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Journal articles on the topic 'ARDS, PET imaging, CT imaging, inflammation'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Wells, R. Glenn, and Terrence D. Ruddy. "The dream of imaging coronary artery inflammation with FDG PET/CT imaging." Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 24, no. 4 (June 3, 2016): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12350-016-0549-5.

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2

Emami, Hamed, and Ahmed Tawakol. "Noninvasive imaging of arterial inflammation using FDG-PET/CT." Current Opinion in Lipidology 25, no. 6 (December 2014): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0000000000000135.

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3

Saraste, Antti, and Juhani Knuuti. "Optimizing FDG-PET/CT imaging of inflammation in atherosclerosis." Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 22, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12350-015-0112-9.

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4

Vorster, Mariza, John Buscombe, Ziauddin Saad, and Mike Sathekge. "Past and Future of Ga-citrate for Infection and Inflammation Imaging." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 7 (May 14, 2018): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666171129200611.

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Both 67Ga and 68Ga-citrates are used to detect a wide spectrum of pathology consisting of various inflammatory, infectious and malignant conditions. Considering the now widespread availability and constantly increasing demand for PET/CT studies,68Ga-citrate is gaining ground in clinical settings and the added value of combined metabolic and anatomical imaging achieved by combining PET with Computed Tomography (CT) to PET/CT makes 68Ga-citrate particularly promising. Despite the tracer's non-specificity, it has demonstrated potential especially in the evaluation of various infectious and inflammatory skeletal- and lung conditions. In this review, we will focus on the indications and lessons learned from 67Ga, and present the current status for the use of 68Ga-citrate PET/CT in selected inflammation and infectious diseases based on the limited literature available.
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Keidar, Zohar. "FDG PET/CT Imaging in Diabetic Patients - A Special Emphasis on Imaging of Infection." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 7 (May 14, 2018): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666171129202647.

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Nuclear Medicine (NM) imaging plays a major role in the assessment of infection and inflammation. Tracers, including single photon emitting radionuclides for Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) and agents for positron emission tomography (PET), reflect primarily tissue and cellular function or metabolism. In the specific clinical setting of a patient with suspected infectious or inflammatory process, planar scintigraphy, SPECT or PET procedures are used to support a clinically suspected diagnosis. Integrating metabolic and anatomic information using a single SPECT/CT or PET/CT technique has substantially improved the diagnostic accuracy of these imaging tests and advanced the NM technology to be a significant and important tool in the field of infection and inflammation. Diabetes, one of the most prevalent diseases, has a direct relationship with the development of various infection related condition. Due to alterations in different metabolic pathways, imaging of the diabetic patient may be subject to specific pitfalls and obstacles which should be taken into consideration. This review aimed at describing the impact of diabetes and hyperglycemia on NM imaging, with an emphasis on FDGPET/ CT, in specific infectious conditions related to diabetes.
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6

Lawal, Ismaheel O., Gbenga O. Popoola, Johncy Mahapane, Jens Kaufmann, Cindy Davis, Honest Ndlovu, Letjie C. Maserumule, et al. "[68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor for PET Imaging of Vascular Expression of CXCR-4 as a Marker of Arterial Inflammation in HIV-Infected Patients: A Comparison with 18F[FDG] PET Imaging." Biomolecules 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10121629.

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People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) have excess risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Arterial inflammation is the hallmark of atherogenesis and its complications. In this study we aimed to perform a head-to-head comparison of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT) and Gallium-68 pentixafor positron emission tomography/computed tomography [68Ga]Ga-pentixafor PET/CT for quantification of arterial inflammation in PLHIV. We prospectively recruited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients to undergo [18F]FDG PET/CT and [68Ga]Ga-pentixafor PET/CT within two weeks of each other. We quantified the levels of arterial tracer uptake on both scans using maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and target–background ratio. We used Bland and Altman plots to measure the level of agreement between tracer quantification parameters obtained on both scans. A total of 12 patients were included with a mean age of 44.67 ± 7.62 years. The mean duration of HIV infection and mean CD+ T-cell count of the study population were 71.08 ± 37 months and 522.17 ± 260.33 cells/µL, respectively. We found a high level of agreement in the quantification variables obtained using [18F]FDG PET and [68Ga]Ga-pentixafor PET. There is a good level of agreement in the arterial tracer quantification variables obtained using [18F]FDG PET/CT and [68Ga]Ga-pentixafor PET/CT in PLHIV. This suggests that [68Ga]Ga-pentixafor may be applied in the place of [18F]FDG PET/CT for the quantification of arterial inflammation.
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Alie, Nadia, Mootaz Eldib, Zahi A. Fayad, and Venkatesh Mani. "Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease: PET/CT for the Evaluation of Atherosclerosis and Inflammation." Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology 8s3 (January 2014): CMC.S17063. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmc.s17063.

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Atherosclerosis is a prevalent cardiovascular disease marked by inflammation and the formation of plaque within arterial walls. As the disease progresses, there is an increased risk of major cardiovascular events. Owing to the nature of atherosclerosis, it is imperative to develop methods to further understand the physiological implications and progression of the disease. The combination of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has proven to be promising for the evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques and inflammation within the vessel walls. The utilization of the radiopharmaceutical tracer, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), with PET/CT is invaluable in understanding the pathophysiological state involved in atherosclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the use of 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging for the evaluation of atherosclerosis and inflammation both in preclinical and clinical studies. The potential of more specific novel tracers will be discussed. Finally, we will touch on the potential benefits of using the newly introduced combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive imaging of atherosclerosis.
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8

Malviya, Gaurav, Erik F. J. de Vries, Rudi A. Dierckx, and Alberto Signore. "Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging chronic lymphocytic inflammation." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, spe (September 2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000600002.

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In the last few decades, a number of radiopharmaceuticals for imaging inflammation have been proposed that differ in their specificity and mechanism of uptake in inflamed foci as compared to the traditional inflammation imaging agents. Radiolabelled cytokines represent a reliable tool for the preclinical diagnosis of chronic inflammatory processes, even before anatomical and functional changes occur in affected tissues. Moreover, the introduction of radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies and sophisticated technique like PET/CT now make the field of inflammation imaging highly specific and accurate. In this review, different approaches of the established and experimental radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of chronic inflammation are discussed.
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9

Menezes, L. J., C. W. Kotze, B. F. Hutton, R. Endozo, J. C. Dickson, I. Cullum, S. W. Yusuf, P. J. Ell, and A. M. Groves. "Vascular Inflammation Imaging with 18F-FDG PET/CT: When to Image?" Journal of Nuclear Medicine 50, no. 6 (May 14, 2009): 854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.061432.

