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Journal articles on the topic 'Arctodus'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mitchell, Kieren J., Sarah C. Bray, Pere Bover, Leopoldo Soibelzon, Blaine W. Schubert, Francisco Prevosti, Alfredo Prieto, Fabiana Martin, Jeremy J. Austin, and Alan Cooper. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America." Biology Letters 12, no. 4 (April 2016): 20160062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0062.

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The Tremarctinae are a subfamily of bears endemic to the New World, including two of the largest terrestrial mammalian carnivores that have ever lived: the giant, short-faced bears Arctodus simus from North America and Arctotherium angustidens from South America (greater than or equal to 1000 kg). Arctotherium angustidens became extinct during the Early Pleistocene, whereas Arctodus simus went extinct at the very end of the Pleistocene. The only living tremarctine is the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ), a largely herbivorous bear that is today only found in South America. The relationships among the spectacled bears ( Tremarctos ), South American short-faced bears ( Arctotherium ) and North American short-faced bears ( Arctodus ) remain uncertain. In this study, we sequenced a mitochondrial genome from an Arctotherium femur preserved in a Chilean cave. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the South American short-faced bears were more closely related to the extant South American spectacled bear than to the North American short-faced bears. This result suggests striking convergent evolution of giant forms in the two groups of short-faced bears ( Arctodus and Arctotherium ), potentially as an adaptation to dominate competition for megafaunal carcasses.

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2

Churcher, C. S., A. V. Morgan, and L. D. Carter. "Arctodus simus from the Alaskan Arctic Slope." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-084.

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Arctodus simus yukonensis, the extinct northern North American short-faced bear, is represented by an immature left humerus lacking its unfused proximal epiphysis, which was recovered from a point bar on the Ikpikpuk River, Alaska (69°41′N, 154°54′W). This is the northernmost record of this bear. The specimen is dated at 27 190 ± 280 BP (Iso Trace TO-2539) on 14C analysis, which lies within the observed age distribtution of Arctodus. The individual is larger than average for the species based on the dimensions of the distal articulation, despite its immaturity, and may have been male.

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3

Burns, James A., and Robert R. Young. "Pleistocene mammals of the Edmonton area, Alberta. Part I. The carnivores." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-036.

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Late Pleistocene fossils have been recovered sporadically in the Edmonton area, in central Alberta, for many years but there has been little work in determining their age. Fossils from quarries in North Saskatchewan River terraces and buried valley gravels are recognized as Late Pleistocene (mid-Wisconsinan) and early Holocene taxa, and numerous 14C dates on mammalian remains now support the assessment. The mammalian fauna consists of at least 16 taxa, including mostly grazing herbivores, but also three carnivores: Canis cf. Canis lupus (gray wolf), Arctodus simus (giant short-faced bear), and Panthera leo atrox (Pleistocene lion). The carnivores are first records for the region, and Arctodus is a first record for Alberta.

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4

Schubert, Blaine W., Richard C. Hulbert, Bruce J. Macfadden, Michael Searle, and Seina Searle. "Giant short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) in Pleistocene Florida USA, a substantial range extension." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 1 (January 2010): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-113.1.

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Fossils of the giant short-faced bear,Arctodus simus(Cope, 1879), have been recovered from over 100 localities in North America, extending from Mexico to Alaska and California to Virginia. Despite this large range, the species has never been recorded from the southeastern United States. The lesser short-faced bear,Arctodus pristinusLeidy, 1854 is well represented from this region, particularly Florida, but all known occurrences are late Pliocene – middle Pleistocene in age (about 2.5 to 0.3 Ma). DifferentiatingA. simusfromA. pristinuscan be difficult because large individuals ofA. pristinusoverlap in size with small individuals ofA. simus, and there are few morphological differences. However, these two taxa can be clearly separated based on the relative proportions of their molars and premolars. Two Pleistocene records ofA. simusrepresenting a minimum of three individuals from the Withlacoochee River drainage of central Florida are reported here, substantially extending the distribution of this massive bear into southeastern North America. A late Pleistocene age for these occurrences is corroborated by an associated Rancholabrean fauna and rare earth elemental analyses. One of the reported individuals is quite large, supporting the hypothesis of extreme sexual dimorphism inA. simusand rejecting a hypothesis of two subspecies.

