Journal articles: 'Architecture – portugal – 20th century'

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Ramos, Rui Jorge Garcia, Eliseu Gonçalves, Gisela Lameira, and Luciana Rocha. "State-Subsidised Housing and Architecture in 20th-Century Portugal: A Critical Review Outlining Multidisciplinary Implications." Challenges 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe12010007.

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Stable access to affordable quality housing is a core feature of public health principles and practices. In this report, we provide an update on the research project “Mapping Public Housing: A Critical Review of the State-subsidised Residential Architecture in Portugal (1910–1974)” (MdH), developed between 2016 and 2019 at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Porto (FAUP) in Portugal. This funded research project (PTDC/CPC-HAT/1688/2014) brought together an international and multidisciplinary team composed of architects, sociologists, historians, an economist, an anthropologist, information scientists and archivists, from different academic levels (senior researchers, postdoctoral, PhD and Master’s degree students), adopting a variety of approaches and operating in a range of different contexts. The aim of the research undertaken was to investigate the reality of social and state-subsidised housing in terms of its architecture, while, at the same time, seeking to broaden our understanding of this phenomenon and of the transition to a democratic regime. Furthermore, this research project was designed to contribute towards the development of common ground for supporting decisions in the environmental, social and economic fields relating to housing management, as well as architectural heritage management and protection. This review is based on the submitted application (2015) and final report (2020).

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Fevereiro, António Francisco Arruda de Melo Cota. "THE ART NOUVEAU TILES AS FRAMES TO ARCHITECTURE IN LISBON." ARTis ON, no. 2 (February 12, 2016): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37935/aion.v0i2.44.

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The combination of tile with architecture has been used in Portugal for centuries. It achieved a unique level of artistry by the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The use of new colours and modern stylizations were explored during the Art Nouveau period. The tile was used as a frame for architectural features in order to enhance the building. By then all the elements were intended to be harmoniously combined as a whole.A span of case studies, chronologically ordered, illustrates the role and evolution of tiles used during this period, when tiles were designed by academic painters or architects. The comparison of projects published, or kept in archives, with the actual buildings led to a new understanding about this artistic period in Portugal and, particularly, in Lisbon and its surroundings.

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Almeida, Luís, António Santos Silva, Maria do Rosário Veiga, Manuel Vieira, and José Mirão. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Concrete from 20th-Century Architecture Award-Winning Buildings in Lisbon (Portugal): A Contribution to the Knowledge of Their Evolution and Durability." Construction Materials 2, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater2030010.

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The use of concrete materials in Portugal, namely reinforced concrete, began in the 19th century. However, during the 20th century, the increase in the application of this composite material, alongside the use of hydraulic binders, led to a disruption of traditional construction techniques and enhanced generalized application in concrete structures, combining aesthetics with functionality. In this paper, the authors will present and discuss several physical and mechanical characteristics of reinforced concrete materials from 12 award-winning architectural buildings constructed between the 1930s and the end of the 20th century in Lisbon, Portugal. These results are vital to evaluate their durability, as those buildings have an undiscussable heritage value in the context of 20th-century buildings’ valorization. Furthermore, the results will contribute to the knowledge of the current state of conservation of these materials and will allow an understanding of the evolution in the application of national regulations during this period.

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Ramos, Rui Jorge Garcia, Eliseu Gonçalves, and Sérgio Dias Silva. "From the Late 19th Century House Question to Social Housing Programs in the 30s: the Nationalist Regulation of the Picturesque in Portugal." Modern Housing. Patrimonio Vivo, no. 51 (2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.a.1v7pry77.

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In the early 20th century in Portugal, a new architecture was produced as the offspring of different references, conforming to a process of “Portugueseness” based on the picturesque. From the beginning of the dictatorship in 1926, the State took advantage of that phenomenon to sublimate nationalist values. Through the first programs of mass housing construction, the single-family house became an object of consumption and a cornerstone of national identity. The search for identity brings together different architectures across the century featuring a renewed Portuguese sentiment infused with different perspectives on the “homeland”, its history and its culture.

