Journal articles on the topic 'Arcobacter'
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1
HOUF, KURT, LIEVEN DE ZUTTER, JAN VAN HOOF, and PETER VANDAMME. "Occurrence and Distribution of Arcobacter Species in Poultry Processing." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.8.1233.
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A total of 16 broiler flocks slaughtered in the morning in eight Belgian poultry slaughterhouses were examined for the presence of Campylobacteraceae. In samples collected before and after chilling, the prevalence of arcobacters was found to be higher than the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters, with the slaughter procedure used having no clear effect. Two slaughterhouses were selected for a detailed investigation of the occurrence and distribution of arcobacters. Sampling carried out before slaughter revealed that both Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus were commonly present on the slaughter equipment in both plants. These findings indicate inadequate decontamination of the slaughterhouse environment and suggest potential Arcobacter contamination of broiler carcasses through the slaughter equipment. Even before evisceration, contamination levels of hundreds to several thousands of arcobacters per gram of neck skin were detected. It appears unlikely that contamination through slaughter equipment alone explains the high contamination levels found for poultry products. Arcobacters were not isolated from the 30 intestinal tracts sampled for each broiler flock examined. A. cryaerophilus was the only Arcobacter species recovered from the transport crate samples collected before and after washing. Arcobacter contamination during slaughter, either direct (from chicken intestinal content or feces) or indirect (from equipment), was not confirmed. The origin and the precise routes of contamination remain to be determined.
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Miller, William G., Emma Yee, and James L. Bono. "Complete Genome Sequencing of Four Arcobacter Species Reveals a Diverse Suite of Mobile Elements." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 3850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa014.
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Abstract Arcobacter species are recovered from a wide variety of sources, including animals, food, and both fresh and marine waters. Several Arcobacter species have also been recovered from human clinical samples and are thus associated tentatively with food- and water-borne human illnesses. Genome sequencing of the poultry isolate Arcobacter cibarius H743 and the Arcobacter acticola, Arcobacter pacificus, and Arcobacter porcinus type strains identified a large number and variety of insertion sequences. This study presents an analysis of these A. acticola, A. cibarius, A. pacificus, and A. porcinus IS elements. The four genomes sequenced here contain 276 complete and degenerate IS elements, representing 13 of the current 29 prokaryotic IS element families. Expansion of the analysis to include 15 other previously sequenced Arcobacter spp. added 73 complete and degenerate IS elements. Several of these IS elements were identified in two or more Arcobacter species, suggesting movement by horizontal gene transfer between the arcobacters. These IS elements are putatively associated with intragenomic deletions and inversions, and tentative movement of antimicrobial resistance genes. The A. cibarius strain H743 megaplasmid contains multiple IS elements common to the chromosome and, unusually, a complete ribosomal RNA locus, indicating that larger scale genomic rearrangements, potentially resulting from IS element-mediated megaplasmid cointegration and resolution may be occurring within A. cibarius and possibly other arcobacters. The presence of such a large and varied suite of mobile elements could have profound effects on Arcobacter biology and evolution.
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CERVENKA, LIBOR, IVA PESKOVA, MARCELA PEJCHALOVA, and JARMILA VYTRASOVA. "Inhibition of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii by Plant Oil Aromatics." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.165.
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The inhibitory effect of some plant oil aromatics against three strains of Arcobacter butzleri, two strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and one strain of Arcobacter skirrowii was evaluated. When MICs were determined using the broth macrodilution method, cinnamaldehyde was most inhibitory followed by thymol, carvacrol, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and eugenol (P < 0.001). Sublethal concentrations of the three most potent plant oil aromatics also were examined. Overall, cinnamaldehyde was the most bacteriostatic against all arcobacters tested except A. butzleri when these strains were exposed to the MIC25 of this aromatic aldehyde. The bacteriostatic activities of thymol and carvacrol were concentration and species dependent.
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PEJCHALOVÁ, M., E. DOSTALÍKOVÁ, M. SLÁMOVÁ, I. BROŽKOVÁ, and J. VYTŘASOVÁ. "Prevalence and Diversity of Arcobacter spp. in the Czech Republic." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.4.719.
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The aim of this study was to examine 634 samples of chicken, lamb, pork, beef, fish, samples from the intensive animal industry and from poultry for slaughter, as well as from the domestic breeding of poultry, horses, pigs, and lambs, from surface water, and from clinical samples for the presence of Arcobacter. All the samples were examined with a cultivation method, followed by confirmation by multiplex PCR. The method of multiplex PCR applied directly to a liquid medium after enrichment was applied only to the samples with the highest probability of the presence of arcobacters. Arcobacter spp. were detected in 11.8% of the samples, of which A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii were found in 6.6, 5.1, and 0.2% of the samples, respectively. The sources of the arcobacters were chicken meat from the retail market, intensive animal production facilities, domestic chicken breeding facilities, lamb raising environments, surface water and wastewater, and beef swabs taken in a meat processing factory. No occurrence of arcobacters was identified in the swabs from slaughter turkeys, ducks, and wild poultry. No arcobacters were found in horse and pig breeding environments, on pork, or on the swabs of fish. Forty-two rectal swabs taken from humans were also free of Arcobacter. Seventeen isolates of Arcobacter were further identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Varied genotypes were observed among A. butzleri from chicken meat and chicken breeds, and A. cryaerophilus from wastewater and chicken breeds. They were similar to the genotypes present in wastewater, porcine feces, human stool, and human blood obtained from databases. Our results revealed that the chicken meat from the retail market is an important source of arcobacters. Cross-contamination during handling of chicken carcass practices could play a key role in the spread of Arcobacter.
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Červenka, L., I. Zachová, P. Minříková, and J. Vytřasová. "Effect of pH and water activity on the growth of Arcobacter sp. in culture." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 21, No. 6 (November 18, 2011): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3499-cjfs.
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The effect was studied of pH value and water activity (aw) on the growth of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus in culture media at 30°C. Various weak organic acids were used to achieve target pH, and different humectants were used to control aw. Generally, the growth of arcobacters was inhibited at medium pH. Compared to propionic, lactic, malic and ascorbic acids (pH 5.5–5.0), formic, citric and tartaric acids in the pH range of 6.0–5.5 were more inhibitory to both arcobacter species. Both arcobacter strains were extremely sensitive to broth environment with a<sub>w</sub> values of < 0.980 using NaCl, glycerol and sucrose as humectants. This sensitivity to aw and pH may well be an important constraint for the distribution and survival of Arcobacter sp. in the environment, particularly in foods and food products.
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COLLADO, LUIS, JOSEP GUARRO, and MARIA JOSÉ FIGUERAS. "Prevalence of Arcobacter in Meat and Shellfish." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.5.1102.
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Arcobacter is considered an emergent foodborne and waterborne enteropathogen. However, its prevalence in foods of animal origin is only partially known, because most studies have been concentrated on poultry, pork, and beef, and methods applied do not allow identification of all currently accepted Arcobacter species. We investigated the prevalence of Arcobacter in 203 food samples, 119 samples of seven different types of meats and 84 samples of four types of shellfish. Isolates were identified in parallel by using a published multiplex PCR method and a recently described 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism method that allows all currently accepted Arcobacter species to be characterized. The global prevalence of Arcobacter was 32%; it was highest in clams (5 of 5 samples, 100%) and chicken (9 of 14 samples, 64.3%) followed by pork (9 of 17 samples, 53.0%), mussels (23 of 56 samples, 41.1%), and duck meat (2 of 5 samples, 40.0%). Turkey meat and beef had a similar recovery rate (10 of 30 samples, 33.3%; 5 of 16 samples, 31.3%; respectively), and rabbit meat had the lowest rate (1 of 10 samples, 10.0%). No arcobacters were found in oysters, frozen shrimps, or sausages. This food survey is the first in which five of the seven accepted Arcobacter species have been isolated. Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent species (63.0% of isolates) followed by Arcobacter cryaerophilus (26.6%), Arcobacter mytili (4.7%), Arcobacter skirrowii (3.1%), and Arcobacter nitrofigilis (3.1%). Three (4.7%) of the isolates were classified as belonging to three potentially new phylogenetic lines. Our results indicated that Arcobacter species are widely distributed in the food products studied.
