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Academic literature on the topic 'Arctodus'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Arctodus"

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Mitchell, Kieren J., Sarah C. Bray, Pere Bover, Leopoldo Soibelzon, Blaine W. Schubert, Francisco Prevosti, Alfredo Prieto, Fabiana Martin, Jeremy J. Austin, and Alan Cooper. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America." Biology Letters 12, no. 4 (April 2016): 20160062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0062.

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The Tremarctinae are a subfamily of bears endemic to the New World, including two of the largest terrestrial mammalian carnivores that have ever lived: the giant, short-faced bears Arctodus simus from North America and Arctotherium angustidens from South America (greater than or equal to 1000 kg). Arctotherium angustidens became extinct during the Early Pleistocene, whereas Arctodus simus went extinct at the very end of the Pleistocene. The only living tremarctine is the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ), a largely herbivorous bear that is today only found in South America. The relationships among the spectacled bears ( Tremarctos ), South American short-faced bears ( Arctotherium ) and North American short-faced bears ( Arctodus ) remain uncertain. In this study, we sequenced a mitochondrial genome from an Arctotherium femur preserved in a Chilean cave. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the South American short-faced bears were more closely related to the extant South American spectacled bear than to the North American short-faced bears. This result suggests striking convergent evolution of giant forms in the two groups of short-faced bears ( Arctodus and Arctotherium ), potentially as an adaptation to dominate competition for megafaunal carcasses.
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Churcher, C. S., A. V. Morgan, and L. D. Carter. "Arctodus simus from the Alaskan Arctic Slope." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-084.

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Arctodus simus yukonensis, the extinct northern North American short-faced bear, is represented by an immature left humerus lacking its unfused proximal epiphysis, which was recovered from a point bar on the Ikpikpuk River, Alaska (69°41′N, 154°54′W). This is the northernmost record of this bear. The specimen is dated at 27 190 ± 280 BP (Iso Trace TO-2539) on 14C analysis, which lies within the observed age distribtution of Arctodus. The individual is larger than average for the species based on the dimensions of the distal articulation, despite its immaturity, and may have been male.
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Burns, James A., and Robert R. Young. "Pleistocene mammals of the Edmonton area, Alberta. Part I. The carnivores." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-036.

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Late Pleistocene fossils have been recovered sporadically in the Edmonton area, in central Alberta, for many years but there has been little work in determining their age. Fossils from quarries in North Saskatchewan River terraces and buried valley gravels are recognized as Late Pleistocene (mid-Wisconsinan) and early Holocene taxa, and numerous 14C dates on mammalian remains now support the assessment. The mammalian fauna consists of at least 16 taxa, including mostly grazing herbivores, but also three carnivores: Canis cf. Canis lupus (gray wolf), Arctodus simus (giant short-faced bear), and Panthera leo atrox (Pleistocene lion). The carnivores are first records for the region, and Arctodus is a first record for Alberta.
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Schubert, Blaine W., Richard C. Hulbert, Bruce J. Macfadden, Michael Searle, and Seina Searle. "Giant short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) in Pleistocene Florida USA, a substantial range extension." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 1 (January 2010): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-113.1.

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Fossils of the giant short-faced bear,Arctodus simus(Cope, 1879), have been recovered from over 100 localities in North America, extending from Mexico to Alaska and California to Virginia. Despite this large range, the species has never been recorded from the southeastern United States. The lesser short-faced bear,Arctodus pristinusLeidy, 1854 is well represented from this region, particularly Florida, but all known occurrences are late Pliocene – middle Pleistocene in age (about 2.5 to 0.3 Ma). DifferentiatingA. simusfromA. pristinuscan be difficult because large individuals ofA. pristinusoverlap in size with small individuals ofA. simus, and there are few morphological differences. However, these two taxa can be clearly separated based on the relative proportions of their molars and premolars. Two Pleistocene records ofA. simusrepresenting a minimum of three individuals from the Withlacoochee River drainage of central Florida are reported here, substantially extending the distribution of this massive bear into southeastern North America. A late Pleistocene age for these occurrences is corroborated by an associated Rancholabrean fauna and rare earth elemental analyses. One of the reported individuals is quite large, supporting the hypothesis of extreme sexual dimorphism inA. simusand rejecting a hypothesis of two subspecies.
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Steffen, Martina L., and C. R. Harington. "Giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) from late Wisconsinan deposits at Cowichan Head, Vancouver Island, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 8 (August 2010): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-018.

