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1
Pearson, Michael. "Sledges and sledging in polar regions." Polar Record 31, no. 176 (January 1995): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024827.
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ABSTRACTSledges have been used for millennia in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Until the advent of British Arctic land exploration in the nineteenth century, explorers in these regions had relied on indigenous sledges. The British, and individuals from other nations engaging in polar exploration, often faced different conditions and challenges from those that had faced indigenous peoples, and so a period of adaptation and invention began, to develop sledges that better suited the needs of European survey parties. This paper looks at the range of indigenous sledges and the development of various polar sledge types based on indigenous ski-runner, edge-runner, and toboggan styles of sledges. The development of the Nansen sledge, which became the norm in the Antarctic, is discussed, and the issues and debates involving man-hauling versus dog-hauling and the relative effectiveness of sledges and motive power as shown by recorded sledging performances are outlined.
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Kinossian, Nadir. "Re-colonising the Arctic: The preparation of spatial planning policy in Murmansk Oblast, Russia." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774x16648331.
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The Russian state is strengthening its positions in the Arctic in order to exploit its resources, develop transport routes, and reverse depopulation trends in the country's northern regions. The ambitions of the Russian state to ‘recolonise’ the Arctic pose questions about the role of the region in the policy-making process dominated by the central state and the emerging geography of the Arctic. This article analyses these relationships using Murmansk Oblast’ as a case study. It argues that (i) there is a shift in Russia's Arctic policy – from withdrawal to re-engagement via mega-projects in energy and transport infrastructure sectors. Changes in global energy markets suggest that Arctic expansionism driven by energy projects is not sustainable; (ii) the policy framework remains incoherent as the central state revises its priorities; (iii) within the emerging polity, regions are neither ‘transmission belts’ of national policy nor independent players; instead, regions such as Murmansk Oblast’ are produced via multiscalar processes of policy making, institutionalisation, and discursive practices.
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Hill, Jen. "National Bodies: Robert Southey's Life of Nelson and John Franklin's Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea." Nineteenth-Century Literature 61, no. 4 (March 1, 2007): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2007.61.4.417.
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This essay investigates the Arctic as an important, if unlikely, location for the formation of a British national and imperial masculinity in the early nineteenth century. Robert Southey's Life of Nelson (1813) established the national naval hero's heroic masculinity as Arctic in origin, revealing the utility of the Arctic in making British character legible. Perceived as unpopulated and "blank," Arctic geography stood in stark contrast to populated,torrid regions of the colonized tropics. The essay concludes with an examination of John Franklin's best-selling Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea(1823). This account of hardship, imperiled bodies, and cannibalism in an uncertain geography would appear to contradict Southey's claims. Yet despite the expedition's failures, Franklin's narrative only augments public perception of the Arctic as a proving ground for a British masculinity uniquely suited to imperial projects.
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Nilsen, Trond. "Firm-driven path creation in arctic peripheries." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 32, no. 2 (February 5, 2017): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094217691481.
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In this paper, the author argues that path creation in regions could be connected to extra-regional firms, networks, and knowledge . However, since the 1990s, the field of evolutionary economic geography has emphasized the importance of endogenous factors in explaining mechanisms of growth and decline. In the debate on path development, there has been strong trust in internal regional processes, where regional innovation systems, related variety, and regional branching have been important sources of new growth patterns. Consequently, the anchoring of multinational corporations in regions as new sources of regional growth and firms’ strategic behavior has received less attention in the evolutionary economic geography discourse. There is less understanding of path creation as “outside-in” transplantation and of the role of extra-regional sources of knowledge and new path development. Accordingly, as peripheral regions often lack notions of relatedness within economic sectors, they depend on exogenous sources of new path development. By applying a set of quantitative and qualitative data from the buildup of a new offshore cluster in the petroleum sector off the coast of Finnmark in Northern Norway, the author suggests that firm behavior within a multiscalar network of actors plays a dominant strategic role in the development of new paths in the periphery. He argues that exogenous development impulses in the form of a combination of multinational corporations, state policies of local content, and the inflow of new knowledge through the inward transplantation of firms from outside can initiate new industrial paths. Thus, the author raises fundamental questions about the applicability of models of endogenous path creation in peripheral regions and suggests a new analytical framework for understanding how the entry of strategic firms connects with different regional paths.
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Stone, Ian R. "F. W. Farrar's poem ‘The Arctic regions’, 1852." Polar Record 24, no. 149 (April 1988): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400008810.
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Goodall, Brian, C. M. Hall, and M. E. Johnston. "Polar Tourism. Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions." Geographical Journal 162, no. 2 (July 1996): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059903.
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Magomedov, Arbahan K. "“OLD” AND “NEW” SOCIAL MOBILITY IN THE RUSSIAN NORTH AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF POLAR ISLAM (STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON THROUGH THE COGNITIVE POTENTIAL OF TRANSGRESSION)." ISSUES OF ETHNOPOLITICS, no. 1 (2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-7041-2020-1-66-74.
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This work explores one of the most poorly studied aspects of Russian Arctic research: Muslim development in the regions of the rapidly changing Russian North. The concept of the “new Muslin geography of Russia” is introduced in the article to describe how the emergence and development of new Islamic
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Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon. "The Ukraine crisis moves north. Is Arctic conflict spill-over driven by material interests?" Polar Record 53, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000735.
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ABSTRACTThe Ukraine crisis has led to tensions between Russia and the western states and the Arctic is one of the affected regions. Regional cooperation, institutions, and international law are essential for Arctic governance, and the crisis may thus have wide-ranging consequences for high north politics. The present article develops an interest-based model of Arctic conflict spill-over and examines its strength, based on a case-study of the first 18 months of the Ukraine crisis. Three hypotheses for Arctic conflict spill-over are developed: Arctic conflict spill-over will be less severe than spill-over in other regions, the western states will be more assertive than Russia, and the smaller Arctic states will be less assertive than the larger states. A review of the crisis confirms the bulk of these hypotheses with some exceptions, thus demonstrating that an interests-based model holds some merit, while also showing that a complete understanding of Arctic conflict spill-over necessitates a broader approach. The article concludes that conflict spillover is unlikely, but not impossible, in the Arctic.
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Poland, John S., Martin J. Riddle, and Barbara A. Zeeb. "Contaminants in the Arctic and the Antarctic: a comparison of sources, impacts, and remediation options." Polar Record 39, no. 4 (October 2003): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403002985.