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SCULLION, ROISIN, CLARE S. HARRINGTON, and ROBERT H. MADDEN. "Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in Raw Milk and Retail Raw Meats in Northern Ireland." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.1986.
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A 1-year study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats on sale in Northern Ireland. Retail raw poultry samples (n = 94), pork samples (n = 101), and beef samples (n = 108) were obtained from supermarkets in Northern Ireland, and raw milk samples (n = 101) were kindly provided by the Milk Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Presumptive arcobacters were identified by previously described genus-specific and species-specific PCR assays. Arcobacter spp. were found to be common contaminants of retail raw meats and raw milk in Northern Ireland. Poultry meat (62%) had the highest prevalence, but frequent isolations were made from pork (35%), beef (34%), and raw milk (46%). Arcobacter butzleri was the predominant species isolated from retail raw meats and was the only species isolated from raw milk samples. Arcobacter cryaerophilus was detected less frequently, and Arcobacter skirrowii was detected only as a cocontaminant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Arcobacter spp. prevalence in a diverse range of products of animal origin in Northern Ireland.
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HOUF, KURT, LIEVEN DE ZUTTER, BIEKE VERBEKE, JAN VAN HOOF, and PETER VANDAMME. "Molecular Characterization of Arcobacter Isolates Collected in a Poultry Slaughterhouse." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.3.364.
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In a poultry slaughterhouse, Arcobacter contamination was examined over a period of 1 week to establish possible routes of contamination. Samples were collected from the slaughter equipment and from processing water before the onset of slaughter and from the first broiler flock slaughtered on each sampling day. Characterization of 1,079 isolates by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus–polymerase chain reaction and a random amplified polymorphic DNA assay resulted in the delineation of 159 Arcobacter butzleri and 139 Arcobacter cryaerophilus types. From almost all 140 neck skin samples collected before and after evisceration, A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were isolated simultaneously at contamination levels ranging from 101 to 104 CFU/g. Only six A. butzleri types present in the slaughterhouse environment were also present on the broiler carcasses. None of the A. cryaerophilus genotypes were detected in both the neck skin and the environmental samples. All A. butzleri types isolated from the feather samples were also isolated from broiler neck skin samples. The slaughter equipment was contaminated with arcobacters before the onset of slaughter, but it appeared unlikely that contamination through the slaughter equipment alone explained the high contamination levels on poultry products. Arcobacters were also present in processing water, but types present in water and poultry products were different. Characterization of the Arcobacter isolates did not clarify the routes of transmission, probably because of the extreme heterogeneity among Arcobacter isolates. However, the results obtained in this study brought to light insufficient decontamination at the processing plant involved in the study and confirmed the survival capacity of certain A. butzleri strains.
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ADESIJI, Y. O., A. O. COKER, and J. K. OLOKE. "Detection of Arcobacter in Feces of Healthy Chickens in Osogbo, Nigeria." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-231.
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Isolation of arcobacters in foods, with the highest prevalence reported in poultry, has underscored its importance as a potential food safety problem in recent years. To estimate its prevalence in live birds, fresh stool samples from healthy chickens were screened by enrichment and plating on Arcobacter selective medium containing cefoperazone, amphotericin B, and teicoplanin. Of 150 fecal samples, only 2 (1.3%) yielded Arcobacter. Species were identified with fluorescence resonance energy transfer PCR. Isolate no. 21 from a local flock shared 99% identity with the complete genome of A. butzleri RM4018 (CP000361.1). Isolate no. 4 from a layer hen shared 100% identity with a partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of A. cryaerophilus (EF064151.1). The low prevalence of Arcobacter in the fecal samples of healthy chickens concurs with earlier studies suggesting that Arcobacter appears to be a transient colonizer of poultry intestines and therefore might not be the major source of chicken carcass contamination.
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SCULLION, ROISIN, CLARE S. HARRINGTON, and ROBERT H. MADDEN. "A Comparison of Three Methods for the Isolation of Arcobacter spp. from Retail Raw Poultry in Northern Ireland." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.4.799.
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Recent evidence suggests that arcobacters, especially Arcobacter butzleri, are potential foodborne pathogens, but standardized detection methods have yet to be established. A study was undertaken to determine which of three isolation methods was the most effective for the isolation of Arcobacter spp. from fresh raw poultry. Method 1 was microaerobic and involved a membrane filtration step followed by plating onto blood agar. Method 2 was also microaerobic and involved enrichment and plating media containing a five-antibiotic cocktail. Method 3 was aerobic and was based on enrichment in a charcoal-based broth containing two antibiotics. Retail poultry samples (n = 50) were obtained from supermarkets in Northern Ireland; the European Community license number was recorded to ensure sample diversity. Presumptive arcobacters were identified using genus-speci c and species-speci c primers. Method 1 resulted in the lowest recovery of arcobacters (28% of samples positive). The detection rate for method 2 (68%) was higher than that for method 3 (50%), but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Modification of method 3 by plating the enrichment broth at 24 h, as well as at 48 h, increased recovery to 68%. Use of methods 2 and 3 together increased the number of positive samples detected by approximately 25% compared with use of either method alone. A. butzleri was the most commonly isolated species using all methods. Method 3 detected Arcobacter cryaerophilus in more samples (n = 3) than did methods 1 and 2 (n = 1). Arcobacter skirrowii was detected by only method 3 (n = 1). In terms of sensitivity, ease of use, and diversity of species recovered, modified method 3 was the overall method of choice.
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Harmon, Karen M., and Irene V. Wesley. "Multiplex PCR for the identification of Arcobacter and differentiation of Arcobacter butzleri from other arcobacters." Veterinary Microbiology 58, no. 2-4 (November 1997): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00151-x.
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PENTIMALLI, DANIELA, NICOLETTE PEGELS, TERESA GARCÍA, ROSARIO MARTÍN, and ISABEL GONZÁLEZ. "Specific PCR Detection of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Arcobacter skirrowii, and Arcobacter cibarius in Chicken Meat." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.7.1491.
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An enrichment PCR assay using species-specific primers was developed for the detection of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Arcobacter skirrowii, and Arcobacter cibarius in chicken meat. Primers for A. cryaerophilus, A. skirrowii, and A. cibarius were designed based on the gyrA gene to amplify nucleic acid fragments of 212, 257, and 145 bp, respectively. The A. butzleri–specific primers were designed flanking a 203-bp DNA fragment in the 16S rRNA gene. The specificity of the four primer pairs was assessed by PCR analysis of DNA from a panel of Arcobacter species, related Campylobacter, Helicobacter species, and other food bacteria. The applicability of the method was then validated by testing 42 fresh retail-purchased chicken samples in the PCR assay. An 18-h selective preenrichment step followed by PCR amplification with the four Arcobacter primer sets revealed the presence of Arcobacter spp. in 85.7% of the retail chicken samples analyzed. A. butzleri was the only species present in 50% of the samples, and 35.7% of the samples were positive for both A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus. A. skirrowii and A. cibarius were not detected in any of the chicken samples analyzed. The enrichment PCR assay developed is a specific and rapid alternative for the survey of Arcobacter contamination in meat.
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Figueras, M. J., A. Pérez-Cataluña, N. Salas-Massó, A. Levican, and L. Collado. "‘ Arcobacter porcinus ’ sp. nov., a novel Arcobacter species uncovered by Arcobacter thereius." New Microbes and New Infections 15 (January 2017): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2016.11.014.
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Šilha, David, Sabina Sirotková, Karolína Švarcová, Leona Hofmeisterová, Květa Koryčanová, and Lucie Šilhová. "Biofilm Formation Ability of Arcobacter-like and Campylobacter Strains under Different Conditions and on Food Processing Materials." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102017.