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A giant short-faced bear ( Arctodus simus ) ulna fragment was found at the base of exposed Quaternary sediments at Cowichan Head, southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In this paper, the ulna fragment and its geological context are described and a reasonable taphonomic trajectory is presented. The radiocarbon age of 22 750 ± 140 BP on the bone indicates that these bears were on Vancouver Island during the late Wisconsinan. A likely source for the Cowichan Head A. simus was from the mainland to the southeast.
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Steffen, Martina L., and Tara L. Fulton. "On the association of giant short-faced bear ( Arctodus simus ) and brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) in late Pleistocene North America." Geobios 51, no. 1 (February 2018): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001.

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Schubert, Blaine W. "Late Quaternary chronology and extinction of North American giant short-faced bears (Arctodus simus)." Quaternary International 217, no. 1-2 (April 2010): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.010.

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Gillette, David D., and David B. Madsen. "The Columbian mammoth, Mammuthus columbi, from the Wasatch Mountains of central Utah." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 4 (July 1993): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000024999.

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A nearly complete and well-preserved skeleton of the Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) and a cranial fragment of a short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) were recovered from fossil lake deposits at 2,740 m, near the crest of the Wasatch Plateau, central Utah. The mammoth bones are reliably dated to between 11,500 and 9,500 yr B.P. and may be associated with a late Paleoindian occupation at the site. The mammoth and bear are part of a high elevation Huntington Canyon megafauna including mastodon (Mammut americanum), horse (Equus sp.), and bison (Bison sp.). The mammoth was an old bull with considerable pathology in the vertebral column, ribs, and legs. Pollen, plant macrofossils, insects, and dung associated with the mammoth suggest this megafauna occupied an essentially modern environmental setting after deglaciation of the Wasatch plateau.
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Emslie, Steven D., and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. "A new record of giant short-faced bear, Arctodus simus, from western North America with a re-evaluation of its paleobiology." Contributions in science 371 (November 15, 1985): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.226835.

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Emslie, Steven D., and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. "A new record of giant short-faced bear, Arctodus simus, from western North America with a re-evaluation of its paleobiology." Contributions in science 371 (November 15, 1985): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.226835.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arctodus"

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Lynch, Eric Randally. "Cursorial Adaptations in the Forelimb of the Giant Short-Faced Bear, Arctodus simus, Revealed by Traditional and 3D Landmark Morphometrics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1477.

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The paleobiology of the Pleistocene North American giant short-faced bear, Arctodus simus, has eluded paleontologists for decades. Its more gracile form has led past researchers to myriad intepretations of the locomotion and feeding ecology of this species. While earlier studies have focused on craniodental morphology and simple postcranial indices, it is forelimb morphology that represents a direct compromise between locomotor and foraging behavior. The study here uses traditional and 3D landmark morphometrics to more completely compare the 3-dimensional shape of the major forelimb elements and their muscle attachment sites between A. simus, extant ursids, and other carnivorans. Results herein agree well with previous studies and provide additional evidence for reduced abductor/adductor and supinator/pronator musculature, more restricted parasagittal motion, increased stride length, and lighter and more packed distal elements. Forelimb skeletal morphology therefore supports the hypothesis that A. simmus represents a bear in the early stages of cursorial evolution.
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Römpke, Janine [Verfasser], Andi [Akademischer Betreuer] Krumbholz, and Andreas Heinz Bodo [Gutachter] Günther. "Herpesvirus Macaca arctoides. Ein EBV-ähnliches Virus der Affenspezies Macaca arctoides: Genomanalyse und biologische Eigenschaften / Janine Römpke ; Gutachter: Andreas Heinz Bodo Günther ; Betreuer: Andi Krumbholz." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1217658637/34.

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Klenzendorf, Sybille A. "Management of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Europe." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36807.