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10

Arnon-Sheleg, Elite, Ora Israel, and Zohar Keidar. "PET/CT Imaging in Soft Tissue Infection and Inflammation—An Update." Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 50, no. 1 (January 2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.07.005.

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11

Subramanian, Sharath, and Ahmed Tawakol. "Molecular PET and CT Imaging of Inflammation and Metabolism in Atherosclerosis." Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 3, no. 2 (March 10, 2010): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12410-010-9014-z.

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12

TAN, YEYING, JUN LIANG, DEFENG LIU, FENG ZHU, GUANMIN WANG, XUEMEI DING, and CONGHUI HAN. "18F-FLT PET/CT imaging in a Wister rabbit inflammation model." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 8, no. 1 (April 24, 2014): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1687.

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13

Kircher, Malte, Johannes Tran-Gia, Luisa Kemmer, Xiaoli Zhang, Andreas Schirbel, Rudolf A. Werner, Andreas K. Buck, et al. "Imaging Inflammation in Atherosclerosis with CXCR4-Directed 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT: Correlation with 18F-FDG PET/CT." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 61, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.234484.

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14

Gargiulo, Sara, Adelaide Greco, Matteo Gramanzini, Maria Piera Petretta, Adele Ferro, Michele Larobina, Mariarosaria Panico, Arturo Brunetti, and Alberto Cuocolo. "PET/CT Imaging in Mouse Models of Myocardial Ischemia." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/541872.

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Different species have been used to reproduce myocardial infarction models but in the last years mice became the animals of choice for the analysis of several diseases, due to their short life cycle and the possibility of genetic manipulation. Many techniques are currently used for cardiovascular imaging in mice, including X-ray computed tomography (CT), high-resolution ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine procedures. Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) allows to examine noninvasively, on a molecular level and with high sensitivity, regional changes in myocardial perfusion, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and gene expression or to measure changes in anatomical and functional parameters in heart diseases. Currently hybrid PET/CT scanners for small laboratory animals are available, where CT adds high-resolution anatomical information. This paper reviews mouse models of myocardial infarction and discusses the applications of dedicated PET/CT systems technology, including animal preparation, anesthesia, radiotracers, and images postprocessing.
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15

Høilund-Carlsen, Poul F., Reza Piri, Per Lav Madsen, Mona-Elisabeth Revheim, Thomas J. Werner, Abass Alavi, Oke Gerke, and Michael Sturek. "Atherosclerosis Burdens in Diabetes Mellitus: Assessment by PET Imaging." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 10268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810268.

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Arteriosclerosis and its sequelae are the most common cause of death in diabetic patients and one of the reasons why diabetes has entered the top 10 causes of death worldwide, fatalities having doubled since 2000. The literature in the field claims almost unanimously that arteriosclerosis is more frequent or develops more rapidly in diabetic than non-diabetic subjects, and that the disease is caused by arterial inflammation, the control of which should therefore be the goal of therapeutic efforts. These views are mostly based on indirect methodologies, including studies of artery wall thickness or stiffness, or on conventional CT-based imaging used to demonstrate tissue changes occurring late in the disease process. In contrast, imaging with positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) applying the tracers 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) or 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) mirrors arterial wall inflammation and microcalcification, respectively, early in the course of the disease, potentially enabling in vivo insight into molecular processes. The present review provides an overview of the literature from the more than 20 and 10 years, respectively, that these two tracers have been used for the study of atherosclerosis, with emphasis on what new information they have provided in relation to diabetes and which questions remain insufficiently elucidated.
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16

Giraudo, Chiara, Laura Evangelista, Anna Sara Fraia, Amalia Lupi, Emilio Quaia, Diego Cecchin, and Massimiliano Casali. "Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Inflammation and Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030894.

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Infectious and inflammatory pulmonary diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although infrequently used in this setting, molecular imaging may significantly contribute to their diagnosis using techniques like single photon emission tomography (SPET), positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the support of specific or unspecific radiopharmaceutical agents. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), mostly applied in oncological imaging, can also detect cells actively involved in infectious and inflammatory conditions, even if with a low specificity. SPET with nonspecific (e.g., 67Gallium-citrate (67Ga citrate)) and specific tracers (e.g., white blood cells radiolabeled with 111Indium-oxine (111In) or 99mTechnetium (99mTc)) showed interesting results for many inflammatory lung diseases. However, 67Ga citrate is unfavorable by a radioprotection point of view while radiolabeled white blood cells scan implies complex laboratory settings and labeling procedures. Radiolabeled antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) have been recently tested, although they seem to be quite unspecific and cause antibiotic resistance. New radiolabeled agents like antimicrobic peptides, binding to bacterial cell membranes, seem very promising. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview about techniques, including PET/MRI, and tracers that can guide the clinicians in the appropriate diagnostic pathway of infectious and inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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17

Nasseri, Yosef, Ariel J. Ourian, Alan Waxman, Alessandro D'Angolo, Louise E. Thomson, and Daniel R. Margulies. "Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography: A Novel Approach for the Diagnosis of Cholecystitis for Equivocal Diagnoses after Ultrasound Imaging." American Surgeon 78, no. 10 (October 2012): 1109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481207801022.

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Although hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan is often used when the diagnosis of cholecystitis remains questionable after ultrasound, it carries a high false-positive rate and has other limitations. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography (18FDG PET-CT) has recently gained enthusiasm for its ability to detect infection and inflammation. In this study, we evaluate the accuracy of 18FDG PET-CT in diagnosing cholecystitis. Nineteen patients with suspected cholecystitis (Group S) underwent PET-CT and 10 had positive PET-CT findings. Of these 10, nine underwent cholecystectomies, and pathology confirmed cholecystitis in all nine. One patient was managed nonoperatively as a result of multiple comorbidities. Of the nine patients with negative PET-CT, six were managed nonoperatively, safely discharged, and had no readmissions at 3-month follow-up. The other three patients with negative PET-CT underwent cholecystectomies, and two showed no cholecystitis on pathology. The third had mild to moderate cholecystitis with focal mucosal erosion/ulceration without gallbladder wall thickening on pathology. 18FDG PET-CT detected gallbladder inflammation in all but one patient with pathology-proven cholecystitis with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 and 1.00, respectively. 18FDG-PET-CT appears to be a promising, rapid, direct, and accurate test in diagnosing cholecystitis and could replace HIDA scan in cases that remain equivocal after ultrasound.
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18

Servaes, S. "Imaging Infection and Inflammation in Children with 18F-FDG PET and 18F-FDG PET/CT." Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology 39, no. 3 (July 27, 2011): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.111.088385.

