Academic literature on the topic 'Arctic regions – International status'
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Journal articles on the topic "Arctic regions – International status"
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Slipenchuk, M. "Fractal Economy of Arctic." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2013): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-5-41-47.
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In recent decades Arctic attracts the attention of a growing number of states. For effective international cooperation it is necessary to undertake several important steps, including legal work and adoption of documents regulating the statuses and activities of state in Arctic region. It is also needed to undertake a delimitation of sea spaces in the Arctic Ocean, to determine the measures for providing environmental safety in the regions, to reach international agreement on the status of the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage, to establish an innovation hub clusters and several others.
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Wilson Rowe, Elana. "Arctic hierarchies? Norway, status and the high north." Polar Record 50, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741200054x.
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ABSTRACTThis article focuses on one potential motivation for a state's behaviour in international affairs, namely status-seeking, in order to shed light on Norway's Arctic politics and to discuss the role of hierarchies in Arctic politics more generally. The idea that a state's political elite seek national security and economic gain is well established in international relations (IR) literature. However, another key motivation of human behaviour – seeking status and respect – is frequently overlooked as a potential factor shaping states’ behaviour. The argument begins with a brief review of post-cold war Arctic politics followed by a discussion of the status-related literature in IR. Norway's position in the Arctic Council (AC) and in bilateral relations with Russia is then examined, with particular attention paid to the extent to which other Arctic states acknowledge and confirm Norway's status claims. Norway's status as an information provider, a convener and a bridge to Russia gives the country a degree of influence in Arctic multilateral settings. Given the Arctic region's relatively peaceful nature and the emphasis on circumpolar cooperation, space has been made for creative approaches to status. Size and military or economic greatness are not always decisive factors for taking a lead in today's Arctic politics.
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Świątecki, Aleksander, Dorota Górniak, Marek Zdanowski, Jakub Grzesiak, and Tomasz Mieczan. "Polityczne i prawne aspekty prowadzenia badań naukowych w rejonach polarnych." Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 43 (October 26, 2019): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.4644.
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The Arctic and Antarctic have been of great interest to the international community for a number of years. The still unresolved problem regardingpolar regions is the still partially regulated legal issues concerning the management of these areas. Both the Arctic and Antarctica are areas of potentiallygreat scientific, economic, political and military importance. The political and legal status of polar areas is not uniform. Currently, there is no legalinternational document that would regulate issues related to the management of the Arctic region. The political and legal status of Antarctica wasdetermined in 1959 in Washington. The Antarctic Treaty regulates in detail the activities in this region. Territorial claims are a particularly importantproblem. A number of countries prove their territorial rights to both the Arctic and Antarctic. The Arctic division is discussed within five countries,without the participation of the international community, while the Antarctic Treaty arrangements have put these issues on ice until 2049. Internationalcooperation in the field of research of polar regions has a long history and is confirmed by bilateral and international agreements. Conducted researchin the Arctic and Antarctic relate to various scientific problems. Investigations of processes taking place on Earth on a global scale are of particularimportance, both in historical and prognostic perspective. The history of Polish polar research is rich, multi-faceted and dates back to the second half ofthe nineteenth century. Contemporary Polish polar research focuses on a number of problems: glaciology and periglacial phenomena, climatology,geomorphology, hydrology, and geo-ecosystems dynamics. Polish scientific activity, in these regions, significantly develops our positive relations withthe international community.
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Maksimova, O., and A. Armashova. "International legal treaty as a basis for scientific cooperation in the Arctic regions." SHS Web of Conferences 112 (2021): 00051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111200051.
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The paper analyzes international treaties related to the activities of states in the Arctic regions. These treaties constitute the legal basis for scientific cooperation. Due to the threat of climate change and global warming, the preservation of the Arctic ecosystem is becoming one of the urgent tasks for global scientific community. Russia, with its vast Arctic territories, can play a key role in joining the efforts of scientists from different countries. In the modern world, international cooperation is impossible without the established system of international legal treaties. The main instrument of international law for cooperation in the Arctic is the 1982 UN Convention on the Law Of the Sea. The success of scientific events in the Arctic depends on the results of the activities of the Arctic Council and on the effectiveness of activities, including research during the implementation of the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation.
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Tonami, Aki. "Influencing the imagined ‘polar regions’: the politics of Japan's Arctic and Antarctic policies." Polar Record 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000419.
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ABSTRACTHow does a state that is not a ‘natural’ Arctic or Antarctic state perceive the polar regions, interpret their roles in its foreign policy and translate this into actual polar policy? This paper seeks to answer these questions by comparing the Arctic and Antarctic policies of Japan. The paper shows that Japan's national image of the polar regions as a combined region began before World War II due to its imperial past of joining the race to the Antarctic and the Arctic. However, from a policy point of view, the polar regions for Japan long meant primarily Antarctica. Japan, as a defeated power and a late-comer to the international system established after World War II, takes a liberal position in the governance of Antarctica. Having and maintaining a capability to conduct scientific research in the Antarctic via international decision-making institutions has been considered an important status marker associated with great power identity. Regarding the Arctic, Japan attempts to replicate the general success of its Antarctic policy, backed by tools of science and technological diplomacy, the purpose of which is to revive its domestic economy. Japan's scientific whaling in the Antarctic is primarily a domestic, identity-based political conflict between a nostalgia for Japan's imperial past and its more modern, liberal identity of today.
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Byers, Michael. "Cold, dark, and dangerous: international cooperation in the arctic and space." Polar Record 55, no. 1 (January 2019): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000160.
