements that could not be lexically identified and that evoke perception of isolated speech sounds (nonlexical lipreading) was associated with bilateral activation of the auditory association cortex around Wernicke's area, of left dorsal premotor cortex, and left opercular-premotor division of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). The supplementary motor area was active as well. These areas have all been implicated in phonological processing, speech and mouth motor planning, and execution. In addition, nonlexical lipreading also differentially activated visual motion areas. Lexical access through lipreading was associated with a similar pattern of activation and with additional foci in ventral- and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in left inferior parietal cortex. Linear regression analysis of cerebral blood flow and proficiency for lexical lipreading further clarified the role of these areas in gaining access to language through lipreading. The results suggest cortical activation circuits for lipreading from action representations that may differentiate lexical access from nonlexical processes.

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21

Li, Jingzhong, Xiao Xie, Bingyu Zhao, Xiao Xiao, Jingxin Qiao, and Wanxia Ren. "Identification of Urban Functional Area by Using Multisource Geographic Data: A Case Study of Zhengzhou, China." Complexity 2021 (March 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8875276.

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The rational allocation of functional areas is the foundation for addressing the sustainable development of cities. Efficient and accurate identification methods of urban functional areas are of great significance to the adjustment and testing of urban planning and industrial layout optimization. Firstly, by employing multisource geographic data, an identification method of urban functional areas was developed. A quantitative measurement approach of the urban functional area was then established considering the comprehensive effects of human-land, space-time, and thematic information to present the covering area of ground objects, public awareness, and empirical research. Finally, the Zhengzhou city, which locates in Henan province of central China, was used to test the method. The results show that the developed method is efficient, accurate, and universal and can identify urban functional areas quickly and accurately. We found that the overall distribution of Zhengzhou’s functional areas presents a spatial pattern of single and multimixed coordinated development. The city’s commercial functional areas and commercial-based mixed functional areas are located in the city’s central area. The green square’s function area occupies relatively low and is mainly distributed in the city’s fringe.

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22

Lopes, Bernardo B. C., Paul Sorajja, Go Hashimoto, Miho Fukui, Vinayak N. Bapat, Yu Du, Richard Bae, et al. "Tricuspid Anatomic Regurgitant Orifice Area by Functional DSCT." JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 14, no. 8 (August 2021): 1669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.02.002.

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23

Shi, Xiang, Yong Zuo, Peng Zhai, Jiahao Shen, Yangyiwei Yang, Zhen Gao, Meng Liao, et al. "Large-area display textiles integrated with functional systems." Nature 591, no. 7849 (March 10, 2021): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03295-8.

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24

Hao, Yongxia. "The Plateau-Bézier Problem with Weak-Area Functional." Journal of Computational Mathematics 38, no. 6 (June 2020): 838–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/jcm.1906-m2019-0051.

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25

Meier, J. J., B. A. Menge, T. G. K. Breuer, C. A. Muller, A. Tannapfel, W. Uhl, W. E. Schmidt, and H. Schrader. "Functional Assessment of Pancreatic -Cell Area in Humans." Diabetes 58, no. 7 (June 9, 2009): 1595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08-1611.

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26

Beegam, Resia. "Event Management: Emerging Functional Area for Small Entrepreneurs." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 32, no. 3 (September 2005): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846420050309.

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27

INABA, Hiroshi. "Review of problem area in physiologically functional foods." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 31, no. 1 (1990): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.31.14.

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28

Maiti, Tapabrata, Samiran Sinha, and Ping-Shou Zhong. "Functional Mixed Effects Model for Small Area Estimation." Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 43, no. 3 (March 15, 2016): 886–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjos.12218.

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29

Trutti, Anne C., Martijn J. Mulder, Bernhard Hommel, and Birte U. Forstmann. "Functional neuroanatomical review of the ventral tegmental area." NeuroImage 191 (May 2019): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.062.

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30

Hirt, G., and M. Thome. "Large area rolling of functional metallic micro structures." Production Engineering 1, no. 4 (November 9, 2007): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-007-0067-z.

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31

Hao, Yong-Xia. "Quasi-area functional for the Plateau–Bézier problem." Graphical Models 112 (November 2020): 101095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gmod.2020.101095.