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19

Signore, Alberto, Kelly Luz Anzola, Sveva Auletta, Michela Varani, Agnese Petitti, Marta Pacilio, Filippo Galli, and Chiara Lauri. "Current Status of Molecular Imaging in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 7 (May 14, 2018): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180130115153.

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In the field of inflammation imaging, nuclear medicine techniques can be considered as a non-invasive tool to early detect pathophysiological changes in affected tissues. These changes usually occur before clinical onset of symptoms and before the development of anatomical changes, that are commonly detected by radiological procedures. This is particularly important for prognostic purposes, therapy decision making and for therapy follow-up. Here we review the current state-of-the art of nuclear medicine for diagnostic purposes in different conditions characterized by a chronic inflammation, such as vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, autoimmune thyroid diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, Coeliac disease, Type 1 diabetes mellitus and other immunological diseases. Overall, we describe several different approaches based on radiolabeled cells, peptides and antibodies or FDG. It emerges the role of PET and of hybrid cameras in particular (SPECT/CT and PET/CT) for diagnosis of these disorders and for therapy decision making and followup.
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20

Besutti, Giulia, Francesco Muratore, Pamela Mancuso, Marco Ferrari, Elena Galli, Lucia Spaggiari, Filippo Monelli, et al. "Vessel inflammation and morphological changes in patients with large vessel vasculitis: a retrospective study." RMD Open 8, no. 1 (January 2022): e001977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001977.

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ObjectiveThe aim was to identify any association between imaging signs of vessel wall inflammation (positron emission tomography–CT (PET-CT) score and CT/MR wall thickening) and synchronous and subsequent vascular damage (stenoses/dilations) in patients with large vessel vasculitis (LVV).MethodsConsecutive patients with LVV referred to a tertiary centre in 2007–2020 with baseline PET-CT and morphological imaging (CT/MR angiography) performed within 3 months were included. All available PET-CT and CT/MR scans were reviewed to assess PET-CT uptake (4-point semi-quantitative score), wall thickening, stenoses and dilations for 15 vascular segments. The associations of baseline PET score and CT/MR wall thickening with synchronous and incident stenoses/dilations at CT/MR performed 6–30 months from baseline were evaluated in per-segment and per-patient analyses. Respective areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated.ResultsWe included 100 patients with LVV (median age: 48 years, 22% males). Baseline PET score and wall thickening were strongly associated (Cuzick non-parametric test for trend across order groups (NPtrend) <0.001). The association with synchronous stenoses/dilations was weak for PET score (NPtrend=0.01) and strong for wall thickening (p<0.001). In per-patient analyses, sensitivity/specificity for ≥1 synchronous stenoses/dilations were 44%/67% for PET score ≥2 and 66.7%/60.5% for wall thickening. Subsequent CTs/MRs were available in 28 patients, with seven incident stenoses/dilations. Baseline PET score was strongly associated with incident stenoses/dilations (p=0.001), while baseline wall thickening was not (p=0.708), with AUCs for incident stenoses/dilations of 0.80 for PET score and 0.52 for wall thickening.ConclusionPET score and wall thickening are strongly associated, but only baseline PET score is a good predictor of incident vessel wall damage in LVV.
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21

Nienhuis, Pieter H., Joyce van Sluis, Johannes H. van Snick, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans, Sofie Meijering, Elisabeth Brouwer, and Riemer H. J. A. Slart. "A Case of Clinical Uncertainty Solved: Giant Cell Arteritis with Polymyalgia Rheumatica Swiftly Diagnosed with Long Axial Field of View PET." Diagnostics 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 2694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112694.

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The clinical presentation of giant cell arteritis (GCA) is often nonspecific. Differentiating GCA from infectious, malignant, or other autoimmune pathology based on signs, symptoms, and laboratory parameters may therefore be difficult. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging is an established tool in the diagnostic workup of GCA. An advantage of 18F-FDG-PET/CT is its ability to assist in the differential diagnosis by being able to demonstrate infection, inflammation, and malignancy when used in conjunction with clinical and laboratory data. Downsides to the use of 18F-FDG-PET/CT include its relatively low spatial resolution, associated radiation exposure, and the relatively long duration of imaging, causing limited availability and patient inconvenience. The advent of long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT systems allows for PET imaging at a reduced imaging time or reduced tracer dose while maintaining high image quality. Here, we provide the first reported case of a patient with GCA and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) diagnosed using LAFOV PET/CT imaging. The patient presented in this case report had already been experiencing nonspecific symptoms for several years for which no cause was found. Lab investigations showed increased inflammatory parameters as well as persistent anemia. 18F-FDG LAFOV PET/CT attained high-quality images with clear signs of GCA and PMR even at 1 min of scan duration.
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22

Bettenworth, D., S. Reuter, S. Hermann, M. Weckesser, L. Kerstiens, A. Stratis, T. M. Nowacki, et al. "Translational 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging to Monitor Lesion Activity in Intestinal Inflammation." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 54, no. 5 (March 20, 2013): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.112623.

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23

Lawal, Ismaheel, and Mike Sathekge. "F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging of cardiac and vascular inflammation and infection." British Medical Bulletin 120, no. 1 (September 10, 2016): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldw035.

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24

Rahman, W. Tania, Daniel J. Wale, Benjamin L. Viglianti, Danyelle M. Townsend, Matthew S. Manganaro, Milton D. Gross, Ka Kit Wong, and Domenico Rubello. "The impact of infection and inflammation in oncologic 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 117 (September 2019): 109168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109168.

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25

Romanò, Carlo Luca, Nicola Petrosillo, Giuseppe Argento, Luca Maria Sconfienza, Giorgio Treglia, Abass Alavi, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans, et al. "The Role of Imaging Techniques to Define a Peri-Prosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infection: Multidisciplinary Consensus Statements." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 2548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082548.