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Contaminants, in freezing ground or elsewhere in the world, are of concern not simply because of their presence but because of their potential for detrimental effects on human health, the biota, or other valued aspects of the environment. Understanding these effects is central to any attempt to manage or remediate contaminated land. The polar regions are different from other parts of the world, and it would be naïve to assume that the mass of information developed in temperate regions can be applied without modification to the polar regions. Despite their obvious environmental similarities, there are important differences between the Arctic and Antarctic. The landmass of the Arctic is much warmer than that of the Antarctic and as a result has a much greater diversity and abundance of flora. Because of its proximity to industrial areas in the Northern Hemisphere, the Arctic also experiences a higher input of contaminants via long-range aerial transport. In addition, the Arctic, with its indigenous population and generally undisputed territorial claims, has long been the subject of resource utilisation, including harvesting of living resources, mineral extraction, and the construction of military infrastructure. The history of human activity in Antarctica is relatively brief, but in this time there has been a series of quite distinct phases, culminating in the Antarctic now holding a unique position in the world. Activities in the Antarctic are governed by the Antarctic Treaty, which contains provisions dealing with environmental matters. The differences between the polar regions and the rest of the world, and between the Arctic and the Antarctic, significantly affect scientific and engineering approaches to the remediation of contamination in polar regions. This paper compares and contrasts the Arctic and Antarctic with respect to geography, configuration, habitation, logistics, environmental guidelines, regulations, and remediation protocols. Chemical contamination is also discussed in terms of its origin and major concerns and interests, particularly with reference to current remediation activities and site-restoration methodology.
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Tonami, Aki. "Influencing the imagined ‘polar regions’: the politics of Japan's Arctic and Antarctic policies." Polar Record 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000419.
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ABSTRACTHow does a state that is not a ‘natural’ Arctic or Antarctic state perceive the polar regions, interpret their roles in its foreign policy and translate this into actual polar policy? This paper seeks to answer these questions by comparing the Arctic and Antarctic policies of Japan. The paper shows that Japan's national image of the polar regions as a combined region began before World War II due to its imperial past of joining the race to the Antarctic and the Arctic. However, from a policy point of view, the polar regions for Japan long meant primarily Antarctica. Japan, as a defeated power and a late-comer to the international system established after World War II, takes a liberal position in the governance of Antarctica. Having and maintaining a capability to conduct scientific research in the Antarctic via international decision-making institutions has been considered an important status marker associated with great power identity. Regarding the Arctic, Japan attempts to replicate the general success of its Antarctic policy, backed by tools of science and technological diplomacy, the purpose of which is to revive its domestic economy. Japan's scientific whaling in the Antarctic is primarily a domestic, identity-based political conflict between a nostalgia for Japan's imperial past and its more modern, liberal identity of today.
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Dahl, Justiina, Peder Roberts, and Lize-Marié van der Watt. "Is there anything natural about the polar?" Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000652.
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AbstractAre similarities of temperature, snow and ice cover, and (certain) marine mammals sufficient to warrant both polar regions being considered a single object of study or governance? We argue that their treatment as a unit is an invitation to examine the motivations behind the choice to be polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic. For individuals such as James Clerk Ross or Roald Amundsen, logistical requirements and analogous goals facilitated careers spanning both the Arctic and the Antarctic. This trend continued through the 20th century as individual scientists studying phenomena such as glaciers, sea ice, or aurora defined their research as “polar” in nature. Organisations such as the Scott Polar Research Institute and Norwegian Polar Institute could draw on traditions of national exploration in both polar regions, while the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg gained its southern mandate with the importance of the International Geophysical Year. By comparison, neither the Arctic Institute in Copenhagen nor the Argentine Antarctic Institute felt any need to become polar. The creation of polar identity is ultimately a matter of geopolitics, of the value states see in instruments and symbols that speak to polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic interests. In cases such as Finland’s icebreaker industry, a technological capability justified Antarctic interest even without any national research tradition. We conclude by asking whether there is anything more natural about the polar regions than there is about the concept of a “tripolar” world in which the high alpine regions form a natural unit along with the Arctic and Antarctic.
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Rothwell, Donald R. "Australian and Canadian initiatives in polar marine environmental protection: a comparative review." Polar Record 34, no. 191 (October 1998): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026012.
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AbstractIncreasing attention has been given to the protection of the polar marine environment throughout the 1990s. In the case of the Antarctic Treaty System, in addition to a number of recommendations and measures adopted at Antarctic Treaty Meetings, the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty contains a number of measures that will enhance marine environmental protection in the Southern Ocean. In the case of the Arctic, the 1991 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy identified marine pollution as being one of the major environmental issues in the Arctic, and a number of initiatives have since been developed to encourage the Arctic states to deal with the problem collectively and individually. However, while the collective responses of the polar states have been helpful in giving prominence to the importance of marine environmental protection in polar waters, it is the coastal states of the polar regions that need to take responsibility to give effect to these initiatives. Australia and Canada are two of the most prominent polar states in Antarctica and the Arctic, respectively. Both have large maritime claims and have also developed a range of domestic legal and policy responses to enhance marine environmental protection in the polar regions. A review is undertaken of the respective global and regional marine environmental protection regimes that apply in the polar regions, followed by a comparative analysis of the Australian and Canadian initiatives.
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Byers, Michael. "Cold, dark, and dangerous: international cooperation in the arctic and space." Polar Record 55, no. 1 (January 2019): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000160.
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AbstractThis article compares Russian–Western cooperation in the Arctic and Space, with a focus on why cooperation continued after the 2014 annexation of Crimea. On the basis of this comparative approach, continued cooperation is linked to the following factors: (1) the Arctic and Space are remote and extreme environments; (2) they are militarised but not substantially weaponised; (3) they both suffer from ‘tragedies of the commons’; (4) Arctic and Space-faring states engage in risk management through international law-making; (5) Arctic and Space relations rely on consensus decision-making; (6) Arctic and Space relations rely on soft law; (7) Arctic states and Space-faring states interact within a situation of ‘complex interdependence’; (8) Russia and the United States are resisting greater Chinese involvement in these regions. The article concludes with the following contribution to international relations theory: The more that states need to cooperate in a particular region or issue-area, and the more they become accustomed to doing so, the more resilient that cooperation will become to tensions and breakdowns in other regions and issue-areas. This phenomenon can be termed ‘complex and resilient interdependence’, to signify that complex independence is more than a description. It can, sometimes, affect the course of state-to-state relations.
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Ehrich, Dorothee, Alma E. Thuestad, Hans Tømmervik, Per Fauchald, and Vera H. Hausner. "Local land use associated with socio-economic development in six arctic regions." Ambio 48, no. 6 (September 4, 2018): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1095-y.
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Sheng, Yongwei, Laurence C. Smith, Karen E. Frey, and Douglas E. Alsdorf. "A high temporal resolution data set of ERS scatterometer radar backscatter for research in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions." Polar Record 38, no. 205 (April 2002): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017502.