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AbstractThis article compares Russian–Western cooperation in the Arctic and Space, with a focus on why cooperation continued after the 2014 annexation of Crimea. On the basis of this comparative approach, continued cooperation is linked to the following factors: (1) the Arctic and Space are remote and extreme environments; (2) they are militarised but not substantially weaponised; (3) they both suffer from ‘tragedies of the commons’; (4) Arctic and Space-faring states engage in risk management through international law-making; (5) Arctic and Space relations rely on consensus decision-making; (6) Arctic and Space relations rely on soft law; (7) Arctic states and Space-faring states interact within a situation of ‘complex interdependence’; (8) Russia and the United States are resisting greater Chinese involvement in these regions. The article concludes with the following contribution to international relations theory: The more that states need to cooperate in a particular region or issue-area, and the more they become accustomed to doing so, the more resilient that cooperation will become to tensions and breakdowns in other regions and issue-areas. This phenomenon can be termed ‘complex and resilient interdependence’, to signify that complex independence is more than a description. It can, sometimes, affect the course of state-to-state relations.
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Chernitsyna, S. Y. "Caspian or Arctic region: that is the question…" Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-4-427-437.
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The article compares the problems of two strategically important regions for Russia — the Caspian region and the Arctic region. Despite the fact that there are some significant geographical and climate differences, the geopolitical situation in the regions is similar. There are almost identical risks in the development of these regions. Special attention is paid to the issue of ecology in the conditions of active oil and gas production. The question concerning the instruments of regulation of interstate relations is sharply raised. International cooperation is essential in addressing key issues in the regions, such as improving socio-economic conditions, energy distribution and border management. In particular, it is necessary to define a regulatory framework that would meet the new realities in the Arctic. As for the international legal status of the Caspian sea, it was settled by the adoption of the Convention following the summit in 2018. The main difference is that the Caspian region was exposed to the anthropogenic factor much earlier. The lessons learned from the work in the Caspian region can be used in the Arctic region, which can reduce some of the risks associated with the interaction of coastal countries.
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Casella, Paulo Borba, Maria Lagutina, and Arthur Roberto Capella Giannattasio. "BRICS in polar regions: Brazil’s interests and prospects." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 13, no. 3 (2020): 326–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2020.303.
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The current international legal regulation of the Arctic and Antarctica was organized during the second half of the XX century to establish an international public power over the two regions, the Arctic Council (AC) and the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), which is characterized by Euro-American dominance. However, the rise of emerging countries at the beginning of the XXI century suggests a progressive redefinition of the structural balance of international power in favor of states not traditionally perceived as European and Western. This article examines the role of Brazil within the AC and the ATS to address various polar issues, even institutional ones. As a responsible country in the area of cooperation in science and technology in the oceans and polar regions in BRICS, Brazil appeals to its rich experience in Antarctica and declares its interest in joining the Arctic cooperation. For Brazil, participation in polar cooperation is a way to increase its role in global affairs and BRICS as a negotiating platform. It is seen in this context as a promising tool to achieve this goal. This article highlights new paths in the research agenda concerning interests and prospects of Brazilian agency in the polar regions.
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Krasnopolski, Boris. "On the History of International Socio-Economic Relations of the Arctic Regions and Thirty-Year Anniversary of the «Northern Forum»." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).7-28.
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The research is a journey into a history of relatively recent establishment and development of international relations and cooperation of the Arctic regions of our country and the world. Thaw in relations between the Soviet Union taken place in the 80s of the last century and other countries affected the development of the territories of the states members of the well-known international Arctic Council, as well as a number of other countries with political and economic interests in the Arctic. This thaw created the basis for the creation of the Northern Forum in 1991, an international non-political organization of regional governors, which expressed the ambitions of the countries of the North and Arctic regions to develop international cooperation. In 2021, this organization will celebrate its 30th anniversary. Its creation is directly related to an active role of Walter J. Hickel (Wally J. Hickel), who in those years was the governor of Alaska (USA). He got elected twice to the office of governor and put enormous business and personal efforts into the creation of the Northern Forum. Unfortunately, in recent years the ability of the Forum to support and strengthen international sustainable socio-economic development in the Arctic region has substantially decreased. Despite the great efforts of the Forum secretariat, which is now located in Yakutsk, its role is declining, which is apparently caused by the growth of political and economic confrontations between the leading Arctic countries. The author puts forward his perspectives on the increasing role of the Northern Forum in the international cooperation of the Arctic countries in the light of new initiatives.
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Krasnopolski, Boris. "On the History of International Socio-Economic Relations of the Arctic Regions and Thirty-Year Anniversary of the «Northern Forum»." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).7-28.
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The research is a journey into a history of relatively recent establishment and development of international relations and cooperation of the Arctic regions of our country and the world. Thaw in relations between the Soviet Union taken place in the 80s of the last century and other countries affected the development of the territories of the states members of the well-known international Arctic Council, as well as a number of other countries with political and economic interests in the Arctic. This thaw created the basis for the creation of the Northern Forum in 1991, an international non-political organization of regional governors, which expressed the ambitions of the countries of the North and Arctic regions to develop international cooperation. In 2021, this organization will celebrate its 30th anniversary. Its creation is directly related to an active role of Walter J. Hickel (Wally J. Hickel), who in those years was the governor of Alaska (USA). He got elected twice to the office of governor and put enormous business and personal efforts into the creation of the Northern Forum. Unfortunately, in recent years the ability of the Forum to support and strengthen international sustainable socio-economic development in the Arctic region has substantially decreased. Despite the great efforts of the Forum secretariat, which is now located in Yakutsk, its role is declining, which is apparently caused by the growth of political and economic confrontations between the leading Arctic countries. The author puts forward his perspectives on the increasing role of the Northern Forum in the international cooperation of the Arctic countries in the light of new initiatives.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arctic regions – International status"
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Trujillo, Michael Gregory Morgan. "Arctic Security: the Race for the Arctic through the Prism of International Relations Theory." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4823.