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Diagnosing a peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains challenging despite the availability of a variety of clinical signs, serum and synovial markers, imaging techniques, microbiological and histological findings. Moreover, the one and only true definition of PJI does not exist, which is reflected by the existence of at least six different definitions by independent societies. These definitions are composed of major and minor criteria for defining a PJI, but most of them do not include imaging techniques. This paper highlights the pros and cons of available imaging techniques—X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), bone scintigraphy, white blood cell scintigraphy (WBC), anti-granulocyte scintigraphy, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT), discusses the added value of hybrid camera systems—single photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT), PET/CT and PET/MRI and reports consensus answers on important clinical questions that were discussed during the Third European Congress on Inflammation/Infection Imaging in Rome, December 2019.
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Ng, Ray Sin-Ngai. "The Use of PET-CT in Rheumatology." Hong Kong Bulletin on Rheumatic Diseases 17, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hkbrd-2017-0005.

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Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) is a sensitive imaging tool that gives quantitative measure of underlying inflammation. Computed tomography (CT) scan used in combination with PET further helps to delineate the anatomical structure. PET-CT can be helpful for the early diagnosis of rheumatic diseases by pattern recognition, but its role in disease monitoring still needs further evaluation. It is not a fast track solution for all because of different sensitivity and specificity to different diseases, relative high cost, and radiation exposure to the patients.
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Wang, Yong, Xiao Yang, Min Tian, Hongbin Lv, and Huipan Liu. "Orbital Granulomatous Inflammation Mimicking Malignancy on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 47, no. 4 (January 10, 2022): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000003982.

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Shen, Guohua, and Anren Kuang. "Abdominal Wall Granulomatous Inflammation Mimicking Malignancy on FDG PET/CT." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 45, no. 3 (March 2020): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000002868.

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Graebe, Martin, Lise Borgwardt, Liselotte Højgaard, Henrik Sillesen, and Andreas Kjaer. "When to image carotid plaque inflammation with FDG PET/CT." Nuclear Medicine Communications 31, no. 9 (September 2010): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0b013e32833c365e.

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Vass, Laurence, Marie Fisk, Joseph Cheriyan, Divya Mohan, Julia Forman, Adelola Oseni, Anand Devaraj, et al. "Quantitative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography to assess pulmonary inflammation in COPD." ERJ Open Research 7, no. 3 (May 13, 2021): 00699–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00699-2020.

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RationaleCOPD and smoking are characterised by pulmonary inflammation. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) imaging may improve knowledge of pulmonary inflammation in COPD patients and aid early development of novel therapies as an imaging biomarker.ObjectivesTo evaluate pulmonary inflammation, assessed by FDG uptake, in whole and regional lung in “usual” (smoking-related) COPD patients, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (α1ATD) COPD patients, smokers without COPD and never-smokers using FDG PET/CT. Secondly, to explore cross-sectional associations between FDG PET/CT and systemic inflammatory markers in COPD patients and repeatability of the technique in COPD patients.MethodsData from two imaging studies were evaluated. Pulmonary FDG uptake (normalised Ki; nKi) was measured by Patlak graphical analysis in four subject groups: 84 COPD patients, 11 α1ATD-COPD patients, 12 smokers and 10 never-smokers. Within the COPD group, associations between nKi and systemic markers of inflammation were assessed. Repeatability was evaluated in 32 COPD patients comparing nKi values at baseline and at 4-month follow-up.ResultsCOPD patients, α1ATD-COPD patients and smokers had increased whole lung FDG uptake (nKi) compared with never-smokers (0.0037±0.001, 0.0040±0.001, 0.0040±0.001 versus 0.0028±0.001 mL·cm−3·min−1, respectively, p<0.05 for all). Similar results were observed in upper and middle lung regions. In COPD participants, plasma fibrinogen was associated with whole lung nKi (β=0.30, p=0.02) in multivariate analysis adjusted for current smoking, forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted, systemic neutrophils and C-reactive protein levels. Mean percentage difference in nKi between the baseline and follow-up was 3.2%, and the within subject coefficient of variability was 7.7%.ConclusionsFDG PET/CT has potential as a noninvasive tool to enable whole lung and regional quantification of FDG uptake to assess smoking- and COPD-related pulmonary inflammation.
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Lütje, Susanne, Milka Marinova, Daniel Kütting, Ulrike Attenberger, Markus Essler, and Ralph Alexander Bundschuh. "Nuclear medicine in SARS-CoV-2 pandemia: 18F-FDG-PET/CT to visualize COVID-19." Nuklearmedizin 59, no. 03 (April 7, 2020): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1152-2341.

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AbstractThe current outbreak of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has reached multiple countries worldwide. While the number of newly diagnosed cases and fatalities is rising quickly, far-reaching measures were enacted to prevent further spread. Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, exposure history, PCR using specimens from the respiratory tract together with computed tomography (CT) imaging. One of the hallmarks of a critical course of COVID-19 is the development of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As management of COVID-19 can be considered a multi-disciplinary approach involving various medical specialties, we here review the first 18F-FDG-PET/CT scans of COVID-19 to discuss how Nuclear Medicine could contribute to management of this disease.
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Signore, Alberto, Massimiliano Casali, and Chiara Lauri. "An easy and practical guide for imaging infection/inflammation by [18F]FDG PET/CT." Clinical and Translational Imaging 9, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40336-021-00435-y.

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Abstract Aim The aim of this mini-review was to summarize the role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) in inflammatory and infective processes, based on the published scientific evidence. Methods We analysed clinical indications, patient preparation, image acquisition protocols, image interpretation, pitfalls and how to make the report of cardio-vascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and other inflammatory and infective systemic diseases. Results of this analysis are shown in practical tables, easy to understand for daily routine consultation. Conclusions Despite [18F]FDG is currently used in several inflammatory and infective diseases, standardized interpretation criteria are still needed in most cases. It is, therefore, foreseen the execution of multicentre clinical studies that, by adopting the same acquisition and interpretation criteria, may contribute to the standardization of this imaging modality.
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Blomberg, Björn A., Scott R. Akers, Babak Saboury, Nehal N. Mehta, Gang Cheng, Drew A. Torigian, Esther Lim, Catherine Del Bello, Thomas J. Werner, and Abass Alavi. "Delayed time-point 18F-FDG PET CT imaging enhances assessment of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation." Nuclear Medicine Communications 34, no. 9 (September 2013): 860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283637512.