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AbstractRadar backscatter in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions is temporally dynamic and reflects changes in sea ice, glacier facies, soil thaw state, vegetation cover, and moisture content. Wind scatterometers on the ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites have amassed a global archive of C-band radar backscatter data since 1991. This paper derives three high temporal resolution data products from this archive that are designed to facilitate scatterometer research in high-latitude environments. Radar backscatter data have a grid spacing of 25 km and are mapped northwards from 60°N latitude over intervals of one, three, and seven days for the period 1991–2000. Data are corrected to a normalized incident angle of 40°. Animations and full-resolution data products are freely available for scientific use at http://merced.gis.ucla.edu/scatterometer/index.htm.
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Korchak, E. A. "The COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian Arctic: some socio-economic results of 2020." Arctic: Ecology and Economy 11, no. 3 (September 2021): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2021-3-353-361.
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The relevance of this study is determined by the fundamentally new reality of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is expected will significantly exacerbate the systemic problems of the Russian Arctic, increase the need for state control over main spheres of life and produce precedents for changes in corporate governance practices in the Arctic. The study intends to identify the current socio-economic dynamics of the Russian Arctic regions under the COVID-19 pandemic. The author set the following objectives for her study: analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic as a threat to the economic security of the Russian Arctic, review of the actions of resource corporations and regional authorities under the COVID-19 pandemic, including in relation to the indigenous population of the North, and analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy of the Russian Arctic regions. Among the main socio-economic outcomes of 2020 for the Russian Arctic in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the author identifies a decline in economic activity and an increase in unemployment.
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Yevseyev, A. V., and T. M. Krasovskaya. "Regions of adverse environmental impact in the Russian arctic and subarctic." Polar Geography 22, no. 2 (April 1998): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889379809377642.
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Angot, Hélène, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, Katarina Gårdfeldt, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Sarka Langer, et al. "Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury in polar regions: review of recent measurements and comparison with models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 16 (August 30, 2016): 10735–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016.
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Abstract. Mercury (Hg) is a worldwide contaminant that can cause adverse health effects to wildlife and humans. While atmospheric modeling traces the link from emissions to deposition of Hg onto environmental surfaces, large uncertainties arise from our incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes (oxidation pathways, deposition, and re-emission). Atmospheric Hg reactivity is exacerbated in high latitudes and there is still much to be learned from polar regions in terms of atmospheric processes. This paper provides a synthesis of the atmospheric Hg monitoring data available in recent years (2011–2015) in the Arctic and in Antarctica along with a comparison of these observations with numerical simulations using four cutting-edge global models. The cycle of atmospheric Hg in the Arctic and in Antarctica presents both similarities and differences. Coastal sites in the two regions are both influenced by springtime atmospheric Hg depletion events and by summertime snowpack re-emission and oceanic evasion of Hg. The cycle of atmospheric Hg differs between the two regions primarily because of their different geography. While Arctic sites are significantly influenced by northern hemispheric Hg emissions especially in winter, coastal Antarctic sites are significantly influenced by the reactivity observed on the East Antarctic ice sheet due to katabatic winds. Based on the comparison of multi-model simulations with observations, this paper discusses whether the processes that affect atmospheric Hg seasonality and interannual variability are appropriately represented in the models and identifies research gaps in our understanding of the atmospheric Hg cycling in high latitudes.
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Norris, Andrew J., and Patrick McKinley. "The central Arctic Ocean-preventing another tragedy of the commons." Polar Record 53, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741600067x.
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ABSTRACTArctic sea ice is melting, slowly but inexorably. As the ice disappears, mankind will be afforded access to regions and activities, including commercial fishing, that have been inaccessible for our entire recorded history. There is currently no regulatory body or mechanism in the high seas Arctic (also referred to as the central Arctic Ocean) to conserve and manage fish stocks, the distribution and concentration of which are poorly understood, and that might be the target of commercial fisheries. This article examines the extent and nature of ice recession in the Arctic, and its likely effect on the accessibility of central Arctic ocean fisheries to commercial exploitation. It then discusses what is known of Arctic fish stocks, both those already extant, and those that might become established or enhanced as a result of changing environmental conditions. It examines international regimes for managing fish stocks that exist either in whole or in part in global maritime commons, and existing fisheries governance mechanisms in the Arctic, and finds them to be lacking. Finally, using the Bering Sea Arctic pollock stock collapse case study as a historical analogue, this article contends that the time is now for putting in place a regional fisheries management organisation to manage and conserve central Arctic Ocean fish stocks.
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Johnston, Margaret E. "Polar tourism regulation strategies: controlling visitors through codes of conduct and legislation." Polar Record 33, no. 184 (January 1997): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400014121.
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AbstractControlling visitor impacts in polar regions continues to be important in both the Antarctic and Arctic. Concerns relate to impacts on the physical environment, cultural heritage, and host communities or scientific bases, as well as a recognition that safety and liability are major issues for governments, commercial operators, and local populations. Strategies for controlling tourists include visitor and operator codes and formal legislation. This paper summarises several approaches to visitor regulation in polar regions in order to illustrate the ways in which concerns about tourist impacts are being addressed. Similar issues arise throughout the polar regions, although in some places a particular emphasis might indicate a specific area of concern for a community, region, nation, or segment of the tourism industry. While a comprehensive strategy might be appropriate in many respects in the Arctic, it is also important to acknowledge the significance of more specific concerns. This paper first describes regulation of tourist behaviour and considers general issues of strategy effectiveness. Then it examines the approaches to visitor regulation used in the Antarctic and on S valbard as examples that may be of use in the further development of strategies in the Arctic. The paper then discusses an evolving strategy for control in the Northwest Territories, Canada. This strategy differs from these other approaches in that it targets a specific segment of the visitor population: those undertaking adventure expeditions.
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Harcourt, Alexander H. "Human phylogeography and diversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (July 18, 2016): 8072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601068113.
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Homo sapiens phylogeography begins with the species’ origin nearly 200 kya in Africa. First signs of the species outside Africa (in Arabia) are from 125 kya. Earliest dates elsewhere are now 100 kya in China, 45 kya in Australia and southern Europe (maybe even 60 kya in Australia), 32 kya in northeast Siberia, and maybe 20 kya in the Americas. Humans reached arctic regions and oceanic islands last—arctic North America about 5 kya, mid- and eastern Pacific islands about 2–1 kya, and New Zealand about 700 y ago. Initial routes along coasts seem the most likely given abundant and easily harvested shellfish there as indicated by huge ancient oyster shell middens on all continents. Nevertheless, the effect of geographic barriers—mountains and oceans—is clear. The phylogeographic pattern of diasporas from several single origins—northeast Africa to Eurasia, southeast Eurasia to Australia, and northeast Siberia to the Americas—allows the equivalent of a repeat experiment on the relation between geography and phylogenetic and cultural diversity. On all continents, cultural diversity is high in productive low latitudes, presumably because such regions can support populations of sustainable size in a small area, therefore allowing a high density of cultures. Of course, other factors operate. South America has an unusually low density of cultures in its tropical latitudes. A likely factor is the phylogeographic movement of peoples from the Old World bringing novel and hence, lethal diseases to the New World, a foretaste, perhaps, of present day global transport of tropical diseases.
