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Journal articles on the topic 'Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Almansa Ruiz, José Carlos, Carol Knox, Sonja Boy, and Gerhard Steenkamp. "Dentigerous cyst in a South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." Veterinary Record Case Reports 8, no. 2 (June 2020): e001180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001180.

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The dental pathology of pinnipeds has been well studied with periodontal disease the most common dental pathology accounting for 19.4–91.8 per cent of all dental pathologies. An eight-month-old stranded South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) was rescued from the south coast of South Africa; during his rehabilitation process his handlers noticed the absence of his left maxillary canine tooth (204). Eleven years later, during a health examination, the veterinarian upon closed examination could visualise approximately 5 mm of a tooth crown in the area where tooth 204 should have been. A presumed diagnosis of a dentigerous cyst was made based on the radiological findings. Surgery was performed to surgically extract 204 and enucleate the cyst lining. The histological analysis of the enucleated cyst lining confirmed the first reported case of a dentigerous cyst in a marine mammal.

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2

Colitz, Carmen M. H., Jens-Christian Rudnick, and Steffen Heegaard. "Bilateral ocular anomalies in a South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." Veterinary Ophthalmology 17, no. 4 (October 8, 2013): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12100.

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3

Polasek, Lori K., Charles Frost, Jeremy H. M. David, Michael A. Meyer, and Randall W. Davis. "Myoglobin Distribution in the Locomotory Muscles of Cape Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." Aquatic Mammals 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.42.4.2016.421.

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4

Curtis, S., S. H. Elwen, N. Dreyer, and T. Gridley. "Entanglement of Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) at colonies in central Namibia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 171 (October 2021): 112759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112759.

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5

Lipinski, M. R., and J. H. M. David. "Cephalopods in the diet of the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." Journal of Zoology 221, no. 3 (July 1990): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04007.x.

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6

Kirkman, S. P., D. P. Costa, A. L. Harrison, P. G. H. Kotze, W. H. Oosthuizen, M. Weise, J. A. Botha, and J. P. Y. Arnould. "Dive behaviour and foraging effort of female Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 10 (October 2019): 191369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191369.

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While marine top predators can play a critical role in ecosystem structure and dynamics through their effects on prey populations, how the predators function in this role is often not well understood. In the Benguela region of southern Africa, the Cape fur seal ( Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus ) population constitutes the largest marine top predator biomass, but little is known of its foraging ecology other than its diet and some preliminary dive records. Dive information was obtained from 32 adult females instrumented with dive recorders at the Kleinsee colony (29°34.17′ S, 16°59.80′ E) in South Africa during 2006–2008. Most dives were in the depth range of epipelagic prey species (less than 50 m deep) and at night, reflecting the reliance of Cape fur seals on small, vertically migrating, schooling prey. However, most females also performed benthic dives, and benthic diving was prevalent in some individuals. Benthic diving was significantly associated with the frequency with which females exceeded their aerobic dive limit. The greater putative costs of benthic diving highlight the potential detrimental effects to Cape fur seals of well-documented changes in the availability of epipelagic prey species in the Benguela.

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7

Klotz, Daniela, Jörg Hirzmann, Christian Bauer, Joachim Schöne, Maximilian Iseringhausen, Peter Wohlsein, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, and Vanessa Herder. "Subcutaneous merocercoids of Clistobothrium sp. in two Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7, no. 1 (April 2018): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.02.003.

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8

P. N. Odendaal, M. N. Bester, M. van der Merwe, and W. H. Oosthuizen. "Seasonal changes in the ovarian structure ofthe Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 5 (2002): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01016.

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The annual reproductive cycle of the female Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) was described by noting monthly gross changes in ovaries from 159 females, histological changes in 46 females and placental scars in 119 females. The size and weight of an ovary containing a corpus luteum was significantly greater than that of an ovary containing a corpus albicans for most of the year, the latter only approaching, or exceeding the former during the breeding season. Follicular activity initially increased in ovaries containing either a corpus luteum or a corpus albicans; however, it declined in the ovary containing a corpus luteum after implantation, while in that containing a corpus albicans it increased, reaching a maximum in December of 32.0 ± 10.08 follicles, averaging 5.41 ± 0.73 mm. The corpus luteum increased in size following ovulation, attaining a maximum size of 22.28 ± 3.38 mm in August (eight months after ovulation). Thereafter, it gradually decreased in size, generally becoming invisible to the naked eye by 30–32 months after ovulation. Luteal cells increased until seven months after ovulation, reaching a maximum size of 34.36 ± 1.26 μm before regressing, disappearing from the corpus luteum by 18 months after ovulation. Using placental scarring and CA counts in 119 females, a pregnancy rate of 77.4% was calculated, with 6.5% abortions and 16.1% non-implantations making up the remainder.