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Successful conservation of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Europe is associated with public acceptance of damages caused by bears. Recent increases in sheep depredation and beehive damage in central Austria resulted in the deaths of two bears there. Since bear numbers are low in most European populations, alternatives to the elimination of problem bears associated with damage incidents must be sought. The events described above led to the formation of the Bear Management Group responsible for designing a management plan for Austria that will outline procedures for dealing with bear damage and conservation strategies. This study provides an overview of the magnitude and seasonal patterns of brown bear damage in Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Norway, Sweden, and Austria. It also illustrates how bears are managed in European countries by comparing different management strategies for dealing with brown bear damage, describing how bear management is organized, determining which organizations are involved, and explaining which duties these fulfill. Bear damage data were obtained from interviews with wildlife managers, hunters, and farmers in Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Norway, Sweden, and Austria, and from official records of their bear management agencies. Most damage incidents involved sheep and beehives in all countries. All countries offered a more or less well functioning damage compensation program to farmers. Conservation success, especially for small bear populations, seemed to be related to a good compensation program and reducing damage to livestock and property. Possible improvements of management strategies to reduce damage and increase conservation success in theses countries were discussed The second part of this study was the assessment of the organizational structure of different bear management programs in Europe. Brown bear management in Europe included a broad spectrum of goals, ranging from no protection, to regulated hunting, to total protection. In each country, different organizations were involved in bear management, including private and governmental organizations. For each study country, I outlined which organizations were involved in bear management, determined if a management plan existed,described if and how hunting and damage compensation were structured, explained how each country dealt with problem bears, and finally, detailed what kind of management problems each country encountered. I tried to find management patterns for bear management in Europe, including advantages and disadvantages of each approach and their effectiveness within the countries they were applied. Methods included a content analysis of interviews with wildlife managers, farmers, and local people in each country.Results showed that two general types of management approaches could be identified. Romania, Sweden and Southern Slovenia took a conservationist approach, which was characterized by economic use of their bear population. All of these countries had viable bear populations. Romania and Southern Slovenia included an additional characteristic of feeding bears, which could be viewed as a utilitarian management scheme. The second management approach, which was classified as the preservationist approach, was observed in Norway, Italy, Northern Slovenia, and Austria. This management strategy was characterized by year-long protection of bears, low population numbers, and no feeding of bears. Further results of management differences in problem bear management, damage compensation, public education, and effectiveness of management approaches were summarized. The study provides a reference on bear management strategies in Europe.
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Badmus, Abimbola Adesile. "The allelopathic potential of Arctotis Arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm on some vegetables." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/454.

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Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the extracts and residue Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm on selected vegetable crops. The study aimed to address the following specific objectives to (i) examine the ultra structures of the leaf of A. arctotoides using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), (ii) carry out comprehensive qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the root and shoot materials of the plant, (iii) investigate the allelopathic activities of the root and shoot aqueous extracts of A. arctotoides at concentrations of 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 mg/ml on germination, radicle and plumule growth of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach, (iv) evaluate the inhibitory effects of the dried shoot residue of the plant at 10, 20 and 40 g kg-3 of soil (treatments B, C and D) and the control (treatment A) on the morphology, growth and chlorophyll pigment content of tomato and cabbage transplants at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after transplanting and (v) assess the effects of the dried shoot residue of A. arctotoides on the yield, nutrient uptake by the leaves of tomato and cabbage at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. Finally, to analyze the residual mineral content of the soils with tomato and cabbage transplants at 12 weeks after transplanting. The the SEM revealed that anisocytic stomata and glandular trichomes (GTs) were numerous on the abaxial than the adaxial surfaces of A. arctotoides. The non glandular trichomes (NGTs) were also present on both surfaces but lesser on the abaxial. Morphologically, the GTs were peltate, uniseriate and globular head while the NGTs were cylindrical and filamentous with variable number of cells at the basal portion. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of some crystals showed that Na+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ were the major constituents of the crystal deposit found around the GTs and stomata. The results of the phytochemical composition of the root and shoot extracts of A. arctotoides confirmed the occurrence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponnins, tannins and triterpenes as the common constituents. In addition, cardiac glycosides and steroids were also detected in the shoot of the A. arctotoides. Quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of the crude extracts further revealed that the alkaloid content in the root higher (0.97 percent) than the shoot (0.64 percent). The quantity of flavonoids detected in the shoot (1.02 percent) was more than that observed in the root (0.35 percent). Others (phenolics and tannins) were marginal in the two plant parts. The results of the inhibitory effects of the root and shoot aqueous extract at the varying concentrations showed that root extract at 10 mg/ml considerably reduced the germination of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach seeds by 84.0, 83.2, 72.8 and 37.4 percent respectively. Incubation of the shoot extract at the same concentration resulted in 100 percent inhibition of cabbage and carrot seed germination whereas those of tomato and spinach were suppressed by 91.5 and 61.2 percent respectively. The two extracts at the varying concentrations also had a significant reduction on the radicle and plumule growth of the four vegetables. Addition of the shoot residue to the soil showed massive chlorosis, necrotic lesions and wilting of tomato and cabbage leaves under treatments C and D at 2 weeks after transplanting. The number of leaves, leaf area, dry shoot and root weight of the two vegetables grown in the amended soils were also drastically reduced. The inhibition percentages due to the addition of the three concentrations of A. arctotoides dried shoot residue on the dry shoot weight at 4 weeks after transplanting were 38.6, 45.5 and 70.3. for tomato and 57.5, 73.3 and 87.5 percent for cabbage. Similarly, the declines in the dry root weight of 61.3, 82.9.4 and 83.4 percent for tomato as well as 53.1, 54.7 and 67.2 percent for cabbages were recorded for the two vegetables under treatment B, C and D during the period. The results further showed that the dry fruit yield and shoot weight of tomato under the treatments B, C and D decreased with increase in shoot residue concentrations of A. arctotoides. Relative to treatment A, no significant differences were recorded in the dry head weight of cabbage under the residue treated groups. The reductions in the fruit yield and fresh head weight caused by treatments C and D were 37.2 and 84.8 percent for tomato and 30.9 and 72.4 percent for cabbage. The findings on the mineral contents in the leaves of the two vegetables revealed significant differences in the uptake of N, Mg, Na, Cu and Fe by tomato leaves. The concentrations of N, K, Na and Zn in cabbage leaves also differed. However, the P content was relatively constant in the leaves of the two vegetables at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. At 12 weeks after transplanting, the Fe content in soils with tomato and cabbage treatments C and D was greatly enhanced in comparison with the other nutrients. The residual N, P and Zn detected in soils planted to cabbage were similarly equal among all the groups including the control. Thus, under the greenhouse experiment, Arctotis arctotoides (L.f) O. Hoffm has been shown to contain some phytotoxic chemical compounds in its root and shoot materials. The compounds either singly or collectively have demonstrated some inhibitory potentials on the germination, growth and yields of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach evaluated in this study.
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Brereton, Alyn Robert. "Sexual interference in stumptail macaques (Macac arctoides) : is it return-benefit spite?" Thesis, University of Stirling, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236099.