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The purpose of the thesis is to examine future international relations in the Arctic as a theoretical exercise based on realism and liberalism. As the ice cap shrinks, and the region's environment changes, developing costs will decrease allowing for resource-extraction while new transit routes emerge. The opportunities to develop resources and ship via the Arctic are economic and strategically valuable, altering the geopolitics of the region. This thesis seeks to explore how resource development and new transit routes will affect regional politics through the lens of two theories. The two theoretical approaches will examine states and actors' interests and possible actions. Concluding, that realism will best describe the Arctic as states strive to be the regional hegemon by controlling transit routes and resources or defending the regional status quo, creating tension and a security competition between the U.S., China, and Russia. States will jockey for position within institutions before the ice cap disappears and transit routes emerge. These states seek to grow regional governance in their favor, providing support for a liberal framework, and possibly creating a structure strong enough to reduce tension before states strive to be the Arctic hegemon.
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Hellqvist, Elsa. "Frozen Diplomacy : Regional Causes for the Increased Militarization in the Arctic." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-430877.
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Shapovalova, Daria. "The effectiveness of the international environmental legal framework in protecting the Arctic environment in light of offshore oil and gas development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236459.
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Jankowiak, Aleksy. "La détermination du statut juridique de l'océan Glacial arctique par le droit international public." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0170.
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L’océan Arctique est confronté aujourd’hui à des enjeux d’ordre souverain et environnemental. D’une part, ses États riverains revendiquent de vastes territoires maritimes. D’autre part, l’environnement de l’océan Arctique subit de multiples atteintes. La région est notamment affectée par de nombreux polluants. Puis, elle subit également de plein fouet les effets néfastes du réchauffement climatique. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer le statut juridique de l’océan Arctique au travers de ces différentes questions. Plus précisément, cette étude a pour objet l’identification, l’analyse et l’interprétation des régimes régionaux et internationaux applicables, et des problématiques de droit international s’y rapportant, afin d’appréhender le statut juridique de l’océan Arctique dans sa globalité et de déterminer sa capacité à faire face auxdits enjeux et à évoluer dans le cadre d’une coopération et d’une gouvernance interétatiques en constant développementThe Arctic Ocean is facing environmental and territorial challenges. On one hand, the coastal states are claiming vast marine territories. On the other hand, the Arctic Ocean environment suffers from many damages. In particular, the region is affected by a lot of pollutants. Then, the region also bears the brunt of the harmful effects of climate change. This study aims to determinate the legal status of the Arctic Ocean through these different issues. More precisely, this study aims to identify, to analyse and to interpret the regional and international legal regimes which apply to the Arctic Ocean, and their legal issues, in order to consider the legal status of the Arctic Ocean as a whole and to determinate its capacity to deal with environmental and territorial challenges, and to progress in the context of an intergovernmental governance and cooperation in constant development
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Edynak, Elsa. "Le droit international applicable à l'océan Arctique : l’adéquation d’un ensemble juridique complexe à un espace spécifique." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR139.
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Le changement climatique et les bouleversements qu’il implique en Arctique ont véritablement renouvelé l’intérêt pour cet espace. Celui-ci soulève des enjeux de différentes échelles (aussi bien régionale que globale), mais aussi de différentes natures (économiques, politiques, sociales, environnementales), qui constituent autant de problématiques juridiques et interrogent la pertinence du droit applicable. Cependant, et c’est là l’enjeu juridique principal de ce sujet : le cadre juridique existant fait preuve d’une grande complexité, dont la cohérence et la pertinence vis-à-vis de la région ont été largement remises en cause. Mais à ce mal unique – la complexité – les auteurs ne semblent pas s’accorder sur les solutions à adopter. Ces divergences soulignent l’intérêt de déterminer si le cadre juridique applicable à l’océan Arctique peut être consi-déré comme « adéquat » dans le sens où il permettrait une gestion répondant aux critères d’un système juridique satisfaisant. Du point de vue de la méthode, l’étude demandait de mettre de l’ordre dans le désordre apparent. A cette fin, la systématisation, à travers la réalisation d’un tableau synoptique analysant l’ensemble des normes de droit international applicables à la région, a été nécessaire. En conclusion, en dépit de sa diversité, le cadre juridique peut néanmoins être considéré comme satisfai-sant du point de vue substantiel (complétude) et formel (cohérence). Au-delà de la simple cohérence, la construc-tion actuelle d’un droit de l’Arctique amène à identifier un processus d’ordonnancement au niveau régional, appa-rentant de plus en plus cet encadrement à un véritable « système juridique ». Cette régionalisation est juridiquement indispensable, mais il faut néanmoins admettre qu’elle ne permet pas d’assurer l’action mondiale qui demeure indispensable face au problème global du changement climatique. Si elle constitue une étape probablement néces-saire, elle représente surtout une étape supplémentaire à cette mise en oeuvre généralisée et renforce dès lors la fragmentation du droit international, et donc sa complexitéClimate change and the disruption it implies in the Arctic have really renewed the interest in this space. This raises issues of different scales (both regional and global), but also of different natures (economic, political, social, environmental), which constitute as many legal issues and question the relevance of the applicable law. However, and this is the main legal issue here: the existing legal framework is extremely complex, whose consistency and relevance concerning the region have been widely questioned. But to this unique problem - com-plexity - the authors do not seem to agree on the solutions to adopt. These differences underline the interest to determine whether the legal framework for the Arctic Ocean can be considered as "adequate" in the sense that it would enable a management that meets the criteria of a satisfying legal system. Regarding the method, the study demanded to put the apparent disorder in order. To this end, systematization was necessary; it was done through the creation of a synoptic table analyzing all the standards of international law applicable to the region,. In conclusion, despite its diversity, the legal framework can nevertheless be considered satisfactory from a substantive (completeness) and formal (coherence) point of view. Beyond simple coherence, the current cons-truction of an Arctic law leads to the identification of an scheduling process at the regional level, this framework resembling more and more a real "legal system". This regionalisation is legally essential. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that it does not ensure the worldwide action which remains essential in the face of the global problem that is climate change. If it constitutes a probably necessary step, it represents above all an additional step in this generalized implementation and therefore reinforces the fragmentation of international law, and its complexity
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DAHL, Justiina. "Seeing like a state in a society of states : the social role of science and technology in the northward expansion of the international society." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41764.