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Pereira, Paulo Manta. "“Urbanistic Architecture” according to Raul Lino." Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research 17, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v17i1.1064.

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Over a period of nearly one hundred years, Raul Lino (1879-1974) experienced the profound political, social and economic changes that marked the twentieth century in Portugal. Having been born during the Constitutional Monarchy (1822-1910), he lived through the First Republic (1910-1926), the Military Dictatorship (1926-1933), the Second Republic, or Estado Novo (New State, 1933-1974), and died shortly after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, at the dawning of the Third Republic. He was an architect who published prolifically in Portugal, having become known through his advocacy of the Campanha da casa Portuguesa (Portuguese House Campaign), which provoked a great deal of controversy. The debate peaked with the Polémica da casa Portuguesa (Polemic of the Portuguese house) at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in 1970, after the inauguration of the retrospective exhibition on Raul Lino. He is less known for the quality of his transversal synthesis conceived between urbanism, architecture, the decorative arts, and its underlying affirmation of an idea of the city, which we conjecture from our analysis of his narrative. This analysis concentrates on eleven case studies that encompasses architectural projects, urbanistic plans and technical advice limited to the first half of the 20th century. The broad, cross-disciplinary position of Lino was defended in the same year as the First National Architecture Congress (1948), whose proposals ratified in Portugal the orthodoxy principles of modern architecture and urban planning for the new universal man-type, established in 1933 by the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM). Quoting Aristotle, Raul Lino conceived the city as the locus of happiness, shaping forms of consensus between tradition and modernity by means of an architecture at the scale of man and in proportion to his circumstance, consistently outlining a modern possibility of continuity.

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Montaner, Josep Maria, and Zaida Muxí Martínez. "Modern Housing: Heritage and Vitality." Modern Housing. Patrimonio Vivo, no. 51 (2014): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.a.m3ws825n.

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One of the main subjects in contemporary architecture is how to deal with the physical and intellectual requirements of transforming modern housing. Joan Busquets points out in his contribution to this issue, that the special effort made by modern architects and progressive housing politics during the 20th century must be reinterpreted and followed today. Intentionally, this issue brings a special focus on the Iberoamerican world, specifically Spain, Portugal and Latin America, with the aim of relocating it in a cultural world of predominantly Anglo-American historiography. In any case, it presents a very wide spectrum, including North America, Switzerland and Great Britain. For this reason the projects are presented as case studies, both housing politics in different countries, and paradigmatic architectural examples, either positive or negative.

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Maljaee, Hamid, António Santos Silva, and Ana Velosa. "Characterization of Mortar from Casa Barbot (Portugal), a Case Study from the Beginning of the 20th Century." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010232.

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The popularity of natural cement (Roman cement) in buildings from the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century and the high diversity of characteristics of natural cement demand research of mortar and binders used in the buildings of this period in Portugal. Understanding the type of binder used in the historic buildings will help the project/intervention team to make the best decisions in terms of the development of compatible mortars for historical conservation purposes. Casa Barbot is one of the Art Nouveau examples of the beginning of the 20th century in Portugal. The garden of this building is characterized by peculiar elements in terms of materials and architecture. Full characterization of the mortars employed in the construction of this building as well as identification of the used binder is the main objective of this study. The study comprises a wide range of laboratory characterization techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), petrography, open porosity, density, water absorption by capillarity, and compressive strength. The results show the diversity of compositional characteristics in the mortars used in the decorative elements in the period garden of Casa Barbot. All mortars are composed of Portland cement with a mix of additives such as blast furnace slag, limestone filler, air lime, and the occasional presence of charcoal. The results raise doubt about the use of natural cement as stated in the historical documents. This study will broaden the scientific knowledge of the materials of that period in Portugal to provide a comprehensive plan for the preservation of historical buildings.

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Palazzo, Pedro P. "Vernacular Patterns in Portugal and Brazil: Evolution and Adaptations." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.524.

