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1
Slipenchuk, M. "Fractal Economy of Arctic." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2013): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-5-41-47.
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In recent decades Arctic attracts the attention of a growing number of states. For effective international cooperation it is necessary to undertake several important steps, including legal work and adoption of documents regulating the statuses and activities of state in Arctic region. It is also needed to undertake a delimitation of sea spaces in the Arctic Ocean, to determine the measures for providing environmental safety in the regions, to reach international agreement on the status of the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage, to establish an innovation hub clusters and several others.
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Wilson Rowe, Elana. "Arctic hierarchies? Norway, status and the high north." Polar Record 50, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741200054x.
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ABSTRACTThis article focuses on one potential motivation for a state's behaviour in international affairs, namely status-seeking, in order to shed light on Norway's Arctic politics and to discuss the role of hierarchies in Arctic politics more generally. The idea that a state's political elite seek national security and economic gain is well established in international relations (IR) literature. However, another key motivation of human behaviour – seeking status and respect – is frequently overlooked as a potential factor shaping states’ behaviour. The argument begins with a brief review of post-cold war Arctic politics followed by a discussion of the status-related literature in IR. Norway's position in the Arctic Council (AC) and in bilateral relations with Russia is then examined, with particular attention paid to the extent to which other Arctic states acknowledge and confirm Norway's status claims. Norway's status as an information provider, a convener and a bridge to Russia gives the country a degree of influence in Arctic multilateral settings. Given the Arctic region's relatively peaceful nature and the emphasis on circumpolar cooperation, space has been made for creative approaches to status. Size and military or economic greatness are not always decisive factors for taking a lead in today's Arctic politics.
3
Świątecki, Aleksander, Dorota Górniak, Marek Zdanowski, Jakub Grzesiak, and Tomasz Mieczan. "Polityczne i prawne aspekty prowadzenia badań naukowych w rejonach polarnych." Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 43 (October 26, 2019): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.4644.
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The Arctic and Antarctic have been of great interest to the international community for a number of years. The still unresolved problem regardingpolar regions is the still partially regulated legal issues concerning the management of these areas. Both the Arctic and Antarctica are areas of potentiallygreat scientific, economic, political and military importance. The political and legal status of polar areas is not uniform. Currently, there is no legalinternational document that would regulate issues related to the management of the Arctic region. The political and legal status of Antarctica wasdetermined in 1959 in Washington. The Antarctic Treaty regulates in detail the activities in this region. Territorial claims are a particularly importantproblem. A number of countries prove their territorial rights to both the Arctic and Antarctic. The Arctic division is discussed within five countries,without the participation of the international community, while the Antarctic Treaty arrangements have put these issues on ice until 2049. Internationalcooperation in the field of research of polar regions has a long history and is confirmed by bilateral and international agreements. Conducted researchin the Arctic and Antarctic relate to various scientific problems. Investigations of processes taking place on Earth on a global scale are of particularimportance, both in historical and prognostic perspective. The history of Polish polar research is rich, multi-faceted and dates back to the second half ofthe nineteenth century. Contemporary Polish polar research focuses on a number of problems: glaciology and periglacial phenomena, climatology,geomorphology, hydrology, and geo-ecosystems dynamics. Polish scientific activity, in these regions, significantly develops our positive relations withthe international community.
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Maksimova, O., and A. Armashova. "International legal treaty as a basis for scientific cooperation in the Arctic regions." SHS Web of Conferences 112 (2021): 00051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111200051.
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The paper analyzes international treaties related to the activities of states in the Arctic regions. These treaties constitute the legal basis for scientific cooperation. Due to the threat of climate change and global warming, the preservation of the Arctic ecosystem is becoming one of the urgent tasks for global scientific community. Russia, with its vast Arctic territories, can play a key role in joining the efforts of scientists from different countries. In the modern world, international cooperation is impossible without the established system of international legal treaties. The main instrument of international law for cooperation in the Arctic is the 1982 UN Convention on the Law Of the Sea. The success of scientific events in the Arctic depends on the results of the activities of the Arctic Council and on the effectiveness of activities, including research during the implementation of the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation.
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Tonami, Aki. "Influencing the imagined ‘polar regions’: the politics of Japan's Arctic and Antarctic policies." Polar Record 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000419.
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ABSTRACTHow does a state that is not a ‘natural’ Arctic or Antarctic state perceive the polar regions, interpret their roles in its foreign policy and translate this into actual polar policy? This paper seeks to answer these questions by comparing the Arctic and Antarctic policies of Japan. The paper shows that Japan's national image of the polar regions as a combined region began before World War II due to its imperial past of joining the race to the Antarctic and the Arctic. However, from a policy point of view, the polar regions for Japan long meant primarily Antarctica. Japan, as a defeated power and a late-comer to the international system established after World War II, takes a liberal position in the governance of Antarctica. Having and maintaining a capability to conduct scientific research in the Antarctic via international decision-making institutions has been considered an important status marker associated with great power identity. Regarding the Arctic, Japan attempts to replicate the general success of its Antarctic policy, backed by tools of science and technological diplomacy, the purpose of which is to revive its domestic economy. Japan's scientific whaling in the Antarctic is primarily a domestic, identity-based political conflict between a nostalgia for Japan's imperial past and its more modern, liberal identity of today.
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Byers, Michael. "Cold, dark, and dangerous: international cooperation in the arctic and space." Polar Record 55, no. 1 (January 2019): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000160.
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AbstractThis article compares Russian–Western cooperation in the Arctic and Space, with a focus on why cooperation continued after the 2014 annexation of Crimea. On the basis of this comparative approach, continued cooperation is linked to the following factors: (1) the Arctic and Space are remote and extreme environments; (2) they are militarised but not substantially weaponised; (3) they both suffer from ‘tragedies of the commons’; (4) Arctic and Space-faring states engage in risk management through international law-making; (5) Arctic and Space relations rely on consensus decision-making; (6) Arctic and Space relations rely on soft law; (7) Arctic states and Space-faring states interact within a situation of ‘complex interdependence’; (8) Russia and the United States are resisting greater Chinese involvement in these regions. The article concludes with the following contribution to international relations theory: The more that states need to cooperate in a particular region or issue-area, and the more they become accustomed to doing so, the more resilient that cooperation will become to tensions and breakdowns in other regions and issue-areas. This phenomenon can be termed ‘complex and resilient interdependence’, to signify that complex independence is more than a description. It can, sometimes, affect the course of state-to-state relations.
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Chernitsyna, S. Y. "Caspian or Arctic region: that is the question…" Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-4-427-437.
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The article compares the problems of two strategically important regions for Russia — the Caspian region and the Arctic region. Despite the fact that there are some significant geographical and climate differences, the geopolitical situation in the regions is similar. There are almost identical risks in the development of these regions. Special attention is paid to the issue of ecology in the conditions of active oil and gas production. The question concerning the instruments of regulation of interstate relations is sharply raised. International cooperation is essential in addressing key issues in the regions, such as improving socio-economic conditions, energy distribution and border management. In particular, it is necessary to define a regulatory framework that would meet the new realities in the Arctic. As for the international legal status of the Caspian sea, it was settled by the adoption of the Convention following the summit in 2018. The main difference is that the Caspian region was exposed to the anthropogenic factor much earlier. The lessons learned from the work in the Caspian region can be used in the Arctic region, which can reduce some of the risks associated with the interaction of coastal countries.
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Casella, Paulo Borba, Maria Lagutina, and Arthur Roberto Capella Giannattasio. "BRICS in polar regions: Brazil’s interests and prospects." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 13, no. 3 (2020): 326–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2020.303.
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The current international legal regulation of the Arctic and Antarctica was organized during the second half of the XX century to establish an international public power over the two regions, the Arctic Council (AC) and the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), which is characterized by Euro-American dominance. However, the rise of emerging countries at the beginning of the XXI century suggests a progressive redefinition of the structural balance of international power in favor of states not traditionally perceived as European and Western. This article examines the role of Brazil within the AC and the ATS to address various polar issues, even institutional ones. As a responsible country in the area of cooperation in science and technology in the oceans and polar regions in BRICS, Brazil appeals to its rich experience in Antarctica and declares its interest in joining the Arctic cooperation. For Brazil, participation in polar cooperation is a way to increase its role in global affairs and BRICS as a negotiating platform. It is seen in this context as a promising tool to achieve this goal. This article highlights new paths in the research agenda concerning interests and prospects of Brazilian agency in the polar regions.