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5

Steffen, Martina L., and C. R. Harington. "Giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) from late Wisconsinan deposits at Cowichan Head, Vancouver Island, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 8 (August 2010): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-018.

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A giant short-faced bear ( Arctodus simus ) ulna fragment was found at the base of exposed Quaternary sediments at Cowichan Head, southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In this paper, the ulna fragment and its geological context are described and a reasonable taphonomic trajectory is presented. The radiocarbon age of 22 750 ± 140 BP on the bone indicates that these bears were on Vancouver Island during the late Wisconsinan. A likely source for the Cowichan Head A. simus was from the mainland to the southeast.

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6

Steffen, Martina L., and Tara L. Fulton. "On the association of giant short-faced bear ( Arctodus simus ) and brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) in late Pleistocene North America." Geobios 51, no. 1 (February 2018): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001.

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7

Schubert, Blaine W. "Late Quaternary chronology and extinction of North American giant short-faced bears (Arctodus simus)." Quaternary International 217, no. 1-2 (April 2010): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.010.

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8

Gillette, David D., and David B. Madsen. "The Columbian mammoth, Mammuthus columbi, from the Wasatch Mountains of central Utah." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 4 (July 1993): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000024999.

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A nearly complete and well-preserved skeleton of the Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) and a cranial fragment of a short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) were recovered from fossil lake deposits at 2,740 m, near the crest of the Wasatch Plateau, central Utah. The mammoth bones are reliably dated to between 11,500 and 9,500 yr B.P. and may be associated with a late Paleoindian occupation at the site. The mammoth and bear are part of a high elevation Huntington Canyon megafauna including mastodon (Mammut americanum), horse (Equus sp.), and bison (Bison sp.). The mammoth was an old bull with considerable pathology in the vertebral column, ribs, and legs. Pollen, plant macrofossils, insects, and dung associated with the mammoth suggest this megafauna occupied an essentially modern environmental setting after deglaciation of the Wasatch plateau.

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9

Emslie, Steven D., and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. "A new record of giant short-faced bear, Arctodus simus, from western North America with a re-evaluation of its paleobiology." Contributions in science 371 (November 15, 1985): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.226835.

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10

Emslie, Steven D., and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. "A new record of giant short-faced bear, Arctodus simus, from western North America with a re-evaluation of its paleobiology." Contributions in science 371 (November 15, 1985): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.226835.

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11

McKenzie, Robert J., and Nigel P. Barker. "Revised Taxonomy of the Arctotis Annual Clade (Arctotideae, Asteraceae) from Southern Africa: Integration of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Evidence." Systematic Botany 47, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 6–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16442668423347.

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Abstract— Previous phylogenetic analysis of ITS nrDNA sequence data for Arctotidinae species resolved a strongly supported clade containing all but one of the showy annual Arctotis species (informally designated the Arctotis Annual Clade). In the present study, phylogenetic relationships in the Arctotis Annual Clade were investigated by Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses of cpDNA (trnT-trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data. The cpDNA and nrDNA phylogenies were notably incongruent. Arctotis venusta and a putative unnamed species (A. ‘sp. B’) were strongly supported as monophyletic by both data sets. The monophyly of A. leiocarpa was strongly supported by the ITS data set, whereas the remaining accessions formed a poorly resolved complex (the ‘A. fastuosa complex’). Within the A. fastuosa complex, A. hirsuta was monophyletic with strong support in the ITS phylogeny. A statistical parsimony-derived cpDNA haplotype network resolved five broad groups of haplotypes and showed no consistent geographical structure, but species-specific haplotype lineages for A. venusta and A. sp. B were resolved. Arctotis fastuosa accessions were distributed among four haplotype groups. Incongruence between the data sets and poor resolution within the A. fastuosa complex may reflect reticulate evolution, ancestral polymorphism, and incomplete lineage sorting, in tandem with the low information content of the data sets. The greatest phenotypic diversification in the clade is in cypsela morphology. Comparison of cypsela morphology with the phylogenies suggests a general trend for reduction in the sizes of the cypsela, abaxial wings, pappus scales, and loss of pubescence during diversification. A revised taxonomy, integrating currently available evidence, accompanied by full descriptive accounts and a key to the taxa are presented. Eight species are recognized, including the nomenclatural novelties Arctotis chrysantha (sp. nov.) and Arctotis namibiensis (sp. nov.). The names Arctotis karasmontana, Venidium fugax, and Venidium macrocephalum are lectotypified.