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Moiseenko, Tatyana I., Natalia A. Gashkina, Marina I. Dinu, Tatiana A. Kremleva, and Vitaliy Yu Khoroshavin. "Water Chemistry of Arctic Lakes under Airborne Contamination of Watersheds." Water 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061659.
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The data on the metal contents and acidification of small lakes caused by airborne contamination of the watershed in three industrial regions of the Arctic—European Russia (Kola region), Western (Yamal-Nenets region) and Eastern Siberia (Norilsk region)—have been presented for the first time. It has been proven that acidification and enrichment by metals of water connect with sulfur dioxide and metals emissions from copper–nickel smelters, contaminating the catchments, with associated gas burning during raw hydrocarbon production. To assess the effects of acid deposition, critical loads and their exceeds were calculated: exceeded by 56% and 12.5%, respectively, in lakes in the Kola region and in the north of Western Siberia; the catchments of the East Siberian region are resistant to acidification. Water enrichment factors (EF) by elements were calculated to show that the waters of the Norilsk and Kola regions are enriched with Ni, Cd, As, Sb and Se as a result of emissions from copper–nickel smelters. The oil and gas industry in the northern regions of Western Siberia lead to the increase in V, Pb and Mo concentrations in the waters. The high values of EF and excess of acidity critical loads for water are explained by the local and transboundary pollution impacts on the catchment of small lakes.
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Conn, Jeffery S., Christina Behr-Andres, Janice Wiegers, Ed Meggert, and Nick Glover. "Remediation of Arctic tundra following petroleum or salt water spills." Polar Record 37, no. 202 (July 2001): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400027297.
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AbstractOil exploration and production in the Arctic regions has resulted in spills of petroleum and salt water in tundra ecosystems. The transportation and use of refined petroleum in Arctic regions has also led to spills, and the cleanup and ecosystem restoration in these systems can often be complicated by the existence of ice-rich soil permafrost. Compaction, removal, or tearing of the protective vegetation and organic soil can result in thermokarsting and associated changes in plant communities, which may persist for decades. Such problems led the State of Alaska to establish recovery-based clean-up regulations for spills to tundra.A review was conducted of published literature, government agency spill files, and industry reports concerning spills of petroleum and saline water in tundra regions. A tundra spill database was created, which allows the determination of the spill frequency of refined petroleum, crude oil, and saline water. Refined-petroleum spills are more common and smaller than crude-oil and saline-water spills. Most spills are to wet tundra during winter, and winter spills are more effectively cleaned up than those in summer. In winter, snow contains most spills, frozen soil and frozen water bodies prevent much soil penetration, plants are dormant, and operation of heavy equipment is feasible on frozen ground. The use of fire to reduce the volume of petroleum spills in winter is not recommended. Heat from burning petroleum can melt snow, thaw soil, and allow the penetration of petroleum into soil.
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Volkov, A. E., and J. de Korte. "Protected nature areas in the Russian Arctic." Polar Record 30, no. 175 (October 1994): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024566.
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ABSTRACTThe protected nature area system in Russia is well developed in general, although not as well in the Arctic. On 1 January 1994 the total area of all types of Arctic reserves covered about 19.7 million ha, comprising about 10.2% of the area of the Russian Arctic. There are five categories of protected nature areas: strict nature reserwes (zapovedniki), national nature parks (natsional'nyye parki), nature monuments (pamyatniki prirody), special purpose reserves (zakazniki), and nature-ethnic parks (prirodno-etnicheskiye parki). The system of the zapovednik is unique. The oldest strict nature reserve in the Arctic is Kandalakshskiy (1939). Other major nature reserves include Ostrov Vrangelya (created in 1976), Taymyrskiy (1979), Ust-Lenskiy (1985), and Bol'shoy Arkticheskiy (1993). The first nature-ethnic park in the Arctic, Beringiya, was established in 1993. Because of the unstable economic and political situation in Russia, the nature protection system has a difficult time. Furthermore, the legal structure that defines the purpose of and responsibility for these areas is sometimes not completely clear, and a great deal is dependent on presidential decrees that, through time, have limited validity. The cooperation of Russian, western European, and North American scientists who study birds breeding in the Russian Arctic and migration patterns to temperate regions could give major support to the nature re-serves in the Russian Arctic.
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Hewitt, G. M. "Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1442 (February 29, 2004): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1388.
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An appreciation of the scale and frequency of climatic oscillations in the past few million years is modifying our views on how evolution proceeds. Such major events caused extinction and repeated changes in the ranges of those taxa that survived. Their spatial effects depend on latitude and topography, with extensive extinction and recolonization in higher latitudes and altitudinal shifts and complex refugia nearer the tropics. The associated population dynamics varied with life history and geography, and the present genetic constitution of the populations and species carry attenuated signals of these past dynamics. Phylogeographic studies with DNA have burgeoned recently and studies are reviewed from the arctic, temperate and tropical regions, seeking commonalities of cause in the resulting genetic patterns. Arctic species show distinct shallow genetic clades with common geographical boundaries. Thus Beringia is distinct phylogeographically, but its role as a refugial source is complex. Arctic taxa do not show the common genetic pattern of southern richness and northern purity in north-temperate species. Temperate refugial regions in Europe and North America show relatively deep DNA divergence for many taxa, indicating their presence over several Ice Ages, and suggesting a mode of speciation by repeated allopatry. DNA evidence indicates temperate species in Europe had different patterns of postglacial colonization across the same area and different ones in previous oscillations, whereas the northwest region of North America was colonized from the north, east and south. Tropical montane regions contain deeply diverged lineages, often in a relatively small geographical area, suggesting their survival there from the Pliocene. Our poor understanding of refugial biodiversity would benefit from further combined fossil and genetic studies.
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Rees, W. G., E. I. Golubeva, and M. Williams. "Are vegetation indices useful in the Arctic?" Polar Record 34, no. 191 (October 1998): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026036.
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AbstractThis paper describes a preliminary investigation of the extent to which the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), derived from satellite optical imagery, can indicate the extent of damage to upland tundra (fruticose lichen and dwarf shrub) vegetation. We combine the results of a previously reported classification of Landsat multispectral scanner imagery from Kol'skiy Poluostrov, Russia, with field measurements of the biomass and spectral reflectance of tundra vegetation. The results show that the NDVI is not strongly influenced by biomass, but that differences in species composition and ground cover are significant. Other workers have concluded that vegetation indices are not useful for boreal forests. It is therefore suggested that the use of the NDVI by itself as an indicator of the state of disturbed vegetation in Arctic regions is not recommended.