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Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastrointestinal food-borne infection worldwide. The transmission of Campylobacter and Arcobacter-like species is often made possible by their ability to adhere to various abiotic surfaces. This study is focused on monitoring the biofilm ability of 69 strains of Campylobacter spp. and lesser described species of the Arcobacteraceae family isolated from food, water, and clinical samples within the Czech Republic. Biofilm formation was monitored and evaluated under an aerobic/microaerophilic atmosphere after cultivation for 24 or 72 h depending on the surface material. An overall higher adhesion ability was observed in arcobacters. A chi-squared test showed no association between the origin of the strains and biofilm activity (p > 0.05). Arcobacter-like species are able to form biofilms under microaerophilic and aerobic conditions; however, they prefer microaerophilic environments. Biofilm formation has already been demonstrated at refrigerator temperatures (5 °C). Arcobacters also showed higher biofilm formation ability at the temperature of 30 °C. This is in contrast to Campylobacter jejuni NP 2896, which showed higher biofilm formation ability at temperatures of 5–30 °C. Overall, the results demonstrated the biofilm formation ability of many strains, which poses a considerable risk to the food industry, medical practice, and human health.
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LEE, MIN HWA, DOO-SUNG CHEON, SUNKEUM CHOI, BOG-HIEU LEE, JI-YOUN JUNG, and CHANGSUN CHOI. "Prevalence of Arcobacter Species Isolated from Retail Meats in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 1313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1313.
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This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter species identified or isolated from retail meats in Korea. Multiplex PCR assays for the detection of Arcobacter species were performed for 360 chicken, 100 pork, and 106 beef samples. Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus were detected in 18.9 and 3.3% of chicken samples, respectively. However, Arcobacter species were not found in any of the pork and beef samples. Biochemical testing of isolates selected after enrichment revealed 38 A. butzleri isolates in chicken samples, but no A. cryaerophilus isolates were detected. In this study, A. butzleri was the most prevalent Arcobacter species in chicken meat, and contamination with Arcobacter species in pork and beef may be less prevalent in Korea.
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Houf, Kurt, Stephen L. W. On, Tom Coenye, Jan Mast, Jan Van Hoof, and Peter Vandamme. "Arcobacter cibarius sp. nov., isolated from broiler carcasses." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63103-0.
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Twenty Gram-negative, rod-shaped, slightly curved, non-spore-forming bacteria that gave a negative result in Arcobacter species-specific PCR tests but that yielded an amplicon in an Arcobacter genus-specific PCR test were isolated from 13 unrelated broiler carcasses. Numerical analysis of the profiles obtained by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins clustered all isolates in a single group distinct from the other Arcobacter species. DNA–DNA hybridization among four representative strains exhibited DNA binding values above 91 %. DNA–DNA hybridization with reference strains of the current four Arcobacter species revealed binding levels below 47 %. The G+C contents ranged between 26·8 and 27·3 mol%. Pairwise comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the mean values for similarity to the type strain of Arcobacter cryaerophilus (97·5 %), Arcobacter butzleri (96·5 %), Arcobacter skirrowii (96·0 %) and Arcobacter nitrofigilis (95·0 %). The levels of similarity to Campylobacter and Helicobacter species were below 88 and 87 %, respectively. The isolates could be distinguished from other Arcobacter species by the following biochemical tests: catalase, oxidase and urease activities; reduction of nitrate; growth at 25 and 37 °C under aerobic conditions; growth on 2–4 % (w/v) NaCl media; and susceptibility to cephalothin. These data demonstrate that the 20 isolates represent a single novel Arcobacter species, for which the name Arcobacter cibarius sp. nov. is proposed, with LMG 21996T (=CCUG 48482T) as the type strain.
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Houf, Kurt, Lieven De Zutter, Jan Van Hoof, and Peter Vandamme. "Assessment of the Genetic Diversity among Arcobacters Isolated from Poultry Products by Using Two PCR-Based Typing Methods." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2172-2178.2002.
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ABSTRACT In this study, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR) were optimized for characterization of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii. In addition, a simple and rapid DNA extraction method was tested for use in both typing procedures. Both methods had satisfactory typeability and discriminatory power, but the fingerprints generated with ERIC-PCR were more reproducible and complex than those obtained with RAPD-PCR. The use of nondiluted boiled cell suspensions as DNA templates was found to be very useful in ERIC-PCR. Characterization of large numbers of Arcobacter isolates is therefore preferably performed by the ERIC-PCR procedure. Isolates for which almost identical ERIC fingerprints are generated may subsequently be characterized by RAPD-PCR, although adjustment and standardization of the amount of the DNA template are necessary. In the second part of this study, the genotypic diversity of arcobacters present on broiler carcasses was assessed by using both typing methods. A total of 228 cultures from 24 samples were examined after direct isolation and enrichment. The isolates were identified by using a multiplex PCR as A. butzleri (n = 182) and A. cryaerophilus (n = 46). A total of 131 types (91 A. butzleri types and 40 A. cryaerophilus types) were discerned without discordance between the two typing techniques. The analysis of the poultry isolates showed that poultry products may harbor not only more than one species but also multiple genotypes. All genotypes were confined to one poultry sample, and only three genotypes were found after simultaneous enrichment and direct isolation. These results demonstrate that different outcomes can be obtained in epidemiological studies depending on the isolation procedure used and the number of isolates characterized.
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NIEVA-ECHEVARRIA, BARBARA, IRATI MARTINEZ-MALAXETXEBARRIA, CECILIA GIRBAU, RODRIGO ALONSO, and AURORA FERNÁNDEZ-ASTORGA. "Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Arcobacter in Food Products in the North of Spain." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-014.
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The bacterial contamination of food products can cause serious public health problems. Interest in Arcobacter contamination has increased due to the relationship between these bacteria and human enteritis. We studied the prevalence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter species at the retail level in the province of Alava in Basque Country, Spain. The results showed a high genetic diversity and indicated the regular presence of the main Arcobacter spp. associated with human enteric illness in food products. Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii were detected with an overall prevalence close to 40% and were isolated from 15 (42.8%) fresh cow's milk samples, 12 (73.3%) shellfish samples, 11 (55%) chicken samples, 2 (10%) pork samples, and 1 (5%) beef sample. The results indicate the need to investigate the impact of Arcobacter spp. on public health.
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Sciortino, Sonia, Pietro Arculeo, Vincenzina Alio, Cinzia Cardamone, Luisa Nicastro, Marco Arculeo, Rosa Alduina, and Antonella Costa. "Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Arcobacter spp. Recovered from Aquatic Environments." Antibiotics 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030288.
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Arcobacter spp. are emerging waterborne and foodborne zoonotic pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. In this work, we evaluated the occurrence and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Arcobacter isolates recovered from different aquatic sources. Besides, we searched for Arcobacter spp. in seaweeds and the corresponding seawater samples. Bacteriological and molecular methods applied to 100 samples led to the isolation of 28 Arcobacter isolates from 27 samples. The highest prevalence was detected in rivers followed by artificial ponds, streams, well waters, and spring waters. Seaweeds contained a higher percentage of Arcobacter than the corresponding seawater samples. The isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri (96.4%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (3.6%). All the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance profile, being resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Molecular analysis of genetic determinants responsible for tetracycline resistance in nine randomly chosen isolates revealed the presence of tetO and/or tetW. This work confirms the occurrence and the continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant Arcobacter strains in environmental samples; also, the presence of quinolone-resistant Arcobacter spp. in aquatic sources used for water supply and irrigation represents a potential risk for human health.
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GONZÁLEZ, A., S. BOTELLA, R. M. MONTES, Y. MORENO, and M. A. FERRÚS. "Direct Detection and Identification of Arcobacter Species by Multiplex PCR in Chicken and Wastewater Samples from Spain." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.341.