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Traditional towns in Portugal and Brazil have evolved a finely tuned coordination between, on the one hand, modular dimensions for street widths and lot sizes, and on the other, a typology of room shapes and layouts within houses. Despite being well documented in urban history, this coordination was in the last century often interpreted as contingent, a result of the limited material means of pre-industrial societies. But the continued application and gradual adaptation of these urban and architectural patterns through periods of industrialization and economic development suggests that they respond both to enduring housing requirements and to piecemeal urban growth. This article surveys the persistence of urban and architectural patterns up to the early 20th century, showing their resilience in addressing modern housing and urbanization requirements.

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Ramos, Rui, Eliseu Gonçalves, and Sergio Dias Silva. "Segregation in Housing and Urban Forms: An Issue of Private and Public Concern." Social Sciences 7, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090145.

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The Mapping Public Housing investigation project (MdH), based at the University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture, Centre for Studies in Architecture and Urbanism, is building a database of State-subsidized residential architecture in Portugal designed between 1910 and 1974. An ongoing survey of laws directly or indirectly influencing housing construction, and of their concretization, allows for a reading of the influence of the State in housing architecture. This paper will focus on two scopes of segregation through housing design in the Portuguese 20th century, both in private initiatives—the “Ilhas”, low rent housing built in the backyards of Porto in the first half of the century—and in public investments—using the example of the “Affordable Houses”, a housing programme created by the Portuguese dictatorial regime in 1933 in which the buyers of the houses were subjected to surveillance by the State. An ongoing context of market pressure caused by speculative real estate investing and mass tourism, suggests an evolution of the original processes of segregation into systems of gentrification, transforming the cultural and social fabric.

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Monteiro, João Pedro. "SANTOS SIMÕES AND THE AZULEJO IDENTITY IN PORTUGAL." ARTis ON, no. 8 (December 30, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37935/aion.v0i8.216.

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The present article focuses on the work of João Miguel dos Santos Simões (1907-1972), a researcher, historian, scholar and promoter of Portuguese azulejos and their use in Portugal, as well as the founder of the National Azulejo Museum. Santos Simões played a very important role in the identification both of the azulejo’s specific characteristics and of their use in Portugal. He was, in the 20th century, one of the most important promoters of the azulejo as a distinctly Portuguese art form. His main theoretical contribution concerns the recognition of the azulejo’s unique expression in Portugal — and, by extension, in Brazil. Its use gave rise to monumental decorations and helped shape the architecture in original ways. Apart from identifying the main characteristics of the use of azulejos in Portugal, Santos Simões also compared it to the situation in other countries, namely in Spain. Moreover, he studied the azulejo as a touristic phenomenon, a subject whose topicality warrants, according to the author of the present article, a detailed examination.

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Almeida, Luís, António Santos Silva, Rosário Veiga, and José Mirão. "20th Century Mortars: Physical and Mechanical Properties from Awarded Buildings in Lisbon (Portugal)—Studies towards Their Conservation and Repair." Buildings 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2023): 2468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102468.

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This paper addresses the study of renders and plasters’ physical and mechanical characteristics from selected buildings awarded during the 20th century with a renowned architectural prize in Lisbon, Portugal. The characterisation was done to understand mortars’ physical and mechanical properties and their evolution during the 20th century. These characteristics will also help determine compatibility requirements for future conservation and restoration interventions. Since these buildings have a heritage great interest status, the need to preserve them is a paramount issue. Fifty-three samples from nine case studies were studied via capillary water absorption, drying rates, open porosity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and compressive strength. There were limitations in sample collection due to the buildings being in service and technical constraints regarding sample quantity for testing and separating layers of the multi-layer mortar system. Nevertheless, the results showed different ranges of quantitative values for these tests, whether the mortars were lime, gypsum, cement-based or had lime–cement blended formulations.

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Almeida, Luís, António Santos Silva, Maria do Rosário Veiga, José Mirão, and Manuel Vieira. "20th-Century Award-Winning Buildings in Lisbon (Portugal). Study of Plasters, Rendering, and Concrete Materials Aiming Their Sustainable Preservation." Buildings 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080359.