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Musch, Guido. "A Window on the Lung: Molecular Imaging as a Tool to Dissect Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Acute Lung Disease." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2019 (August 25, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1510507.

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In recent years, imaging has given a fundamental contribution to our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute lung diseases. Several methods have been developed based on computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging that allow regional, in vivo measurement of variables such as lung strain, alveolar size, metabolic activity of inflammatory cells, ventilation, and perfusion. Because several of these methods are noninvasive, they can be successfully translated from animal models to patients. The aim of this paper is to review the advances in knowledge that have been accrued with these imaging modalities on the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Boughdad, Sarah, Sofiya Latifyan, Craig Fenwick, Hasna Bouchaab, Madeleine Suffiotti, Javid J. Moslehi, Joe-Elie Salem, et al. "68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT to detect immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, no. 10 (October 2021): e003594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-003594.

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BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related myocarditis is a rare but potentially fatal adverse event that can occur following ICI exposure. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improve patient outcomes. Somatostatin receptor-based positron emission tomography–CT (PET/CT) showed promising results for the assessment of myocardial inflammation, yet information regarding its value for the diagnosis of ICI-related myocarditis, especially at the early stage, is limited. Thus, we investigated the value of 68Ga-DOTA(0)-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide (68Ga-DOTATOC) PET/CT for the early detection and diagnosis of ICI-related myocarditis.MethodsConsecutive patients with clinically suspected ICI-related myocarditis from July 2018 to February 2021 were retrospectively evaluated in this single-center study. All patients underwent imaging for the detection of ICI-related myocarditis using either cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging or 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT. PET/CT images were acquired 90 min after the injection of 2 MBq/kg 68Ga-DOTATOC with pathological myocardial uptake in the left ventricle (LV) suggestive of myocarditis defined using a myocardium-to-background ratio of peak standard uptake value to mean intracavitary LV standard uptake (MBRpeak) value above 1.6. Patients had a full cardiological work-up including ECG, echocardiography, serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB. Endomyocardial biopsy and inflammatory cytokine markers were also analyzed. The detection rate of ICI-related myocarditis using 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT and CMR was assessed.ResultsA total of 11 patients had clinically suspected ICI-related myocarditis; 9 underwent 68Ga -DOTATOC PET/CT. All nine (100%) patients with 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT presented with pathological myocardial uptake in the LV that was suggestive of myocarditis (MBRpeak of 3.2±0.8, range 2.2–4.4). Eight patients had CMR imaging and 3/8 (38%) patients had lesions evocative of myocarditis. All PET-positive patients were previously treated with a high dose of steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin prior to PET/CT had elevated serum cTnI except for one patient for whom PET/CT was delayed several days. Interestingly, in 5/6 (83%) patients who presented with concomitant myositis, pathological uptake was seen on whole-body 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT images in the skeletal muscles, suggesting an additional advantage of this method to assess the full extent of the disease. In contrast, four patients with CMR imaging had negative findings despite having elevated serum cTnI levels (range 20.5–5896.1 ng/mL), thus defining possible myocarditis. Newly identified immune correlates could provide specific biomarkers for the diagnosis of ICI-related myocarditis. Most tested patients (six of seven patients) had serum increases in the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and in the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL13, and the mass cytometry phenotypes of immune cell populations in the blood also showed correlations with myocardial inflammation. Four of five patients with myocarditis exhibited a Th1/Th2 imbalance favoring a pronounced inflammatory Th1, Th1/Th17, and Th17 CD4 memory T-cell response. The high proportion of non-classical monocytes and significantly reduced levels of CD31 in four to five patients was also consistent with an inflammatory disease.ConclusionThe use of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT along with immune correlates is a highly sensitive method to detect ICI-related myocarditis especially in the early stage of myocardial inflammation, as patients with elevated cTnI may present normal CMR imaging results. 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT is also useful for detecting concomitant myositis. These results need to be confirmed in a larger population of patients and validated against a histological gold standard if available.
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Hamar, A., Z. Hascsi, A. Pusztai, M. Czókolyová, E. Végh, Z. Pethö, K. Gulyás, et al. "POS0390 SIMULTANEOUS ASSESSMENT OF JOINT AND VASCULAR INFLAMMATION BY PET-CT IN TOFACITINIB-TREATED PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 425.1–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2473.

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Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has bene associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular (CV) disease. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18FDG-PET/CT) is suitable to detect synovial and vascular inflammation. Tofacitinib has been used to effectively treat RA.Objectives:We wished to assess the effects of tofacitinib treatment on synovitis and vascular inflammation simultaneously by 18FDG-PET/CT.Methods:Thirty RA patients with active disease were treated with either 5 mg bid or 10 mg bid tofacitinib and evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. We determined DAS28, CRP, IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (aCCP) levels. All patients underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in order to determine vascular and synovial inflammation in five aortic segments and five articular regions, respectively. In the joints, mean (SUVmean) and maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax), while in the aorta, mean (TBRmean) and maximum target-to-background ratios (TBRmax) were determined. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), arterial stiffness (PWV) and endothelial dysfunction (FMD) were determined by ultrasound.Results:One-year tofacitinib treatment significantly attenuated vascular and synovial inflammation as visualized by PET/CT. Articular SUVmean (p=0.010), SUVmax (p=0.001), as well as aorta TBRmax (p<0.001) significantly decreased over time. Synovial inflammation as determined by PET/CT variably and positively associated with aCCP, RF, CRP, ApoB, lipoprotein A (LpA), IMT and PWV. Vascular inflammation (TBRmax) inversely correlated with HAQ and positively with ESR, ApoA, and PWV. Uni- and multivariable analyses suggested that articular SUV values were independently associated with CRP, ApoB, LpA, IMT and PWV, while aortic TBRmax was determined by HAQ and PWV.Conclusion:18F-PET/CT is suitable to simultaneously assess synovial and vascular inflammation in RA. One-year tofacitinib treatment dampened inflammation. PET/CT changes were associated with markers of systemic inflammation, atherogenic lipids, carotid atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness.References:[1]Gotthardt M, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ. Imaging of inflammation by PET, conventional scintigraphy, and other imaging techniques. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(12):1937-49.[2]Bucerius J, Hyafil F, Verberne HJ, Slart RH, Lindner O, Sciagra R, et al. Position paper of the Cardiovascular Committee of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) on PET imaging of atherosclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(4):780-92.Acknowledgements:This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary and co-financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TAMOP-4.2.4.A/2-11/1-2012-0001 ‘National Excellence Program’ (Z.S.); by the European Union grant GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00015 (G.P., G.T. and Z.S.) and by the Pfizer Investigator Initiated Research Grant no. WI188341 (Z.S.).Disclosure of Interests:Attila Hamar: None declared, Zsolt Hascsi: None declared, Anita Pusztai: None declared, Monika Czókolyová: None declared, Edit Végh: None declared, Zsófia Pethö: None declared, Katalin Gulyás: None declared, Boglárka Soós: None declared, György Kerekes: None declared, Éva Szekanecz: None declared, Katalin Hodosi: None declared, Sándor Szántó Speakers bureau: Abbvie, MSD, Novartis, Consultant of: Abbvie, MSD, Novartis, Gabriella Szücs Speakers bureau: Boehringer, Actelion, Roche, Consultant of: Boehringer, Actelion, Roche, Tamas Seres: None declared, Zoltán Szekanecz Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, Lilly, Sager, Janssen, Consultant of: Pfizer, Abbvie, Roche, Novartis, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Szilvia Szamosi Speakers bureau: Roche
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Cimmino, MA, F. Barbieri, G. Zampogna, D. Camellino, F. Paparo, and M. Parodi. "Imaging in arthritis: quantifying effects of therapeutic intervention using MRI and molecular imaging." Swiss Medical Weekly 143, no. 0102 (January 1, 2012): w13326. http://dx.doi.org/10.57187/smw.2012.13326.