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Krasnopolski, Boris. "On the History of International Socio-Economic Relations of the Arctic Regions and Thirty-Year Anniversary of the «Northern Forum»." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).7-28.
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The research is a journey into a history of relatively recent establishment and development of international relations and cooperation of the Arctic regions of our country and the world. Thaw in relations between the Soviet Union taken place in the 80s of the last century and other countries affected the development of the territories of the states members of the well-known international Arctic Council, as well as a number of other countries with political and economic interests in the Arctic. This thaw created the basis for the creation of the Northern Forum in 1991, an international non-political organization of regional governors, which expressed the ambitions of the countries of the North and Arctic regions to develop international cooperation. In 2021, this organization will celebrate its 30th anniversary. Its creation is directly related to an active role of Walter J. Hickel (Wally J. Hickel), who in those years was the governor of Alaska (USA). He got elected twice to the office of governor and put enormous business and personal efforts into the creation of the Northern Forum. Unfortunately, in recent years the ability of the Forum to support and strengthen international sustainable socio-economic development in the Arctic region has substantially decreased. Despite the great efforts of the Forum secretariat, which is now located in Yakutsk, its role is declining, which is apparently caused by the growth of political and economic confrontations between the leading Arctic countries. The author puts forward his perspectives on the increasing role of the Northern Forum in the international cooperation of the Arctic countries in the light of new initiatives.
10
Krasnopolski, Boris. "On the History of International Socio-Economic Relations of the Arctic Regions and Thirty-Year Anniversary of the «Northern Forum»." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).7-28.
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The research is a journey into a history of relatively recent establishment and development of international relations and cooperation of the Arctic regions of our country and the world. Thaw in relations between the Soviet Union taken place in the 80s of the last century and other countries affected the development of the territories of the states members of the well-known international Arctic Council, as well as a number of other countries with political and economic interests in the Arctic. This thaw created the basis for the creation of the Northern Forum in 1991, an international non-political organization of regional governors, which expressed the ambitions of the countries of the North and Arctic regions to develop international cooperation. In 2021, this organization will celebrate its 30th anniversary. Its creation is directly related to an active role of Walter J. Hickel (Wally J. Hickel), who in those years was the governor of Alaska (USA). He got elected twice to the office of governor and put enormous business and personal efforts into the creation of the Northern Forum. Unfortunately, in recent years the ability of the Forum to support and strengthen international sustainable socio-economic development in the Arctic region has substantially decreased. Despite the great efforts of the Forum secretariat, which is now located in Yakutsk, its role is declining, which is apparently caused by the growth of political and economic confrontations between the leading Arctic countries. The author puts forward his perspectives on the increasing role of the Northern Forum in the international cooperation of the Arctic countries in the light of new initiatives.
11
Young, Oran R. "La politique internationale dans l’Arctique : une perspective américaine." Études internationales 20, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702462ar.
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The Arctic is emerging today as an international region whose importance in political, economic, and environmental terms rivals that of the world's other major regions. What remains in doubt, at this juncture, is how the Arctic states -not to mention others — will respond to this development in policy terms. Are these states likely to upgrade their capacity to handle Arctic issues by adding substantial Arctic expertise to their policy planning staffs; creating bureaux of Arctic or northern affairs in their foreign ministries; establishing effective interagency coordinating mechanisms to handle complex Arctic issues, or devising new Arctic policies to replace the policies of benign neglect they have long relied on in dealing with Arctic matters ? These are serious concerns whose resolution will take time and may differ from state to state. Just as the recognition of the Arctic as a distinctive international region has been a major development of the 1980s, the formulation of appropriate public responses to this development seems likely to become a central Arctic concern of the 1990s.
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Koivurova, Timo, and Leena Heinämäki. "The participation of indigenous peoples in international norm-making in the Arctic." Polar Record 42, no. 2 (April 2006): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406005080.
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Indigenous peoples regularly regard international law as a very important tool for the advancement of their political goals. This is most likely because in many nation-states their opportunities for influencing political development are rather limited. Even though international law seems to be an important means for indigenous peoples to advance their goals, these peoples should be aware of its inherent limitations. One such shortcoming is that international law seriously restricts indigenous peoples' opportunities to participate in the international law-making processes; that is treaty and customary law. The contention in this article is that the recent norm-making method of soft law provides indigenous peoples with a better opportunity for influential participation than is afforded them by traditional methods. If these peoples are to benefit from this opportunity, however, we must appreciate the revolutionary potential of the concept: a potential that is suffocated if the concept is understood only from the perspective of international law. A good example of indigenous peoples gaining a better standing in inter-governmental co-operation is the Arctic Council, which based its work on the soft-law approach from the outset. There would seem to be good prospects for adopting the Arctic Council's approach in other regions of the world in order to improve indigenous peoples' international representational status.
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Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon. "The Ukraine crisis moves north. Is Arctic conflict spill-over driven by material interests?" Polar Record 53, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000735.
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ABSTRACTThe Ukraine crisis has led to tensions between Russia and the western states and the Arctic is one of the affected regions. Regional cooperation, institutions, and international law are essential for Arctic governance, and the crisis may thus have wide-ranging consequences for high north politics. The present article develops an interest-based model of Arctic conflict spill-over and examines its strength, based on a case-study of the first 18 months of the Ukraine crisis. Three hypotheses for Arctic conflict spill-over are developed: Arctic conflict spill-over will be less severe than spill-over in other regions, the western states will be more assertive than Russia, and the smaller Arctic states will be less assertive than the larger states. A review of the crisis confirms the bulk of these hypotheses with some exceptions, thus demonstrating that an interests-based model holds some merit, while also showing that a complete understanding of Arctic conflict spill-over necessitates a broader approach. The article concludes that conflict spillover is unlikely, but not impossible, in the Arctic.
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Young, O. R. "Constructing the “New” Arctic: The Future of the Circumpolar North in a Changing Global Order." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 5 (January 7, 2020): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-5-6-24.
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Like all spatially delimited regions in international society, the Arctic is socially constructed. Political and economic considerations play prominent roles as determinants of the region’s boundaries, the identity of those states regarded as Arctic states, and the nature of the interactions between the Arctic and the outside world. From this perspective the recent history of the Arctic divides into two distinct periods: the late 1980s through 2007 and 2007 to the present. As the cold war faded, the Arctic became a peripheral region of declining importance in global political calculations. No one challenged the dominance of the eight Arctic states in regional affairs, and the Arctic Council focused on regional concerns relating to environmental protection and sus tainable development. Today, by contrast, the ‘new’ Arctic is a focus of intense glo bal interest, largely because climate change is proceeding more rapidly in this region than anywhere else on Earth with global consequences and because the increasing accessibility of the Arctic’s natural resources has generated enhanced interest on the part of outside actors. As a result, Arctic issues have merged into global issues, making the region a prominent arena for the interplay of geopolitical forces. Cooperative arrangements established during the first period (e.g. the Arctic Council) may require adjustment to operate effectively in the ‘new’ Arctic. Treated as a case study, the Arctic story provides an illuminating lens through which to analyze the forces that shape thinking about the nature of regions in international society and the role of cooperative arrangements at the regional level.
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Zaikov, Konstantin S., Lyubov A. Zarubina, Svetlana V. Popkova, Nikita M. Kuprikov, Mikhail Yu Kuprikov, Daniil A. Kvon, and Leonid P. Ponyaev. "Joint Innovative Research Agenda for The Arctic: Programs, Projects, Success Stories." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 11669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111669.
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In the context of circumpolar international cooperation within the framework of the Joint Innovative Research Agenda, for the development of a systems approach, it is important to use the resources of existing platforms for multi-level mutually beneficial cooperation. The Council of Barents/Euro-Arctic Region and the University of the Arctic are unique examples of interaction and cooperation between the regions of the Arctic states. The Northern Dimension policy is also an important platform for such cooperation between Russia, the European Union, Iceland and Norway. Cross-border cooperation is integral to international relations, which stimulates the sustainable development of regions, creates growth points for innovative projects, and is focused on the evolution of international economic relationship. Universities and research institutes, as holders of expertise, and centers for studying good world practices and transferring excellence, occupy leading positions in the development of advanced ecosystems and the use of complex technologies, the training of highly qualified personnel for the Arctic, the creating of end-to-end digital technologies, the transforming of priority sectors of the states’ economies, and in the social sphere. This article discusses international project activities as one of the most effective tools contributing to the development of these issues. The authors provide examples of successful practices aimed at solving common challenges in the Arctic region, and conclude that “Arctic fever”, and the intensification of Arctic scientific partnerships through programs to support the introduction of technologies and innovations and the advancement of scientific stations in the Arctic, directly affect the development of local territories, give impetus to economic progress, and create new models of cooperation.