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Conservation, increasing the useful life period of existing significant buildings with minimum consumption of new materials, as much as possible of low-embodied energy, is an important step towards sustainable rehabilitation, while also contributing to the preservation of the cultural heritage. In the context of 20th-century buildings’ conservation, the knowledge of construction techniques and applied materials is essential to pursue sustainable preservation and rehabilitation actions. This paper presents the main construction types and characteristics of a set of architecture award-winning buildings in Lisbon (Portugal) between 1903 and 2002 along with an inspection of the main anomalies detected in renders, plasters, and concrete surfaces. The applied methodology made it possible to classify plasters, renders, and concrete materials according to their state of conservation. The study of 20th-century buildings is justified by the intense renovation activity in the city centres, which leads to the loss of their outer layers and their historical and original values. This study aims to contribute to future conservation actions that will guarantee better preservation concerning sustainable materials, i.e., compatible materials to the existing ones that enhance the durability of the old buildings and minimize the use of new materials.

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Lameira, Gisela, Luciana Rocha, and Rui Jorge Garcia Ramos. "Affordable Futures Past: Rethinking Contemporary Housing Production in Portugal While Revisiting Former Logics." Urban Planning 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i1.4770.

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This article focuses on a specific term associated with the scientific, theoretical, and academic discourse on housing architecture in Portugal. Over the last 100 years, the term “affordable” has frequently been used in the vocabulary of urban housing in Portugal, being linked to other words commonly used in housing construction, such as económica (economical), barata (cheap/inexpensive/low-cost), pobre (poor), cooperativa (cooperative), or even custos controlados (controlled costs). Therefore, we propose to explore the multiple appropriations and contemporary shifts in its original meaning, seeking in this way to: (a) further stimulate the contemporary discussion on types of buildings, public housing programmes (i.e., following a historical perspective), contemporary housing policies (e.g. Basic Housing Law and New Generation of Housing Policies), refurbishment policies, new regulations, and new models for the middle classes (in Portugal); (b) share perspectives about the updating of this concept and the materialisation of its respective types and models in contemporary architectural practice; and (c) build bridges between the past and the present (public and private models and solutions, and shifts in the target audience). Although a wide range of different words was used to describe “affordable housing” in Portugal from the early 20th century to the first decade of the 21st century, it is essential to stress the importance of several newly emerging concepts. In recently implemented laws, concepts such as economicamente acessível (economically accessible) and custos controlados (controlled costs/low-cost) encompass the shifts in the meaning of the term “affordable” and broaden the contemporary discussion of the housing problem in relation to the type of property and target audience.

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Jasińska, Anna, and Artur Jasiński. "THE CALOUSTE GULBENKIAN MUSEUM IN LISBON." Muzealnictwo 58, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8341.

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The Calouste Gulbenkian Museum is located off the tourist paths, on the outskirts of Europe, and far away from the centre of Lisbon, in the serenity of the Santa Gertrudes Park. Its austere concrete buildings hide treasures from the collection of an extraordinary man, a millionaire of Armenian origin, an oil magnate, and an art and garden lover. The article presents the collector, the history of his collection and the museum buildings which now form an original park and museum complex run by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. In 2010, the complex was entered into the register of national monuments of Portugal, thus being the first masterpiece of the 20th-century architecture to feature in this register.

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Velosa, Ana, Slavka Andrejkovičová, Clara Pimenta do Vale, and Fernando Rocha. "Natural Cement in Portugal: Context in Cement Production and Architectural Use." Heritage 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2024): 638–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage7020031.

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Natural cement, also known as “Roman cement”, was used across Europe during a historic period, mainly in many building facades, due to its hydraulic properties and aesthetic qualities. In Portugal, the use of natural cement occurred in buildings from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, a period during which the use of lime binders decreased and before the massive use of Portland cement. Recent conservation and rehabilitation actions resulting from necessary interventions in heritage buildings from this period have played an important role in revealing evidence of the use of natural cement and clarifying the lacunae of information about this material. Due to the inadequate use of reparation materials in previous conservation and rehabilitation interventions, this study summarizes the historical production, study, and use of natural cement in Portugal. Natural cement results from the calcination of clay-rich limestone (marlstone) without any compositional changes after extraction, distinguishing itself from hydraulic lime due to its higher clay content and allowing for the formation of higher quantities of hydraulic reactive phases without free lime. Although this topic has been approached at a European level, mainly focusing on the production and use of natural cement in Central Europe, in Portugal, it is still necessary to produce and disseminate information on this specific subject. Therefore, this study focuses on the evolution of cement production in Portugal and an analysis of the existing knowledge of the binders used in architectural heritage based on the scientific and historical bibliography.