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Hillesheim, Benjamin James. "Cranial Morphological Distinctiveness Between Ursus arctos and U. americanus." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3261.

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Despite being separated by millions of years of evolution, black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) can be difficult to distinguish based on skeletal and dental material alone. Complicating matters, some Late Pleistocene U. americanus are significantly larger in size than their modern relatives, obscuring the identification of the two bears. In the past, fossil bears have been identified based on differences in dental morphology or size. This study used geometric morphometrics to look at overall differences in cranial shape and used step-wise discriminant analysis to identify specific characters that distinguish cranial morphology between black and brown bears. Such differences could prove important in identifying fossil bears when crania are present but teeth are missing. Furthermore, being able to properly identify U. arctos and U. americanus crania is important in understanding evolutionary and ecological distinctions among both fossil and modern bears. Principal components, discriminant, and thin plate spline analyses indicated a clear morphological separation between the crania of U. americanus and U. arctos and highlighted key identifying features including a more convex forehead and a narrower, more elongate rostrum in U. arctos than U. americanus.
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Virmaja, Tommy. "Skillnader i födoval mellan brunbjörnshonor (Ursus arctos) med och utan årsungar." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-63608.

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Inom födosöksteori söker och konsumerar djur föda på ett sätt som maximerar deras förmåga att reproducera sig och få sina gener representerade i kommande generationer. För att åstadkomma detta måste individer ibland anpassa sina beteenden. Brunbjörnhonor (Ursus arctos) med årsungar måste bland annat dela den föda de hittar med ungarna. För att inte riskera att ungarna dödas av hannar så har honor med årsungar under parningsperioden mindre hemområden och rör sig mindre under ett dygn än vuxna honor utan årsungar. Med bakgrund av dessa olikheter undersöks ifall honor med årsungar konsumerar annan föda jämfört med honor i andra reproduktiva kategorier. En spillningsinsamling från GPS-märkta björnar gjordes i västra Hälsingland och norra Dalarna under 2015 från 25:e maj till 11:e oktober. Inför dataanalysen delades säsongen upp i två perioder vid den 15:e juli på grund av olikheter i födotillgång samt att parningssäsongen slutar. En frekvensanalys gjordes av individernas spillningar som resulterade i en icke signifikant skillnad mellan honor med och honor utan årsungars födoval. En undersökande dataanalys av volymprocent antyder dock att det kan finnas skillnader i mängd av vissa födoämnen under parningsperioden. Dessa skillnader fanns i kategorierna ben, älghår samt övriga växtmaterial. Även om studien lider av liten provstorlek med endast fyra honor med årsungar i var och en av de båda perioderna tycks undersökningen originell med en upplösning på individnivå. Tidigare skandinaviska födovalsanalyser hos brunbjörnen har gjorts med spillning som minsta enhet.
According to foraging theory, animals seek and consume food in ways that maximize their ability to reproduce and have their genes represented in future generations. In order to achieve this, individuals must sometimes adapt their behaviors. Females of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) with cubs of the year must share the food they find with their cubs. To protect the cubs from being killed by males in the mating period, females with young have smaller home ranges than other adult females and move less on a daily basis than other females. In view of these differences my hypothesis is that females with yearlings consume different food items than other females. A fecal collection from GPS-marked brown bears was made in 2015 in the northern Dalarna county and northwestern county of Gävleborg in Sweden from 25 May to 11 October. Prior to the data analysis, the season was divided into two periods, 25 May to 15 July and 16 July to 11 October, based on differences in food availability and season (mating vs non-mating season). A frequency analysis detected no significant differences in food items consumed for either period. However, an exploratory data analysis of percent volume of different food items suggests that there may be differences in the amount of certain foods during the mating period. These differences were found for the food categories, bone, moose hair and other plant material. Although the study suffers from a small sample size with only four females with cubs of the year in each of the two periods, this study is relatively novel with a resolution at the individual level. Previous food item analyzes of the brown bear in Scandinavia have been done with fecal samples as the smallest unit.
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Bouchard, Caroline. "Boreogadus saida et Arctogadus glacialis : Vie larvaire et juvénile de deux gadidés se partageant l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30269/30269.pdf.