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Zhuravel, Valery. "Тhe Russian Federation's Chairmanship at the Arctic Council." Contemporary Europe 105, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope520219099.
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The article focuses on status, structure and organization of the Arctic Council (AC, Council). It is noted that the AC is an international, regional structure, which is designed to promote cooperation in the Arctic in the field of environmental protection and sustainable development of the circumpolar regions. In the activities of the countries chaired by the Arctic Council, special attention is paid to the continuity of the Arctic agenda. The importance of the Strategic Plan of the Arctic Council for 2021‒2030 adopted in 2021 for the further improvement of AC activities is highlighted. The central part of the study is devoted to Russia's approaches to international cooperation in the AC and an analysis of the content of the Programme of the Russian Federation's 2021 to 2023 Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. The aforementioned includes such priorities as the population of the Arctic and the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North; environmental protection and climate change; social and economic development in the region; strengthening the Arctic Council. The study also deals with the Main Action Plan, which covers all the countries of the AC and areas of its activities. The article draws attention to the risks and threats that may arise during the period of the Russian Chairmanship. It is concluded that the urgent problems of this region can be solved only through balanced and mutually beneficial international cooperation in the economic and social fields, in the field of ecology, development of indigenous peoples, cooperation in scientific research, Arctic tourism, emergencies in the region.
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Tuerena, Robyn E., Claire Mahaffey, Sian F. Henley, Camille de la Vega, Louisa Norman, Tim Brand, Tina Sanders, et al. "Nutrient pathways and their susceptibility to past and future change in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean." Ambio 51, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01673-0.
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AbstractClimate change is altering nutrient cycling within the Arctic Ocean, having knock-on effects to Arctic ecosystems. Primary production in the Arctic is principally nitrogen-limited, particularly in the western Pacific-dominated regions where denitrification exacerbates nitrogen loss. The nutrient status of the eastern Eurasian Arctic remains under debate. In the Barents Sea, primary production has increased by 88% since 1998. To support this rapid increase in productivity, either the standing stock of nutrients has been depleted, or the external nutrient supply has increased. Atlantic water inflow, enhanced mixing, benthic nitrogen cycling, and land–ocean interaction have the potential to alter the nutrient supply through addition, dilution or removal. Here we use new datasets from the Changing Arctic Ocean program alongside historical datasets to assess how nitrate and phosphate concentrations may be changing in response to these processes. We highlight how nutrient dynamics may continue to change, why this is important for regional and international policy-making and suggest relevant research priorities for the future.
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Stepanov, Ilya A., Elizaveta V. Smolovik, and Anna A. Kazakovtseva. "The International Dimension of Norwegian Arctic Policy and the Accumulated Capital of Russian-Norwegian Cooperation." Arctic and North, no. 49 (December 22, 2022): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.49.125.
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This article presents an analysis of Norway’s cooperation with Arctic and non-Arctic states in the Arctic over the past decade. The paper focuses on the priorities of the country’s new Arctic strategy adopted in 2020 in the areas of environmental protection, social and economic development, and improving the quality of life of indigenous peoples and residents of the northern regions. The paper aims at systematization of Norway’s experience of participation in various projects both under the aegis of international organizations in the region (the Arctic Council, the Barents-Euro-Arctic Council, the Nordic Council of Ministers, etc.) and in bilateral format with the Arctic countries. A special emphasis is placed on the analysis of Norwegian-Russian cooperation in the Arctic in the fields of environmental protection, fisheries, energy, joint operations to prevent and eliminate the consequences of oil spills and other environmental disasters, and social and cultural interaction. In addition, cooperation of Norway and Russia in multilateral formats in various sectors is examined. The current crisis in Russia-Western relations and its impact on the implementation of joint Russian-Norwegian projects and initiatives and the development of cooperation in the Arctic are analyzed.
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Salygin, V. I., and A. K. Krivorotov. "Russian Arctic development goals in the new international situation." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 25, no. 3/2022 (September 29, 2022): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.3.2022.77.001.
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This article aims to address current Arctic developments against the background of long-term global shifts related to the emerging new system of technologies (therein the fourth energy transition) and respective moves in the international politics and economy. We demonstrate that despite its remote location and characteristic economic structure, the Arctic has for centuries been present in the world market with its unique raw materials, supplied by outside monopolist intermediaries. The situation started to change rapidly in the 1990s, under the globalization. A network of international organizations was established, transboundary contacts among northern regions and Indigenous Peoples increased dramatically. Inherent contradictions were growing in parallel and turned by early 2020s into ideologically laden discussions on the human role in the Arctic, on its target image (cooperation vs confrontation) and on the role of non-regional actors in the Arctic governance. A number of key options were actually chosen under the dramatically increased international tension in 2022.They will shape the future global Arctic, with Russia on the one ‘pole’ continuing massive development efforts and using actively its unique position as the only Asian Arctic nation to involve new actors (first of all, China) vs seven NATO member states involving major European countries plus the EU and pursuing a green agenda. The Russian Arctic Zone faces a somewhat sophisticated transformation under stringent restrictions (a sharp decrease in fuel exports to Europe, technological sanctions, environmentally motivated outside pressure, militarization, etc.). This situation makes it especially timely to adjust the development concept in line with the recent Arctic policy papers and legislation, namely to transit from resource extraction which relies on imported equipment and raw materials export towards supporting any businesses and using megaprojects to spur local economies and innovation.
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Kuzmenko, E. A. "Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)." Russia: society, politics, history, no. 4(4) (November 24, 2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56654/ropi-2022-4(4)-102-115.
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The strengthening of Germany's position after 1990 allowed it to expand its geopolitical ambitions in regions previously little included in the foreign policy agenda of Germany. One of these regions has become the Arctic, the development and study of which takes place through participation in international Arctic organizations, as well as through bilateral agreements with Arctic states. However, at the end of the twentieth century, until 2013, Germany's Arctic position can be characterized as unambitious and passive, due to the lack of funding for German delegations to participate in Arctic Council working groups, insufficient coordination policy between federal ministries and agencies whose areas include the development and implementation of Arctic policy, as well as the lack of common interest in the implementation of national priorities in the region through the structures of the Arctic Council. Germany participates in the development of projects mainly related to ecology. This position creates a favorable image of Germany as the patron saint of the Arctic, which does not detract from the scientific value of German climate and environmental research. For the Arctic policy of Germany, it is also characteristic to involve broad segments of society in scientific research, thereby instilling the idea of a stable German presence in the Arctic.
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Todorov, A. A. "Arctic Port State Control as a Tool of Enforcement of the Polar Code." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 5 (January 7, 2020): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-5-160-176.
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Intensification of Arctic shipping requires the regional states to take appropriate measures aimed at mitigation of emerging risks. This relates to ensuring the compliance by vessels with the relevant provisions of international law in the field of safety of navigation and protection of the marine environment. The Polar code, which entered into force in 2017, set the minimum safety and environmental standards for the vessels navigating in the severe waters of the Arctic and the Antarctic. However, under the Code the responsibilty for ensuring compliance with the requirements rests with the administration of the flag state. In general, this reflects the approach of the international law, according to which the flag state is fully responsible for ensuring that a vessel under its flag meets international standards. Nevertheless, polar shipping represents a special kind of activities, which requires special experience and skills, including of the flag state administration carrying out the control. The problem is aggravated by the fact that vessels navigate in the Arctic waters often under a flag of convinience, with states not being able to perform a proper control. One of the potential efficient measures to ensure the compliance with the provisins of the Polar Code by vessels in the Arctic is the development of a regional port state control mechanism. Such instruments are widely used on the regional level and are highly valued by the International Maritime Organization. Implementation of an Arctic port state control mechanism will require development of a vessel inspections system aimed at ensuring compliance with the Polar Code standards, exchange of information between participating states, in particular on non-compliant vessels and weather forecasts in specific areas of the Arctic. An important element of the Arctic mechanism should be engaging of non-arctic states from Asia and Northern Europe, given that states from these regions would be the ports of departure in case of a transit passage through the Arctic Ocean without entering the Arctic coastal states’ ports. An option of extending the mandate and scope of existing port state control mechanisms is also considered as an alternative to creating a new one specifically for the Arctic. However, this approach would entail more difficulties and would not ensure the needed involvment of all parties concerned.