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Nuno Grande. "In praise of light and shadows." Sophia Journal 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-8976_2019-0005_0001_07.

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The interaction of light and shadow has always fascinated architects, and even more so since Le Corbusier’s famous quote from 1923, published in Vers une Architecture, in which he describes architecture as “the learned game, correct and magnificent, of forms assembled in the light”. This game, which thus motivated the painters of Purism and Cubism – among whom Le Corbusier would come to be included – contributed in great part to the definition of the aesthetic ideals of the artistic avant-garde in the West in the first half of the 20th century. Associated with the purity of crystal, with the idea of total transparency, and with the blurring of the boundaries between the interior and the exterior, this very same game served as the conceptual premise of (and later as a critical challenge to) the architecture of the Modern Movement. The counterpoint to the purist and crystalline impetus of modernism would emerge, and indeed one of many, by way of “In Praise of Shadows”, a reference to the book written in 1933 by Junichiro Tanizaki. In this work, the author examines how Oriental culture (in contrast with Western culture) has always sought to shield the interior space from the invasion of light and from exterior views by use of trees, porches, patios, shutters, and translucent sliding doors or dividers (the Japanese shôji). It is not by accident that many of these traditional elements would once again come to be adopted by Western architecture from the late 1950s onward in its search for vernacular values deriving from a broad variety of cultures. Having studied in these seminal years of critical review of the Modern Movement and coinciding with the publication of the Survey on Regional Architecture in Portugal – (Inquérito à Arquitetura Popular em Portugal) (1955-1961), the young architect Álvaro Siza learned from Fernando Távora – his former teacher and mentor – to appreciate not only the effect of light on forms (Távora himself admitted to being an avid admirer of Le Corbusier), but also to stroll about the shadows in traditional habitats (Távora would gather important teachings from Japanese architecture during his grand tour in 1960 and filtering it through another great influence of his: Frank Lloyd Wright). These different “phantom-characters” would come to also occupy the imagination of the young Siza, and to them he added references to Alvar Aalto, Bruno Taut or Adolf Loos, at the moment of considering the relationship between the individual and the collective space, between the domestic and the monumental scale, between the window and the city. The photographic work of Mark Durden and João Leal focusing on Álvaro Siza’s work in Porto – now published by Scopio Newspaper – goes in search of not only this same game of shadows upon the target surfaces of the façades and the interiors of the buildings but also the multiplicity of transparencies and penumbras that unfold through their ample glazed windows. [...]

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Matos, Fátima Loureiro De. "Recent dynamics in the Portuguese housing market as compared with the European Union." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 18, no. 18 (November 1, 2012): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0020-6.

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Abstract.The closing years of the 20th century witnessed profound changes in the European housing market, characterised by an increase in owner-occupied housing; instability of house prices (leading to a serious crisis in some regions, in light of a fall in demand); a change in people’s attitude to the housing market, involving a rise in the importance of location, the quality of materials and spaces, environmental sustainability, and architectural and urban innovation.The European Union does not have a common housing policy, which it believes is the responsibility of Member-States. However, it is recognised that the problems related to the socio-urban inclusion of low-income individuals do have an impact on Community policies.Because we are in the midst of a transformation, it is difficult to talk today about the dynamics and policies of housing, the functioning of markets, and thereby about the ways in which public administrations are facing the current crisis of real estate overproduction.This article aims at analysing the dynamics of the housing market in Portugal as compared with other European countries, highlighting the characteristics of demand and supply and the main changes recorded in the last few years.