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32

Gegenfurtner, Karl R., Daniel C. Kiper, and Jonathan B. Levitt. "Functional Properties of Neurons in Macaque Area V3." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1906–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.4.1906.

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Gegenfurtner, Karl R., Daniel C. Kiper, and Jonathan B. Levitt. Functional properties of neurons in macaque area V3. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1906–1923, 1997. We investigated the functional properties of neurons in extrastriate area V3. V3 receives inputs from both magno- and parvocellular pathways and has prominent projections to both the middle temporal area (area MT) and V4. It may therefore represent an important site for integration and transformation of visual signals. We recorded the activity of single units representing the central 10° in anesthetized, paralyzed macaque monkeys. We measured each cell's spatial, temporal, chromatic, and motion properties with the use of a variety of stimuli. Results were compared with measurements made in V2 neurons at similar eccentricities. Similar to area V2, most of the neurons in our sample (80%) were orientation selective, and the distribution of orientation bandwidths was similar to that found in V2. Neurons in V3 preferred lower spatial and higher temporal frequencies than V2 neurons. Contrast thresholds of V3 neurons were extremely low. Achromatic contrast sensitivity was much higher than in V2, and similar to that found in MT. About 40% of all neurons showed strong directional selectivity. We did not find strongly directional cells in layer 4 of V3, the layer in which the bulk of V1 and V2 inputs terminate. This property seems to be developed within area V3. An analysis of the responses of directionally selective cells to plaid patterns showed that in area V3, as in MT and unlike in V1 and V2, there exist cells sensitive to the motion of the plaid pattern rather than to that of the components. The exact proportion of cells classified as being selective to color depended to a large degree on the experiment and on the criteria used for classification. With the use of the same conditions as in a previous study of V2 cells, we found as many (54%) color-selective cells as in V2 (50%). Furthermore, the responses of V3 cells to colored sinusoidal gratings were well described by a linear combination of cone inputs. The two subpopulations of cells responsive to color and to motion overlapped to a large extent, and we found a significant proportion of cells that gave reliable and directional responses to drifting isoluminant gratings. Our results show that there is a significant interaction between color and motion processing in area V3, and that V3 cells exhibit the more complex motion properties typically observed at later stages of visual processing.

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33

Yazgan, M. Yanki, Bruce E. Wexler, Marcel Kinsbourne, Bradley Peterson, and James F. Leckman. "Functional significance of individual variations in callosal area." Neuropsychologia 33, no. 6 (June 1995): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(95)00018-x.

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34

Li, Tianle, Xinqi Zheng, Chunxiao Zhang, Ruiguo Wang, and Jiayu Liu. "Mining Spatial Correlation Patterns of the Urban Functional Areas in Urban Agglomeration: A Case Study of Four Typical Urban Agglomerations in China." Land 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060870.

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Urban agglomeration is a higher stage of urban development. Exploring the spatial correlation of functional areas is important for promoting high-quality urban development. However, recently the research on urban functional areas is mainly focused on how to identify urban functional areas, and they lack some methods to analyze the spatial correlation patterns of urban functional areas. Therefore, firstly, this study uses POI data and a deep learning model to identify the urban functional areas of four typical urban agglomerations in China. Then, we create a new method to mine the spatial correlation patterns of urban functional areas from two levels (city and cities in one urban agglomeration). Moreover, we find that various graphs well express the spatial correlation patterns. Based on the above, we establish a new technical process for mining the spatial correlation of urban functional areas. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The multilayer detailed division of the functional area is helpful to mine the spatial correlation pattern of the functional area. (2) The rank of each city in the urban agglomeration can be divided according to the urban functional area; there are great differences in richness and scale of the mixed-functional areas in the urban agglomeration, but there is little difference among the urban agglomerations. (3) The spatial correlation patterns of the functional areas in the first-rank cities of each urban agglomeration area are highly similar. (4) There is a certain spatial correlation pattern of functional areas in Chinese urban agglomerations. (5) There are great differences in the similarity of spatial correlation patterns between cities in one urban agglomeration, and the spatial relationship of similarity may not surround the most developed cities. This research will help urban planners to develop functional areas in different cities.