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Le très abondant Boreogadus saida occupe au sein de l’écosystème marin arctique une place prépondérante, ce qui lui vaut une attention croissante des scientifiques. Arctogadus glacialis, commun dans toutes les mers arctiques, est beaucoup moins étudié. Les deux espèces et leurs jeunes stades cohabitent mais ces derniers sont pratiquement impossibles à différencier. Seuls des outils génétiques, ou une méthode utilisant la taille du noyau de l’otolithe développée dans cette thèse, peuvent distinguer les deux espèces. Ces méthodes d’identification ont permis d’étudier pour la première fois l’écologie des jeunes stades d’Arctogadus et d’estimer la proportion de cette espèce dans des échantillons de gadidés arctiques. À la lumière des observations faites en mer de Beaufort, il apparait que les jeunes Arctogadus ont une abondance environ vingt fois moindre, une taille à l’éclosion supérieure, un taux de croissance similaire, et un taux de mortalité inférieur aux jeunes Boreogadus. Pour Boreogadus, l’hypothèse selon laquelle certaines larves éclosent en hiver près des panaches des fleuves, a été testé, d’abord en comparant la saison d’éclosion dans six régions de l’océan Arctique caractérisées par différents apports d’eau douce. Conformément à cette hypothèse, l’éclosion commence en hiver dans les mers recevant de forts apports fluviaux alors que l’éclosion débute au printemps dans les régions aux apports d’eau douce limités. Les larves qui éclosent en hiver profitent d’une longue saison de croissance leur permettant d’atteindre des tailles pré-hivernales largement supérieures aux larves qui éclosent en été, ce qui favoriserait leur survie. Cette même hypothèse a ensuite été testée en comparant la composition chimique des otolithes de Boreogadus provenant de ces six régions, et les différences observées semblent appuyer l’hypothèse. Les tendances actuelles au devancement de la débâcle, au réchauffement des eaux de surface et à l’augmentation du débit des fleuves pourraient favoriser le recrutement de Boreogadus, et possiblement aussi celui d’Arctogadus. Découle de cette thèse une connaissance accrue de l’écologie de gadidés habitant un océan confronté à une pléthore de changements.
The very abundant polar cod (Boreogadus saida) plays a preponderant role in the Arctic marine ecosystem and consequently has received significant attention in recent years. The ice cod (Arctogadus glacialis), a common species in all Arctic seas, is much less studied. Both species co-occur on Arctic continental shelves and their early life stages are often found together in ichthyoplanktonic collections. However, larvae and juveniles of polar cod and ice cod are almost impossible to differentiate. Only genetic tools, or a method using the size of the otolith nucleus developed in this thesis, can distinguish the two species. These identification methods allowed to study for the first time ice cod early life stage ecology and estimate the proportion of this species in Arctic gadids samples. In light of observations made in the Beaufort Sea, it seems that young ice cod are about twenty times less abundant, hatch at a larger size, grow at the same rate, and have a mortality rate inferior to young polar cod. For polar cod, the hypothesis that some larvae hatch in winter near river plumes, was tested, first by comparing the hatching season in six regions of the Arctic characterized by different freshwater inputs. Consistent with this hypothesis, hatching starts in winter in seas receiving large river discharge while hatching starts in spring in regions with limited freshwater inputs. The larvae hatched in winter benefit from a long growth season allowing them to reach larger pre-winter size than larvae hacth in summer, a condition that likely favors their survival. This same hypothesis was further tested by comparing the otolith chemistry of polar cod juveniles from those six regions, and the differences observed seem to support the hypothesis. On-going trends of earlier ice break-up, warmer surface layer, and increased river discharge could favor polar cod, and possibly also ice cod, recruitment. Arise from this thesis an increased knowledge of the ecology of gadids living in an Ocean facing a plethora of changes.
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Kopatz, A. (Alexander). "Genetic structure of the brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Northern Europe." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526204307.