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12

Hind, Nicholas. "ARCTOTIS ‘Nicholas Hind’ Compositae." Curtis's Botanical Magazine 9, no. 4 (November 1992): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8748.1992.tb00091.x.

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13

Pasitschniak-Arts, Maria. "Ursus arctos." Mammalian Species, no. 439 (April 23, 1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504138.

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14

Bradfield, Elizabeth. "Arctos / Antarktikos." Ecotone 5, no. 1 (2009): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2009.0012.

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15

Mayfield, Teresa, Mariel Campbell, Kyndall Hildebrandt, Carla Cicero, Dusty McDonald, Joseph Cook, and John Demboski. "Establishment of the ARCTOS-GGBN Data Pipeline." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 17, 2018): e25525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25525.

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Arctos (https://arctosdb.org), an online collection management information system, was developed in 1999 to manage museum specimen data and to make those data publicly available. The portal (arctos.database.museum) now serves data on over 3.5 million cataloged specimens from more than 130 collections throughout North America in an instance at the Texas Advanced Computing Center. Arctos also is a community of museum professionals that collaborates on museum best practices and works together to improve Arctos data richness and functionality for on-line museum data streaming. In 2017, three large Arctos genomics collections at the Museum of Southwestern Biology (MSB), Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley (MVZ), and University of Alaska Museum of the North (UAM), received support from GGBN to create a pipeline for publishing data from Arctos to the GGBN portal. Modifications to Arctos included standardization of controlled vocabulary for tissues; changes to the data structure and code tables with regard to permit information, container history, part attributes, and sample quality; implementation of interfaces and protocols for parent-child relationships between tissues, tissue subsamples, and DNA extracts; and coordination with the DWC community to ensure that all GGBN data standards and formatting are included in the standard DWC export in order to finalize the pipeline to GGBN. The addition of these three primary Arctos biorepositories to the GGBN network will add over 750,000 tissue and DNA records representing over 11,000 species and 667 families. These voucher-based archives represent primarily vertebrate taxa, with growing collections of arthropods, endoparasites, and incipient collections of microbiome and environmental samples associated with online media and linked to GenBank and other external databases. The high-quality data in Arctos complement and significantly extend existing GGBN holdings, and the establishment of an Arctos-GGBN pipeline also will facilitate future collaboration between more Arctos collections and GGBN.

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16

Magee, A. R., B. E. Van Wyk, and S. F. Van Vuuren. "Ethnobotany and antimicrobial activity of sieketroos (Arctopus species)." South African Journal of Botany 73, no. 1 (January 2007): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2006.06.009.

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17

McKenzie, Robert J., Mats P. Hjertson, and Nigel P. Barker. "Typification of Arctotis plantaginea and names in the Arctotis semipapposa species complex (Asteraceae , Arctotideae )." TAXON 57, no. 4 (November 2008): 1341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.574024.

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18

Jeletzky, J. A., and T. P. Poulton. "A new genus and subgenus and two new species of latest Jurassic oxytomid bivalves from Arctic Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-069.

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Uppermost Jurassic (Volgian) rocks of the western Canadian Arctic Islands and northwestern mainland Canada contain rich faunas that include two oxytomid bivalves that are described as specifically and generically new: Canadotis canadensis n. gen., n. sp. and Arctotis (Canadarctotis) srugosa n. subgen., n. sp. The former is thought to be a derivative of an ancestral Meleagrinella-like Late Triassic or Early Jurassic bivalve; the latter is a development from mid-Jurassic Arctotis s.s. species. Both are important markers for the early Volgian in northern and northwestern Canada.

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19

Osman, Nur Azimah, Muhammad Abu Bakar Abdul-Latiff, Abd Rahman Mohd-Ridwan, Salmah Yaakop, Shukor Md Nor, and Badrul Munir Md-Zain. "Diet Composition of the Wild Stump-Tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides) in Perlis State Park, Peninsular Malaysia, Using a Chloroplast tRNL DNA Metabarcoding Approach: A Preliminary Study." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122215.