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Defence date: 2 June 2016Examining Board: Professor Christian Reus-Smit (University Queensland) (Supervisor); Professor Trevor Pinch, Cornell University (External Supervisor); Professor Iver B. Neumann, London School of Economics; Professor Jennifer Welsh, EUI.
This thesis argues that the emergence and expansion of the European-origin international society (EIS) has taken place through two dominant organizational processes. The first is the social organization and expansion of the international society. It is primarily associated with the stabilization and change of the hegemonic definitions of who are and can become legitimate holders of sovereignty in the international society. The second process is a material one associated with the negotiation, stabilization and change of specific, hegemonic techno-scientific mechanisms for the appropriation of sovereign authority over new terrains by the already members of the international society. The thesis sets out to describe the co-production of the two sets of fundamental and constitutional international institutions that I claim have been associated with this progress of the material as well as social expansion of the EIS. I conceptualize the international institutional framework these institutions makeup as 'the double-constitutional structure of the EIS'. The empirical focus in the study of the composition and change of the different elements of this structure is on how sovereign power has been constituted and mobilized for, what, in hindsight, can be regarded as failed attempts to appropriate specific Arctic regions through human settlement during the previous half a millennium. I conceptualize the case studies of these processes as cases of, in hindsight, failed attempts to geographically and materially expand the international society. Their analysis is organized according to what can be regarded as four international-system-wide revolutions in the epistemic authority structure of the EIS. Through the comparative analysis of the cases and these time periods I empirically illustrate what I theoretically conceptualize as the social role of science and technology in the northward expansion of the international society.
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Valko, Irina. "Cold Waters, Hot Stakes: Systemic Geostrategic Analysis of International Relations in the Arctic Transborder Region." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298526.
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This work aims to fill the gap in the civil scientific agenda by offering its own, two- stage version of a systemic, dynamic, and interdisciplinary analysis of the developments in the Arctic transborder region; by fixing the region"s southern border at the Arctic Circle, adjusting to the premises of new geopolitics, using systemic modeling, and viewing geostrategic analysis as an obligatory academic contribution to the "art" of statecraft.The first stage of analysis is inductive, descriptive, and static. It defines the Arctic region as a system of five geostrategic action spaces, physical space (S1), military space (S2), economic space (S3), demographic space (S4), and information space (S5). After defining essential elements of the physical environment, social network analysis is applied on four human-constructed geostrategic spaces (S2-S5) - i.e. the basic networks of relationship (links) between the key actors (nodes) are created. Matrices of symmetrical relationships for military space (S2), economic space (S3), and demographic space (S4) are constructed to demonstrate the links" intensity. In order to illustrate the fact that changes in one action space ultimately transform other spaces, ten possible channels of inter-space affection are illustrated. The second stage of analysis is deductive,...
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Raková, Alena. "The Geopolitical Significance of the Bering Strait Region in the 21st Century." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347817.
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As Arctic warms twice as fast as the rest of the world and the polar ice-cap melts, the strategic importance and geopolitical significance of the Bering Strait as the only maritime gateway between the world's fastest-developing and dynamic regions, the Asia Pacific and the Arctic region, will steadily grow. The climate change triggered the reduction of the Arctic ice-cap, which results in increased maritime traffic activity as new shipping routes are becoming more viable and mineral resources more accessible. This has a tremendous impact on the region as it opens it to economic development but at the same time it puts strain on its fragile environment. The goal of the paper is to affirm that the geopolitical significance of the Bering Strait is increasing and will increase in the near future. The work examines the causes of the Bering Strait region's rise, its characteristics, challenges and opportunities together with the assessment of major regional actors' interests and approaches towards the region. Next, paper focuses The emphasis is put especially on the role of the United States and on their attitude toward the Bering Strait region. It therefore pays attention namely on the US policy and goals in the region, and on the implications the Strait's growing global importance has for the United...
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Perreault, François. "Les enjeux de sécurité dans l'Arctique contemporain Le cas du Canada et de la Norvège." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4134.
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Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’analyser la nature et l’ampleur des enjeux de sécurité dans l’Arctique contemporain en utilisant les outils offerts par la théorie de la sécurisation de l’École de Copenhague. Cinq secteurs de sécurité – militaire, politique, identitaire, environnemental et économique – et quatre variables – la géographie, l’identité, l’histoire et la politique – sont utilisées pour examiner les perceptions de sécurité, les sécurisations et les comportements stratégiques du Canada et de la Norvège.