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Brańka, Tomasz. "The End of Artic Exceptionalism? New Artic Approach after February 24, 2022." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 15 (February 15, 2023): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.22.
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Since the end of the Cold War, the Arctic has often been portrayed as a symbol of model cooperation. Individual states were prepared to cooperate extensively despite disputes in other areas. The Arctic was therefore customarily regarded as an area with little potential for conflict. Cooperation between states that were in strong competition with each other in other regions or areas was so rare that the “Arctic exceptionalism’ was commonly recognized.
This article examines updated Arctic strategies of states directly involved in the region. It analyzes the changes over the past few years, which have mostly been a consequence of Russia’s aggression (as early as 2014) and its strong militarization of the region. The article discusses the initiated process of Sweden and Finland’s accession to NATO and the consequences of this historic change for the High North. Finally, it analyses decisions taken by a number of Arctic organizations to exclude, freeze, or “pause’ their relations with Russia in consequence of the February 24, 2022 attack on Ukraine. This raises questions about whether the Arctic can be managed without Russia and whether measures adopted can be effective.
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Pieper, Moritz, Markus Winter, and Anika Wirtz. "The European Union as an Actor in Arctic Governance." European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Issue 2 (May 1, 2011): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2011016.
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This article analyses the actorness of the European Union (EU) in Arctic governance. As a result of melting ice caps, this region is of increasing geopolitical and commercial importance. All Arctic coastal states have therefore recently developed policies. The EU is doing so as well as it has a direct interest in many issue areas. Maritime policy in the Arctic region affects European transport companies; environmental issues relate to the EU's policy on climate change; and border delimitations are relevant, as they determine access to new energy sources. In these different issue areas, the degree of EU actorness, however, varies. With the exception of the negotiations over the legal status of the Northwest Passage, the EU mainly plays a role regarding non-regulatory and non-binding issues. It has thus far been kept out of talks of a regulatory and binding nature. This variation across issue areas shows the limited role of the EU as an international actor in Arctic governance, despite the region's acknowledged increasing importance.
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Yermakova, Yelena. "The Arctic: Press, Policy and the Arctic Council." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_011010005.
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The changing situation in the Arctic due to global warming has prompted media coverage of a supposed “scramble for the Arctic,” an “Arctic boom,” or an “Arctic Bonanza.” Some even go further, deploying the rhetoric of a “New Cold War,” predicting an inevitable clash between the United States and Russia over interests in the region. The press coverage in both countries over the past decade reflects this new sensationalism. The academic literature unequivocally confirms that the press exerts substantial influence on governmental policy makers, and vice versa. However, while scholars agree that international organizations (IOs) are essential to shaping policies, the existing literature lacks research on media’s relationship with IOs, which often struggle to obtain the coverage and publicity they deserve. The Arctic Council has provided an effective platform for constructive dialogue and decision making involving the USA and Russia. Accordingly, despite disagreements in other regions of the world, the two global powers have managed to cooperate in the Arctic – notwithstanding recent media coverage painting a different and incomplete picture. This project surveys the media coverage of the Arctic over the past decade in Russia and the USA and its correlation with the Arctic Council’s activities. The analysis draws upon two prominent news organizations in Russia (Kommersant and Izvestiya) and two in the USA (the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal), as well as the Arctic Council’s press releases from June 2006 to June 2017. The paper finds that there is a clear disconnect between media coverage of the region and the Arctic Council’s activities. It recommends that the media pay more attention to the organization, particularly since it is the only prominent platform for international cooperation in the Arctic.
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Dahl, Justiina, Peder Roberts, and Lize-Marié van der Watt. "Is there anything natural about the polar?" Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000652.
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AbstractAre similarities of temperature, snow and ice cover, and (certain) marine mammals sufficient to warrant both polar regions being considered a single object of study or governance? We argue that their treatment as a unit is an invitation to examine the motivations behind the choice to be polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic. For individuals such as James Clerk Ross or Roald Amundsen, logistical requirements and analogous goals facilitated careers spanning both the Arctic and the Antarctic. This trend continued through the 20th century as individual scientists studying phenomena such as glaciers, sea ice, or aurora defined their research as “polar” in nature. Organisations such as the Scott Polar Research Institute and Norwegian Polar Institute could draw on traditions of national exploration in both polar regions, while the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg gained its southern mandate with the importance of the International Geophysical Year. By comparison, neither the Arctic Institute in Copenhagen nor the Argentine Antarctic Institute felt any need to become polar. The creation of polar identity is ultimately a matter of geopolitics, of the value states see in instruments and symbols that speak to polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic interests. In cases such as Finland’s icebreaker industry, a technological capability justified Antarctic interest even without any national research tradition. We conclude by asking whether there is anything more natural about the polar regions than there is about the concept of a “tripolar” world in which the high alpine regions form a natural unit along with the Arctic and Antarctic.
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Linnebjerg, Jannie F., Julia E. Baak, Tom Barry, Maria V. Gavrilo, Mark L. Mallory, Flemming R. Merkel, Courtney Price, Jakob Strand, Tony R. Walker, and Jennifer F. Provencher. "Review of plastic pollution policies of Arctic countries in relation to seabirds." FACETS 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0052.
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Marine plastic is a ubiquitous environmental problem that can have an impact on a variety of marine biota, such as seabirds, making it an important concern for scientists and policy makers. Although research on plastic ingestion by seabirds is increasing, few studies have examined policies and long-term monitoring programs to reduce marine plastic in the Arctic. This paper provides a review of international, national, and regional policies and long-term monitoring programs that address marine plastic in relation to seabirds in the Arctic countries: Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark (Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States of America. Results show that a broad range of international, national, regional and local policies address marine debris, specifically through waste management and the prevention of pollution from ships. However, few policies directly address seabirds and other marine biota. Further, policies are implemented inconsistently across regions, making it difficult to enforce and monitor the efficacy of these policies given the long-range transport of plastic pollution globally. To reduce marine plastic pollution in the Arctic environment, pan-Arctic and international collaboration is needed to implement standardized policies and long-term monitoring programs for marine plastic in the Arctic and worldwide.
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BARBAKOV, Oleg M., Lyudmila K. GABISHEVA, and Anastasia Yu KRETOVA. "International Regulation of Environmental Management in the Arctic Zone." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 5 (November 5, 2019): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.5(37).09.
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The strengthening of global integration processes necessitates the development of cross-border regions and the intensification of cross-border cooperation in the field of environmental management, which determines the relevance of this study. This issue is particularly relevant for the Arctic region, where the start of large-scale development of natural resources, development of territories and the creation of new transport routes require the development of environmental management principles that would ensure economic development, preservation of the lifestyle of indigenous people and the preservation of biodiversity. The article examines aspects of the legal characterization and regulation of natural resources’ treatment that are jointly owned or geographically located in two or more states. It is shown that political, social, sociological and economic prerequisites impose on the principles of such cooperation. Until now, the problem of joint management and use of natural resources and products of their processing remains unresolved. It is proposed to create interstate commissions, as well as concessions, as the basis for the development of natural resources’ joint use. The leading direction in the development of the situation is interstate cooperation on the biosphere’s conservation.
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Nadarajah, Hema. "Prevalence of Soft Law in the Arctic." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 12, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_012010018.
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Soft law has been observed to be increasing within the frontiers – regions and issue-areas that extend beyond national jurisdiction, and where governance substantively integrates scientific and technological knowledge. The often-used assumption for the prevalence of such instruments has been the uncertainty of scientific knowledge. This paper takes this facile analysis further by examining the dynamic changes to the number and diversity of state and non-state actors as well as their relative influence. Using a revised definition of soft law which encompasses both binding and non-binding forms, this article shows that this has not been the case. Through analysis of the legal framework within which the region is governed and a mixed methodology drawing from the fields of international relations and international law, this research confirms that soft law is prevalent within the Arctic and that it is an outcome of domestic politics, as well as geopolitical tensions among the relevant states.