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Abstract Wild populations of large carnivores in Europe were almost wiped out during the last centuries. Nowadays, the number of brown bears in North and Eastern Europe has increased, and the current situation suggests that these populations have recovered or are in the process of recovery. Knowledge of the population genetic consequences of demographic recovery in large carnivores, especially across national borders and on broader geographical scales, is still limited. In this study, we collected 3,757 fecal and hair samples as well as 881 tissue samples from brown bears across Northern Europe, with a focus on the Finnish population and neighboring areas, to investigate the population structure, connectivity, and genetic diversity on a spatial as well as a temporal scale. Bayesian clustering analysis of the population structure suggested the division of brown bears in Northern Europe into several genetic clusters, and the subdivision of the Finnish population into a northern and southern subpopulation. The estimation of gene flow pointed to better connectivity of the bears between Southern Finland and Western Russia, while migration between Scandinavia and Northern Finland as well as between Scandinavia and Southern Finland/Western Russia appeared to be restricted. Genetic clusters identified in Finland, Russia and Northern Norway displayed high genetic diversity, which was among the highest reported in wild brown bears. Recovery of the Finnish population has been accompanied by a detected range expansion towards the north, while genetic differentiation between clusters has decreased and genetic diversity has increased in the southern population, suggesting expansion from the south. Our results demonstrated that the immigration of bears from Russia still plays a major role in the Finnish bear population; however, connectivity between the Finnish-Russian population and Scandinavian bears appears to be restricted and should be improved, as well as regularly monitored
Tiivistelmä Suurpetojen luonnonpopulaatiot hävisivät Euroopasta melkein kokonaan viimeisten vuosisatojen aikana. Ruskeakarhujen määrä on viime aikoina kasvanut Pohjois- ja Itä-Euroopassa, ja karhupopulaatiot ovat toipuneet tai toipumassa. Tieto demografisen toipumisen geneettisistä seurauksista populaatioissa on varsin rajoittunutta etenkin laajemmassa maantieteellisessä mittakaavassa, yli valtiorajojen. Keräsimme tätä tutkimusta varten 3757 uloste- ja karvanäytettä ja 881 kudosnäytettä Suomesta ja sen lähialueilta. Tarkoituksenamme oli kartoittaa Pohjois-Euroopan karhupopulaatioiden geneettistä rakennetta ja monimuotoisuutta, sekä populaatioiden välisiä yhteyksiä huomioiden ajallinen ja maantieteellinen ulottuvuus. Bayesiläisen ryhmittelyanalyysin perusteella Pohjois-Euroopan karhut jakaantuvat useaan geneettiseen ryhmään. Suomen populaatiossa erottuivat eteläinen ja pohjoinen alapopulaatio. Analyysit geenivirran määrästä osoittivat, että Etelä-Suomen ja Länsi-Venäjän karhupopulaatiot ovat yhteneväisemmät, kun taas migraatio Skandinavian ja Pohjois-Suomen sekä Etelä-Suomen ja Länsi-Venäjän välillä vaikuttaisi olevan rajoittunutta. Suomesta, Venäjältä ja Pohjois-Norjasta tunnistetut alaryhmät olivat geneettisesti hyvin monimuotoisia, ja muuntelu oli korkeampaa kuin koskaan aiemmin karhuilla havaittu. Suomen karhupopulaation toipuessa ja levitessä pohjoiseen, geneettinen erilaistuminen maan sisällä on vähentynyt ja eteläisen alapopulaation monimuotoisuus kasvanut. Tämä viittaa populaation laajentumiseen etelästä käsin. Tulosten perusteella karhujen tulomuutto Venäjältä on yhä tärkeää Suomen populaatiolle. Suomen ja Venäjän karhupopulaatioiden yhteyttä Skandinavian karhupopulaatioihin tulisi seurata ja parantaa
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McCann, Robert Keith. "Activity measures of free-ranging grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Flathead drainage." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30082.