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Twenty-two chicken livers, 10 chicken carcasses, and 15 wastewater samples were processed and analyzed for Arcobacter by PCR and traditional culture methods. Samples were enriched for 24 and 48 h, incubated at 30°C under aerobic conditions, and streaked on blood selective media. To determine the best isolation conditions, 20 samples also were processed under microaerophilic conditions at 37°C. Simple and multiplex PCR assays were used directly with enrichment broths and isolated strains. Seventeen Arcobacter strains were isolated from chicken samples, and A. butzleri was the only Arcobacter species identified. The direct PCR assay revealed that 29 of the 32 chicken samples were contaminated with Arcobacter. A. butzleri was the most frequently detected species, although Arcobacter cryaerophilus also was present in some of the samples and Arcobacter skirrowii occasionally was detected. All the wastewater samples were positive by PCR assay for Arcobacter after 24 h of enrichment. A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were detected with the multiplex PCR assay. Fourteen Arcobacter strains were isolated from 10 of the 15 water samples analyzed; 7 were identified as A. butzleri and the remaining 7 were A. cryaerophilus. Both for chicken and water samples, Arcobacter detection rate for PCR amplification was higher than for culture isolation. These results indicate the high prevalence of Arcobacter in chicken and wastewater and the inadequacy of available cultural methods for its detection. The species-specific multiplex PCR assay is a rapid method for assessing Arcobacter contamination in chicken and wastewater samples and is a viable alternative to biochemical identification of isolated strains.
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REVEZ, JOANA, MARIANNE HUUSKONEN, MARJO RUUSUNEN, MIIA LINDSTRÖM, and MARJA-LIISA HÄNNINEN. "Arcobacter Species and Their Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Genotypes in Finnish Raw Milk during Summer 2011." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1630–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-083.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Arcobacter species in raw milk in Finland. A total of 177 raw milk samples, each from a separate farm, were examined from June to August 2011. Arcobacter species were isolated using an enrichment and selective detection procedure. Overall, 26 (15%) of the 177 samples yielded Arcobacter spp. Samples from 25 farms were positive for Arcobacter butzleri and from 1 farm for Arcobacter cryaerophilus. Moreover, both Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were recovered from 1 positive sample. To evaluate a possible genetic variability, one strain of A. butzleri from each farm and the A. cryaerophilus sample were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Genotyping revealed that Arcobacter spp. populations are heterogeneous, and no dominant clone has spread in the investigated samples. Our study is the first report on the isolation of both A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in raw milk in Finland. Based on our findings, the presence of Arcobacter species in raw milk may pose a potential hazard for human health, in particular for consumers who prefer drinking unpasteurized milk.
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ERTAS, NURHAN, YUSUF DOGRUER, ZAFER GONULALAN, AHMET GUNER, and ISMAIL ULGER. "Prevalence of Arcobacter Species in Drinking Water, Spring Water, and Raw Milk as Determined by Multiplex PCR." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 2099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.11.2099.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of Arcobacter species in water sources and raw milk from healthy animals in Kayseri, Turkey. A total of 175 samples of drinking water (n = 100), spring water (n = 25), and raw milk (n = 50) were examined. Arcobacter species were isolated using the membrane filtration technique. Overall, 7 (4%) of the 175 samples yielded Arcobacter spp.: 3 (3%) drinking water samples, 1 (4%) spring water sample, and 3 (6%) raw milk samples. Two species of Arcobacter were recovered from the seven positive samples: Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter skirrowii, and A. butzleri plus A. skirrowii found in 3 (1.7%), 2 (1.1%), and 2 (1.1%) samples, respectively. Our study is the first to report the isolation of both A. butzleri and A. skirrowii together from drinking water and is the first report of Arcobacter in milk from healthy cows in Turkey. Based on these findings, the presence of Arcobacter species in environmental waters and raw milk may pose a potential hazard for human health.
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Fera, M. T., T. L. Maugeri, C. Gugliandolo, C. Beninati, M. Giannone, E. La Camera, and M. Carbone. "Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 3 (March 2004): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.3.1271-1276.2004.
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ABSTRACT The occurrence of Arcobacter spp. was studied in seawater and plankton samples collected from the Straits of Messina, Italy, during an annual period of observation by using cultural and molecular techniques. A PCR assay with three pairs of primers targeting the 16S and 23S rRNA genes was used for detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii in cultures and environmental samples. Only one of the Arcobacter species, A. butzleri, was isolated from seawater and plankton samples. With some samples the A. butzleri PCR assay gave amplified products when cultures were negative. A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii were never detected by culture on selective agar plates; they were detected only by PCR performed directly with environmental samples. Collectively, our data suggest that culturable and nonculturable forms of Arcobacter are present in marine environments. The assay was useful for detecting Arcobacter spp. both as free forms and intimately associated with plankton. This is the first report showing both direct isolation of A. butzleri and the presence of nonculturable Arcobacter spp. in the coastal environment of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Fernández, Heriberto, and Andrea Jaramillo. "Arcobacter butzleri." Revista chilena de infectología 33, no. 6 (December 2016): 663–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182016000600008.
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SHAH, A. H., A. A. SALEHA, M. MURUGAIYAH, Z. ZUNITA, and A. A. MEMON. "Prevalence and Distribution of Arcobacter spp. in Raw Milk and Retail Raw Beef." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 1474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-487.
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A total of 106 beef samples which consisted of local (n = 59) and imported (n = 47) beef and 180 milk samples from cows (n = 86) and goats (n = 94) were collected from Selangor, Malaysia. Overall, 30.2% (32 of 106) of beef samples were found positive for Arcobacter species. Imported beef was significantly more contaminated (46.80%) than local beef (16.9%). Arcobacter butzleri was the species isolated most frequently from imported (81.8%) and local (60%) beef, followed by Arcobacter cryaerophilus in local (33.3%) and imported (18.2%) beef samples. Only one local beef sample (10%) yielded Arcobacter skirrowii. Arcobacter species were detected from cow's milk (5.8%), with A. butzleri as the dominant species (60%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (40%), whereas none of the goat's milk samples were found positive for Arcobacter. This is the first report of the detection of Arcobacter in milk and beef in Malaysia.
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Ghaju Shrestha, Rajani, Yasuhiro Tanaka, and Eiji Haramoto. "A Review on the Prevalence of Arcobacter in Aquatic Environments." Water 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081266.
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Arcobacter is an emerging pathogen that is associated with human and animal diseases. Since its first introduction in 1991, 33 Arcobacter species have been identified. Studies have reported that with the presence of Arcobacter in environmental water bodies, animals, and humans, a possibility of its transmission via water and food makes it a potential waterborne and foodborne pathogen. Therefore, this review article focuses on the general characteristics of Arcobacter, including its pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, methods of detection by cultivation and molecular techniques, and its presence in water, fecal samples, and animal products worldwide. These detection methods include conventional culture methods, and rapid and accurate Arcobacter identification at the species level, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and multiplex PCR. Arcobacter has been identified worldwide from feces of various hosts, such as humans, cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs, poultry, and swine, and also from meat, dairy products, carcasses, buccal cavity, and cloacal swabs. Furthermore, Arcobacter has been detected in groundwater, river water, wastewater (influent and effluent), canals, treated drinking water, spring water, and seawater. Hence, we propose that understanding the prevalence of Arcobacter in environmental water and fecal-source samples and its infection of humans and animals will contribute to a better strategy to control and prevent the survival and growth of the bacteria.
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JOHNSON, LEE G., and ELSA A. MURANO. "Arcobacter Isolates from Various Sources." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.11.1789.
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Arcobacter has been shown to be present in numerous different sources, including poultry, water, and humans exhibiting gastroenteritis. The production of a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) has been documented in Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and other species. The polymerase chain reaction was used to screen Arcobacter isolates from poultry, cattle, irrigation water, and human diarrhea for the presence of CDT genes. Cell filtrates and sonic extracts were also tested for CDT-like activity on Chinese Hamster Ovary, HeLa, and Intestinal 407 (INT407) cells in culture. No CDT amplimers were observed in any of the Arcobacter isolates investigated. However, toxicity to HeLa and INT407 cells was observed and was subsequently analyzed for cell cycle arrest in the presence of the Arcobacter extracts with flow cytometry. Cells treated with Arcobacter sonic extracts and filtrates exhibited normal cell cycles, suggesting that CDT is not expressed by Arcobacter. Thus, Arcobacter was shown to produce an entity that was toxic to some cells in culture, but this entity was toxic in a manner different from that of Campylobacter CDT.