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Gutenev, Maxim, and Alexander Sergunin. "Russia’s arctic science diplomacy: theory and practice." International Organisations Research Journal 17, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-03-06.
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Arctic science diplomacy (ASD) is both a relatively new topic and an acute issue in Russian academic and political circles. There is neither a clear definition of the concept nor a consensus on the stakeholders, tools, and activities of science diplomacy. This article focuses on the main approaches in Russia in relation to the concept of ASD. The first approach considers ASD as a soft power tool of regional players. Science diplomacy helps to promote a positive image of specific states and to gain access to non-state resources that are usually inaccessible to state actors. A technical/instrumentalist approach to ASD involves the use of academic and scientific-technical cooperation between regions, countries, and societies to create reliable international partnerships on a non-ideological basis and to solve generally significant world problems. The third direction considers ASD as a form of new diplomacy, the strategic goal of which is not only to build friendly relations and cooperation with all Arctic countries, but also to develop international scientific cooperation and improve the international image of Russia. This analysis makes it possible to explain the strategic motives and driving forces of ASD and to identify the stakeholders and key forms of Russia’s ASD. It is established that the majority of the participants of ASD share the idea that international scientific cooperation in order to ensure the sustainable development of the Arctic can become an effective mechanism for solving the most acute problems of the region, as well as for improving the current relations of Western countries with Russia. The authors believe that Russia has largely managed to form the necessary platforms for the implementation of both strategic and tactical goals of its ASD. These platforms include both national platforms (the international forum “The Arctic: The Territory of Dialogue” and “The Arctic: Present and Future”) and the active use of international platforms (“Arctic Frontiers,” “Polar Circle,” and “Arctic Science Summit Week”) and organizations such as the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), the International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA), and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS).
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Maximova, Olga Dmitrievna. "Organizational activity of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in participation of the delegation of Soviet scholars in the First Plenum of the International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic Regions by Means of the Airship (Aeroarctic) and its results." Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, no. 4 (April 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2021.4.37008.
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The subject of this research is the exploration of Arctic, its economic development, and use of resources on the scientific basis as the crucial policy avenue of the Soviet Union. The International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic Regions by Airship (Aeroarctic) made a significant contribution to the research of the Russian Arctic. The success and performance of the Soviet members of this society largely depended on the organizational and norm-setting measures taken by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and its commissions in the late 1920s. For elucidation of the role of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in organizing international cooperation of the Soviet scholars, the article employs the materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation. Among noteworthy results of international cooperation within the framework of “Aeroarctic” are the following: 1) organization of the 2nd Congress of Aeroarctic Society held in Leningrad in 1928; 2) inclusion of the possibility of establishing trans-Arctic air routes between Europe and America in the five-year plan of research activity of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute for 1928 – 1933. In the activity of the Council of People's Commissars on the issues of Soviet participation in “Aeroarctic”, the author observes the proclivity for providing the procesude for recognition of the Arctic territories of the USSR by the global community; as well as protect the Soviet Arctic territories from the claims of foreign states. The second half of 1920s marks a major breakthrough in development of the Arctic in the USSR reflected in conduct of regular scientific research, acquisition of reliable knowledge on this remote part of the Earth, discovery of mineral deposits, which also allowed among strengthening defense potential of the country.
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Zhuravel, Valery P., and Diana S. Timoshenko. "The Russian Arctic, Sanctions Pressure and Geopolitical Instability." Arctic and North, no. 49 (December 22, 2022): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.49.105.
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The development of the Arctic region was strongly influenced by the international situation — on February 24, the Russian Federation launched a special military operation in Ukraine. The United States, Great Britain and the EU, as well as several international and regional organizations imposed extended sanctions restrictions against Russia in the fields of politics, economics (transport, finance, trade, defense industry, aviation) and scientific research, which had regional consequences. The article describes the fac-tors that determine the Russian Arctic's development under the collective West sanctions pressure. The interrelation of the state policy and social and economic development of the Arctic regions of Russia during the period of general geopolitical instability is investigated. The study uses the dialectical method, as well as general logical, theoretical and empirical research methods. The study examined the measures taken by the Russian government to ensure sovereignty and economic and technological independence in the Arctic. The conditions for increasing stability in the Arctic zone are also decompounded, a number of proposals that are of the brightest and most pronounced interest for the formation of stability in the region are presented, and the established goals and motives of economic development are outlined. The authors analyzed the geopolitical conditions for the development of the Arctic region today, trying to reflect the intentions of the main Arctic players in the current situation and determine the vectors of their further political decisions. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to increase further efforts on the Arctic track, to strengthen defense and security in the Arctic region. The necessity of creating suitable conditions for the integrated economic development of the Russian Arctic is substantiated.
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El Hayek Fares, Jessy, and Hope A. Weiler. "Vitamin D status and intake of lactating Inuit women living in the Canadian Arctic." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 11 (February 13, 2018): 1988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017004189.
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AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and correlates of healthy vitamin D status in lactating Inuit women living in remote regions of the Arctic.DesignCross-sectional.SettingHouseholds were selected randomly in thirty-six communities of Nunavut, Nunatsiavut and Inuvialuit Settlement Region. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24 h recall and an FFQ. Anthropometric measurements, household living conditions, supplement use and health status were assessed. In fasting samples, serum 25-hydroxyvitaimn D (25(OH)D) was measured using a chemiluminescent assay (LIAISON; Diasorin Inc.).SubjectsLactating Inuit women participating in the 2007–2008 International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey conducted in the months of August to October.ResultsAmong participants (n34), 8·8, 26·5 and 50·0 % had 25(OH)D concentrations at or above 75, 50 and 40 nmol/l, respectively. More than one-third of participants did not consume traditional foods during the previous day and only 11·3 % of total energy intake was derived from traditional foods. Only 14·7 % of the sample consumed the daily number of milk servings recommended by Canada’s Food Guide (two servings) for First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Using multivariable logistic regression to examine 25(OH)D≥40 nmol/l, only higher body fat was inversely correlated with 25(OH)D concentration.ConclusionsThe present study is the first to assess simultaneously vitamin D status and other known factors that affect it among lactating Inuit women living in remote communities in the Arctic. Healthy maternal vitamin D status was observed in 25 % of participants during the late summer and early autumn. This requires further assessment in a larger sample spanning more seasons.
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Walker, Ann Hayward, John Joeckel, and Per Daling. "Dispersant Use in Ice-Affected Waters: Regulatory Status and Opportunities to Advance Decision Making." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.476.
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ABSTRACT There is increasing interest in, and evolving technological capability to, conduct offshore oil and gas exploration and production operations in sensitive arctic regions. This has focused attention on oil spill preparedness and response for waters which have an ice cover for some part of the year. Given the logistical challenges associated with transporting and deploying mechanical equipment in these remote, ice-prone areas, the application of dispersants below and on the water surface is being considered as one of the ways to mitigate the impact of accidental oil spills from offshore exploration, production and transportation operations. In 2013, the International Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) commissioned a study about using dispersants in ice-affected waters. Part of the study scope was a regulatory review concerning the dispersant use in twenty-one Northern Hemisphere nations having Arctic/ice-prone waters. An important issue for government policy and decision makers is considering where and when dispersant use might reduce the net economic and environmental damage from an oil spill. Industry is aware that their resources and knowledge can help inform nations as they examine dispersants as a response option. This paper presents an overview of the regulatory status regarding the use and/or limitations of dispersants in countries that have oil and gas exploration and production operations ice-affected waters; potential obstacles in decision making which may limit industry's ability to stand up the logistical infrastructure necessary to implement an effective dispersant operation; and potential strategies, e.g., industry technical support and stakeholder engagement, to address identified obstacles in countries with ice-affected waters.
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Greaves, Wilfrid. "Arctic (in)security and Indigenous peoples: Comparing Inuit in Canada and Sámi in Norway." Security Dialogue 47, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010616665957.