La 1re hypothèse avancée dans ce mémoire est la suivante : depuis 2005, au Canada et en Norvège, nous sommes en train d’assister à une sécurisation progressive des enjeux non militaires dans l’Arctique - politiques, identitaires, environnementaux et économiques - et les effets entre ces secteurs de sécurité ont d’importantes conséquences sur le secteur militaire, notamment au niveau de la multiplication de projets étatiques pour la plupart essentiellement militaires, ainsi qu’au niveau d’un déclenchement d’une sécurisation de leur intégrité territoriale ou du moins un accroissement de l’insécurité à son égard. La 2e hypothèse avancée est la suivante : les nouvelles perceptions de sécurité et les comportements stratégiques des États de la région engendrent de l’insécurité à l’intérieur des sociétés ainsi qu’une dégradation de la confiance entre les acteurs étatiques. Cela a pour effet d’augmenter la division politique dans l’Arctique et de ralentir toute construction régionale.
Nous concluons, sur la base de nos études de cas, qu’au Canada, la souveraineté, la nordicité et l’intégrité territoriale sont perçues comme étant menacées. De plus, les sécurisations dans l’Arctique semblent faire partie d’un renouvellement stratégique global en matière de politique étrangère et de défense. En Norvège, la Russie est considérée comme l’acteur principal du High North et à partir de 2008, la relation russo-norvégienne a subi une sécurisation. Contrairement au Canada, la Norvège préfère le statu quo stratégique dans l’Arctique en privilégiant les trois éléments traditionnels de sa politique de défense et de sécurité - la dissuasion par l’OTAN, la gestion de la Russie par l’assurance, et l’amélioration des relations est-ouest.This thesis aims to analyse the nature and the scale of the security issues in the contemporary Arctic by utilising the tools offered by the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School. Five security sectors – military, political, identity, environmental and political – and four variables – geography, identity, history and politics – are used to examine the perceptions, the securitizations and the strategic behaviour of Canada and Norway. The first hypothesis put forward in our paper is as follows: since 2005, in Canada and in Norway, we are witnessing in the Arctic progressive securitizations of non military issues – political, identity, environmental and economical – and the cross-sectoral effects have important consequences on the military sector, such as, an increase in state projects that have mostly military components, as well as on the securitization of their territorial integrity or at least on the insecurity towards it. Our second hypothesis is as follows: the new security perceptions and the strategic behaviour of the regional States increases the insecurities within their societies and have negative effects on confidence between state actors. This increases the political divisions and slows down any regional construction. We conclude that in Canada, their sovereignty, their nordicity and their territorial integrity are perceived to be threatened. These securitizations also seem to be part of a radical global strategic change in matters pertaining to their foreign and defence policies. In Norway, Russia is perceived to be the main actor in the High North and since 2008, their bilateral relation has become securitized. As opposed to Canada, Norway seems to prefer the status quo in matters pertaining to their foreign and defence policies. The three traditional elements of their defence and security policy are applied – deterrence through NATO, but reassurance of the Russians and efforts to enhance East-West relations.
Books on the topic "Arctic regions – International status"
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Hønneland, Geir. The politics of the Arctic. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2013.
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Creating regimes: Arctic accords and international governance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
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Young, Oran R. The Arctic Council: Marking a new era in international relations. New York (41 East 70th St., New York 10021): Twentieth Century Fund, 1996.
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1946-, Utriainen Terttu, Roiko Leena, Foley Richard 1955-, and Lapin korkeakoulu. Pohjoismaisen oikeuden instituutti., eds. Legal problems in the Arctic regions. Helsinki: Finnish Lawyers' Pub. Co, 1990.
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J, Dosman Edgar, and York Centre for International and Strategic Studies., eds. Sovereignty and security in the Arctic. London: Routledge, 1989.
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Boggs, Samuel Whittemore. The polar regions: Geographical and historical data for consideration in a study of claims to sovereignty in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Buffalo, NY: W.S. Hein., 1990.
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Griffiths, Franklyn. The arctic as an international political region. Toronto, Canada: Science for Peace, 1988.
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R, Young Oran, and Osherenko Gail, eds. Polar politics: Creating international environmental regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.
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Franklyn, Griffiths, and Science for Peace (Association), eds. Arctic alternatives: Civility or militarism in the circumpolar North. Toronto, Ont., Canada: Science for Peace, 1992.
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Keskitalo, E. C. H. Constructing 'the Arctic': Discourses of international region-building. Rovaniemi: Lapin yliopisto, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Arctic regions – International status"
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Snellman, Outi. "The Evolution of Higher Education Collaboration in the Arctic Through Networking." In The Promise of Higher Education, 127–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_20.
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AbstractAcademic collaboration across the Arctic region—the eight nations bordering the Arctic Circle (United States, Russia, Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Iceland)—was extremely difficult and restricted during the Cold War years, despite efforts like the establishment of UNESCO and, indeed, the International Association of Universities. Issues and problems, however, do not respect national boundaries: for example, the emergence of massive environmental problems across borders in the region became quite clear during the 1980s. The iron curtain was successful in restricting the movement of people and ideas, but not pollutants.
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Molenaar, Erik J. "Status and Reform of International Arctic Fisheries Law." In Arctic Marine Governance, 103–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38595-7_5.
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Molenaar, Erik J. "Status and Reform of International Arctic Shipping Law." In Arctic Marine Governance, 127–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38595-7_6.