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35

Pan, Hong Yi, Ji Rong Gu, and Jie Ming Zhou. "Research on the Division for Functional Area of Evaluation of Intensive Use Based on Delaunay Triangulation and GIS – A Case of Functional Area for Residence in Qingyang." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2749.

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The purpose of this paper is to realize the auto division for functional area of intensive use meanwhile the efficiency and accuracy was improved. Method employed is that functional area of evaluation of intensive use was divided based on Delaunay triangulation and GIS. The results indicate according to comparison between results divided by expert and improved method that :( 1) The 26 functional areas divided by expert were totally covered by the method for auto division based on Delaunay triangulation and GIS. (2) There were 8 functional areas that coincided with the method for auto division, account for 30.77%. (3) The other 18 functional areas belongs to part coincidence, account for 69.23%.

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36

Bavelier, D., D. Corina, P. Jezzard, S. Padmanabhan, V. P. Clark, A. Karni, A. Prinster, et al. "Sentence Reading: A Functional MRI Study at 4 Tesla." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 5 (October 1997): 664–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.664.

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In this study, changes in blood oxygenation and volume were monitored while monolingual right-handed subjects read English sentences. Our results confirm the role of the left peri-sylvian cortex in language processing. Interestingly, individual subject analyses reveal a pattern of activation characterized by several small, limited patches rather than a few large, anatomically well-circumscribed centers. Between-subject analyses confirm a lateralized pattern of activation and reveal active classical language areas including Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the angular gyms. In addition they point to areas only more recently considered as language-relevant including the anterior portion of the superior temporal sulcus. This area has not been reliably observed in imaging studies of isolated word processing. This raises the hypothesis that activation in this area is dependent on processes specific to sentence reading.

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37

Barska, Anetta, and Janina Jędrzejczak-Gas. "The Concept for the Development of a Functional Area Illustrated by the Case of the Functional Area of the Oder Communes." Ekonomia i Zarzadzanie 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0021.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to present the essence of a functional area as a new tool of the EU regional policy and the course of designing an integrated approach to the development of the functional area. The study is a case study and relates to the methodical process of creating a development concept for the Functional Area of Oder Communes (FAOC). This article is based on the analysis of the domestic and foreign literature on regional development and own experiences and reflections of authors resulting from the work in the team for the development of a strategy for this area. The analysis of domestic and foreign literature allowed for presenting a new paradigm of the local development. The current approach is characterized by a focus on the use of endogenous potentials and territorial targeting of the development, which promotes the creation of functional and spatial structures such as functional areas. Their development requires integrated development planning that provides benefits both in the social and economic dimension. The study presents the new paradigm of the local development in the context of the National Spatial Development Concept 2030. The study presents the theoretical and practical basis for creating a concept for integrated development of a functional area.

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38

Asaiduli, Halidan, Abdugheni Abliz, Abudukeyimu Abulizi, Xiaoli Sun, and Panqing Ye. "Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risks in Different Functional Areas on the Northern Slope of the Eastern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, NW China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6 (March 9, 2023): 4843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064843.

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In typical semi-arid areas, the timely and effective monitoring and evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution are of critical importance to prevent soil deterioration and achieve the sustainable use of soil resources. To further understand the degree of soil heavy metal pollution in different functional areas, we studied the soil heavy metal pollution on the northern slope of the eastern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. We collected 104 surface soil samples from typical commercial (A), industrial (B), and agricultural (C) areas with different land-use patterns. The contents of Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, As, and Hg in the soil of different functional areas were evaluated using the geo-accumulation index, the single-factor pollution index, and potential ecological risk. The results showed that the contents of Pb, As, and Hg in soils of different functional areas exceeded 4.47, 8.03, and 1.5 times the background values of Xinjiang soil, respectively. The average contents of Zn, Cu, and Cr were lower than the background values of Xinjiang soil. Except for As in different functional areas, the contents of the other elements in the different functional areas reached the level of soil environmental quality standards in China (GB15618-2018). The geo-accumulation index of heavy metals in different functional areas was in the order of Area C > Area A > Area B, indicating that Area C was the most polluted. The results of the single-factor pollution index showed that the pollution levels of Pb, As, and Hg were higher, and the pollution levels of Cr, Cu, and Zn were lower. The results of the potential ecological risk index showed that the northwest of Area A was higher, the southeast of Area B was more polluted, and the central and eastern parts of Area C were more polluted. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the spatial distribution characteristics of Zn and Cr elements in different functional areas are consistent, but the spatial distribution characteristics of Cu, Pb, As, and Hg in different functional areas are quite different. The high values of these four elements are mainly distributed in residential areas, factories, and metal smelters. It is necessary to divide the functional areas based on different land-use patterns, and the prevention of soil single-element and heavy metal pollution in different functional areas is reasonable for land resources and provides a scientific basis for the effective planning of quality assurance.