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Oliveira, Sérgio José de, Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes, Beatris Sonntag Kuchenbecker, Nilo Ikuta, Vagner Lunge, André Fonseca, and José Rafael Coiro. "Isolation of Arcobacter spp from poultry carcasses, in Brazil." Ciência Rural 31, no. 4 (August 2001): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782001000400013.
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Fourty eight isolates of Arcobacter spp were obtained from 37 poultry carcasses, from abattoir, among 80 carcasses examined. Attempts for culturing were made from the skin and muscle, resulting on 25 positive cultures from muscle and 23 from skin. Classification was achieved by phenotypic characterization and PCR and multiplex PCR, resulting 41 samples of Arcobacter butzleri and 07 Arcobacter sp. This is the first report on the occurrence of Arcobacter in animal carcasses in Brazil.
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SON, INSOOK, MARK D. ENGLEN, MARK E. BERRANG, PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY, and MARK A. HARRISON. "Genetic Diversity of Arcobacter and Campylobacter on Broiler Carcasses during Processing†." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1028.
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Broiler carcasses (n = 325) were sampled at three sites along the processing line (prescalding, prechilling, and post-chilling) in a commercial poultry processing plant during five plant visits from August to October 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genomic fingerprints of Campylobacter coli (n = 27), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 188), Arcobacter butzleri (n = 138), Arcobacter cryaerophilus 1A (n = 4), and A. cryaerophilus 1B (n = 31) with the restriction enzymes SmaI and KpnI for Campylobacter and Arcobacter, respectively. Campylobacter species were subtyped by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PulseNet 24-h standardized protocol for C. jejuni. A modification of this protocol with a different restriction endonuclease (KpnI) and different electrophoresis running conditions produced the best separation of restriction fragment patterns for Arcobacter species. Both unique and common PFGE types of Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains were identified. A total of 32.8% (57 of 174) of the Arcobacter isolates had unique PFGE profiles, whereas only 2.3% (5 of 215) of the Campylobacter isolates belonged to this category. The remaining Arcobacter strains were distributed among 25 common PFGE types; only eight common Campylobacter PFGE types were observed. Cluster analysis showed no associations among the common PFGE types for either genus. Each of the eight common Campylobacter types consisted entirely of isolates from one sampling day, whereas more than half of the common Arcobacter types contained isolates from different sampling days. Our results demonstrate far greater genetic diversity for Arcobacter than for Campylobacter and suggest that the Campylobacter types are specific to individual flocks of birds processed on each sampling day.
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DUFFY, LESLEY L., and NARELLE FEGAN. "Prevalence and Concentration of Arcobacter spp. on Australian Beef Carcasses." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-093.
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The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) classified Arcobacter spp. as emerging pathogens in 2002. Arcobacter spp. have been isolated from numerous food products at retail and from animal carcasses and feces at slaughter. A survey was conducted to determine both the prevalence and concentration of Arcobacter spp. on prechill beef carcasses. Surface swab samples were collected from 130 beef carcasses at the end of processing, prior to chilling. The concentration of Arcobacter spp. was determined by a most-probable-number per square centimeter (3 by 3) method with a limit of detection of 0.12 CFU/cm2. Of the 100 carcasses examined from export abattoirs, 20 (20.0%) were contaminated with Arcobacter spp., and 5 of these had quantifiable levels of contamination ranging from 0.12 to 0.31 CFU/cm2. Of the 30 carcasses examined at a pet food abattoir, 25 (83.3%) were contaminated with Arcobacter spp., and 10 of these had quantifiable levels of contamination ranging from 0.12 to 0.95 CFU/cm2. Three species of Arcobacter, A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirowii, were identified by PCR. Each of the species was present in an approximately equal ratio from export abattoirs. This study demonstrates that slaughter practices at export abattoirs are sufficient to maintain both low prevalence and low levels of contamination of beef carcasses with Arcobacter spp.
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ATANASSOVA, VIKTORIA, VOLKER KESSEN, FELIX REICH, and GÜNTER KLEIN. "Incidence of Arcobacter spp. in Poultry: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis and PCR Differentiation." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2533.
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Arcobacter is part of the family Campylobacteraceae. As with the genus Campylobacter, Arcobacter is found responsible for human gastrointestinal infection, and it is assumed to originate from poultry meat sources. Samples from poultry slaughtering originating from a broiler slaughterhouse and a turkey slaughterhouse were analyzed for Arcobacter. Five broiler flocks and five turkey flocks were analyzed in the course of slaughtering and processing for the prevalence of Arcobacter. The prevalence in broilers was 43.0%, while turkey samples were contaminated with 18.2% of positive samples. The numbers of Arcobacter present on turkey skin samples ranged between 1.7 and 2.4 log CFU/cm2. The prevalence changes during processing showed an increase after chilling in broilers, whereas there was a constant decrease in turkey processing. Species identification showed that all three Arcobacter spp. of relevance in human infection could be isolated, with A. butzleri being found at higher prevalence, which was followed by A. skirrowii and A. cryaerophilus.
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HAMILL, SARAH, SIDNEY D. NEILL, and ROBERT H. MADDEN. "A Comparison of Media for the Isolation of Arcobacter spp. from Retail Packs of Beef." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 850–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.4.850.
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In order to determine the most effective protocol for the isolation of Arcobacter spp. from retail packs of beef, three published methods (A, B, and C) were selected. In addition, a modified version of method B was studied (method D). The ability of the four methods to isolate Arcobacter from standardized beef samples (n = 80) was compared with presumptive Arcobacter isolates being identified to genus and species level, using multiplex PCR methods. The presence of Arcobacter in enrichment broths was also investigated using PCR techniques. Overall, the modified enrichment and selection media of Johnson and Murano (method D) gave the highest recovery of Arcobacter. Recovery using these media was enhanced by incubating the enrichment and selection media in a microaerobic cabinet rather than air, and the inclusion of streaking the enrichment broth onto selective agar after 24 h in addition to 48 h. Method D yielded significantly more Arcobacter-positive samples of beef (P < 0.01) than did the three other methods investigated.
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Najafi Goojani, R., E. Rahimi, and A. Shakerian. "Prevalence, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter isolates from animal meat in Iran." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 25, no. 3 (2022): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2020-0087.
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Arcobacter spp. are food-borne and zoonotic entero-pathogens. Obtaining information in relation to antimicrobial resistance helps us for utilisation of an appropriate agent for the treatment of Arcobacter infections. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in animal raw meat in Iran. The samples were collected from cattle (n=80), sheep (n=80), goats (n=80), camels (n=80), and buffaloes (n=60) from Khuzestan (n=110), Isfahan (n=80), Gilan (n=110) and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (n=80) provinces. Arcobacter isolates of meat samples were isolated, investigated by PCR method. The antibiotic resistance was also investigated. All isolates were screened for 6 virulence genes: cadF, ciaB, cj1349, Mvin, pldA and tlyA by PCR assays. The results showed that the prevalence of Arcobacter species had no significant difference among provinces and animals (P>0.05), so that positive samples were 1.25%, 1.25%, and 0.9% in Isfafhan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, and Gilan, respectively. Virulence genes were observed for A. butzleri species (n=3, 100%). The results showed that Arcobacter spp. were resistant to streptomycin (100%), tetracycline (100%) and vancomycin (100%), but were susceptible to azithromycin (33.33%). In sum, the different regions of the Iran had a relative incidence of 1% for Arcobacter spp. The species showed a resistance of 100% for streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin. These findings could help to identify Arcobacter spp. and select the best agent against infection in case of Arcobacter infection in animals.
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VILLARRUEL-LÓPEZ, A., M. MÁRQUEZ-GONZÁLEZ, L. E. GARAY-MARTÍNEZ, H. ZEPEDA, A. CASTILLO, L. MOTA de la GARZA, E. A. MURANO, and R. TORRES-VITELA. "Isolation of Arcobacter spp. from Retail Meats and Cytotoxic Effects of Isolates against Vero Cells." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1374.