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Johansson, Tafsir, and Patrick Donner. "Status Quo of Arctic International Instruments." In SpringerBriefs in Law, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12541-1_1.
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Babkina, L. N., O. V. Skotarenko, Y. A. Nikitin, and E. S. Khatsenko. "Energy Resources in Arctic Regions: Status and Development Prospects." In Proceedings of ARCTD 2021, 69–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99626-0_7.
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Aure, Marit, and Larissa Riabova. "Emotions and community development after return migration in the rural Arctic." In International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions, 159–74. First Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge advances in sociology: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003022367-12.
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Bazhutova, E., T. Skufina, and V. Samarina. "Entrepreneurial Activity of the Russian Arctic Regions: Quantitative Assessments and Management." In Proceeding of the International Science and Technology Conference "FarEastСon 2019", 189–200. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2244-4_16.
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Drèze, Jacques. "Regions of Europe: The Feasibility of a New Administrative Status." In International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and the Economic Environment, 161–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14030-5_9.
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Heinämäki, Leena. "Rethinking the Status of Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Decision-Making: Pondering the Role of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and the Challenge of Climate Change." In Climate Governance in the Arctic, 207–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9542-9_9.
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Satei, Saied. "The Legal Status of the Northwest Passage: Canada’s Jurisdiction or International Law in Light of Recent Developments in Arctic Shipping Regulation?" In Sustainable Shipping in a Changing Arctic, 241–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78425-0_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Arctic regions – International status"
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Hornfeld, Willi. "Status of the Atlas Elektronik’s Modular AUV Family." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92357.
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As opposed to ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles), self-propelled, unmanned autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are becoming increasingly important since, unlike ROVs they can operate completely self-sufficiently, i.e. independent of the carrier platform and cable at practically any depth and for long periods of time, require only minor technical and logistic support and can be used in regions which are inaccessible to manned submersibles or ROVs (e.g. under ice regions). In other words, AUVs are distinguished by a wide range of applications, the extremely high quality of data collected, their very cost-effective operation and the large standoff capability to the carrier platform, the latter bringing about a distinct improvement in terms of carrier platform safety e.g. for military missions. Due to these advantages over conventional systems, AUVs can be employed for a whole variety of applications, such as the following in the commercial sector: • Sea Bed Mapping, • Pipeline and Route Survey, • Inspection/Control, • Site Clearance, • Debris Survey, • Science – Search – Environment – Geology, • Harbour and ship’s hull inspection. Moreover AUVs will play an important role in the military scenario like mine countermeasure as well. Obviously, one single type of AUV will be unable to cover this entire spectrum if — above and beyond the aforementioned applications — one considers the different operating depths ranging from coastal regions (about 10 m) to deep water (approx. 4000 m) and the various possible carrier platforms (helicopters, ships, submarines, shore stations). On the other hand, the development and use of one specific type of AUV for one or a very limited number of mission types would be very expensive, both in terms of costs involved and necessary logistics, and would hardly be acceptable on the market. The solution to this problem is the “modularity” of the AUV subsystems as well as a family concept for the vehicle design. To implement this strategy, ATLAS ELEKTRONIK has forced the development and marketing of an AUV family for a wide array of missions. The family starts with the SeaFox-IQ, a very small and lightweight (40 kg) AUV for 300 m diving depth, based on the extreme successful mine disposal ROV SeaFox. The big brother is the SeaStout, a 100 kg AUV, designed for 300 m too. The SeaOtter Mk1 and SeaOtter Mk2 AUVs are 1500 kg and 1100 kg vehicles for 600 m operations. The leading edge is the AUV DeepC, a 2500 kg experimental vehicle developed for 4000 m depth and up to 60 h endurance. The ATLAS AUV family offer a lot of hard- and software commonality to ensure that serviceability is maintained, while having a high degree of “customisation” in key areas like payload sensor selection ensuring they will meet customer needs.
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Paulin, Mike, Jonathan Caines, Amy Davis, Duane DeGeer, and Todd Cowin. "The Status of Arctic Offshore Pipeline Standards and Technology." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19290.
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Abstract Offshore pipelines in an Arctic or ice-covered environment face unique challenges different from traditional subsea pipeline design. In 2018, Intecsea as lead consultancy delivered a report to the US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) Alaska Region which provided a comprehensive review and gap analysis of the Status of Arctic Pipeline Standards and Technology. The objective of this study was to provide BSEE with a comprehensive review and gap analysis of current offshore Arctic pipeline design standards, codes and regulations pertaining to design and development of offshore pipelines in the Arctic, and to report on the state-of-the-art and emerging technologies for offshore pipelines in Arctic applications. Project development information from nine existing offshore Arctic pipelines in the U.S., Canada, and Russia was summarized, as well as guidelines and industry best-practice for monitoring and leak detection. This paper provides an overview of the results of this study; what offshore Arctic-specific pipeline design and construction challenges may entail, how they have been overcome in past projects, perceived gaps in regulations, and technology advancements that may help with future developments. This paper also summarizes the results of a comprehensive review and gap analysis of Arctic pipeline standards, assessment of the suitability of a single-walled versus pipe-in-pipe system for Arctic applications and presents information on some of the advancements in pipeline design, installation, operations and repair solutions that may be applicable to an Arctic environment.
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Previsic, Mirko. "Ocean Energy in the United States: An Overview." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80236.
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The total US generation potential of emerging marine renewable energy sources could provide a significant contribution to the US renewable energy mix. This paper discusses the resource potential for power generation within different geographic regions. The paper further addresses technology status and barriers to development.