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39

Li, Qiongge, Gino Del Ferraro, Luca Pasquini, Kyung K. Peck, Hernán A. Makse, and Andrei I. Holodny. "Core language brain network for fMRI language task used in clinical applications." Network Neuroscience 4, no. 1 (January 2020): 134–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00112.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used in clinical applications to highlight brain areas involved in specific cognitive processes. Brain impairments, such as tumors, suppress the fMRI activation of the anatomical areas they invade and, thus, brain-damaged functional networks present missing links/areas of activation. The identification of the missing circuitry components is of crucial importance to estimate the damage extent. The study of functional networks associated with clinical tasks but performed by healthy individuals becomes, therefore, of paramount concern. These “healthy” networks can, indeed, be used as control networks for clinical studies. In this work we investigate the functional architecture of 20 healthy individuals performing a language task designed for clinical purposes. We unveil a common architecture persistent across all subjects under study, that we call “core” network, which involves Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, the premotor area, and the pre-supplementary motor area. We study the connectivity of this circuitry by using the k-core centrality measure, and we find that three of these areas belong to the most robust structure of the functional language network for the specific task under study. Our results provide useful insights on primarily important functional connections.

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40

Caria, Marcello A., Takeshi Kaneko, Akihisa Kimura, and Hiroshi Asanuma. "Functional Organization of the Projection From Area 2 to Area 4γ in the Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 3107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.6.3107.

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Caria, Marcello A., Takeshi Kaneko, Akihisa Kimura, and Hiroshi Asanuma. Functional organization of the projection from area 2 to area 4γ in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 3107–3114, 1997. It has been shown that tetanic stimulation of area 2 of the somatosensory cortex produces long-term potentiation in neurons in area 4γ, and this has been suggested as the basis of learning new motor skills. The purpose of this study was to further elucidate the characteristics of this projection by the use of evoked potentials in area 4γ elicited by intracortical microstimulation of area 2. The experiments were carried out in cats and the following results were obtained. 1) In six animals, stimulation of a given site in area 2 elicited evoked potentials in a restricted region of area 4γ, the size of which ranged from 1 to 1.5 mm2. These responses were labeled “localized responses.” The evoked potentials were recorded from the superficial layers of the cortex, and were positive monophasic in shape. 2) In 16 animals, stimulation of a given site in area 2 elicited a focal response that was surrounded by smaller positive and monophasic potentials of <50% amplitude that spread broadly over area 4γ. These responses were labeled “graded responses.” 3) The sites that produced focal evoked potentials in area 4γ extended along the direction of the radial fibers in area 2. These sites were defined as most effective segments (MESs). 4) The receptive fields of neurons along the MES in area 2 were similar to those of neurons recorded at the foci of the evoked potentials in area 4γ. The results demonstrate that some of the projections from area 2 to area 4γ are highly specific and that the somatosensory and motor areas that are connected by these specific projections receive functionally related peripheral input. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms underlying motor learning.

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Li, Ya, Chunxia Liu, and Yuechen Li. "Identification of Urban Functional Areas and Their Mixing Degree Using Point of Interest Analyses." Land 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11070996.