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Understanding dietary diversity is a fundamental task in the study of stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides in its natural habitat. However, direct feeding observation and morphological identification using fecal samples are not effective and nearly impossible to obtain in natural habitats because this species is sensitive to human presence. As ecological methods are challenging and time-consuming, DNA metabarcoding offers a more powerful assessment of the diet. We used a chloroplast tRNL DNA metabarcoding approach to identify the diversity of plants consumed by free-ranging M. arctoides in the Malaysia–Thailand border region located in Perlis State Park, Peninsular Malaysia. DNA was extracted from three fecal samples, and chloroplast tRNL DNA was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiniSeq platform. Sequences were analyzed using the CLC Genomic Workbench software. A total of 145 plant species from 46 families were successfully identified as being consumed by M. arctoides. The most abundant species were yellow saraca, Saraca thaipingensis (11.70%), common fig, Ficus carica (9.33%), aramata, Clathrotropis brachypetala (5.90%), sea fig, Ficus superba (5.44%), and envireira, Malmea dielsiana (1.70%). However, Clathrotropis and Malmea are not considered Malaysian trees because of limited data available from Malaysian plant DNA. Our study is the first to identify plant taxa up to the species level consumed by stump-tailed macaques based on a DNA metabarcoding approach. This result provides an important understanding on diet of wild M. arctoides that only reside in Perlis State Park, Malaysia.

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20

Mckenzie, R. J., P. P. J. Herman, and N. P. Barker. "ASTERACEAE." Bothalia 36, no. 2 (August 21, 2006): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v36i2.357.

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21

McKenzie, Robert J., and Nigel P. Barker. "(1794) Proposal to conserve the name Venidium semipapposum (Arctotis semipapposa ) against Arctotis scabra (Asteraceae, Arctotideae )." TAXON 56, no. 4 (November 2007): 1300–1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25065926.

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22

McKenzie, Robert J., and Nicola G. Bergh. "(2633) Proposal to conserve the name Arctotis calendula (Arctotheca calendula) against Arctotis tristis (Arctotheca tristis) (Asteraceae: Arctotideae)." Taxon 67, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/674.18.

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23

Braby, MF. "Seasonal-Changes in Relative Abundance and Spatial-Distribution of Australian Lowland Tropical Satyrine Butterflies." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 3 (1995): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950209.

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Seven species of grass-feeding satyrine butterflies (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) coexist in lowland regions of the wet tropical zone of north-eastern Queensland, Australia. Their seasonal changes in relative abundance, spatial distribution and diurnal activities were monitored at Cardwell (18 degrees 16'S) during 1989-92, with particular emphasis placed on three species of Mycalesis. The climate at Cardwell is monsoonal, being characterised by high summer rainfall and an annual winter dry season that lasts about seven months on average (although usually some rain falls during this period). Rainfall is quite variable in terms of both the timing and magnitude of the wet season. In general, relative abundance of adult Mycalesis species, increased during the early dry season, peaked during the dry winter months, decreased in the late dry season and then reached very low levels with the first significant wet-season rainfall. The pattern of seasonal abundance was broadly synchronous with seasonal changes in grass moisture content, which in turn was linked with rainfall regime. Ypthima arctous, Hypocysta irius and H. adiante showed seasonal fluctuations similar to those of Mycalesis but numbers of Melanitis leda peaked at the end of the dry season before the first significant rainfall. The seven satyrines also showed pronounced spatial and temporal differentiation in habitat distribution and timing of peak flight activity in the late dry season. Mycalesis terminus predominated in rainforest edge and adults were most active from late morning to early afternoon, whereas My. perseus and My. sirius occurred in the more open areas, favouring open eucalypt forest and paperbark woodland (Melaleuca swampland), respectively. Peak activity of My. perseus and My. sirius was confined largely to early morning and late afternoon, while Me. leda was strictly crepuscular. Peak activity of Y. arctous coincided with that of My. terminus but, unlike H. irius, which occurred only in rainforest edge, Y. arctous favoured the less shaded habitat of paperbark woodland. It is likely that adults of all species move seasonally and contract to moist refugia in the late dry season. The patterns of seasonality in Mycalesis may be influenced by variation in rainfall, and hence larval food quality, but other factors likely to influence fluctuation in abundance are briefly discussed.