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Modern imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in assessing the course of arthritis and in permitting measurement of response to treatment as part of the follow-up of patients. They include ultrasonography (US), MRI, PET/CT, and biofluorescence. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, clinical evaluation is significantly less sensitive than either US or MRI in detecting synovitis. As a result, imaging is a useful alternative to achieving proper assessment of disease activity. The different areas in which the new imaging techniques could help practicing rheumatologists and internal physicians include the following: early and differential diagnosis of arthritis, evaluation of disease activity, prognosis, assessment of treatment efficacy, assessment of remission, and evaluation of subclinical disease. MRI is probably the best imaging method to study disease activity in RA, because it can study all the joints with similar efficacy, has been sufficiently standardised, and yields data on inflammation that can be quantified. Different methods, developed to score synovitis activity, are increasingly used in clinical trials. The main application of PET/CT in rheumatology is the diagnosis and follow-up of large vessel vasculitis. More recently, also RA disease activity has been evaluated, allowing a panoramic view of the patient. Molecular imaging studies molecular and cellular processes in intact living organisms in a non-invasive fashion. In fluorescence, dyes, that emit light upon excitation by a light source and are read by a camera, can be used to show inflamed areas where neoangiogenesis, vasodilatation, and increased vessel permeability are present. These dyes can be coupled with different compounds including antibodies and drugs.
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Wang, Zi, Liang Cai, Tingting Xu, Dan Tang, Lin Liu, and Yue Chen. "Comparative Evaluation of 68Ga-Citrate PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Diagnosis of Type II Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2019 (March 19, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2353658.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by systemic, symmetrical, and erosive synovitis. RA is one of the most common disabling diseases in the clinic. The main clinical intervention strategies are early diagnosis and early treatment. This study aims to predict the diagnostic value of 68Ga-citrate and 18F-FDG PET/CT in RA by comparing and analyzing the value of 68Ga-citrate and 18F-FDG PET/CT for diagnosing type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Some CIA models were established. Normal rats were selected as the control group, and 23 days and 40 days were selected as the early and late time points of arthritis, respectively. The semiquantitative analysis of CIA rats was carried out with 68Ga-citrate PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT, and the ratio of the maximum standardized uptake (SUVmax) values in the regions of interest (ROIs) of the hind foot ankle joint and thigh muscle was calculated and statistically analyzed. The distribution of CIA rats in vivo at the 68Ga-citrate 90 min time point was studied, and the ankle tissues were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. 68Ga-citrate PET/CT is obviously superior to 18F-FDG PET/CT for CIA imaging, and the statistical results show that the difference between the two examination methods is statistically significant (P<0.001). The uptake of these two radiopharmaceuticals showed the same trend in arthritis rats with different scores. The distribution of 68Ga-citrate at 90 min is consistent with the trend shown by 68Ga-citrate PET/CT. 68Ga-citrate PET/CT can reflect the inflammatory activity of affected joints in CIA rats earlier and more sensitively than 18F-FDG PET/CT, and this imaging advantage continues until the later stage of inflammation. Therefore, 68Ga-citrate PET/CT is worthy of further promotion and application in the clinical diagnosis of RA.
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Bley, Thorsten, Michael Zänker, Claudia Dechant, and Nils Venhoff. "Aktuelle Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik der Riesenzellarteriitis." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 144, no. 09 (April 26, 2019): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0831-0812.

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AbstractIn Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), a timely diagnosis is required to avoid severe complications such as blindness or structural vascular damage. The heterogeneous symptoms are mainly due to local and systemic inflammatory processes. Diagnostics are based on increased inflammation parameters in the laboratory, imaging, in which color-coded duplex sonography (FKDS), high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT) or CT angiography (CTA) and 18F fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography with CT (FDG-PET-CT) have become established, as well as histopathological findings in temporal artery biopsy.
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Cistaro, A., N. Quartuccio, L. Mansi, A. Signore, M. Dolci, and G. Treglia. "The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Inflammatory Bowel Disease." European Journal of Inflammation 10, no. 3 (September 2012): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x1201000301.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of pathological conditions characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. To date, imaging of IBD is based on several radiological techniques such as barium studies, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography (CT). Endoscopy is the gold standard for the assessment of the large bowel and proximal small intestine in patients with IBD allowing the biopsy of the visualized bowel. Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT with Fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is a functional imaging method used to detect abnormalities in glucose metabolism in a variety of disorders. FDG accumulates mainly in tumours, but increased uptake and retention has been shown also in lesions with a high concentration of inflammatory cells, such as granulocytes and activated macrophages. Recent literature data demonstrate that FDG-PET and PET/CT may be useful noninvasive tools for identifying and localizing active IBD. In patients with an established diagnosis of IBD, FDG-PET and PET/CT may provide information about disease activity, location and extent of the disease within the intestinal tract, allowing early recognition of disease relapse and possible complications. Furthermore, these techniques may play a role in assessing the treatment response to medical therapy in patients with IBD.
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Ordonez, Alvaro A., Luz M. Wintaco, Filipa Mota, Andres F. Restrepo, Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya, Carlos F. Reyes, Luis G. Uribe, et al. "Imaging Enterobacterales infections in patients using pathogen-specific positron emission tomography." Science Translational Medicine 13, no. 589 (April 14, 2021): eabe9805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abe9805.