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Suleymanov, A. A. "AT THE DAWN OF THE GEOCRYOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS OF YAKUTIA: INMERO EXPEDITION NO. 1 (1952–1953)." Northern Archives and Expeditions 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2021-5-2-127-140.
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Presents a historical analysis of the research activities of the members of the Expedition No. 1, which was organized by the Obruchev Permafrost Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow) in the Arctic regions of Yakutia in 1952– 1953. This expedition turned out to be the first large-scale geocryological initiative implemented in the named region. In this regard, mainly on the basis of the revealed archival materials, including those introduced by the author for the first time into scientific circulation, a characteristic of the personal composition of the research participants is presented. The geography of the work carried out has been established, covering the previously poorly geocryologically studied Yano- Indigirsky interfluve, the coast of the Laptev Sea and the Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, the main routes made by scientists are shown. The key directions of scientific search for permafrost scientists have been identified. The significance of the research carried out for the replenishment of knowledge about the permafrost in the Arctic regions of Yakutia and, in general, the development of geocryological science has been determined. In this regard, plots are presented that characterize the specifics of the geocryological surveys, as well as the improvement of the methodological arsenal of permafrost research in the region. At the same time, it was noted that the work of the members of Expedition No. 1 made it possible to determine a number of the most important features of cryogenic processes and the extent of the spread of permafrost in the Arctic Yakutia, to establish the thickness of the permafrost and its temperature parameters at different depths. In addition, it was found that during the survey a number of important practical results were obtained, including the identification of the composition of permafrost and the depth of the seasonally thawed layer, necessary to optimize the process of transport and industrial development of the region.
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Greaves, Wilfrid. "Arctic (in)security and Indigenous peoples: Comparing Inuit in Canada and Sámi in Norway." Security Dialogue 47, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010616665957.
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While international relations has increasingly begun to recognize the political salience of Indigenous peoples, the related field of security studies has not significantly incorporated Indigenous peoples either theoretically or empirically. This article helps to address this gap by comparing two Arctic Indigenous peoples – Inuit in Canada and Sámi in Norway – as ‘securitizing actors’ within their respective states. It examines how organizations representing Inuit and Sámi each articulate the meaning of security in the circumpolar Arctic region. It finds that Inuit representatives have framed environmental and social challenges as security issues, identifying a conception of Arctic security that emphasizes environmental protection, preservation of cultural identity, and maintenance of Indigenous political autonomy. While there are some similarities between the two, Sámi generally do not employ securitizing language to discuss environmental and social issues, rarely characterizing them as existential issues threatening their survival or wellbeing. Drawing on securitization theory, this article proposes three factors to explain why Inuit have sought to construct serious challenges in the Arctic as security issues while Sámi have not: ecological differences between the Canadian and Norwegian Arctic regions, and resulting differences in experience of environmental change; the relative degree of social inclusion of Inuit and Sámi within their non-Indigenous majority societies; and geography, particularly the proximity of Norway to Russia, which results in a more robust conception of national security that restricts space for alternative, non-state security discourses. This article thus links recent developments in security studies and international relations with key trends in Indigenous politics, environmental change, and the geopolitics of the Arctic region.
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Tysiachniouk, Maria, Andrey Petrov, Vera Kuklina, and Natalia Krasnoshtanova. "Between Soviet Legacy and Corporate Social Responsibility: Emerging Benefit Sharing Frameworks in the Irkutsk Oil Region, Russia." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093334.
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Benefit sharing arrangements are a central element of the interactions between oil companies and local communities in resource regions of the Arctic and sub-Arctic. This paper focused on developing a systematic understanding and typology of benefit sharing arrangements within the oil sector in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic, using the Irkutsk Oil Region as a case study. It provided a critical analysis of prevalent arrangements and practices (modes and mechanisms of benefit sharing), as well as examined institutional and social underpinnings of these benefit sharing frameworks. Qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews were used. The paper demonstrated that sub-Arctic communities are not equally benefiting from oil and gas extraction. Despite a considerable variety of existing arrangements revealed by this study, no benefit sharing mode or mechanism prevalent today ensures sustainable development of local communities. This may stem from the incompatibility between post-Soviet legacies, corporate social responsibility principles, and local institutional frameworks. Although focused on a particular region, this research was indicative of general benefit sharing patterns in modern Russia and beyond.
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Weber, Melissa. "Comparing the robustness of Arctic and Antarctic governance through the continental shelf submission process." Polar Record 50, no. 1 (December 7, 2012): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247412000496.
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ABSTRACTThe processes undertaken by Arctic states and Antarctic claimant states to submit data to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) demonstrates the robustness of polar governance. The robustness of a governing system reflects its capacity to deal with emerging issues. For the purposes of this article, robustness comprises the effective protection of rights in the absence of prejudice and participant confidence. In the Arctic, unilateral assertion of continental shelf entitlement can proceed due to the nature of the CLCS process and recognition of sovereignty. Combined with the voluntary nature of Arctic governance, the process does not hamper cooperation in scientific research, boundary delimitation or engagement in initiatives such as the Arctic Council. In the Antarctic, a coordinated approach to continental shelf delimitation protected claimant states’ entitlement to a continental shelf and the right of other states not to recognise sovereignty. States demonstrated commitment to the Antarctic Treaty and acted according to accepted norms. Though different in structure, each polar governing system has its own characteristics of robustness. State authority drives participant confidence and regional cooperation in the Arctic. In the Antarctic, norms of behaviour foster system legitimacy and resilience is reinforced by the consequences of abandoning the system. With continued acceptance of the individual governing-system dynamics, emerging issues can be accommodated in both polar regions.
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Cattle, Howard. "Diverting Soviet rivers: some possible repercussions for the Arctic Ocean." Polar Record 22, no. 140 (May 1985): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400005933.
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AbstractPlans exist in the USSR to divert southward part of the flow of some northern Russian and Siberian rivers, notably the Northern Dvina, Pechora, Ob' and Yenisey, to alleviate water shortages in Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine, and counter falling water levels in the Aral and Caspian Seas. Possible effects of diverting small and large amounts of river water away from the Arctic are discussed in the light of recent observations and modelling studies of Arctic basin hydrology and sea ice distribution. Current evidence suggests that small diversions planned to operate before the end of this century will have little effect on ocean circulation or sea ice distribution. Larger-scale diversions planned for the future might affect sea ice formation over the shelf regions of the Kara and Barents Seas, but are unlikely to have a major effect on circulation or sea ice distribution over the Arctic Ocean as a whole.
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Hübner, Anna. "Tourist images of Greenland and the Arctic: a perception analysis." Polar Record 45, no. 2 (April 2009): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408007936.