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24

Balseiro, Ana, Laura Polledo, José Tuñón, and Juan Francisco García Marín. "Anencephaly and Severe Myelodysplasia in a Stillborn Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos)." Animals 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182345.

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Malformations in the development of the neural tube have been described to be associated with different aetiologies, such as genetic factors, toxic plants, chemical products, viral agents, or hyperthermia. A twenty-four-year-old female Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos), permanently in captivity and kept under food and management control, gave birth to a stillborn cub at the end of gestation. Several malformations resulting from the anomalous development of the neural tube, not previously reported in bears, were observed, such as anencephaly, hypoplasia, micromyelia, severe myelodysplasia, syringomyelia, and spina bifida. Multiple canal defects (e.g., absence) were also observed in the spinal cord. In some regions, the intradural nerve roots surrounded the spinal cord in a diffuse and continuous way. The aetiology remains unidentified, although the advanced age of the mother and/or folic acid deficit might have been the possible causes of this disorder. Supplements of folate given to the mother before and during early pregnancy may have reduced the incidence of neural tube defects. That supplementation should be considered when the reproduction of bears is to occur in captivity, in order to prevent the loss of future generations of this endangered species.

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25

Pigoli, C., M. Tecilla, A. Bianchi, P. Roccabianca, G. Ghisleni, and L. R. Gibelli. "Pheochromocytoma and Malignant Insulinoma in an Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 174 (January 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.075.

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26

Jordan, A. D., P. R. Møller, and J. G. Nielsen. "Revision of the Arctic cod genus Arctogadus." Journal of Fish Biology 62, no. 6 (June 2003): 1339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00115.x.

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27

Demaria, C., and B. Thierry. "Formal biting in stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)." American Journal of Primatology 20, no. 2 (1990): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350200208.

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28

Meijer, Th M. "A contribution to the chemistry of the roots of Arctopus echinatus." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 53, no. 5 (September 3, 2010): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19340530510.

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29

Winer, J. N., B. Arzi, S. Döring, P. H. Kass, and F. J. M. Verstraete. "Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the North American Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis , Ursus arctos middendorffi and Ursus arctos sitkensis )." Journal of Comparative Pathology 157, no. 2-3 (August 2017): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.06.006.

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30

Buděšínský, Miloš, Le Viet Ngoc Phuong, Nestor Perez Souto, Włodzimierz M. Daniewski, Andrzej Wawrzuń, Maria Gumułka, Soňa Vašíčková, et al. "Isolation and structures of sesquiterpene lactones: Aerial parts of Arctotis grandis THUNB. species." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, no. 2 (1989): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19890473.

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Arctolide (I), together with seven other sesquiterpene lactones II, IV-IX, was isolated from aerial parts of Arctotis grandis THUNB. species. Structures, including absolute configuration, have been assigned to the isolated compounds. Compounds VI and VIII were also isolated from Vernonia angusticeps EKM.

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31

Cihan, Huseyin, Zeki Yilmaz, and Nilufer Aytug. "EVALUATION OF CARDIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS IN CAPTIVE EURASIAN BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS ARCTOS) IN TURKEY." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 47, no. 1 (March 2016): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0056.1.

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32

Balseiro, Ana, Luis José Royo, Elena Gayo, and Juan Francisco García Marín. "Cholangiocarcinoma in a Free-Ranging Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) from Northern Spain." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 56, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2019-03-054.

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33

Mladinich, C. R. J., B. R. Collins, and S. W. Huang. "Penicillin Allergy in a Stumptailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides)." Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 18, no. 2/3 (1987): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20460253.

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34

MÃ¡rquez-Arias, A., A. M. SantillÃ¡n-Doherty, R. V. Arenas-Rosas, M. P. Gasca-MatÃas, and J. MuÃ±oz-Delgado. "Environmental enrichment for captive stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)." Journal of Medical Primatology 39, no. 1 (February 2010): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00392.x.

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35

Ali, Ahmed A., Nasr A. El-Emary, Azza A. Khalifa, Franz-J. Volk, and August W. Frahm. "The Heliangolide Dihydrohirsutolide from Arctotis fastuosa and Dichloromethyldihydrohirsutolide." Planta Medica 66, no. 6 (August 2000): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8608.