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Between 1984 and 1988, 4756 hours of activity data were collected on 15 different grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Flathead drainage of southeastern British Columbia and adjacent portions of Montana. Data were collected with the aid of portable chart recorders that recorded the output from motion-sensitive radio collars. While many benefits stem from remote sensing of a study animal as intractable as the grizzly, both the method of data collection and the assumptions employed in translating chart recordings into quantitative measures of bear activity may affect conclusions drawn. Major objectives of this study were: 1) to assess the validity of procedures employed to translate continuous chart recordings of signal patterns from motion-sensitive radio collars into quantitative measures of bear activity; 2) to assess whether active and inactive bout lengths were related to sex and age related differences in energetic requirements and seasonal differences in food type; and 3) to document activity budgets and patterns as functions of sex, age, season, and the daily solar cycle. In the absence of concurrent visual observations of grizzly bears and recorded signal patterns, the validity of procedures used to interpret chart recordings was assessed by estimating percent of time active (%TA) under varying definitions of active and inactive bouts, and by comparing %TA to values found by other researchers. Estimates of %TA were stable over the range of activity bout definitions examined. Stability resulted from bears spending most of their time in active and inactive bouts > 30 min duration. Estimates of %TA for this study agreed with results on other populations. Over the non-denning portion of the year, grizzly bears were active about 55% of the time. Analyses of bout durations were plagued by a bias against active bouts to be monitored in their entirety, because when active, bears frequently moved out of range of the chart recorder. The distribution of activity over the 24-hour cycle differed from many other studies in that bears in the Flathead were active mostly in daylight hours. A greater use of darkness by bears in the fall, compared to other seasons, may be related to available daylight or to avoidance of hunters. While activity patterns were generally bimodal with activity peaks in morning and evening, the morning activity peak was not strongly tied to sunrise. Activity in the morning generally reached a peak 1 or more hours after sunrise. Seasonal trends in activity budgets conformed to physiological changes in bears necessitated by requirements for denning. Significant individual variation exists in both activity patterns and budgets, and may be related to body size, to frequency dependent foraging strategies, or to differing competitive ability for defendable resources among sex-age classes of bears.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Arctodus"

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Richards, Ronald L. Giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus yukonensis) remains from Fulton County, northern Indiana. [Chicago, Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, 1995.

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Richards, Ronald L. Giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus yukonensis) remains from Fulton County, northern Indiana. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History, 1995.

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Nyholm, Erik S. Ruskeakarhu (Ursus arctos arctos L.). Porvoo: Söderström, 1990.

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Williams, Jean Balch. Behavior of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides): A bibliography. Seattle, Wash: Primate Information Center, Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, 1990.

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Batmȯnkhiĭn, Mizhiddorzh. Goviĭn baavgaĭ - Mazaalaĭ: Ursus arctos gobiensis. Ulaanbaatar: Admon Print, 2013.

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Linnankoski, Ilkka. Characteristics and determinants of sexual behaviour of laboratory-housed stump-tailed macaques (macaca arctoides). Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1994.

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Mattson, David J. Causes and consequences of dietary differences among Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). S.l: s.n., 2000.

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Swenson, Jon E. Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear in Europe (Ursus arctos). Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2000.

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Desrochers, Mélanie. Relationship between environmental characteristics and the distribution of grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, Kluane National Park, Yukon. [Sherbrooke, Québec]: Université de Sherbrooke, Dép. de géographie et télédétection, 2002.

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Gibson, Lea. Estimating the potential for grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horriblis) recovery in the North Cascades ecosystem of Washington State. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of Environmental Science, Western Washington University, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Arctodus"

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Richards, Ronald L., C. S. Churcher, and William D. Turnbull. "Distribution and size variation in North American Short-faced bears, Arctodus simus." In Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals, 191–246. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487574154-012.

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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Arctotis grandis." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 55. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_188.

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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Arctous alpina (L.) Niedenzu." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 327. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_999.

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Lüps, Peter. "Ursus arctos." In Säugetiere der Schweiz / Mammifères de la Suisse / Mammiferi della Svizzera, 357–60. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7753-4_69.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Arctotis spp. (African daisy)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 188. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_79.

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Eisenberg, Cristina. "Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos)." In The Carnivore Way, 83–111. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-208-2_5.

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Rasmussen, D. R., E. Riordan, M. Farrington, E. Kelly, J. Nachman, S. Fernandez, and A. Churchill. "The Central-Peripheral Structure of the Tanaxpillo Colony of Stumptail Macaques (Macaca arctoides)." In The Ethological Roots of Culture, 41–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0998-7_3.

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Maestripieri, Dario. "Gestural communication in three species of macaques (Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. arctoides)." In Benjamins Current Topics, 51–66. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.10.06mae.

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Chamove, Arnold S. "A Quick and Effective Method for Establishing Self-Feeding in Stump-Tailed Macaques (Macaca arctoides)." In Nursery Rearing of Nonhuman Primates in the 21st Century, 391–402. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-25640-5_19.