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9

Osiecka, Anna N., Jack Fearey, Simon Elwen, and Tess Gridley. "Prolonged nursing in Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) at Cape Cross colony, Namibia." African Zoology 55, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2020.1768144.

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10

Koep, K. S. C., L. C. Hoffman, L. M. T. Dicks, and E. Slinde. "Chemical composition of meat and blubber of the Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." Food Chemistry 100, no. 4 (January 2007): 1560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.035.

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11

Brunner, S. "Cranial morphometrics of the southern fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri and A. pusillus (Carnivora : Otariidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 1 (1998): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97020.

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The identification and classification of unknown specimens of Arctocephalus from regions of Australasia has proven difficult. Skulls from the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) and the Australian fur seal (A. pusillus doriferus), and data from specimens of the South African fur seal (A. p. pusillus), were examined. A visual method was devised to identify and separate A. p. doriferus from A. forsteri for both sexes and for most physiological age-groups. A statistical method for morphometric separation of these species was applied to adult specimens. Characteristics of males and females for both species fell into two broad categories: sexually dimorphic – mainly those characters that increase the ability of males to hold and defend territories; and non-dimorphic – those of functional importance. Studies of geographical variation showed that adult male A. forsteri from Australia were generally larger than those from Macquarie Island and New Zealand. Characteristics of A. p. doriferus were generally larger than those of A. p. pusillus. Nine specimens of New Zealand fur seals were morphologically different from the typical A. forsteri, which indicates the presence of extreme outliers or hybrids in the sample.

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12

Rotherham, L. S., M. van der Merwe, M. N. Bester, and W. H. Oosthuizen. "Morphology and distribution of sweat glands in the Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Carnivora:Otariidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 5 (2005): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04075.

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The present study examined whether sweat glands are present in the skin of the Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Sweat glands have an important role in thermoregulation; the presence or absence of sweat glands in the fur-covered and naked skin areas of the Cape fur seal was investigated using standard histological procedures and light and scanning electron microscopy. Sweat glands were present in both fur-covered and naked skin areas. The skin layers in the naked skin areas were thicker than those in the fur-covered areas, presumably to protect them against abrasions in the absence of hair. The density of apocrine sweat glands did not differ among the body regions; however, both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands were larger in naked skin areas than in fur-covered areas. This increased size of the glands suggests a more active role for the glands in the naked skin areas, and a higher heat-loss capability through evaporative cooling in these body regions.

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13

GAMEL, CHRISTOPHER M., RANDALL W. DAVIS, JEREMY H. M. DAVID, MICHAEL A. MEŸER, and ELISIF BRANDON. "Reproductive Energetics and Female Attendance Patterns of Cape Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) During Early Lactation." American Midland Naturalist 153, no. 1 (January 2005): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2005)153[0152:reafap]2.0.co;2.

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14

Wickens, P. "Conflict between Cape (South African) fur seals and line fishing operations." Wildlife Research 23, no. 1 (1996): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960109.

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Cape (South African) fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) interact with line-fishermen in South Africa, particularly during fishing for the migratory species snoek (Thyrsites atun), and mostly when snoek are specifically being targeted. Loss of fish and tackle as a result of seals is estimated to be between at least a half and one million Rand (A$l75000-372000) annually or 3.3-7% of the total annual landed value of snoek. The presence of seals may also disturb fishing operations by causing fish to sound although this is difficult to quantify. Deliberate killing of seals by fishermen during line-fishing occurs indiscriminately and particularly during the peak snoek fishing period; however, estimation of this mortality is currently impossible.

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15

Mecenero, Silvia, Stephen P. Kirkman, and Jean-Paul Roux. "A refined fish consumption model for lactating Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus), based on scat analyses." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 8 (January 1, 2006): 1551–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.06.005.