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Garcia, José Luís Lima. "Colonial propaganda literature in 20th century contemporary Portugal." Revista Estudos do Século XX, no. 8 (2008): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8622_8_20.

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Spaggiari, Barbara. "The decasyllable in Portugal." Linguistic Approaches to Poetry 15 (December 31, 2001): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.15.12spa.

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We propose a new classification of the Portuguese decasyllable into periods, as well as an overview of the specific features which have, over the centuries, marked the variety of this verse form. We thus distinguish between: the decassílabo trovadoresco (Middle Ages); the decassílabo quatrocentista (15th century); the decassílabo clássico (16th century); the decassílabo romântico (19th century); the decassílabo decadente e simbolista (late 19th and early 20th century). Whether in medieval or modern poetry, the Portuguese decasyllable exhibits an extreme variety of forms, rhythms and scansion patterns, all equally possible and codified in the poetic idiom; so that the only constant distinctive feature of the verse appears to be the compulsory accent on the 10th syllable. Moreover, the massive recourse to hiatus and dieresis, as well as to synaloepha and syneresis, always allows the Portuguese poets to attain the required number of syllables.

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Vieira, Duarte Nuno. "Forensic Medicine And Forensic Sciences in Portugal." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2009141689.

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The first legal texts to contain any rules relating forensic medicine expertises in Portugal date back to the 16th century. But the qualitative leap that actually allowed Portuguese Forensic Medicine to develop, bringing it to the stage where it is today, only occurred three centuries later, in the 19th century. Indeed, the first university teaching of forensic medicine appeared in 1836, with independent courses bearing this title, and in 1899 the first official forensic medical services were set up. A number of changes took place thereafter, and throughout the 20th century, always serving to improve the system. They culminated in a thorough reorganisation of the entire framework of forensic medicine in Portugal in the transition from the 20th to the 21st century, more exactly in 2000/1001. This consisted of unifying the Portuguese forensic medical services in a single National Institute of Legal (Forensic) Medicine (“Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal” - INML). In the following pages we shall concentrate particularly on the present situation of forensic medicine and other forensic sciences in Portugal and on the glimmering future prospects.

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Marinho, Rui Tato. "‘The Last Coachman’, the Trio of Risk Factors: Alcohol, Tobacco and Traffic Accidents." Acta Médica Portuguesa 27, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.5591.

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Carvalho, Cristina. "PUBLICITY TILE PANELS IN PORTUGAL: A SINGULARITY WITHIN IDENTITY." ARTis ON, no. 8 (December 30, 2018): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37935/aion.v0i8.219.

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In mid-19th century when tiles turn to the outside of the buildings, covering façades, a singularity in tile production came to light: their use as advertising or publicity support. From the third quarter of the 19th century on, very simple signs made of tiles start to inform about products, shops, workshops or services. Since then, until mid-20th century, this sort of production never stopped, being able to update itself to new artistic styles following graphic arts and publicity concepts evolution. Work of unknown artists as well as of consecrated painters and designers, it evolved from the simple lettering to the most exuberant colourful figurative representations. Despite its decline from mid-20th century, this sort of panels never completely disappeared and continued to be produced until nowadays. The present article aims to analyse the publicity panels, a singular tile production scattered all over the country, relating them to the Portuguese artistic identity.

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Nikitin, Yury, Vasiliy Goryunov, Vera Murgul, and Nikolay Vatin. "Research on Industrial Exhibitions Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.504.

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All-Russian and regional exhibition architecture in the second half of the 19th century through the early 20th century had varied distinct differences in style and design. Temporality of exhibition architecture in those days contributed to a variety of experiments made for pavilions in the context of styles and structures. There was a high demand for the Russian style to be applied for pavilions both in Russia and abroad. First search and application experience in respect to the modern art principles are connected with exhibition architecture. These experiments in the national architecture and art are of a high interest. Neo-classicism was applied in exhibition architecture in the early 20th century to a large extent. The exhibitions of the early 20th century appeared to be special ‘style workshops’. Organizers of certain exhibitions tried to keep uniformity of style of basic constructions. The major merit of exhibition architecture is that it contributed to the transition from eclecticism to a new style on the cusp of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

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Dias, Emílio Brògueira, and Jorge Fernandes Alves. "Ports, policies and interventions in ports in Portugal - 20th Century." Cahiers de la Méditerranée, no. 80 (June 15, 2010): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/cdlm.5162.