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Zhou, Joe, David Horsley, and Brian Rothwell. "Application of Strain-Based Design for Pipelines in Permafrost Areas." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10054.
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The pipeline industry in United States and Canada is actively pursuing major pipeline development opportunities in arctic and sub-arctic regions. The discontinuous permafrost in the arctic and sub-arctic regions poses significant challenges to design, construction and operation of transmission pipelines and facilities. Dependent on the temperature ranges that a pipeline is operating within, the pipeline may be subjected to significant amounts of frost heave and thaw settlement which could potentially induce excessive stresses and strains into the pipeline. To ensure pipeline safety and integrity and to maintain project economics, an alternative design methodology is required based on a strain-based approach. This paper describes the strain based design methodology, the progress made in past years on its application and the need for future development.
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Gudmestad, Ove Tobias, Yaroslav Efimov, and Konstantin Kornishin. "Winterization Needs for Platforms Operating in Low Temperature Environment." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10045.
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According to a common belief which is shared by a lot of specialists from different areas petroleum business goes far into the offshore. One of the most promising regions of hydrocarbon production in the nearest future is stated to be Arctic region. But this surprisingly rich region is also happens to be one of the toughest and challenging areas to operate. Due to extremely cold air temperatures, strong winds, presence of ice and other harsh physical and climatic conditions safety requirements and technological demands call for new conceptual solutions for constructions that are panned to be used in Arctic. For exploration and production facilities in the cold climate the following aspects are essential: personnel and environment safety, as well as uninterrupted fail-safe technological process. In cold climates the main concern goes to low ambient air temperatures and presence/accretion of ice. Cold temperatures affect both personnel and equipment on the platform. To protect platform from influence of cold temperatures special heated covers can be used. This solution has certain concerns with heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and energy supply systems. Yet another way here might be partial cover of equipment with special shelters and climatic modifications. Ice is considered to be the second limiting factor: sea ice that requires ICE CLASS vessels or specially designed platforms (not to mention ice bergs) and icing that endangers all unprotected systems on the platform. To deal with these threats different strategies might be used but there is still no one answer. Every case is some kind of unique when speaking about Arctic constructions. Ice-induced vibrations observed on platforms in the Bohay bay that haven’t been studied or even considered is a good example. Winterization for platforms is not fully developed yet and requires deeper research. The paper anticipates different codes and standards for offshore oil and gas facilities to be designed to operate in low temperature environments (American Bureau of Shipping ABS, Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas DNV, International Organization for Standardization ISO, Canadian Standards Association CSA). These rules are compared against the experience of several major oil and gas operators and service companies gained during studies of conceptual design for Arctic exploration and production constructions at pre-FEED and FEED stages. The most important winterization concerns are highlighted and scrutinized.
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Sequeiros, Octavio, Sze Yu Ang, Craig Clavin, Jon Upton, Cliff Ho, and Auke van der Werf. "Managing Pipeline Integrity and Dynamic Free Spans on Mobile Seabed in the Southern North Sea." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63455.
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Abstract This paper describes the continuous improvement efforts to manage the integrity status of the Southern North Sea subsea pipeline system in the context of free spanning. The dynamic free-spanning threat is typically attributed to a mobile seabed. Current and wave action are constantly moving and eroding sediment by means of sand wave migration and scouring. It can lead to a fluctuation in span characteristics with respect to span length, span height and location over time. It makes pipeline integrity demonstration and spans remediation challenges. Focus areas include (1) identifying regions where operational pipelines are susceptible to critical span formation (2) understanding the broader context of seabed mobility, supported by several years of multibeam echo sound and met ocean data (3) risk-ranking & criticality of span formation (4) developing simplified calculation tool that allows fatigue damage to be estimated and accumulated for every location along the pipeline, conservatively (5) optimising and incorporating risk/event-based survey requirements (6) identification of suitable remediation solutions and developing a decision flow chart to facilitate selection of fit for purpose remediation solutions, with respect to span configuration and the surrounding seabed features. The outcome has improved the robustness of span management, reduced “reactive” span remediation activities, and allowed application of sound technical theory to allocate pipeline traffic light integrity status regarding the observed free spans.
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Howell, Carl, Martin Richard, Joshua Barnes, and Tony King. "Short-Term Operational Sea Ice Forecasting for Arctic Shipping." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42085.
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The Arctic sea ice is declining in extent, volume and thickness. With this decline comes an increased interest in the two main Arctic shipping routes: Canada’s Northwest Passage (NWP) and Russian Northern Sea Route (NSR). The NWP is the most direct route between Asia and the East coast of North America. Some routes are up to 40% shorter than those using the Suez Canal. With commercial and contractual implications, Arctic shipping route access needs to be predictable with sufficient lead time to allow optimization. This paper presents a methodology for forecasting the timing and length of the open-water season (by determining freeze-up and break-up dates) on regional scales at key locations in the NWP along with examples of applications. A suite of statistical models were developed to forecast the timing and length of the open-water season at key locations within the NWP, using a multi-node based quadratic discriminant (QD) approach. Forecasts are feasible up to four weeks in advance. Ensembles of QD models were built for key regions using a feature selection method to select an optimized set of input parameters to better discriminate between two states (i.e., ice or open-water). The set of available features used included observed and modeled environmental, oceanographic and atmospheric parameters. Results of models with a 28-day forecast horizon show that over 59% of predictions for break-up and 79% of predictions for freeze-up fall within a ±4-day range, which is the error on the reference dates derived from the weekly CIS ice charts.