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Abstract A refined fish consumption model for lactating Cape fur seals in Namibia during the eight-month lactation period, which allows for spatio-temporal variation in the diet as determined by scat analyses, has been developed. Previous estimates of prey consumption by Cape fur seals have been based mostly on coarse diet composition models. Sensitivity analyses showed that the energetic requirement and mass of lactating females (bioenergetic variables), as well as the energetic density of prey (diet variable), contributed most to the uncertainty in consumption estimates. Uncertainty in the remaining input variables had minimal effects on the estimates of food consumption. The consumption of commercial prey (horse mackerel, hake and pelagic fish) was greatest by the colony at Cape Cross. The model estimated that a female of average mass 55 kg ingested, on average, 11% of her body mass per day. This model is easily applied to other age/sex classes of the seal population. It permits improvement of the estimates of prey consumption by seals, which are useful for assessing levels of competitive interactions between seals and fisheries or other predators, or the impacts of seals on prey species.

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16

Erdsack, Nicola, Guido Dehnhardt, and Wolf Hanke. "Thermoregulation of the vibrissal system in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 452 (March 2014): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2013.12.011.

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17

Massei, Karina, and Gil Dutra Furtado. "FEEDING OF OTÁRIA-DO-CABO (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) IN A ZOO PARK: ENERGY ASPECTS, DIGESTION AND BEHAVIORAL VARIATIONS." ENVIRONMENTAL SMOKE 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.32435/envsmoke.201812183.

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A good practice of maintaining marine mammals in artificial conditions it is important to carefully monitor feeding and its effects on the evolution of animal weight, in conjunction with other environmental variables. This work consists of a feeding study with ten (10) sea lions of the species Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (five adult males, two adult females and three juvenile males) in the Zoomarine Oceanographic Park (Albufeira, Portugal). The objectives were to determine the caloric values of the fish product species used to feed these animals and their effects on the evolution of body weight according to age, weight and behavioral history. The study spanned four years and was divided into three phases. In the first, the caloric value of the food actually taken by each individual was quantified. In the second phase it does not hear caloric control, having only been recorded the total quantity in kilos of food. In the third and last phase, the animal feeding was based on caloric values. In addition to the food taken by each subject, air and water temperatures and relevant behavioral events (such as incidents of aggression) were daily recorded. Some methods of measuring the passage times of different types of food were also tested in the digestive tract of three adult males with the use of radiopaque spheres for radiographic visualization. In general terms, the species Scombrus japonicus, Trachurus trachurus e Sprattus sprattus showed higher but very variable caloric values, whereas the species Loligo vulgaris and Trisopterus minutus showed lower but more stable values. The highest caloric species showed the highest passage time through the digestive tract, with a maximum of 33 hours for Sprattus sprattus. Water and air temperatures showed a predictable relationship with the oscillations in animal weight, which showed an inverse relationship with the annual temperature oscillations. This work contributes to a better understanding of the caloric content of the different fishery products provided to sea lions, as well as the relevance of food planning according to the calorific values regarding the care and welfare of the animals displayed.

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18

de Bruyn, P. J. N., M. N. Bester, S. P. Kirkman, S. Mecenero, J. P. Roux, and N. T. W. Klages. "Cephalopod diet of the Cape fur seal,Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, along the Namibian coast: variation due to location." African Zoology 40, no. 2 (October 2005): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2005.11407325.

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19

Winkler, A., S. Mannheim, A.-R. Childs, C. Santos, C. de Beer, MJ Smale, and WM Potts. "A snapshot assessment of the diet of Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at Ilha dos Tigres, Angola." African Journal of Marine Science 41, no. 4 (December 17, 2019): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2019.1683069.

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20

Rand, R. W. "Reproduction in the female Cape Fur Seal, Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber)*." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124, no. 4 (May 7, 2010): 717–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07812.x.

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21

Scholtyssek, C., and G. Dehnhardt. "Brightness discrimination in the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus)." Vision Research 84 (May 2013): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2013.03.003.

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22

Pervin, M., T. Izawa, S. Ito, M. Kuwamura, and J. Yamate. "Metastatic Liposarcoma in a South African Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 155, no. 1 (July 2016): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.05.008.

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23

Gibbens, John, Laura J. Parry, and John P. Y. Arnould. "Influences on fecundity in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)." Journal of Mammalogy 91, no. 2 (April 16, 2010): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/08-mamm-a-377.1.

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24

Arnould, John P. Y., and Roger Kirkwood. "Habitat selection by female Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17, S1 (December 2007): S53—S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.908.

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25

De Vos, Alta, and M. Justin O'Riain. "Sharks shape the geometry of a selfish seal herd: experimental evidence from seal decoys." Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (September 30, 2009): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0628.