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A survey of Arcobacter spp. was conducted over a 12-month period in Guadalajara, Mexico. A total of 135 samples (45 lean ground beef samples, 45 lean ground pork samples, and 45 chicken samples, including drumsticks, gizzards, and ground or chopped breast) were collected from local butcheries. The samples were enriched in Johnson-Murano enrichment medium and then streaked onto Johnson-Murano agar plates. Typical colonies were subjected to microscopic and biochemical identification followed by polymerase chain reaction confirmation of the genus Arcobacter. All isolates confirmed to be Arcobacter isolates were then inoculated into Eagle's minimum essential medium to determine their cytotoxicity against Vero cells. Arcobacter spp. were detected in 28.8, 51.1, and 40.0% of beef, pork, and chicken samples, respectively. From these samples, 101 isolates were confirmed to be Arcobacter spp. by polymerase chain reaction. Overall, the species most frequently identified was A. butzleri, followed by A. skirrowii. A. cryaerophilus was isolated only from pork meat. Ninety-five (95%) of the Arcobacter isolates produced a virulence mechanism against Vero cells, and 38 of them induced cell elongation, indicating enterotoxin production. Eighteen isolates produced the formation of vacuoles, and 39 produced both vacuolization and elongation. The vacuolization effect may be related to a vacuolizing toxin. The production of a vacuolizing toxin by Arcobacter spp. has not previously been reported. Results obtained in this study indicate that Arcobacter spp. may show cytotoxic effects other than the recognized enterotoxin production.
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FALLAS-PADILLA, KAROLINA L., CARLOS E. RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, HERIBERTO FERNÁNDEZ JARAMILLO, and MARÍA LAURA ARIAS ECHANDI. "Arcobacter: Comparison of Isolation Methods, Diversity, and Potential Pathogenic Factors in Commercially Retailed Chicken Breast Meat from Costa Rica." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-368.
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Arcobacter species have been recognized as potential food- and waterborne pathogens. The lack of standardized isolation methods and the relatively scarce knowledge about their prevalence and distribution as emerging pathogens are due to the limitations in their detection and identification. This study aimed to determine the presence and the identification of Arcobacter in chicken breast samples commercially retailed in San José, Costa Rica, as well as to describe the adherence and invasive potential of the strains to human cells (HEp-2). Fifty chicken breast samples were collected from retail markets in the metropolitan area of the country. Six different isolation methodologies were applied for the isolation of Arcobacter. Isolation strategies consisted of combinations of enrichments in de Boer or Houf selective broths and subsequent isolation in blood agar (directly or with a previous passive membrane filtration step) or Arcobacter selective agar. Suspicious colonies were identified with a genus-specific PCR, whereas species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 56%. From the isolation strategies, the combination of enrichment in Houf selective broth followed by filtration on blood agar showed the best performance, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 84%. A total of 46 isolates were confirmed as Arcobacter with the genus-specific PCR, from which 27 (59%) corresponded to Arcobacter butzleri, 9 (19%) to Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 10 (22%) were not identified with this multiplex PCR. Regarding the potential pathogenicity, 75% of the isolates presented adherence to HEp-2 cells, while only 22% were invasive to that cell line. All invasive strains were A. butzleri or nonidentified strains. The results show the presence of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter in poultry and recognize the importance it should receive as a potential foodborne pathogen from public health authorities.
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Houf, K., L. A. Devriese, L. D. zutter, J. Van Hoof, and P. Vandamme. "Susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii to Antimicrobial Agents Used in Selective Media." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.39.4.1654-1656.2001.
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Yesilmen, S., A. Vural, ME Erkan, and IH Yildirim. "Isolation and determination of antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter species isolated from animal faeces in the Diyarbakir region of Turkey using the 16S rDNA-RFLP method." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 6 (June 14, 2017): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/69/2016-vetmed.
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In this study, the presence of Arcobacter spp. was investigated in the faeces of cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and cloacal swab samples of chickens using the 16S rDNA-RFLP method. The prevalence of Arcobacter in these species was found to be 13%, 12%, 16%, 4% and 33%, respectively. On the other hand, Arcobacter spp. could not be isolated from rabbit faeces. A total of 78 (13%) Arcobacter spp. isolates were obtained from the 500 faecal samples and 100 cloacal swab samples examined in this study. From these 78 Arcobacter isolates, 24 (30.8%), 20 (25.6%), 11 (14.1%), 8 (10.7%), 4 (5.1%), 3 (3.9%) and 2 (2.6%) were identified by 16S rDNA-RLFP as A. cryaerophilus, A. butz- leri, A. skirrowii, A. cloacae, A. cibarius, A. halophilus, and A. nitrofigilis, respectively. All A. cryaerophilus (n = 24) isolates were found to be resistant to cloxacillin; all A. butzleri (n = 20) and A. skirrowii isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin/novobiocin, cefoperazone, tetracycline and cloxacillin. It was determined in this study that clinically healthy cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and chickens are reservoirs of Arcobacter spp.
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HUME, MICHAEL E., ROGER B. HARVEY, LARRY H. STANKER, ROBERT E. DROLESKEY, TONI L. POOLE, and HONG-BIN ZHANG. "Genotypic Variation among Arcobacter Isolates from a Farrow-to-Finish Swine Facility." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.5.645.
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Arcobacter spp. were isolated from nursing sows and developing pigs on three farms of a farrow-to-finish swine operation and market-age pigs at slaughter. Isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction and genotypic fragment patterns were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Incidences of Arcobacter-positive samples increased progressively as the pigs aged, resulting in all of the pens at the end of the growth cycle in the finishing barn containing Arcobacter-positive feces. However, only 10 of 350 cecal samples from slaughtered pigs were positive. There was little similarity between genotypic patterns for Arcobacter collected from the three farms. The level of genotypic variation revealed by PFGE suggested that pigs in this farrow-to-finish operation were colonized by multiple Arcobacter parent genotypes that may have undergone genomic rearrangement, common to members of Campylobacteraceae, during successive passages through the animals. Additionally, the level of genotypic diversity seen among Arcobacter isolates from farms of a single farrow-to-finish swine operation suggests an important role for genotypic phenotyping as a source identification and monitoring tool during outbreaks.
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MANKE, TAMARA R., IRENE V. WESLEY, JAMES S. DICKSON, and KAREN M. HARMON. "Prevalence and Genetic Variability of Arcobacter Species in Mechanically Separated Turkey†‡." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.12.1623.
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A survey for Arcobacter spp. and Arcobacter butzleri in mechanically separated turkey was conducted during the winter of 1995 and summer and fall of 1996. Arcobacter spp. and A. butzleri were identified by polymerase chain reaction and species-specific oligonucleotide probes. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 77% (303 out of 395) of the mechanically separated turkey samples with 74% (223 out of 303) of these samples positive for A. butzleri. Of the 121 A. butzleri isolates tested, 86 different pattems were evident following amplification of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences. The extent of genetic polymorphism indicated multiple sources of contamination.
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Schroeder-Tucker, Linda, Irene V. Wesley, Julia A. Kiehlbauch, David J. Larson, Lee Ann Thomas, and Gene A. Erickson. "Phenotypic and Ribosomal RNA Characterization of Arcobacter Species Isolated from Porcine Aborted Fetuses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, no. 2 (April 1996): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800208.