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"Imagining Arctodus." In Chasing the Ghost Bear, 135–44. Bison Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2br108d.22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Arctodus"

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Kokolova, L. M. "Brown bear Dirofilaria ursi (ursus arctos arctos) in Yakutia." In Scientific dialogue: Medical issues. TsNK MOAN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sciencepublic-15-07-2019-06.

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Otang-Mbeng, W., Y. Ncumisa, B. Kubheka, and K. Yobo. "Short Lecture “Isolation and in vitro screening of bacterial endophytes from Arctotis arctotoides (L. f.) O. Hoffm against Pythium spp”." In GA – 70th Annual Meeting 2022. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1758927.

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Parres, Aida, Santiago Palazón, Laura Xicola, Pierre-Yves Quenette, Jerome Sentilles, Jean-Jacques Camarra, Ivan Afonso, et al. "Activity Patterns of the Reintroduced Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) in the Pyrenees Estimated by Photo-trapping Camera." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108128.

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McGee-Lawrence, Meghan E., Samantha J. Wojda, Lindsay N. Barlow, Alesha B. Castillo, Oran Kennedy, Janene Auger, Hal L. Black, O. Lynne Nelson, Charles T. Robbins, and Seth W. Donahue. "Grizzly Bears (Ursus Arctos Horribilis) and Black Bears (Ursus Americanus) Prevent Trabecular Bone Loss During Disuse (Hibernation)." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204998.

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Reduced skeletal loading causes cortical and trabecular bone loss in humans and other animals, but trabecular bone responds to disuse more rapidly and shows greater losses than cortical bone for a given period of inactivity [1–2]. Manifestations of disuse on trabecular bone include unbalanced bone remodeling, decreased bone mineral density, and compromised bone architecture [3].
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Estraviz-López, García-Vázquez, and Grandal-D´Anglade. "Quantitative classification of metapodial bones of Ursus spelaeus and Ursus arctos from Northwestern Iberia using multivariate analysis." In XVIII Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores en Paleontologia. Nova.id.fct, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21695/cterraproc.v1i0.418.

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Bogner, Emily L., Blaine Schubert, and Joshua X. Samuels. "DENTAL MEASUREMENTS IN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) AND BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS): DISTINGUISHING THE SPECIES THROUGH TIME AND SPACE." In 67th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018se-313078.

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GUSKOV, V. YU. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MARGINAL POPULATIONS OF TWO BEARS SPECIES: BROWN BEAR URSUS ARCTOS LINNAEUS, 1758 AND ASIAN BLACK BEAR URSUS THIBETANUS G. CUVIER, 1823." In 5TH MOSCOW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICSAND BIODIVERSITY BIOBANKING". TORUS PRESS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/molphy2018-20.

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Reports on the topic "Arctodus"

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Farley, Sean D., Herman Griese, Rick Sinnott, Jessica Coltrane, Chris Garner, and Dave Battle. Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Habitat Use and Food Resources on Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada480156.

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Huijser, MP, J. W. Duffield, C. Neher, A. P. Clevenger, and T. Mcguire. Final Report 2022: Update and expansion of the WVC mitigation measures and their cost-benefit model. Nevada Department of Transportation, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.10.

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This report contains an update and an expansion of a cost-benefit model for wildlife-vehicle collisions and associated mitigation measures along highways, that was originally calculated in 2007 US$ and published in 2009. The direct cost values (vehicle repair, human injuries, human fatalities) were updated for deer, elk, and moose, and expanded by including additional species: gray wolf (Canis lupus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), and free ranging or feral domesticated species including cattle, horse, and burro. The costs associated with collisions were also expanded by including passive use, or nonuse values associated with the conservation value of selected wild animal species. The total costs (in 2020 US$) associated with a collision with deer, elk and moose were about 2-3 times (direct costs only) or about 3-4 times higher (direct costs and passive use values combined) compared to the values in 2007 US$. The passive use costs associated with threatened species (wolf, grizzly bear) were higher or much higher than the direct costs. The costs associated with mitigation measures (especially fences and wildlife crossing structures) were also updated and supplemented with new data. New cost-benefit analyses generated updated or entirely new threshold values for deer, elk, moose, and grizzly bear. If collisions with these large wild mammal species reach or surpass the threshold values, it is economically defensible to install the associated type and combination of mitigation measures, both based on direct use and passive use parameters and their associated values. The trend in increasing costs associated with vehicle repair costs, costs associated with human injuries and fatalities, and through including passive use values for wildlife is that we learn that the implementation of effective mitigation measures can be considered earlier and more readily than based on the cost-benefit model published in 2009.
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