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Many animals respond to predation risk by forming groups. Evolutionary explanations for group formation in previously ungrouped, but loosely associated prey have typically evoked the selfish herd hypothesis. However, despite over 600 studies across a diverse array of taxa, the critical assumptions of this hypothesis have remained collectively untested, owing to several confounding problems in real predator–prey systems. To solve this, we manipulated the domains of danger of Cape fur seal ( Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus ) decoys to provide evidence that a selfish reduction in a seals' domain of danger results in a proportional reduction in its predation risk from ambush shark attacks. This behaviour confers a survival advantage to individual seals within a group and explains the evolution of selfish herds in a prey species. These findings empirically elevate Hamilton's selfish herd hypothesis to more than a ‘theoretical curiosity’.

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26

Stewardson, C. L., M. N. Bester, and W. H. Oosthuizen. "Reproduction in the male Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus: age at puberty and annual cycle of the testis." Journal of Zoology 246, no. 1 (September 1998): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00133.x.

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27

Stewardson, C. L., and M. Brett. "Aggressive behaviour of an adult male Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) towards a great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)." African Zoology 35, no. 1 (April 2000): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2000.11407201.

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28

Pemberton, D., R. Kirkwood, R. Gales, and D. Renouf. "SIZE AND SHAPE OF MALE AUSTRALIAN FUR SEALS, ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS DORIFERUS." Marine Mammal Science 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00433.x.

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29

Hume, F., JPY Arnould, R. Kirkwood, and P. Davis. "Extended Maternal Dependence By Juvenile Australian Fur Seals (Arctocephalus Pusillus Doriferus)." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 1 (2001): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01067.

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AUSTRALIAN fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) cows mature at 3 - 6 years of age and, thereafter, are able to give birth to a single pup each year (Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985; Warneke 1995). Pups are born from late October to December and are usually nursed for 8 - 11 months (Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985), however, extended dependency into a second or third year has been recorded (Stirling and Warneke 1971). At Seal Rocks, Victoria, one of nine breeding sites for A. p. doriferus (Warneke 1988; Pemberton and Kirkwood 1994), 11% of young that were observed in association with cows were older than one year (Shaughnessy and Warneke 1987).

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30

Littnan, CL, and JPY Arnould. "At-Sea Movements Of Female Australian Fur Seals Arctocephalus Pusillus Doriferus." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02065.

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In May 1999, satellite transmitters were deployed on three lactating female Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) at Kanowna Island (39� 10' S, 146� 18' E) and at-sea movements were recorded for 65 ? 174 days. The mean foraging trip and on-shore durations (8 and 2 days, respectively) were not significantly different to that previously reported for the species. The seals all foraged in three separate areas of Bass Strait with each individual repeatedly returning to the same general location. Movements during foraging trips fell into two distinct patterns. In one pattern, displayed by two individuals, the females travelled directly to a presumed foraging area. In this trip type, outward and return travel consisted of relatively constant headings at moderate speed (1.37 � 0.07 m/s) while the middle phase was characterised by repeated changes in direction within a small area and significantly lower speeds (0.82 � 0.07 m/s). The second pattern, displayed by the third individual, consisted of a looping path with relatively uniform average speed (1.14 � 0.06 m/s) throughout the trip. The three foraging areas were: 1) inshore area between Wilsons Promontory and Lakes Entrance; 2) offshore in proximity to The Skerries; and 3) up to 200 km south of Wilsons Promontory in central Bass Strait. The foraging areas used by these seals overlap with regions of commercial fishing effort raising the potential for some conflict.

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31

De Vos, Alta, M. Justin O'Riain, Michael A. Meÿer, P. Gideon H. Kotze, and Alison A. Kock. "Behavior of Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) in response to spatial variation in white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) predation risk." Marine Mammal Science 31, no. 3 (April 2, 2015): 1234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mms.12215.

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32

Fallows, Chris, Monique Fallows, and Neil Hammerschlag. "Effects of lunar phase on predator-prey interactions between white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) and Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)." Environmental Biology of Fishes 99, no. 11 (September 5, 2016): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-016-0515-8.

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33

Huisamen, J., SP Kirkman, CD van der Lingen, LH Watson, VG Cockcroft, R. Jewell, and PA Pistorius. "Diet of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, and implications for local fisheries." African Journal of Marine Science 34, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2012.725524.