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36

Solanki Zothansiama, G. S. "Births in Captive Stump-Tailed Macaques(Macaca arctoides)." Folia Primatologica 84, no. 6 (2013): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000353171.

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37

O'Keeffe, Robert T., and Kenneth Lifshitz. "A behavioral profile for stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)." Primates 26, no. 2 (April 1985): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02382014.

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38

Fooden, Jack. "The bear macaque,Macaca arctoides: a systematic review." Journal of Human Evolution 19, no. 6-7 (September 1990): 607–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(90)90002-s.

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39

Badmus, A. A., and A. J. Afolayan. "Foliar micromorphology of Arctotis arctotoides (L.F.) O. Hoffm." South African Journal of Botany 76, no. 2 (April 2010): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.02.010.

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40

Paukner, Annika, and James R. Anderson. "Video-induced yawning in stumptail macaques ( Macaca arctoides )." Biology Letters 2, no. 1 (December 6, 2005): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0411.

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This study reports the first experimental exploration of possible contagious yawning in monkeys. Twenty-two stumptail macaques ( Macaca arctoides ) were presented with video clips of either yawns or control mouth movements by conspecifics. At a group level, monkeys yawned significantly more often during and just after the yawn tape than the control tape. Supplementary analysis revealed that the yawn tape also elicited significantly more self-directed scratching responses than the control tape, which suggests that yawning might have been caused by tension arising from viewing the yawn tape. Understanding to what extent the observed effect resembles contagious yawning as found in humans and chimpanzees requires more detailed experimentation.

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Holmberg, C. A., R. Henrickson, J. Anderson, and B. I. Osburn. "Malignant Lymphoma in a Colony of Macaca arctoides." Veterinary Pathology 22, no. 1 (January 1985): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588502200106.

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Richter, Christin, Lieke Mevis, Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Oliver Schülke, and Julia Ostner. "Social Relationships in Free-Ranging Male Macaca arctoides." International Journal of Primatology 30, no. 4 (July 21, 2009): 625–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9364-z.

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Van Dooren, Sonia, Laurent Meertens, Philippe Lemey, Antoine Gessain, and Anne-Mieke Vandamme. "Full-genome analysis of a highly divergent simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 strain in Macaca arctoides." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80520-0.

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Full-genome sequencing and analysis of the highly divergent simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1) strain MarB43 in Macaca arctoides indicated that its open reading frame structure is compatible with proper functioning of its Gag, Pol, Env, Tax and Rex proteins. Detailed analysis of the coding potential, however, revealed that MarB43 is probably forced to use the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2/STLV-2 env-tax-rex splice-acceptor homologue and that the proximal pX auxiliary proteins p12I, p13II, p30II and p27I seem to have lost their function. Full-genome (gag-pol-env-tax), long terminal repeat and env phylogenetic analyses conclusively identified STLV-1 in M. arctoides as the currently most divergent STLV-1 strain. The long branching pattern of the monophyletic STLV-1 Macaca subspecies clades suggests that macaques might be the ancestral reservoir for primate T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in Asia. Full-genome molecular-clock analysis supports an archaic introduction of STLV-1 on the Asian continent, at least 269 000–156 000 years ago.

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Balseiro, Ana, Luis J. Royo, Elena Gayo, Ramón Balsera, Olga Alarcia, and Juan F. García Marín. "Mortality Causes in Free-Ranging Eurasian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos arctos) in Spain 1998–2018." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091538.