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Enterobacterales represent the largest group of bacterial pathogens in humans and are responsible for severe, deep-seated infections, often resulting in sepsis or death. They are also a prominent cause of multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections, and some species are recognized as biothreat pathogens. Tools for noninvasive, whole-body analysis that can localize a pathogen with specificity are needed, but no such technology currently exists. We previously demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-sorbitol (18F-FDS) can selectively detect Enterobacterales infections in murine models. Here, we demonstrate that uptake of 18F-FDS by bacteria occurs via a metabolically conserved sorbitol-specific pathway with rapid in vitro 18F-FDS uptake noted in clinical strains, including MDR isolates. Whole-body 18F-FDS PET/computerized tomography (CT) in 26 prospectively enrolled patients with either microbiologically confirmed Enterobacterales infection or other pathologies demonstrated that 18F-FDS PET/CT was safe, could rapidly detect and localize Enterobacterales infections due to drug-susceptible or MDR strains, and differentiated them from sterile inflammation or cancerous lesions. Repeat imaging in the same patients monitored antibiotic efficacy with decreases in PET signal correlating with clinical improvement. To facilitate the use of 18F-FDS, we developed a self-contained, solid-phase cartridge to rapidly (<10 min) formulate ready-to-use 18F-FDS from commercially available 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) at room temperature. In a hamster model, 18F-FDS PET/CT also differentiated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia from secondary Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia—a leading cause of complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. These data support 18F-FDS as an innovative and readily available, pathogen-specific PET technology with clinical applications.
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Gong, Weidong, Xiao Yang, Chunru Mou, Huipan Liu, and Chunyin Zhang. "Bone Tuberculous Granulomatous Inflammation Mimicking Malignancy on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 47, no. 4 (January 10, 2022): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000003990.

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Kraus, Teresa, Marcus Hacker, Werner Langsteger, Shuren Li, and Raffaella Calabretta. "Diagnostic Value of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in a Patient with Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis: A Case Report." Life 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081217.

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Background: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (2-[18F]FDG) is a sensitive diagnostic imaging modality in oncology and could be a useful diagnostic tool in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) or with inflammation of unknown origin (IUO). Case presentation: We report a case of a patient originally presenting with a clinical history of FUO and later with persistent high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, even after antibiotic therapy. The patient underwent 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT to investigate and to localize a possible focus of infection or inflammation. 2-[18F]FDG hotspots were detected in both thyroid lobes. Thyroid diagnostic examinations and follow up were performed. Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) was then diagnosed by thyroid examinations, and other possible causes of FUO or IUO were not found. Conclusion: This case illustrates the potential diagnostic value of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in patients with atypical SAT, who originally present with only a clinical history of FUO.
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Braune, Isabell, Birgit Meller, Carsten Sahlmann, Carsten Ritter, Johannes Meller, and Caroline Bouter. "18F-FDG-PET/CT in unexplained elevated inflammatory markers." Nuklearmedizin 55, no. 06 (2016): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0798-16-02.

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SummaryThe diagnostic strategy in patients with fever or inflammation of unknown origin remains a major clinical challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with unexplained elevated C-reactive protein with or without fever. Contribution of 18F-FDG-PET/CT to the final diagnosis was evaluated. In addition we determined whether a differentiation between patients with or without fever is clinically reasonable. Patients, methods: We retrospectively analysed 72 consecutive patients with unexplained elevated C-reactive protein levels (above 8mg/l) that underwent 18F-FDG-PET/ CT in our facility between 10/2009 and 11/2012. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was considered a so-called diagnostic scan when results decisively led to a final diagnosis and adequate therapy with a response of symptoms was initiated due to the PET/CT result. Results: In 60/72 patients (83%) a final diagnosis was established. Diagnoses included infections (58%), non-infectious inflammatory diseases (29%) and malignancies (8%). 18F-FDG-PET/CT was true positive in 47 cases (65%) and the diagnostic scan in 29 patients (40%). Sensitivity of 18F-FDG-PET/CT was 81% and specificity was 86%. Diagnostics, final diagnoses, 18F-FDG-PET/CT results, SUVmax, C-reactive protein levels and the diagnostic scan did not differ significantly between patients with fever and patients without fever. Conclusion: 18F-FDG-PET/CT is a useful method in the diagnostic workup of patients with inflammation of unknown origin. In our series there was no significant difference between patients with or without fever. Regarding 18F-FDG-PET/CT-imaging inflammation of unknown origin and unexplained fever can be joined to one entity.
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Omarjee, Loukman, Pierre-Jean Mention, Anne Janin, Gilles Kauffenstein, Estelle Le Pabic, Olivier Meilhac, Simon Blanchard, et al. "Assessment of Inflammation and Calcification in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Arteries and Skin with 18F-FluroDeoxyGlucose and 18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging: The GOCAPXE Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 3448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113448.

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Background: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by elastic fiber fragmentation and ectopic calcification. There is growing evidence that vascular calcification is associated with inflammatory status and is enhanced by inflammatory cytokines. Since PXE has never been considered as an inflammatory condition, no incidence of chronic inflammation leading to calcification in PXE has been reported and should be investigated. In atherosclerosis and aortic stenosis, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomographic (PET-CT) imaging has demonstrated a correlation between inflammation and calcification. The purpose of this study was to assess skin/artery inflammation and calcification in PXE patients. Methods: 18F-FluroDeoxyGlucose (18F-FDG) and 18F-Sodium Fluoride (18F-NaF) PET-CT, CT-imaging and Pulse wave velocity (PWV) were used to determine skin/vascular inflammation, tissue calcification, arterial calcium score (CS) and stiffness, respectively. In addition, inorganic pyrophosphate, high-sensitive C-reactive protein and cytokines plasma levels were monitored. Results: In 23 PXE patients, assessment of inflammation revealed significant 18F-FDG uptake in diseased skin areas contrary to normal regions, and exclusively in the proximal aorta contrary to the popliteal arteries. There was no correlation between 18F-FDG uptake and PWV in the aortic wall. Assessment of calcification demonstrated significant 18F-NaF uptake in diseased skin regions and in the proximal aorta and femoral arteries. 18F-NaF wall uptake correlated with CS in the femoral arteries, and aortic wall PWV. Multivariate analysis indicated that aortic wall 18F-NaF uptake is associated with diastolic blood pressure. There was no significant correlation between 18F-FDG and 18F-NaF uptake in any of the artery walls. Conclusion: In the present cross-sectional study, inflammation and calcification were not correlated. PXE would appear to more closely resemble a chronic disease model of ectopic calcification than an inflammatory condition. To assess early ectopic calcification in PXE patients, 18F-NaF-PET-CT may be more relevant than CT imaging. It potentially constitutes a biomarker for disease-modifying anti-calcifying drug assessment in PXE.
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Kwiecinski, Jacek, Rafal Wolny, Alicja Chwala, and Piotr Slomka. "Advances in the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Activity with PET/CT and CTA." Tomography 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography9010026.