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34

Stewardson, Carolyn L., Tania Prvan, and Raymond J. Ritchie. "Climate of a South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) breeding island off the south-east coast of South Africa." South African Geographical Journal 94, no. 1 (March 19, 2012): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2012.667626.

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35

Jewell, Oliver J. D., Adrian C. Gleiss, Salvador J. Jorgensen, Samantha Andrzejaczek, Jerry H. Moxley, Stephen J. Beatty, Martin Wikelski, Barbara A. Block, and Taylor K. Chapple. "Cryptic habitat use of white sharks in kelp forest revealed by animal-borne video." Biology Letters 15, no. 4 (April 2019): 20190085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0085.

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Traditional forms of marine wildlife research are often restricted to coarse telemetry or surface-based observations, limiting information on fine-scale behaviours such as predator–prey events and interactions with habitat features. We use contemporary animal-attached cameras with motion sensing dataloggers, to reveal novel behaviours by white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias , within areas of kelp forest in South Africa. All white sharks tagged in this study spent time adjacent to kelp forests, with several moving throughout densely kelp-covered areas, navigating through channels and pushing directly through stipes and fronds. We found that activity and turning rates significantly increased within kelp forest. Over 28 h of video data revealed that white shark encounters with Cape fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus , occurred exclusively within kelp forests, with seals displaying predator evasion behaviour during those encounters. Uniquely, we reveal the use of kelp forest habitat by white sharks, previously assumed inaccessible to these large predators.

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36

Makhado, Azwianewi B., Robert JM Crawford, Lauren J. Waller, and Les G. Underhill. "An assessment of the impact of predation by Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus on seabirds at Dyer Island, South Africa." Ostrich 84, no. 3 (November 21, 2013): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.863234.

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37

Erdsack, Nicola, Guido Dehnhardt, and Wolf Hanke. "Coping with Heat: Function of The Natal Coat of Cape Fur Seal (Arctocephalus Pusillus Pusillus) Pups in Maintaining Core Body Temperature." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2013): e72081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072081.

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38

Arnould, J. P. Y., M. M. Nelson, P. D. Nichols, and W. H. Oosthuizen. "Variation in the fatty acid composition of blubber in Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) and the implications for dietary interpretation." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 175, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-005-0484-2.

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39

Brothers, N., and D. Pemberton. "Status of Australian and New-Zealand Fur Seals at Maatsuyker Island, Southwestern Tasmania." Wildlife Research 17, no. 6 (1990): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900563.

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Surveys were carried out between 1987 and 1989 on Maatsuyker I. and nearby Needle Rocks off southern Tasmania to establish the status and identification of the seals present. New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, were found on Maatsuyker I. There were at least 15 pups born on the island in 1987/88. Australian fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, use the islands as a haulout site but do not breed here. The distribution of New Zealand fur seals can now be amended to include Tasmanian waters. Records discussed here also alter aspects of the status of Australian fur seals because the Maatsuyker group is not a breeding site for this species and breeding colonies are therefore restricted to Bass Strait waters.

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40

Arnould, John P. Y., and Mark A. Hindell. "The Composition of Australian Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) Milk throughout Lactation." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 72, no. 5 (September 1999): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/316702.

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41

Laska, Matthias, Elin Lord, Sandra Selin, and Mats Amundin. "Olfactory discrimination of aliphatic odorants in South African fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 124, no. 2 (2010): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018189.

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Garlepp, Linda, Murray Logan, and Roger Kirkwood. "Behavioral responses of Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) to environmental variations." Marine Mammal Science 30, no. 3 (December 17, 2013): 978–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mms.12094.

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Kim, Sunghee, Mats Amundin, and Matthias Laska. "Olfactory discrimination ability of South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) for enantiomers." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 199, no. 6 (September 26, 2012): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-012-0759-5.

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Woods, Rupert, Debby V. Cousins, Roger Kirkwood, and David L. Obendorf. "Tuberculosis in a Wild Australian Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) from Tasmania." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31, no. 1 (January 1995): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.83.

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45

Arnould, J. P. Y., and R. M. Warneke. "Growth and condition in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) (Carnivora : Pinnipedia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (2002): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01077.