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ABSTRACTWithin the scope of climate change and the worldwide shift in travel patterns, the Arctic has become a highly favoured tourist destination. However, the literature on studying destination images of the northern polar regions lacks analysis of prevailing perceptions and of corresponding images held by tourists without previous travel experience. Therefore, this research, recently carried out in Germany, attempts to delineate tourists' perceptions of Greenland on the one hand and the Arctic as a whole on the other as destinations. Similarities, positive and negative differences of the cognitive and affective stages are generated and an overview of perceived dimensions and factors influencing the images are given. Although the results strongly coincide with each other, there are minor differences found in favour of Greenland. With the findings it is hoped to provide a better insight into the images held by potential visitors to the Arctic and to help those engaged in marketing Greenland as a tourist destination to identify an efficient strategy.
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Laidler, Gita J., and Paul Treitz. "Biophysical remote sensing of arctic environments." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27, no. 1 (March 2003): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp358ra.
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Various remote sensing studies have been conducted to investigate methods and applications of vegetation mapping and analysis in arctic environments. The general purpose of these studies is to extract information on the spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation as required for tundra ecosystem and climate change studies. Because of the recent emphasis on understanding natural systems at large spatial scales, there has been an increasing interest in deriving biophysical variables from satellite data. Satellite remote sensing offers potential for extrapolating, or ‘scaling up’ biophysical measures derived from local sites, to landscape and even regional scales. The most common investigations include mapping spatial vegetation patterns or assessing biophysical tundra characteristics, using medium resolution satellite data. For instance, Landsat TM data have been shown to be useful for broad vegetation mapping and analysis, but not accurately representative of smaller vegetation communities or local spatial variation. It is anticipated, that high spatial resolution remote sensing data, now available from commercial remote sensing satellites, will provide the necessary sampling scale to link field data to remotely sensed reflectance data. As a result, it is expected that these data will improve the representation of biophysical variables over sparsely vegetated regions of the Arctic.
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Markon, Carl. "The 9th Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium." Polar Record 43, no. 4 (October 2007): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006912.
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Most of the papers in this issue of Polar Record are a result of research performed by a cadre of scientists specifically dealing with remote sensing applications in the Arctic environments. These studies, and other similar activities, were presented originally at the 9th Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium held in Seward, Alaska, from 15–19 May 2006. The symposium provided a forum to the 40 international scientists attending it for the exchange of current applied research, the presentation of new technology, and the advancement of internal co-operation in the circumpolar Arctic and Antarctic regions. Oral presentations in the 10 plenary sessions focused on snow, ice, and cryosphere studies, climate and the environment, environmental monitoring, arctic vegetation inventory, monitoring and analysis, databases, data processing and GIS. In addition there was a special plenary session on remote sensing for the International Polar Year. At the end of the symposium, there was a special panel discussion on recommendations for future sensors for boreal and polar remote sensing.
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Savvinova, A. N., V. V. Filippova, and T. V. Litvinenko. "The rural population dynamics of in the Arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the post-Soviet period: general trends and geographical differences." Arctic: Ecology and Economy 11, no. 2 (June 2021): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2021-2-277-290.
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The authors investigate general trends and spatial differences in the rural population dynamics in the Arctic regions (uluses) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in relation to the ethnic factor, features of economic activity and transport accessibility of the territory using statistical, comparative geographical, cartographic and field research methods. Against the general decline by more than a quarter of the rural population of the Yakutia Arctic regions in the post-Soviet period, they obseve significant geographical differences: from a reduction by more than half in the Allaikhovskiy and Verkhnekolymskiy uluses with the smallest share of the indigenous population and industrial and transport development to the population growth in the Olenekskiy and Eveno-Bytantayskiy uluses with the largest share of indigenous peoples and reindeer herding and fishing type of economic activity.
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Hossain, Kamrul, Gerald Zojer, Wilfrid Greaves, J. Miguel Roncero, and Michael Sheehan. "Constructing Arctic security: an inter-disciplinary approach to understanding security in the Barents region." Polar Record 53, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000693.
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ABSTRACTThe field of Security Studies traditionally focused on military threats to states' survival, however, since the end of the Cold War the concept of security has widened and individuals and communities have gradually become viewed as appropriate referent objects of security: Multifaceted challenges facing communities at the sub-state level are increasingly regarded as security threats, including their potential to cause instability for the larger society, thus affecting states’ security. In the Arctic region, a central challenge is that inhabitants are exposed to multiple non-traditional and non-military threats resulting from environmental, economic, and societal changes, which can be understood as threats tohuman security. We argue that a comprehensive approach to human security overlaps with the concept ofsocietal security, and must therefore consider threats to collective identity and the essential conditions necessary for the maintenance and preservation of a distinct society. We see the human security framework as a suitable analytical tool to study the specific challenges that threaten the Arctic population, and in turn the well-being of Arctic societies. Therefore, we argue that utilising the concept of human security can promote societal security in the context of the Arctic, and in particular, its sub-regions, for example, the Barents region.
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Potter, Russell A., and Douglas W. Wamsley. "The sublime yet awful grandeur: the Arctic panoramas of Elisha Kent Kane." Polar Record 35, no. 194 (July 1999): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015485.
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AbstractIn mid-nineteenth century America, the Arctic adventures of Elisha Kent Kane were a common and central subject for the emerging mass media. Kane's exploits were retold through illustrated newspapers, magazines, and books, but his narratives found one of their widest audiences through the medium of the ‘panorama.’ Initially presented in fixed locations, these panoramas later traveled across the country, combining large moving canvasses with a variety of visual and theatrical effects. Kane's two Arctic expeditions were among the most popular subjects represented by panoramas in the period before the American Civil War. This article examines the history of the panorama as it reflected and shaped public interest in the Arctic regions, including earlier polar expeditions, and gives a detailed account of the Kane panoramas. Other optical media that represented Kane's exploits are also considered. Because of its broad audience and widespread appeal, the panorama, along with other emergent visual technologies, played a vital yet overlooked part, both in disseminating Kane's accomplishments and in elevating Kane to prominence and fame in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Mamelund, Svenn-Erik, Lisa Sattenspiel, and Jessica Dimka. "Influenza-Associated Mortality during the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic in Alaska and Labrador." Social Science History 37, no. 2 (2013): 177–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010634.