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Nuckols, Marshall, Jerry Henkener, Jeffrey Chao, Chris Shaffer, and Matthew Swiergosz. "Manned Evaluation of a Prototype Cold Water Diving Garment Using Superinsulation Aerogel Materials." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92026.
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During January 2005, the U. S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) in Panama City, Florida conducted a repeated measures series of twelve test dives, each up to three hours in duration, to compare the thermal performance of a prototype diving garment using a superinsulation aerogel fabric with that of a commercially-available Thinsulate garment worn beneath a commercial dry suit. The thermal benefit of the experimental aerogel garment was determined by statistics describing psychological and physical thermal status data from the aerogel and the commercial Thinsulate garments. All tests were conducted to simulate long-duration cold water conditions in the NEDU test pool, where water temperature was maintained between 1.7 and 4.4 °C (35 and 40 °F). Divers remained immobile while either lying or sitting in chairs on the bottom of the test pool, and they subjectively reported their thermal comfort at 30-minute intervals during each dive. Mean dive durations were found to be approximately 43% longer when divers wore the prototype aerogel garment than when they wore an M400 Thinsulate liner. The prototype aerogel garment also enhanced thermal protection to the fingers and toes, although thermal stress to these body regions still remained the most frequent reason for aborting dives. Future research should include work on localized active heating of the hands and feet to augment the thermal insulation of the prototype aerogel garment.
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Islam, A. B. M. Saiful, Mohammed Jameel, Suhail Ahmad, and Mohd Zamin Jumaat. "Nonlinear Response of Coupled Integrated Spar Platform Under Severe Sea States." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83862.
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The oil and gas industry has moved towards the offshore deep water regions due to depletion of these resources in shallow and intermediate water depths. Conventional fixed jacket type platforms and bottom supported compliant platforms have been found to be inefficient and uneconomical for exploring these resources in deep water regions. In view of deep water conditions, Spar platforms have been seen to be the most economical and suitable alternative offshore platforms. Several operational Spar platforms such as SB-1, Shell’s ESSCO, Brent Spar, Oryx Neptune Spar, Chevron Genesis Spar and Exxon’s Diana Spar in the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea have shown the effectiveness and success of such platforms in deep-ocean. In deep water conditions, the severity of sea states has substantial effects on the spar platform. The mooring lines contribute significant inertia and damping because of their longer lengths, larger sizes, and heavier weights. Precise motion investigation of platforms should consider these actions in deep waters. However, proper dynamics cannot be assessed by the commonly used decoupled quasi-static method that ignores all or part of the interaction effects between the mooring lines and platform. Coupled analysis, which includes the platform and mooring lines in a single model, is the only way to capture the damping from mooring lines in a consistent manner. In the present study, coupled analysis of integrated Spar-mooring system has been performed. Cylindrical spar hull is treated as a rigid beam element and catenary mooring line as hybrid beam element. Nonlinear dynamic responses have been evaluated under several severe sea states of dissimilar wave heights and wave periods. Damping due to mooring lines has been assessed. An automatic Newmark-β time incremental approach has been implemented to conduct the analysis in time domain. Wave induced spar hull motion in surge, heave and pitch direction along with maximum tension in mooring line has been assessed for different wave conditions with and without current in 1018 m water depth. The time histories of spar responses follow substantial alteration for larger wave heights and wave periods. Maximum tensions in mooring line are very sensitive with momentous value for extreme sea loading. Mooring tension responses are significantly different reflecting the damping effect of mooring lines.
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Miyazaki, Marcelo N. R., José Renato M. de Sousa, Gilberto B. Ellwanger, and Vinicius R. da Silva. "A Three-Dimensional FE Approach for the Fatigue Analysis of Flexible Pipes Tensile Armors Inside End Fittings." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18657.
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Abstract During the end fitting (EF) assembly, the tensile armors of flexible pipes are folded and then unfolded to allow the assessment to the inner sheath and the activation of the inner sealing system. This procedure leaves residual stresses and plastic deformations on these armors, which affect their fatigue resistance and, consequently, the overall performance of the pipe. Hence, in this work, a methodology to predict the fatigue resistance of tensile armors inside an EF is proposed. This methodology relies on stresses calculated with a previously presented three-dimensional finite element (FE) approach and is employed to analyze the fatigue response of a 6” production riser in catenary configuration. This fatigue analysis not only addresses the effects from several irregular sea states but also the local stress concentrations associated with the EF assembly and pre-operational tests (e. g., Factory Acceptance Test, FAT). The results obtained indicate that the EF entrance may be a critical point for fatigue failure and, moreover, the lower fatigue resistance is related to a region where higher alternate stresses occur despite the very high mean stresses are observed in other regions along the tensile armors.
Reports on the topic "Arctic regions – International status"
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Clinic-Based Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services in Africa: Findings from Situation Analysis Studies. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1000.
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The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) supported publication of “Clinic-Based Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services in Africa: Findings from Situation Analysis Studies.” The book reflects USAID's commitment to improving quality of reproductive health (RH) care and expanding access for underserved groups. Nowhere are these efforts more important than in Africa, where use of family planning (FP) and other measures of RH status are lowest among the world’s regions. Providing high-quality health services that meet couples' reproductive needs is a socially just and humane goal in itself. Moreover, higher-quality services can be expected to result in better outcomes with regard to measures of client satisfaction, continuation of contraceptive use, and RH, which in turn have positive implications for the individual client and the population at large. This book presents results from 12 Situation Analysis studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa between 1989 and 1996. By synthesizing these findings from nearly a decade of research, the book contributes to the understanding and improvement of FP and RH programs in sub-Saharan Africa and around the world.