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While international relations has increasingly begun to recognize the political salience of Indigenous peoples, the related field of security studies has not significantly incorporated Indigenous peoples either theoretically or empirically. This article helps to address this gap by comparing two Arctic Indigenous peoples – Inuit in Canada and Sámi in Norway – as ‘securitizing actors’ within their respective states. It examines how organizations representing Inuit and Sámi each articulate the meaning of security in the circumpolar Arctic region. It finds that Inuit representatives have framed environmental and social challenges as security issues, identifying a conception of Arctic security that emphasizes environmental protection, preservation of cultural identity, and maintenance of Indigenous political autonomy. While there are some similarities between the two, Sámi generally do not employ securitizing language to discuss environmental and social issues, rarely characterizing them as existential issues threatening their survival or wellbeing. Drawing on securitization theory, this article proposes three factors to explain why Inuit have sought to construct serious challenges in the Arctic as security issues while Sámi have not: ecological differences between the Canadian and Norwegian Arctic regions, and resulting differences in experience of environmental change; the relative degree of social inclusion of Inuit and Sámi within their non-Indigenous majority societies; and geography, particularly the proximity of Norway to Russia, which results in a more robust conception of national security that restricts space for alternative, non-state security discourses. This article thus links recent developments in security studies and international relations with key trends in Indigenous politics, environmental change, and the geopolitics of the Arctic region.
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Critchley, W. Harriet. "L’importance internationale du développement économique dans les régions arctiques." Études internationales 20, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702457ar.
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The economic development of the northern regions of the USSR, United States, Canada, Norway and Denmark (Greenland) is examined with reference to the possible sources and timing of development in each state. The conclusion is that economic development for these Arctic littoral states is extraordinarily dependent upon the development of non-renewable natural resources - especially petroleum hydrocarbons — and, to a lesser extent, certain renewable resources. In addition, current world prices for the relevant resources are sufficiently low that development activity in each state ranges from moderate to modest: as long as prices remain at these levels, the current timing and pace of development is not likely to increase. A complex mix of factors is involved in estimating the international importance of such economic development, but the current moderate or modest levels of development activity provide a « breathing space » for interstate relations among the Arctic littoral states. This is the opportunity to explore and develop cooperative institutions and mechanisms for further economic development in the face of pressures that might otherwise promote conflict.
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Kovalev, Andrei Andreevich. "Norwway’s Arctic security policy: agenda of 2019." Право и политика, no. 2 (February 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.2.30332.
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The goal of this article consists in comprehensive analysis of the domestic and foreign security policy of Norway in the regions of Norwegian Arctic and Northern Norway. This work explores the geographical peculiarities and economy of the regions; questions of international cooperation, impacting the domestic policy as a whole and Arctic policy in particular; Norway’s military interests and military presence of NATO and the United States in the region of Norwegian Arctic. Attention is given to the relations between Norway and Russia, since they influence the overall balance between countries in the Arctic region. The conducted analysis demonstrates that Arctic region is strategically important for Norway from the perspectives of both, domestic and foreign policy. Norway plans to pay attention to respect nation’s sovereignty, which is necessary for successful development of the region, its economy, security, and conducting scientific research in the Arctic. Norway’s Arctic policy is closely tied to relations with Russia and NATO member-states, and its further development on this vector can play a positive role for the entire global community. Carrying out dual policy with regards to Russia, Norway welcomes the strengthening of military presence of the NATO countries in the region.
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Илькевич, Сергей, Sergey Ilkevich, Пер Стрёмберг, and Per Stremberg. "ASPECTS OF COMPETITIVENESS OF THE NENETS AND YAMALO-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICTS AS DESTINATIONS OF ARCTIC TOURISM." Servis Plus 10, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21118.
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Despite some intensification of the regional and local authorities, as well as the proactive position of some tour operators in the Arctic regions of Russia, as well as a general removal of focus to domestic tourism in connec- tion with domestic economic and political shocks of the past two years, real progress in the Arctic tourism in Russia is not so great. It’s connected with the systemic and acute problems of the development of this macro region. Their resolution will take decades. In these circumstances, it would be better to talk about the need to focus efforts of states and municipalities, as well as of businesses in those regions that now have not just an abstract potential from the point of view of tourism resources, but the real competitiveness for doubling-tripling of tourist arrivals within five to seven years due to such social, economic and food elements of competitiveness: the positive dynamics of the regional economy, positive demographics, the adequacy of general investments and investments directly related to the tourism, relatively well-developed infrastructure, transport accessibil- ity, price competitiveness of tourism products (the latter in the current environment could be the ability to stay within 60–70 thousand rubles for a 7–10 days tour with budget excursion component). If we analyze the parameters together, as it seems to the authors, today we can speak about the special prospect and a fairly high level of domestic and international competitiveness of only two destinations in the Arctic – Nenets and Yama- lo-Nenets Autonomous districts. Within the presented work, the authors make arguments about what these two regions may be Arctic destinations of paramount importance, because they can actually achieve the ambitious goals for increasing the mass of domestic and inbound tourism in the Arctic in really foreseeable future.
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Hong, Nong. "Weighing the Sources of International Law." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 6, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-06020004.
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Abstract There is a long-standing debate on the weight or preference given to different sources of international law in jurisprudence. This article aims to discuss the interplay of three pairs of sources of international law; namely between old treaties and new treaties, treaties and customs, and existing treaties and emerging treaties in the context of three regions which are featured with typical maritime related issues. In the Arctic region, the 1925 Svalbard Treaty and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) become the sources of conflicts or different legal positions between Norway and some other States who are parties to both treaties. In the South China Sea, the major legal issue, among many other important ones such as island regime, is the relationship between unclos as a treaty law and historic rights as a customary international law. The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) may be influenced by the new instrumental arrangements made by Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (bbnj) negotiation, reflecting the importance of ensuring the emerging treaty will not interrupt the jurisdiction of established treaties.
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Petrashova, D. A. "BUCCAL EPITELIUM CYTOGENETIC STATUS IN SCHOOLCHILDREN LIVING IN HIGH AND MIDDLE LATITUDES." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-4-229-233.
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The Russian northern regions development is associated with the extraction and processing of natural resources, which leads to environmental pollution and makes the task of sanitary-hygienic monitoring relevant. Buccal micronucleus cytome assay is one of the toxicological methods for human population studies. Studies on the inter-latitudinal comparison of Buccal micronucleus cytome assay are lacking, therefore there are difficulties in comparing the results obtained in the Russian Arctic with data from more southern regions. The aim of this study is to compare cytogenetic abnormalities in the buccal epithelium in two groups of older schoolchildren living in high and middle latitudes. The study was conducted in the city of Apatity (Murmansk region, 67 ° 34′03 ″ N, 33 ° 23′36 ″ E) and the city of Serpukhov (Moscow region, 54 ° 54 ‘56 ″ N, 37 ° 24 ‘40 “E). A total of 61 children were examined: 41 children from the Apatity and 20 children from the Serpukhov (16-18 years old). The Buccal micronucleus cytome assay was carried out according to an international protocol. It was shown that the average frequency values of the cells with micronucleus in the comparison groups of schoolchildren living in high and middle latitudes did not significantly differ and did not exceed the values for the average population norm. The frequency of cells with nuclear buds and two nucleus was significantly higher in the group of schoolchildren living in middle latitudes, which, in turn, is compensated by a higher rate of elimination of cells with impaired. Therefore, when comparing Buccal micronucleus cytome assay data, it is quite possible not to take into account the breadth of the studied groups.