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Aerotolerant organisms resembling Campylobacter, now designated as Arcobacter, have been described from aborted farm animals and from cases of human enteritis worldwide. The goals of this study were 1) to attempt to recover Arcobacter spp. from cases of porcine abortion, 2) to characterize these isolates by phenotype and ribotype, and 3) to compare the usefulness of ribotype and phenotype patterns for identifying Arcobacter butzleri and the DNA hybridization groups 1A and 1B of A. cryaerophilus. Isolates of Arcobacter spp. from North Carolina and Iowa were recovered from porcine tissues. In Iowa, Arcobacter spp. were recovered from 43% (13/30) of porcine abortion cases evaluated. Isolations were made from placenta (44%), kidney (44%), and stomach contents (12%), which were the only tissues examined. The most reliable biochemical tests for A. butzleri included growth in 1% glycine and in 1.5% NaCl, weak catalase activity, and resistance to cadmium chloride. Arcobacter cryaerophilus strains were characterized by strong catalase activity and sensitivity to cadmium chloride. The DNA hybridization groups 1A and 1B of A. cryaerophilus could not be distinguished by biochemical tests. This represents the first description of A. cryaerophilus DNA group 1A in animals within the United States.
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BOGANTES, ESTEBAN VALVERDE, KAROLINA L. FALLAS-PADILLA, CARLOS E. RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, HERIBERTO FERNÁNDEZ JARAMILLO, and MARÍA LAURA ARIAS ECHANDI. "Zoonotic Species of the Genus Arcobacter in Poultry from Different Regions of Costa Rica." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 808–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-494.
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In recent years, emerging pathogens have received special attention due to their consequences for public health. Given that Arcobacter has been isolated in Costa Rica from commercial meat poultry samples, the aim of this research was to determine its isolation frequency from laying hens, broilers, ducks, and geese and to compare two types of samples, namely, cloacal swabs and stool collection. Arcobacter was isolated from 22 (11%) of the 200 samples examined. Fifteen (55%), eight (30%), and four (15%) of the isolated strains were identified as A. butzleri, A. cryareophilus, and Arcobacter spp., respectively. Also, there is a statistically significant difference among the isolation frequencies of Arcobacter for the types of samples evaluated, yielding more isolates from stool samples than from cloacal swab collection. This work describes the distribution of Arcobacter in farm animals as potential sources for its spread from animal-derived products.
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JRIBI, HELA, HANEN SELLAMI, SALHA B. AMOR, ASTRID DUCOURNAU, ELODIE SIFRÉ, LUCIE BENEJAT, FRANCIS MÉGRAUD, and RADHOUANE GDOURA. "Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Arcobacter Species Isolates from Poultry in Tunisia." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 12 (July 7, 2020): 2080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-056.
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ABSTRACT Arcobacter is considered an emergent foodborne enteropathogen. Despite the high prevalence of this genus in poultry, the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. contamination in Tunisia remains unclear. The objectives of this study were (i) to isolate Arcobacter species (A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus) by the culture method from different species of raw poultry meat, (ii) to verify the isolates by multiplex PCR (m-PCR) assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and (iii) to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates. A total of 250 poultry product samples (149 chicken and 101 turkey) were collected from various supermarkets in Sfax. The samples consisted of breasts, wings, legs, and neck skins. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter spp. was 10.4%. Arcobacter spp. were found in 13.42% of the chicken samples and in 5.49% of the turkey samples. All the acquired isolates were subject to detailed confirmation with subsequent species classification using m-PCR and MALDI-TOF MS. A. butzleri was found in 22 samples (84.61%) and A. cryaerophilus in 4 samples (15.38%). Thus, m-PCR and MALDI-TOF MS were able to detect A. butzleri significantly better than the conventional method (χ2 = 49.1 and P < 0.001). Arcobacter was isolated from poultry in every season, at contamination levels of 30.76, 23.07, 19.23, and 26.92% in summer, spring, autumn, and winter, respectively. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of Arcobacter isolates to six antimicrobial drugs. All A. butzleri isolates (n = 24) were significantly resistant to erythromycin (P = 0.0015), ampicillin (P = 0.001), and ciprofloxacin (P = 0.05). All tested A. cryaerophilus strains (n = 4) were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Multidrug resistance was observed in 83% of the Arcobacter spp. isolates. Our study detected Arcobacter spp. in Tunisian poultry; because of their multidrug resistance, these species may constitute a public health problem. HIGHLIGHTS
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VILLALOBOS, EDGAR GARCÍA, HERIBERTO FERNÁNDEZ JARAMILLO, CAROLINA CHAVES ULATE, and MARÍA LAURA ARIAS ECHANDI. "Isolation and Identification of Zoonotic Species of Genus Arcobacter from Chicken Viscera Obtained from Retail Distributors of the Metropolitan Area of San José, Costa Rica." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-400.
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Arcobacter is a genus of growing importance worldwide; some of its species are considered emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents. In Costa Rica, as well as in other countries, its isolation has been reported, so the objective of this project was to evaluate and identify the presence of Arcobacter in chicken viscera sold in the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica, as well as to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns associated with it. One hundred fifty samples of chicken viscera including heart, liver, and other gastrointestinal organs were purchased from 15 supermarkets and 15 local retailers. De Boer and Houf broths were used as enrichment media; isolation was done with Arcobacter-selective medium and with membrane filtration with blood agar. Typical colonies were identified with genus-specific PCR, and species identification was made with multiplex PCR. Susceptibility to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline was done with the Epsilometer test. The isolation frequency of Arcobacter genus obtained in this study was of 17.3%. A total of 33 isolates were obtained from the poultry samples, and according to the multiplex PCR methodology, 22 (66.7%) isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri, 8 (24.2%)as Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and1(3.1%)as Arcobacter skirrowii. Two strains were not identified. No statistical significant difference was found when the source of samples was compared. Resistance toward chloramphenicol was 68.75%, followed by ampicillin (43.75%) and ciprofloxacin (18.75%); all strains were susceptible to tetracycline.
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SHANGE, NOMPUMELELO, PIETER A. GOUWS, and LOUWRENS C. HOFFMAN. "Prevalence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter Species in Ostriches from Oudtshoorn, South Africa." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-19-472.
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ABSTRACT Cloacal swabs were obtained from live ostriches reared on 30 different farms situated in South Africa (Oudtshoorn) during the period of June 2018 to July 2019 to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species. PCR (n = 168 pooled cloacal swabs), the Cape Town protocol (n = 836 cloacal swabs), International Organization for Standardization ISO 10272-1:2006 (n = 836 cloacal swabs), and a selective Arcobacter spp. method (n = 415 cloacal swabs) were used for detection. PCR determined an average prevalence of 24.63% for species belonging to the Campylobacteraceae family. The ISO 10272-1:2006 method determined a Campylobacter spp. prevalence level of 16.83%, while the Cape Town protocol could not detect Campylobacter spp. For Arcobacter spp., a prevalence of 18.80 and 39.14% was determined with the Cape Town protocol and the selective Arcobacter spp. method, respectively. Results showed that prevalence levels could be influenced by season, the source of water, and the presence of wild water birds. Higher prevalence levels for Campylobacter spp. (23.38%) and Arcobacter spp. (68%) were detected in ostriches sampled during spring and autumn, respectively. Higher prevalence levels for Campylobacter spp. (25.23%) and Arcobacter spp. (44.50%) were detected in ostriches reared on farms that made use of borehole water. Higher prevalence levels for Arcobacter spp. (44.38%) were seen in ostriches reared on farms with wild water birds. This research shows that ostriches from South Africa can be considered as potential carriers of species belonging to the Campylobacteraceae family. HIGHLIGHTS
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Giacometti, Federica, Alex Lucchi, Antonietta Di Francesco, Mauro Delogu, Ester Grilli, Ilaria Guarniero, Laura Stancampiano, Gerardo Manfreda, Giuseppe Merialdi, and Andrea Serraino. "Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii Circulation in a Dairy Farm and Sources of Milk Contamination." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 15 (May 22, 2015): 5055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01035-15.