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Some of the most severely affected communities in the world during the 1918–19 influenza pandemic were in Labrador and Alaska. Although these two regions are on the opposite ends of North America, a cultural continuum in the Inuit populations extends throughout the North American Arctic. Both regions contain other population groups, however, and because of these similarities and differences, a comparison of their experiences during the pandemic provides new insights into how culture and environment may influence patterns of spread of infectious disease. We describe here analyses of the patterns of influenza mortality in 97 Alaska communities and 37 Labrador communities. The Alaska communities are divided into five geographic regions corresponding to recognized cultural groups in the region; the Labrador communities are separated into three regions that vary in the degree of admixture between European and indigenous (primarily Inuit) groups. In both Alaska and Labrador mortality was substantially higher than the worldwide average of 2.5–5 percent. Average mortality ranged from less than 1 percent to 38 percent at the regional level in Alaska and from 1 percent to 75 percent at the regional level in Labrador with up to 90 percent mortality in some local communities in both Alaska and Labrador. A number of factors influencing this heterogeneous experience are discussed, including the impact of weather and geography; attempts to protect communities by implementing quarantine policies; accessibility of health care; nutritional deficiencies; cultural factors, such as settlement patterns, seasonal activities, and ethnicity; and exposure to earlier outbreaks of influenza or other diseases that may have increased or lessened the impact of influenza in 1918–19.
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Suleymanov, A. A. "Discovering the Arctic: Socio-Humanitarian Studies of USSR Academy of Sciences in Northern Regions of Yakutia in 1980s-1991s." Nauchnyy Dialog, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-4-434-448.
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A pioneering attempt in historiography presents a scientific analysis of socio-humanitarian research carried out by employees of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Arctic regions of Yakutia during 1980-1991. Archival materials identified by the author, as well as data from the scientific literature were used for the preparation of the article. The work carried out allowed us to present a characteristic of the development by scientists of a complex of sociocultural, economic, archaeological, historical and anthropological, linguistic and folklore issues. In this regard, the geography of the research is shown, their key actors and main directions are identified. At the same time, an analysis of the most important provisions developed by the participants of the considered research initiatives was carried out. It was established that in the mentioned period, on the one hand, the research was continued, which had been successfully carried out earlier in the Polar Yakutia, and on the other hand, new research trends were making their way. Their stipulation is proved by the development of scientific knowledge and the changing socio-political situation in the Soviet Union. It is concluded that, as a result, interdisciplinary research has been developed, including the widespread use of the natural science arsenal, as well as a clear shift in the paradigm regarding the assessment of Soviet transformations for the destiny of the indigenous peoples of the North.
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Erren, Thomas C., and Melissa S. Koch. "Geography and Chronic Disease: Illustrations from the 1900s and 2000s of the Value and Perspectives of Epidemiology." Open Epidemiology Journal 4, no. 1 (December 2, 2011): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874297101104010147.
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This commentary demonstrates that ‘Geography and chronic disease’ can be associated in unique ways and may point to links in the chain of disease causation in epidemiological studies. Examples from the 1900s and 2000s evince that critical causal insights into disease were gained by utilizing opportunities provided by geography. In the 1940s, studies that investigated why some cancers were more frequent in specific geographical areas than in others have provided important etiological clues. After comparing disease incidences in Africans versus African-Americans, Kennaway suggested that environmental, rather than genetic or ethnic, factors contribute to hepatic cancers. Further clues into disease etiology were provided through the investigation of ”epidemiological islands“. One example is the discovery of ”new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases,“ for which Gajdusek was honored as a colaureate of a Nobel Prize in 1976. As early as the beginning of the 1900s, scientists suggested that studies of cancer development in regions around the Earth's North Pole could be a promising research avenue. Still today, studying cancer in populations that live at extreme latitudes seems to be a promising geographic approach to better understand public health, given that two of the world's most frequent malignancies, namely breast and prostate cancer, are very rare in populations residing north of the Arctic Circle. Overall, this commentary serves as a reminder that the geographically different distribution of chronic diseases across the globe may provide unique opportunities for investigating what protects geographically confined populations against, or what makes them more susceptible to, chronic disease.
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Carpine-Lancre, Jacqueline, and William Barr. "The Arctic cruises of Prince Albert I of Monaco." Polar Record 44, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006961.
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ABSTRACTFrom an early age, Prince Albert I of Monaco evinced a strong fascination for the polar regions. But it was only after 1898 that he was able to mount four scientific cruises to Svalbard on his yacht, the second Princesse-Alice. The first cruise was an oceanographical and zoological reconnaissance, aimed mainly at adding to the collections of the Musée océanographique de Monaco, the construction of which had just started. In 1899, the focus was on the hydrography and topography of Raudfjorden, of which a map was published. In 1906, meteorology was added to the range of observations and surveys were pursued. The Prince also provided support for two other expeditions, that of the Norwegian, Gunnar Isachsen, to northwestern Spitsbergen, and that of the Scotsman, William Bruce, to Prins Karls Forland. The Prince's expedition in 1907 was aimed at completing the results from the previous summer. Prince Albert also lent his support, either financially, or through gifts or loans of oceanographic instruments, to numerous Arctic and Antarctic explorers. Finally, he showed a keen interest in environmental protection, especially in Svalbard. This is demonstrated by his responses to a questionnaire that Hugo Conwentz sent him in 1912.
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Zimmerbauer, Kaj. "Constructing Peripheral Cross-Border Regions in Planning: Territory—Network Interplay in the Barents Region." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, no. 11 (January 1, 2014): 2718–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a140001p.
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This paper studies how supranational regions are built through the interplay of borders and networks. The focus is on how territory and network become manifest in planning, and in particular on the actual contexts in planning where the territorial discourse is emphasized. Conceptually, territory–network interplay is linked to recent discussions on relational/territorial space, multidimensionality of sociospatial relations, and thin and thick region building. The Barents Euro-Arctic Region is used here as an example, and the region's recent geoeconomic turn is studied first. The paper concludes that, despite geoeconomization, network is not dominant over territory as a key category in supranational region building. Although the contemporary (new) regionalist planning discourse emphasizes the institutionalization of network-oriented regional (economic) spaces without definitive boundaries, processes such as representing the region in branding or (re)defining who is eligible to join the official structures of cross-border cooperation entail a degree of territorial thinking and make use of the notions of boundedness and spatial symmetry. In planning practices networks commonly create the territory effect and vice versa. However, due to their different ontologies, network and territory can appear as separate or even contradictory discourses as well.
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Dvoretsky, Vladimir G., and Alexander G. Dvoretsky. "Winter Zooplankton in a Small Arctic Lake: Abundance and Vertical Distribution." Water 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070912.
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Zooplankton assemblages are of great importance in aquatic food webs because they link lower (microplankton) and higher trophic levels (top predators). Small water bodies in the Arctic regions of Russia are less studied in winter because of severe ice conditions. For this reason, we analyzed the winter zooplankton community in Lake Kulonga (western coast of Kola Bay, Barents Sea). A total of 9 taxa were found in the samples. The total abundance varied from 200 to 1320 ind. m−3, averaging 705 ind. m−3. The total zooplankton biomass was 1.8–72.8 mg of wet mass m−3 with an average of 30 mg m−3. These parameters were lower than in other Russian Arctic and sub-arctic lakes in summer. Old copepodites of Cyclops spp. dominated the zooplankton community at deep-water stations in terms of the total abundance consisting of 24–33%. The copepod Macrocyclops albidus prevailed in terms of the total zooplankton biomass comprising 30–33% at deep-water stations while Cyclops scutifer and copepodites Cyclops spp. had the highest biomass at shallow water stations. Vertical distribution demonstrated different patterns at neighboring stations, probably as a result of differences in the density of fish predators.