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Sevost'yanov, P., Yu Davydova, and A. Matyuhin. "American and Canadian interests in the Arctic region." Journal of Political Research 6, no. 4 (December 16, 2022): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-6295-2022-6-4-58-68.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the interests in the Arctic region of such leading countries of the Western Hemisphere as the USA and Canada. Arctic ice is actively melting. If current trends continue, the region will undergo drastic changes with far-reaching consequences. At the same time, the retreating ice is opening up the region for economic development, including through the exploitation of previously inaccessible hydrocarbons and minerals. In September 2011, both the Northern Sea Route (along the northern coast of Russia, formerly known as the Northeast Passage) and the Northwest Passage (along the northern coast of Canada and Alaska) were opened for some time, which could potentially lead to a reduction in shipping lanes in Asia. Increasing human activity in the sparsely populated and climatically difficult Arctic requires new initiatives to ensure the safety of the region's environment, its residents and guests. In this regard, the identification of the basic interests of the Canada and United States in the Arctic zone is of particular importance. The authors used such research methods as system analysis, logical and historical. Due to its geopolitical features and enormous resource potential, the Arctic region concentrates the attention of the leading powers of the modern world. The article analyzes in detail the approaches to defining the borders of the Arctic region of Canada and the United States, provides a retrospective analysis of the development of these territories. The results of the study of the actual data and the literature used showed that in modern Canada, the Arctic is considered as the center of national identity, although the interest of the authorities in this zone has been situational for quite a long time. The authors highlight the reasons why Canada seeks to expand its southern borders into subarctic latitudes. The article examines the stages of the US development of its Arctic zone and the reasons for the increased interest in it among the American authorities at the present stage. In conclusion, the authors conclude that the Arctic zone for the Arctic states of the Western hemisphere is important both in terms of resources and in terms of security. At the same time, the authors identify significant differences in the positions of the United States and Canada, in particular the inability of the two countries to agree on such key issues as the legal status of the Northwest Passage and the maritime border in the Beaufort Sea. This significantly affects not only their internal capabilities, but also their ability to exercise international leadership in the region. The practical and theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the Arctic is strategically important for all countries of the Arctic zone, therefore, the identification of their interests in this region is important both for scientific discourse and in the plane of practical policy.
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Martens, Jannik, Evgeny Romankevich, Igor Semiletov, Birgit Wild, Bart van Dongen, Jorien Vonk, Tommaso Tesi, et al. "CASCADE – The Circum-Arctic Sediment CArbon DatabasE." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 2561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021.
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Abstract. Biogeochemical cycling in the semi-enclosed Arctic Ocean is strongly influenced by land–ocean transport of carbon and other elements and is vulnerable to environmental and climate changes. Sediments of the Arctic Ocean are an important part of biogeochemical cycling in the Arctic and provide the opportunity to study present and historical input and the fate of organic matter (e.g., through permafrost thawing). Comprehensive sedimentary records are required to compare differences between the Arctic regions and to study Arctic biogeochemical budgets. To this end, the Circum-Arctic Sediment CArbon DatabasE (CASCADE) was established to curate data primarily on concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and OC isotopes (δ13C, Δ14C) yet also on total N (TN) as well as terrigenous biomarkers and other sediment geochemical and physical properties. This new database builds on the published literature and earlier unpublished records through an extensive international community collaboration. This paper describes the establishment, structure and current status of CASCADE. The first public version includes OC concentrations in surface sediments at 4244 oceanographic stations including 2317 with TN concentrations, 1555 with δ13C-OC values and 268 with Δ14C-OC values and 653 records with quantified terrigenous biomarkers (high-molecular-weight n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and lignin phenols). CASCADE also includes data from 326 sediment cores, retrieved by shallow box or multi-coring, deep gravity/piston coring, or sea-bottom drilling. The comprehensive dataset reveals large-scale features of both OC content and OC sources between the shelf sea recipients. This offers insight into release of pre-aged terrigenous OC to the East Siberian Arctic shelf and younger terrigenous OC to the Kara Sea. Circum-Arctic sediments thereby reveal patterns of terrestrial OC remobilization and provide clues about thawing of permafrost. CASCADE enables synoptic analysis of OC in Arctic Ocean sediments and facilitates a wide array of future empirical and modeling studies of the Arctic carbon cycle. The database is openly and freely available online (https://doi.org/10.17043/cascade; Martens et al., 2021), is provided in various machine-readable data formats (data tables, GIS shapefile, GIS raster), and also provides ways for contributing data for future CASCADE versions. We will continuously update CASCADE with newly published and contributed data over the foreseeable future as part of the database management of the Bolin Centre for Climate Research at Stockholm University.
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Pozharskaya, Victoria Victorovna. "Cytogenetic status of blood lymphocytes in schoolchildren living middle and high latitudes." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 66, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-4-213-216.
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Intensive industrial development of the northern regions of the Russian Federation is primarily associated with the extraction and processing of natural resources, which leads to environmental pollution and makes the tasks of sanitary and hygienic monitoring urgent. Rapid methods are convenient for the rapid diagnosis of the genetic well-being of the environment, one of which is the micronucleus test in combination with the cytokinetic block cytochalasin B. mitosis. At the moment, there are scanty data on the inter-latitudinal comparison of the results of cytogenetic studies on cells of various human tissues, which greatly complicates the comparison of the results obtained in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation with data from more southern regions. The purpose of this study is to identify and compare division abnormalities in cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes in two groups of older schoolchildren living in middle and high latitudes. The study was carried out in the city of Serpukhov, Moscow region (54 ° 54 ‘56 “N, 37 ° 24’ 40” E) and the city of Apatity, Murmansk region (67 ° 34’03 “N, 33 ° 23’36 ″ E). A total of 40 children aged 16-18 were examined - 20 children each from the city of Serpukhov and from the city of Apatity. The micronucleus test was carried out in accordance with the international protocol. Cytogenetic analysis of schoolchildren’s peripheral blood lymphocytes using the micronucleus test showed that the spontaneous number of cells with micronuclei is comparable in middle and high latitudes, and approaches the upper limit of the mean population norm. Therefore, when comparing the data of the micronucleus test on the cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes of the studied groups, it is permissible not to take into account the latitude of residence.
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McMAHON, B. J., M. G. BRUCE, A. KOCH, K. J. GOODMAN, V. TSUKANOV, G. MULVAD, M. L. BORRESEN, et al. "The diagnosis and treatment ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection in Arctic regions with a high prevalence of infection: Expert Commentary." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 2 (June 22, 2015): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815001181.
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SUMMARYHelicobacter pyloriinfection is a major cause of peptic ulcer and is also associated with chronic gastritis, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Guidelines have been developed in the United States and Europe (areas with low prevalence) for the diagnosis and management of this infection, including the recommendation to ‘test and treat’ those with dyspepsia. A group of international experts performed a targeted literature review and formulated an expert opinion for evidenced-based benefits and harms for screening and treatment ofH. pyloriin high-prevalence countries. They concluded that in Arctic countries whereH. pyloriprevalence exceeds 60%, treatment of persons withH. pyloriinfection should be limited only to instances where there is strong evidence of direct benefit in reduction of morbidity and mortality, associated peptic ulcer disease and MALT lymphoma and that the test-and-treat strategy may not be beneficial for those with dyspepsia.
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Drinkwater, Kenneth F., Franz J. Mueter, and Sei-Ichi Saitoh. "Shifting boundaries of water, ice, flora, fauna, people, and institutions in the Arctic and Subarctic." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 7 (December 1, 2018): 2293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy179.
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Abstract An international Open Science Meeting entitled Moving in, out, and across the Subarctic and Arctic marine ecosystems: shifting boundaries of water, ice, flora, fauna, people, and institutions, took place 11–15 June 2017 in Tromsø, Norway. Organized by the Ecosystem Studies of Subarctic and Arctic Seas programme and cosponsored by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and the North Pacific Marine Science Organization, the primary aim of the meeting was to examine past, present, and future ecosystem responses to climate variability and ocean acidification (OA) and their effect on fishing communities, the fishing industry and fisheries management in the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans and the Arctic. This symposium issue contains several papers from the meeting covering topics from climate and OA, ecosystem responses to environmental change, and fisheries management including: a synthesis of the ecosystem responses to the AMO-linked cold period of the 1970s and 1980s;a novel approach to understand responses to OA in northern climes using natural carbonate chemistry gradients, such as CO2 vents, methane cold seeps, and upwelling area;the possibility that warm temperatures are allowing two generations of Calanus finmarchicus per year to be produced;a new hypothesis suggesting that in areas where sea ice disappears there could be an increase of fish species with swim bladders;results from laboratory experiments on the effects of temperature and food on Arctic and boreal fish larvae;the application of ecosystem-based management in northern regions; anda description of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration approach to marine conservation and how it affects fish populations and fisheries.
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Ivanova, L. "Impact of regulatory features on waste management in Northern Europe." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 3 (July 13, 2022): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2022-3-66-72.
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The article discusses the problem of waste management relevant for the Russian Federation and its Arctic regions on the example of a number of Arctic states – the countries of Northern Europe. The existing waste management system, features of the relevant regulatory framework and competition development in this area are considered. The legislative framework of waste management in the northern countries is heavily influenced by the European Union directives and international law. The northern countries have much in common, including cultural and legislative traditions, however there are significant differences between them.