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ABSTRACTEven though dairy cows are known carriers ofArcobacterspecies and raw or minimally processed foods are recognized as the main sources of humanArcobacterinfections in industrialized countries, data onArcobacterexcretion patterns in cows and in milk are scant. This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenicArcobacterspecies in a dairy herd and to investigate the routes ofArcobactertransmission among animals and the potential sources of cattle infection and milk contamination. A strategy of sampling the same 50 dairy animals, feed, water, and milk every month for a 10-month period, as well as the sampling of quarter milk, animal teats, the milking environment, and animals living on the farm (pigeons and cats), was used to evaluate, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the characteristic patterns in animals, their living environment, and the raw milk they produced. Of the 463 samples collected, 105 (22.6%) were positive forArcobacterspp. by culture examination. All the matrices except quarter milk and pigeon gut samples were positive, with prevalences ranging from 15 to 83% depending on the sample. Only threeArcobacterspecies,Arcobactercryaerophilus(54.2%),A. butzleri(34.2%), andA. skirrowii(32.3%), were detected. PFGE analysis of 370 isolates from positive samples provided strong evidence ofArcobactercirculation in the herd: cattle likely acquire the microorganisms by orofecal transmission, either by direct contact or from the environment, or both. Water appears to be a major source of animal infection. Raw milk produced by the farm and collected from a bulk tank was frequently contaminated (80%) byA. butzleri; our PFGE findings excluded primary contamination of milk, whereas teats and milking machine surfaces could be sources ofArcobactermilk contamination.
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De Smet, Sarah, Peter Vandamme, Lieven De Zutter, Stephen L. W. On, Laid Douidah, and Kurt Houf. "Arcobacter trophiarum sp. nov., isolated from fattening pigs." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.022665-0.
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In the course of a longitudinal study elucidating the dynamics of Arcobacter populations in pigs, 16 isolates of Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, slightly curved, non-spore-forming bacteria were grouped by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis into a distinct phenon within the genus Arcobacter. Fragments were generated for all isolates in a genus-specific PCR assay, but no amplicon was obtained in a species-specific multiplex-PCR test. Numerical analysis of the whole-cell protein profiles also showed that all isolates clustered in a single group that was distinct from related members of the genus Arcobacter. DNA–DNA hybridizations between two representative strains, designated 64T and 122, of the isolates obtained exhibited a mean DNA–DNA relatedness of 72 %. DNA–DNA hybridizations between strains 64T and 122 and reference strains of other animal-related bacteria of the genus Arcobacter revealed binding values of 47 % or less. The DNA G+C contents of the two representative strains were 28.5 and 28.4 mol%, respectively, and analysis of three marker genes identified Arcobacter cryaerophilus, A. thereius, A. cibarius and A. skirrowii as their closest phylogenetic neighbours. Strains 64T and 122 could be distinguished from other members of the genus Arcobacter by means of biochemical tests for catalase and urease activities, nitrate reduction, indoxyl acetate hydrolysis, lack of growth at 37 °C, growth in 2 % (w/v) NaCl, growth on 0.1 % sodium deoxycholate and non-supplemented Campylobacter charcoal-deoxycholate base medium and resistance to cephalothin (32 mg l−1) and cefoperazone (64 mg l−1). Additionally, a PCR assay was developed for the detection and identification of strains 64T and 122, which represent a novel species of the genus Arcobacter, for which the name Arcobacter trophiarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 64T (=LMG 25534T =CCUG 59229T).
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COLLINS, C. I., I. V. WESLEY, and E. A. MURANO. "Detection of Arcobacter spp. in Ground Pork by Modified Plating Methods." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.5.448.
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A modified cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) medium was developed for the recovery of Arcobacter spp. from meats. Modified CIN was compared to brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 10% bovine blood and cephalothin, vancomycin, and amphotericin B (CVA) as well as brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 10% bovine blood and no antibiotics. The three media were used to recover Arcobacter spp. in a survey of pork-processing plants. Examination of ground pork (149 samples) from one Iowa slaughter facility (Plant #1) revealed that 89 percent of the samples were positive for Arcobacter spp. In a second survey conducted 9 months later involving that same plant and four others, only 5% of the samples from the four plants were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp. Again, 90% of the samples were positive from Plant #1. It was not determined whether the sanitary practices during slaughter or the rearing of pigs on the source farms contributed to the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in one plant versus another.
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Oliveira, Sérgio José de, David Emilio Santos Neves de Barcellos, and Sandra Maria Borowski. "Diversidade antigênica entre amostras de Arcobacter spp isoladas de suínos no Rio Grande do Sul e presença de anticorpos aglutinantes em amostras de soro de porcas com problemas reprodutivos." Ciência Rural 29, no. 4 (December 1999): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781999000400022.
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O teste de aglutinação microscópica, usando a técnica descrita para o diagnóstico de leptospirose, foi utilizado para verificar a antigenicidade de 47 amostras de Arcobacter cryaerophilus e duas amostras de Arcobacter butzleri isoladas de suínos no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em frente a soros hiperimunes produzidos em coelhos a partir de amostras padrões das bactérias. Verificou-se grande heterogeneidade antigênica e apenas quatro amostras provocaram títulos acima de 1.600 com os anti-soros padrões. A classificação genética dos microorganismos foi confirmada no teste em 48,97% dos antígenos. Igualmente, utilizando a técnica de aglutinação microscópica, foram testadas amostras de soro de porcas que apresentaram problemas reprodutivos, procedentes de granjas de onde foram isoladas amostras de Arcobacter spp. Não existe registro anterior na literatura sobre o uso do referido teste em infecções por Arcobacter spp. Os exames sorológicos em fêmeas suínas reprodutoras revelaram títulos de até 1.600, possibilitando indicar que houve a presença de aglutininas para Arcobacter spp.
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JOHNSON, LEE G., and ELSA A. MURANO. "Comparison of Three Protocols for the Isolation of Arcobacter from Poultry." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.6.610.
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The microaerophilic bacterium Arcobacter has received increasing attention in recent years regarding its presence in food products. There exist a limited number of methods for the detection of this microorganism, with currently available methods being cumbersome to perform, time consuming, and limited in specificity. The objective of this study was to develop a selective enrichment broth to isolate accurately three Arcobacter spp. from concentrated chicken microflora by comparing the efficacy of various selective and growth-promoting additives in order. This newly developed enrichment broth was incorporated into an isolation protocol using a previously developed plating medium, and this new protocol was compared with two existing methods for the isolation of Arcobacter from poultry. Method 1 consisted of enrichment in Ellinghausen–McCullough–Johnson–Harris Polysorbate 80 broth followed by plating on cefoperazone-vancomycin–amphotericin B medium. Method 2 consisted of enrichment in Arcobacter selective broth and plating onto Arcobacter selective medium. Method 3 (the JM method), used a newly developed enrichment broth followed by plating on a previously described JM agar. The JM method isolated Arcobacter strains in 42 out of 50 broiler chicken samples, while methods 1 and 2 detected the organism in only 24 and 15 out of 50 samples, respectively.
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Whiteduck-Léveillée, Kerri, Jenni Whiteduck-Léveillée, Michel Cloutier, James T. Tambong, Renlin Xu, Edward Topp, Michael T. Arts, et al. "Arcobacter lanthieri sp. nov., isolated from pig and dairy cattle manure." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_8 (August 1, 2015): 2709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000318.
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A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and diversity of species of the genus Arcobacter in pig and dairy cattle manure, which led to the identification of strains AF1440T, AF1430 and AF1581. Initially identified as Arcobacter butzleri based on colony morphology and initial PCR-confirmation tests, analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains confirmed that they belonged to the genus Arcobacter and were different from all known species of the genus. The isolates formed a distinct group within the genus Arcobacter based on their 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoB, cpn60, gyrA and atpA gene sequences and fatty acid profiles. Their unique species status was further supported by physiological properties and DNA–DNA hybridization that allowed phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of the strains from other species of the genus Arcobacter. The isolates were found to be oxidase, catalase and esterase positive and urease negative; they grew well at 30 °C under microaerophilic conditions and produced nitrite and acetoin. Based on their common origin and various physiological properties, it is proposed that the isolates are classified as members of a novel species with the name Arcobacter lanthieri sp. nov. The type strain is AF1440T ( = LMG 28516T = CCUG 66485T); strains AF1430 ( = LMG 28515 = CCUG 66486) and AF1581 ( = LMG 28517 = CCUG 66487) are reference strains.