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Alarcón, David, and Patricia Méndez. "Persistent Conventions in 20th Century Architecture Photography." Materia Arquitectura, no. 19 (April 30, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.56255/ma.v0i19.430.

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Photography and architecture maintain a unique and constant relationship with each other. The invention and technology of one proved to be the optimal mechanisms for the dissemination of the latter, transforming it into an ideal model in front of a camera. However, these evidences, embodied in paper, also reveal the installation of a disciplinary field that tied the visual and aesthetic canons of both disciplines. This text proposes therefore to investigate this binomial based on the invariants that circumscribed the architecture photography of the 20th Century. The methodology applied resorted to texts that delve into visual culture, together with theoretical literature about photography and classic examples of architecture. In the attempt to analyze, partially, the visual communication of the architecture – from a contemporary perspective, overvalued by image consumerism – it is concluded that it is evident that the photographer officiates as the translator of architectural conventions, while the architect does it as an organizer of his images. Both establish visual codes that last over time and, in each photographic act, confirm and deepen their disciplinary artistic discourses.

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Oliveira, Victor. "Quadros Médicos: Egas Moniz, por José Malhoa." Acta Médica Portuguesa 27, no. 5 (October 25, 2014): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.5765.

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Chang, Qing. "Architectural Models and Their Contexts in China’s 20th-Century Architectural Heritage: An Overview." Built Heritage 3, no. 4 (December 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03545715.

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AbstractThe article explores the morphological evolution of China’s 20th-century architecture chronologically. Chinese Neoclassicism has played a major role in forming the 20th-century heritage buildings surviving today. The phenomenon of Neoclassicism emerged because of the late arrival of China’s modernisation and industrialisation process compared with the West. In turn, in accepting and contesting Western culture, the Chinese elite have consciously relied upon architecture as a vehicle to uphold visible symbols of national Chinese identity and traditional Chinese culture. Meanwhile, in the foreign settlements of the treaty ports such as Shanghai, the Western Neoclassical style, along with other imported construction trends, also forms part of China’s 20th-century architectural heritage. Western Neoclassicism’s influence on China’s new architecture became even more evident in the mid-20th century, with the modern architectural heritage in Tiananmen Square as its exemplar. Nevertheless, the impact of Western modernist architecture on China’s architecture was minimal. It was not until the 1980s, as China reopened to the world, that various schools of thought from the post-industrial West flowed into China, which significantly enriched the types and sources of China’s 20th-century architectural heritage. Modern Classicism, late Modernism and Postmodernism all found their way into China’s contemporary architecture.

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Moody, Ivan. "Mensagens: Portuguese Music in the 20th Century." Tempo, no. 198 (October 1996): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298200005313.

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These lines of Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935), the great poet of Portuguese modernism, may seem at first sight to invoke the principal element of fado, Portugal's national music: the element represented by that famously untranslatable word suadade, implying longing, nostalgia, homesickness … However, they hide far deeper resonances. Mensagen (Message), the poetic sequence from which they come, is a profound exploration of Portugal's history, a modern counterpart to Camoens's great 16th-century epic The Lusiads. It is connected to the nationalist Integralismo Lusitano movement, and to Sebastianism. Other poets, particularly Mario Sa-Carneiro (1890–1916), and plastic artists, notably Amadeo de Sousa Cardoso (1887–1918) and Jose de Almada Negreiros (1893–1970), similarly reflect the strength of these patriotic and mystical ideas in Portugal during the country's deepening social crisis in the early part of the century. But Pessoa, who famously split himself into several persons, each with their own name, style and poetic output, may also stand as a symbol of the different currents Portuguese composers have ridden in search of their national identity.