In most northern countries, existing laws and other regulations to some extent limit competition in waste management. It imposes obligations, but at the same time provides broad waste management rights. Within the current legislative framework, there are opportunities to increase competition in the field of waste management. However, the existing regulatory framework may not be sufficient to improve the market structure or create new waste markets.
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Anastasia Emelyanova and Elena Golubeva. "Contributing to the Decade of Healthy Aging in the Nordic-Russian Arctic." Magyar Gerontológia 12 (November 26, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47225/mg/12/kulonszam/8446.
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NCM-funded project and expert network “Indigenous and non-indigenous residents of the Nordic-Russian region: Best practices for equity in healthy ageing” will be introduced.
The Arctic population is ageing, albeit at various speed across the regions and to a different degree of “healthiness” and “inequity related to healthy ageing” across the life-course. The aim of the research is to contribute to a multidisciplinary understanding of circumstances and patterns of healthy ageing in the Nordic-Russian Arctic and share examples of new solutions as components to the Arctic member states’ national policies and in accordance with the principles of WHO “Decade of Healthy Ageing 2020–2030”.
We will focus on a broad evaluation of opportunities the region can bring in to carry activities, building on the principles of the WHO Global Strategy on Ageing and Health, the United Nations Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, and aligned to the timing of the United Nations Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We will identify best practices at the regional/community levels among Non- and Indigenous older residents, using comparative approach: 1. How we think, feel and act towards age and ageing, 2.Communities fostering the abilities of older people, 3.Delivering culturally safe and person centred care and health services responsive to older people.
The project complements our on-going activities under the UArctic Thematic Network “Health and Well-being in the Arctic” and a “Development of a Think Tank Functions of the Northern Dimension Institute”.
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Lukin, A. "The Northern forum as a successful model for the implementation of the identity of intra-state actors in the Arctic region." Diplomatic Service, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2003-04.
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The process of transforming international relations goes on under the influence of globalization mechanisms together with the development of integration processes. The establishment of more complex and at the same time simple mechanisms of cooperation in the system of international relations between its actors is the result of a change in the methods of introducing cases. Moving away from the classical principles of cooperation-diplomatic contacts, alliances, the world ceases to be a bipolar system of world device, thanks to the process of globalization, a multipolar world structure is being built with the new actors inherent in the globalization process, gives an example of multinational corporations and NGOs. Under the influence of globalization, the usual tools of international politics are being modified, since within the framework of the new system of transnational interaction, national states are forced to adapt to a changing, interconnected and interdependent world in which there is no longer a clear division between external and internal affairs. State power is forced to transform, transferring to a larger extent part of its functions to supranational structures, sharing its administrative functions with these structures and creating new models of world political governance. The Northern Forum acts as an organization uniting the regions of the subjects for solving common problems in the Arctic region.
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Zhuravel, Valery. "200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica: a breakthrough in scientific research is needed." Contemporary Europe, no. 100 (December 31, 2020): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72020227237.
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The article is devoted to the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica under the guidance of 2nd rank captain F. Bellingshausen and lieutenant M. Lazarev. Analyzing the peculiarities of Antarctica, the author notes that this is one of а few regions of our planet, the resources and territory of which are used by various states jointly and exclusively for peaceful purposes for the benefit of science. The article analyzes in detail the celebration of this anniversary in Russia and foreign countries, while paying special attention to the thematic focus of socio-political and scientific events. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the region by Russia and the European States. Interstate cooperation between countries in Antarctica is aimed at finding effective solutions to global problems facing humanity, such as environmental pollution, climate change and its consequences, and the loss of components of biological diversity. It is concluded that despite the fact that Antarctica is traditionally one of the strategic regions for ensuring the national interests and security of our state, the Russian Federation in its state policy in comparison with the Arctic, does not always respond promptly to the existing challenges, does not pay enough attention to improving the research base and living conditions of polar explorers, which negatively affects Russia's positions in Antarctica.
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Alekseenko, A. P., and E. L. Lee. "Foreign approaches to increasing the migration attractiveness of northern, sparsely populated and hard-to-reach territories." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2208-02.
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Development of the Arctic zone of Russia and the Far Eastern Federal District and attraction of population to these territories have the strategic importance significance. To achieve this goal, various state programs are being implemented at the federal and regional levels and support measures are being provided. However, despite this, there is a stable migration outfl ow of the population. In this regard, there is a need to study the experience of states with regions similar in their characteristics to the Russian Arctic zone and the Far East. This article aims to identify and summarize foreign approaches to increase the migration attractiveness of northern, sparsely populated and hard-to-reach territories. Based on the use of the comparative method, as well as methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, there were selected foreign regions for the study: Alaska, Nunavut, Yukon, the Northwest Territories of Canada, the Federal Northern Territory of Australia, the Norwegian province of Troms-og-Finnmark and the Swedish region of Norbotten. Among the main measures increasing migration attractiveness abroad are used: the use of tax deductions, increased transport accessibility and the implementation of infrastructure projects through public-private partnerships, development of telemedicine, direct payments, educational loans, increased regional wages, tax benefi ts for legal entities that attract citizens from other regions to permanent residence. It is also concluded that the higher the population density, the fewer support measures are applied. The authors conclude that some foreign measures, with a number of exceptions, could be used for the development of Russian regions. At the same time, it is argued that impractical of foreign experience in making direct payments is not successful.
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КРАСНОПОЛЬСКИЙ, Б. Х. "Bering Pacific Arctic Council and Initiative Working Group of the Russian-American Pacific Partnership (RAPP)." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Series "Economics. Sociology. Culturology", no. 2(14) (November 12, 2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2019.14.40338.
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В прошлом году автором этого материала была опубликована статья в данной серии сборника СВФУ 1, посвященная предложениям по усилению внимания к восточному форпосту Арктической зоны Российской федерации (АЗРФ), а именно к арктическим территориям и акваториям Дальнего Востока, к региону Берингова пролива и трансграничной кооперации и диалогу этого форпоста с территориями и акваториями соседствующего штата Аляска, США. В качестве одного из механизмов реализации данных предложений предлагалось возможное создание международного Совета региона Берингова пролива и Тихоокеанской Арктики. В настоящее время практическая реализация этих предложений весьма существенно продвинулась, чему в значительной степени послужила упомянутая выше публикация, которая послужила одним из импульсов для активного обсуждения данного вопроса среди российских и американских специалистов. В конце июня текущего года в Хабаровске прошло 24е ежегодное заседание РоссийскоАмериканского тихоокеанского партнёрства (РАТОП), этой весьма известной неправительственной организации, включающей в себя представителей практически всех регионов Дальнего Востока России и штатов Западного побережья США. По итогам проведения этого весьма значимого мероприятия в развитии добрососедских отношений между Россией и США в зоне Тихого океана опубликовано довольно много информационных материалов 2. На заседании Сессии 3 Сотрудничество в Арктике и северной части Тихого океана Институт экономических исследований ДВО РАН представил на обсуждение российских и американских участников выше характеризованные предложения, впервые опубликованные в данном журнале, которые были одобрены специалистами обеих стран и рекомендованы для включения в итоговое решение заседания РАТОП. Last year, the author published the article in this journal 5 directed to present the proposals to strengthen attention to the Eastern outpost of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF), namely to the Arctic territories and waters of the Far East, to the region of the Bering Strait and transborder cooperation and dialogue of this outpost with the territories and water areas of the State of Alaska, United States. As one of the mechanisms to implement these proposals, it was proposed to create an International Council of the Bering Strait and Pacific Arctic Region.Currently, at this time the implementation of these proposals has progressed quite significantly. The publication in the journal mentioned above was one of the impulses for an active discussion of this problem among the Russian and American specialists. At the end of last June, Khabarovsk hosted the 24th annual meeting of the Russian American Pacific Partnership (RAPP). This wellknown nongovernmental organization includes practically representatives of all regions the Far East of Russia and the States of the West Coast of the United States. Based on the results of this very significant event in the development of goodneighbor relations between Russia and the United States in the Pacific, a lot of informational materials were published 4. At the meeting of Session 3 Cooperation in the Arctic and North Pacific, the Economic Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, presented for the Russian and American participants the characterized above proposals published in first in this journal. These proposals were endorsed by the experts of the two countries and recommended for inclusion in the final decision of the RAPP meeting.