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This work summarizes the mortality cases of twenty-five free-ranging Eurasian wild brown bears (Ursus arctos arctos) from the Cantabrian mountain range submitted for necropsy in Asturias and Castilla y León (northwestern Spain) from 1998 to 2018. Mortality cases were classified both caused by (i) “non-human intervention” or “human intervention” causes and based on (ii) “non-infectious” or “infectious” etiology. In four cases (16%) it was not possible to determine the cause of death due to the inadequate preservation of collected specimens or insufficient tissue availability. Based on “non-human intervention” or “human intervention” causes, fourteen of the 21 (66.7%) brown bears died as a consequence of “non-human intervention” due to traumatic lesions (fights, unknown traumas or infanticide), infectious canine hepatitis, neoplasia or mushroom poisoning. In contrast, seven (33.3%) brown bears died by “human intervention” due to illegal hunting (shooting or snare), handling (during transit in an attempt to reintroduce a bear back into the wild) or strychnine poisoning. Based on “non-infectious” or “infectious” etiology, twelve of the 21 (57.1%) brown bears died due to “non-infectious” causes, namely traumatic lesions such as shooting, snare, fighting or infanticide, handling, strychnine poisoning, mushroom poisoning or neoplasia. The remaining nine (42.9%) animals died due to “infectious” diseases which included gangrenous myositis, infectious canine hepatitis or septicemia. In six of those cases traumatic lesions caused by non-human or human activities were complicated with bacterial infection (clostridiosis and septicemia) which finally caused the death of those animals. Additionally, exertional myopathy was observed in the handled animal and in one bear found in a snare. In a free-ranging population of Eurasian brown bear from the Cantabrian mountain range, main causes of death are attributed to non-human related traumatic lesions and infectious diseases (primary developed such as infectious canine hepatitis or secondary developed such as clostridiosis or septicemia) which is in contrast to previously reported data for other bear populations. These data are valuable and may help in the conservation and management of this recovering population.

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ÖZFİLİZ, Nesrin, and Aytekin ÖZER. "Histological and Histochemical Structure of the Scrotal Skin of Adult Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos Arctos)." Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55730/1300-0128.4062.

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Hissa, Raimo, Juha Siekkinen, Esa Hohtola, Seppo Saarela, Antero Hakala, and Jorma Pudas. "Seasonal patterns in the physiology of the European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) in Finland." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 109, no. 3 (November 1994): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90222-4.

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Štrba, Peter, Tibor Baranec, and Anna Gogoláková. "Generative reproduction of critical endangered species Arctous alpina (L.) Nied. (alpine bearberry)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.451.

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Krumbholz, Andi, Janine Roempke, Thomas Liehr, Marco Groth, Astrid Meerbach, Michael Schacke, Gregor Maschkowitz, et al. "Macaca arctoides gammaherpesvirus 1 (strain herpesvirus Macaca arctoides): virus sequence, phylogeny and characterisation of virus-transformed macaque and rabbit cell lines." Medical Microbiology and Immunology 208, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00430-018-0565-y.

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Catalano, S., M. Lejeune, P. Tizzani, G. G. Verocai, H. Schwantje, C. Nelson, and P. J. Duignan. "Helminths of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and American black bears (Ursus americanus) in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 10 (October 2015): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0063.

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Between May 2011 and June 2013, we collected the carcasses and gastrointestinal tracts of 40 American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) and 13 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) from populations of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Specimens were examined for helminths, which were identified to the species level by applying an integrated morphological and molecular approach. Our goal was to investigate parasite biodiversity and infection parameters in the sampled grizzly and black bears. We found seven parasite taxa: Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941, Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819), Uncinaria rauschi Olsen, 1968, Uncinaria yukonensis (Wolfgang, 1956), Taenia arctos Haukisalmi, Lavikainen, Laaksonen and Meri, 2011, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824), and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Yamane, Kamo, Bylund and Wikgren, 1986. The statistical significance of infection prevalence, intensity, and abundance for each helminth species was assessed relative to host species, gender, age class, sampling season, and location. This is the first unequivocal report of the potentially zoonotic tapeworms D. dendriticum and D. nihonkaiense in North American bears. Furthermore, we provide insight into the biology and ecology of the nematodes B. transfuga, D. ursi, and species of Uncinaria Frölich, 1789, and enrich the information available on the recently described tapeworm T. arctos.

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Baryshnikov, G. F. "Late pleistocene Ursidae and Mustelidae remains (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Geographical Society Cave in the Russian Far East." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 319, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2015.319.1.3.

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The paleontological collection from Geographical Society Cave located in southern part of Primorskii Territory is found to comprise 5 species of ursids and mustelids: Ursus arctos, Meles anakuma, Martes zibellina, Gulo gulo and Lutra lutra. Bone remains of brown bear (Ursus arctos) predominate; scant tooth-marks of large carnivores on their surfaces suggest bears to have been only occasional prey, dying mainly when overwintering in the cave. The presence of Asian badger (Meles anakuma) and true otter (Lutra lutra), whose findings are not known northwardly, provide the possibility to regard southern regions of the Russian Far East as a refuge, where these species survived during the Late Pleistocene.

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