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Non-invasive testing plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, assessment of progression, response to therapy, and risk stratification of coronary artery disease. Although anatomical plaque imaging by computed tomography angiography (CTA) and ischemia detection with myocardial perfusion imaging studies are current standards of care, there is a growing body of evidence that imaging of the processes which drive atherosclerotic plaque progression and rupture has the potential to further enhance risk stratification. In particular, non-invasive imaging of coronary plaque inflammation and active calcification has shown promise in this regard. Positron emission tomography (PET) with newly-adopted radiotracers provides unique insights into atheroma activity acting as a powerful independent predictor of myocardial infarctions. Similarly, by providing a quantitative measure of coronary inflammation, the pericoronary adipose tissue density (PCAT) derived from standard coronary CTA enhances cardiac risk prediction and allows re-stratification over and above current state-of-the-art assessments. In this review, we shall discuss the recent advances in the non-invasive methods of assessment of disease activity by PET and CTA, highlighting how these methods could improve risk stratification and ultimately benefit patients with coronary artery disease.
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Korol, Pavel, and Oleg Shcherbina. "Radionuclide imaging of arterial inflammation in HIV-infected patients with vascular atherosclerosis." Radiation Diagnostics, Radiation Therapy, no. 3 (2019): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37336/2707-0700-2019-3-5.

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The review examined the role of arterial inflammation in atherogenesis and the pathogenic factors responsible for the high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among HIV-infected patients. Inflammation has been shown to play an important role in all phases of atherosclerotic CVD. HIV-infected patients have an increased tendency to CVD. The most effective radionuclide method of imaging the inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of CVD among HIV-infected people is F-18 FDG PET/CT. At the present stage, several ligands for visualization were synthesized, which were used to identify vascular inflammation in preclinical and clinical studies. These tracers, in addition to F-18 FDG, have significant potential for future use among HIV-infected patients. Key words: atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, positron emission tomography, HIV infection.
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Lapa, Constantin, Theresa Reiter, Xiang Li, Rudolf A. Werner, Samuel Samnick, Roland Jahns, Andreas K. Buck, Georg Ertl, and Wolfgang R. Bauer. "Imaging of myocardial inflammation with somatostatin receptor based PET/CT — A comparison to cardiac MRI." International Journal of Cardiology 194 (September 2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.073.

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Bjerring, Ole, Søren Hess, Claus Fristrup, Poul Høilund-Carlsen, and Michael Mortensen. "The impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes on subsequent positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging: a prospective study." Endoscopy 51, no. 02 (July 23, 2018): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0647-6824.

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Abstract Background Modern cancer diagnostic work-up is based on multiple modalities within a short time period. The interplay between these modalities is complex and not well known. Performing biopsy procedures prior to (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is considered to pose a risk of false-positive imaging results; however, this is not based on solid scientific evidence. The use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is commonly used in upper gastrointestinal malignancies, is proven safe, and has very little risk of complications. This study aimed to assess whether EUS-FNA induces inflammation that would increase FDG uptake on subsequent PET/CT. Methods 27 patients who were referred for upper gastrointestinal EUS for different reasons initially underwent FDG-PET/CT to detect biopsy-eligible lymph nodes with no FDG uptake. Patients then underwent EUS-FNA of the benign lymph nodes, with a minimum of three passes. Patients were re-evaluated with FDG-PET/CT 1 week later, with specific emphasis on the biopsied lymph nodes. Results None of the biopsied lymph nodes showed increased FDG uptake on follow-up FDG-PET/CT. No adverse events occurred. Conclusion EUS-FNA prior to FDG-PET/CT did not lead to false-positive FDG uptake. The interpretive impact of minor procedures prior to FDG-PET/CT needs to be re-evaluated.
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Dijkstra, Geertruida W., Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans, Paola A. Erba, Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker, Bhanu Sinha, David Vállez García, Luc W. M. van der Sluis, and Riemer H. J. A. Slart. "Relationship between 18F-FDG Uptake in the Oral Cavity, Recent Dental Treatments, and Oral Inflammation or Infection: A Retrospective Study of Patients with Suspected Endocarditis." Diagnostics 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090625.

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Abstract:
[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT) has proven to be a useful diagnostic tool in patients with suspected infective endocarditis (IE), but is conflicting in relation to dental procedures. Questions: Is there a correlation between [18F]FDG PET/CT findings, recent dental treatment, and an affected oral cavity? (2) Is there a correlation between infective endocarditis (IE), oral health status, and (extra)cardiac findings on [18F]FDG PET/CT? Methods: This retrospective study included 52 patients. All [18F]FDG PET/CT scans were examined visually by pattern recognition using a three-point scale and semi-quantified within the volume of interest (VOI) using SUVmax. Results: 19 patients were diagnosed with IE (group 1), 14 with possible IE (group 2), and 19 without IE based on the modified Duke criteria (group 3). No correlation was found between visual PET and SUVmax and sites of oral inflammation and infection. The visual PET scores and SUVmax were not significantly different between all groups. A significant difference in the SUVmax of the valve between all groups was observed. Conclusions: This study suggests that no correlation exists between the PET findings in the oral cavity and dental treatments or inflammation/infection. No correlation between IE, actual oral health status, and extra-cardiac findings was demonstrated. Additional research is needed to conclude whether [18F]FDG PET/CT imaging is a reliable diagnostic modality for oral inflammation and infection sites.
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