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Berman, Matthew. "Household Harvesting, State Policy, and Migration: Evidence from the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 7071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137071.
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Household harvesting of wild fish and game contributes to food security in indigenous communities across the Arctic, and in some regions plays an important role in cultural identity of indigenous peoples. The degree to which the state regulates harvesting and restricts distribution of country foods varies widely, however, and this intervention in local economies can affect livelihood opportunities. The paper hypothesizes that where state policy has contributed to harvesting remaining a culturally embedded livelihood strategy, its contribution to the quality of life may influence people to remain in rural communities, despite potentially lower material living standards. Lacking such a cultural linkage, harvesting may become the employer of last resort for people unable to find paying jobs or leave declining communities for a better life elsewhere. The paper examines the association between Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLiCA) respondents’ intent to remain in their community of residence and household harvesting, cash income from work, and other relevant factors. The results include both similarities and differences for residents of arctic Alaska, arctic Canada, Greenland, and Chukotka. Systematic differences found appear consistent with the hypothesis about the role of household harvesting and state policy toward harvest and distribution of country foods.
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Naito, Adam T., and David M. Cairns. "Patterns and processes of global shrub expansion." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 35, no. 4 (May 5, 2011): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133311403538.
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Shrub expansion is a global phenomenon that is occurring on savannas, rangelands, and grasslands. In addition, this is an increasingly documented occurrence in the Arctic. Numerous recent studies have strived to pinpoint the drivers of this phenomenon, quantify the changes, and understand their implications for regional and global land use, disturbance regimes, and nutrient cycling. Inquiry into these topics has been facilitated by recent technological developments in satellite remote sensing, aerial photograph analysis, and computer simulation modeling. We provide a new review that accounts for more recent studies in these regions, Arctic shrub expansion, and technological and analytical developments. This four-part discussion focuses on observed patterns of shrub expansion in three rangeland types (desert grasslands, mesic grasslands, savannas) and the Arctic tundra, the primary causes of this expansion, critical comparisons and contrasts between these land types, and recommendations for future avenues of research. These new avenues can inform the development of future land management policies, as well as ongoing investigations to understand and mitigate the effects of climate change.
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Antonov, E. V., T. V. Litvinenko, and V. N. Nuvano. "Multiscale Analysis of the Dynamics in Reindeer Herding in Arctic Regions: Geographical Shifts and Intraregional and Local Differences." Regional Research of Russia 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079970519010027.
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Chaplin, Paul. "The International Polar Heritage Committee." Polar Record 42, no. 3 (July 2006): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406225555.
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The International Polar Heritage Committee (IPHC) was formed to serve as a resource for professionals who often work in isolation on heritage protection projects in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Its credibility has now been established in a number of areas of the wider polar infrastructure and its networks continue to expand. With such an international structure it is also able to act as an independent advocate to promote polar heritage protection issues in professional, public and political arenas.
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Filler, D. M., C. M. Reynolds, I. Snape, A. J. Daugulis, D. L. Barnes, and P. J. Williams. "Advances in engineered remediation for use in the Arctic and Antarctica." Polar Record 42, no. 2 (April 2006): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740500505x.
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Creative remediation schemes have been implemented with success at petroleum-contaminated sites in Alaska and Canada during the past decade. Contaminated media have been landfarmed, amended with fertilizers, augmented with microbial products, and manipulated with engineered systems. Phytoremediation developments and use of biodegradable synthetic and polymeric resins for potential use with petroleum and xenobiotic contaminants are on the horizon. Treatment of supra-permafrost water and melt-water runoff with permeable reactive barriers and partitioning bioreactors is now possible. Cost and time limitations will likely continue to drive remediation decisions in the Arctic. Environmental policy, environmental constraints, and cost will dictate what technologies are appropriate for Antarctic clean-up, although the pressure of time is less acute because land transfer and liability are not drivers. This paper discusses some recent advances in remediation engineering for use in polar regions. Conceptual models are presented, and case study treatment costs and durations are highlighted to aid environmental decision-making.
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Warburton, Janet, George Hademenos, Alice (Alex) Eilers-Guttensohn, Lollie Garay, and Jillian Beth Worssam. "Inspiring the next generation of polar scientists: Classroom extensions from teachers with research experiences." Polar Record 55, no. 4 (July 2019): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000317.
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AbstractPolarTREC-Teachers and Researchers Exploring and Collaborating (PolarTREC) has provided the opportunity for over 160 K-12 teachers and informal science educators from the USA to work directly with scientists in the Arctic and the Antarctic. As a Teacher Research Experience (TRE), PolarTREC has engaged teachers with a unique professional development opportunity to increase their teacher content knowledge and learn about the polar regions by partnering with academic polar scientists who are conducting scientific research in the field. Stimulated by the IPY 2007–2008, PolarTREC has sent teachers on field expeditions for over a decade, and during that time has witnessed teachers not only experiencing the polar regions and bringing that experience back into their classrooms but also seeing their students learn more about the polar regions and become more interested in polar science. It is this secondary effect that is truly inspiring. This article profiles the journey to the polar regions of four PolarTREC teachers through their own perspectives and how they translated that experience into educational outreach opportunities.
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Denisov, Vladimir Vasilyevich, Elena Garisonovna Mitina, and Marina Vsevolodovna Svetlova. "Peculiarities of training specialists in the field of regional nature management (on the example of maritime region of Arctic basin)." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871305.
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The paper is devoted to the problem of training specialists in the field of regional environmental management. Environmental management in maritime regions of the Russian Federation has its own characteristics related to the inclusion of marine areas in the processes of natural resources extraction, protection and restoration of their reserves. The labor market of maritime regions requires bachelors and masters majoring in Ecology and Nature and Geography, understanding of the maritime region as a special geosystem. Methodological development of the training model allows us to define the vector of students professional competence development in the field of regional environmental management. The authors present their vision of this model, including justification of approaches, definition of principles for establishing the objectives, selection of content, organization of learning process and evaluation of results of training of ecologists and geographers in maritime region. The authors think that system and environmental approaches most effectively enable the training of students in activities of professional communities. Learning outcomes of students - ecologists and geographers within the framework of the proposed model meet the needs of the labor market of the maritime region, and may be the basis for the development of the professional standard Specialist in the field of environmental management.