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Abstract:

Mass and length growth models were determined for male (n = 69) and female (n = 163) Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) collected at a breeding colony on Seal Rocks (38˚31′S, 145˚06′E), Bass Strait, in south-east Australia, between February and November during 1970–72. Growth was best described by the logistic model in males and the von Bertalanffy model in females. Asymptotic mass and length were 229 kg and 221 cm for males, and 85 kg and 163 cm for females. In all, 95% of asymptotic mass and length were attained by 11 years and 11 years, respectively, in males compared with 9 years and 5 years, respectively, in females. Males grew in length faster than females and experienced a growth spurt in mass coinciding with the onset of puberty (4–5 years). The onset of puberty in females occurs when approximately 86% of asymptotic length is attained. The rate of growth and sexual development in Australian fur seals is similar to (if not faster than) that in the conspecific Cape fur seal (A. p. pusillus), which inhabits the nutrient-rich Benguela current. This suggests that the low marine productivity of Bass Strait may not be cause of the slow rate of recovery of the Australian fur seal population following the severe over-exploitation of the commercial sealing era. Sternal blubber depth was positively correlated in adult animals with a body condition index derived from the residuals of the mass–length relationship (males: r2 = 0.38, n = 19, P < 0.001; females: r2 = 0.22, n = 92, P < 0.001), confirming the validity of using such indices on otariids. Sternal blubber depth varied significantly with season in adult animals. In males it was lowest in winter and increased during spring prior to the breeding season (r2 = 0.39, n = 19, P < 0.03) whereas in females it was greatest during winter (r2 = 0.05, n = 122, P< 0.05).

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Wickens, P. A., P. A. Shelton, J. H. M. David, J. G. Field, W. H. Oosthuizen, J.-P. Roux, and A. M. Starfield. "A Fur Seal Simulation Model to Explore Alternative Management Strategies." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 1396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-155.

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A simulation model is formulated for the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) to evaluate the appropriate management action when culling to reduce population growth rate, culling to decrease fish consumption by seals, or harvesting to maximise numbers of seals removed. There is disturbance associated with bull sealing which increases pup mortality and reduces pregnancy rates, but this is not well quantified. Disturbance can be included or excluded from model runs. To reduce population growth, cow removal is most effective, but the population sex ratio becomes severely altered and this may be undesirable ecologically. Reduction of fish consumption is best achieved either by removing cows, with the same caveat regarding sex ratio, or by removing bulls and including disturbance effects. However, the acceptability of a reduction achieved by humans disrupting seals is questionable, and the continued removal of bulls may eventually lead to further decreases in pregnancy rate. To maximise a harvest, the relative commercial value of different seal products is considered, and bull removal, excluding disturbance effects, followed by removal of pups achieves this aim most effectively.

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Arnould, JPY, and CL Littnan. "Pup production and breeding areas of Australian fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus at Kanowna Island and The Skerries in north eastern Bass Strait." Australian Mammalogy 22, no. 1 (2000): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00051.

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THE breeding distribution of the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) is restricted to offshore islands in Bass Strait, southeastern Australia (Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985). Breeding colonies are currently established on only nine islands but there is historical evidence to suggest that several other islands within Bass Strait once accommodated breeding sites (Warneke 1982). Prior to the largescale commercial hunting (1798-1825), the annual total A. p. doriferus pup production is estimated to have been between 20,000 ? 50,000 but these numbers were severely reduced as a result of overexploitation (Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985).

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Kirkwood, R., N. Gales, M. Lynch, and P. Dann. "Satellite Tracker Deployments On Adult, Male Australian Fur Seals (Arctophalus Pusillus Doriferus): Methods And Preliminary Results." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02073.

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In May 1999, four adult male, Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) from the Seal Rocks colony, Victoria, were fitted with satellite transmitters that provided locations for between 2 and 7 months. Foraging trips during winter and early spring averaged 7.4 days (range for all trips 0.9 to 24.6) and between-trip rests lasted 2.8 days (range 0.3 to 5.7). Between-trip rest sites included Seal Rocks, other colonies and other haul-out sites. The seals foraged mostly in western Bass Strait and in water depths < 100 m.

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Dicken, Matthew L., Michelle Bradshaw, and Malcolm J. Smale. "White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)-Inflicted Bite Wounds Observed on Cape Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) at Black Rocks, Algoa Bay, South Africa." African Zoology 48, no. 2 (October 2013): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3377/004.048.0203.

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Dicken, Matthew L., Michelle Bradshaw, and Malcolm J. Smale. "White shark (Carcharodon carcharias)-inflicted bite wounds observed on Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) at Black Rocks, Algoa Bay, South Africa." African Zoology 48, no. 2 (October 2013): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407612.

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