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With the rise of smart cities and geographic big-data applications, the refined identification of urban functional areas is of great significance for decision-makers to formulate scientific and reasonable urban planning. In this paper, a random forest algorithm was adopted to analyze Point of Interest (POI) data, with the aim of identifying the functional zoning of Chongqing’s central urban area and to quantify the functional mixing degree by combining POI data with Open Street Map (OSM) road networks. The main conclusions include: (1) Due to the topography and previous urban planning strategies, the central urban area of Chongqing has a significant cluster development that radiates outward from the center of each district. Mixed functional areas account for about 40% of the total area, excluding non-functional areas. The land-use intensity of the central urban area is significant. (2) The mixing degree of the inner ring is generally high, while the aggregation characteristics of the outer ring are weaker. The functions of catering and transportation are dispersed and are mutually exclusive from other functions. (3) The identification of residential service and green spaces and squares was the best, while the identification of catering service areas was slightly less accurate. The overall identification accuracy of the single-function areas was 82%. The results of functional zoning provide valuable information for understanding the downtown area of Chongqing and represent a new method for the study of urban structures in the future.

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Yuan, Xingming, and Bing Guo. "Dynamic Monitoring of the Ecological Vulnerability for Multi-Type Ecological Functional Areas during 2000–2018." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 15987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315987.

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Studies that consider both the differences of evaluation systems and index weights among different ecological areas in different study periods for ecological vulnerability evaluation have not been reported yet. In addition, the comparability of vulnerability assessment results among different study areas is poor. This paper proposed a novel quantitative vulnerability evaluation method for multi-type and multi-temporal ecological functional areas using a dynamic weighting method: Three-River Source region grassland–wetland ecological functional area (TRSR), Guiqiandian karst rocky desertification control ecological functional area (GQD), Hunshandake desertification control ecological functional area (HSDK), and Chuandian forest and biodiversity ecological functional area (CD), and then introduced net primary productivity (NPP) to realize the determination of multi-type ecological vulnerability thresholds, which is helpful to compare the vulnerability evaluation results of different ecological functional areas in a unified and comparable level. The proposed novel quantitative vulnerability evaluation method had higher applicability in vulnerability assessment for multi-type ecological functional areas (91.1% for TRSR, 91.9% for HSDK, 91.7% for CD, and 94.2% for GQD) based on the dynamic weight determination method. The determination of vulnerability thresholds based on NPP could provide a comparable level to investigate the spatial distribution patterns of ecological vulnerability in multi-type ecological functional areas for different periods. The average ecological vulnerability of the TRSR, GQD, and CD was classified as mild vulnerability, while that of the HSDK was classified as moderate vulnerability. The research results could provide a novel method for the support of ecological protection for multi-type ecological zones on a national scale.

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Fioretti, Carlotta, and Martina Pertoldi. "EXPLORING THE FUNCTIONAL AREA APPROACH IN EU URBAN STRATEGIES." Transactions of the Association of European Schools of Planning 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24306/traesop.2020.02.006.

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Tanabe, Hirotaka, Hiroaki Kazui, Yoshitsugu Nakagawa, Manabu Ikeda, Toshiki Yoshimine, Amami Katou, Shunichiro Hirano, Mamoru Taneda, and Tohru Hayakawa. "Functional Mapping of Frontal Language Area by Electrical Stimulation." Higher Brain Function Research 13, no. 2 (1993): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/apr.13.183.

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Houston, D., S. L. Williams, J. Bloomer, and W. C. Mann. "The Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation: Development and Standardization." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 43, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.43.3.170.

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Dhafar, Khalid Obeid, Zohair Jamil Gazzaz, Abdul Fatah Sindy, and Mian Usman Farooq. "Functional Analysis of Mutahassaneen Area during Hajj 1427 Hijra." Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 13, 2010): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/mjms.1857-5773.2010.0093.

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Pirttiniemi, Pertti. "Normal and increased functional asymmetries in the craniofacial area." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 56, no. 6 (January 1998): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000163598428284.

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Peterhans, E., and R. Heydt. "Functional Organization of Area V2 in the Alert Macaque." European Journal of Neuroscience 5, no. 5 (May 1993): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00517.x.

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Wu, Yuewei, Yuanyuan Qiao, and Jie Yang. "Urban Functional Area Division Based on Cell Tower Classification." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 171503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955755.

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Erhard, P., T. Kato, J. P. Strupp, P. Andersen, G. Adriany, P. L. Strick, and K. Ugurbil. "Functional mapping of motor in and near Broca's area." NeuroImage 3, no. 3 (June 1996): S367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80369-7.

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