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Ferreira, Sónia, and Sónia Vespeira De Almeida. "Retrospective ethnography on 20th-century Portugal: fieldwork encounters and its complicities." Social Anthropology 25, no. 2 (May 2017): 206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12416.

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Wasterlain, S. N., B. F. Ascenso, and A. M. Silva. "Skeletal metastatic carcinoma: A case from 15th-20th century Coimbra, Portugal." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 21, no. 3 (November 20, 2009): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1130.

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Wasterlain, S. N., and G. J. Dias. "Amelogenesis imperfecta in an early 20th century population from central Portugal." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 19, no. 3 (May 2009): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.972.

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Brandao, Pedro Ramos. "The Catholic Church and Portugal in Africa." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i2.254.

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The way Catholic Church implanted itself in Africa, and particularly in Portuguese colonial Africa, during the first half of the 20th century. The issue of the Organic Statute of Portuguese Catholic Missions in Africa. The orientation of the missionary policy and its integration in 1933 Constitution. The Foreign Missionaries in the Portuguese Missions and their impact on the criticism to Colonization. The Missionary Statute. The issue of Beira's Bishop.

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Górka, Monika. "Use of aluminium and glass facades in urban architecture." Budownictwo i Architektura 18, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.586.

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As an element of structural and material solutions, aluminium and glass façades are the mainstay of urban architecture; they are especially used in public utility buildings. The article provides a review of architectural styles and trends of the 20th century, when exterior elevations began to take the form of aluminium and glass façades. It illustrates the main architectural trends of urban architecture in the 20th century and their evolution throughout the years. Furthermore, it specifies and refers to the architecture of the 20th and 21st centuries in Kraków and presents selected public utility buildings which have become an integral part of architecture in this city.

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Sidaway, James D., and Marcus Power. "‘The Tears of Portugal’: Empire, Identity, ‘Race’, and Destiny in Portuguese Geopolitical Narratives." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23, no. 4 (August 2005): 527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d345t.

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Geopolitical discourses are constitutive moments within the expression and construction of ‘national’ identities. Approaching geopolitics and identities as contested and fluid domains, we examine the relationships between geopolitical narratives and visions of Portugueseness ( Portugalidade). The focus is on the frames of geopolitical thought developed in 20th-century Portugal, with particular reference to the post-1945 period and with some consideration of the transformations since 1974 accompanying the collapse of what was both the first and the most enduring European overseas empire. This study of Portuguese geopolitical discourses leads to a conclusion in which we reflect on the significance of relations between the ‘colonial’ and the ‘postcolonial’ and the articulations of East–West and North–South in geopolitical discourses. This permits wider critique concerning the location of geopolitics within 20th-century and contemporary imperialisms.

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Alves Cardoso, Francisca, Sandra Assis, and Charlotte Henderson. "Exploring poverty: skeletal biology and documentary evidence in 19th–20th century Portugal." Annals of Human Biology 43, no. 2 (January 25, 2016): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2015.1134655.

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Antunes, Gonçalo, and Caterina Francesca Di Giovanni. "Housing policies in Portugal and Italy." Debater a Europa, no. 25 (December 28, 2021): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_25_5.

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This study analyzes the housing policies enacted in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in Portugal and Italy to understand whether the comparison between the two countries’ housing domains reflects a divide between the “center” and the “periphery,” or, on the contrary, can be observed as “between peripheries.” This article stems from a comprehensive literature review on the topic, which is divided into a theoretical discourse on housing, a general European housing scenario, and a historical and contemporary framework of housing policies in Portugal and Italy. The literature review seeks to identify the economic and sociocultural singularities of the two countries through official laws and statistical data. Within a fundamentally theoretical comparative observation, this work aims to identify whether Italy and Portugal are contrasting realities within the housing domain—that is, with housing characteristics typical of the center (Italy) or the periphery (Portugal)—or represent two similar realities that integrate the peripheral context of Europe.

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Tislova, R., P. Svoboda, and D. Vsiansky. "The external renders of the early 20th century architecture." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1039 (January 19, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1039/1/012006.

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Zalesova, P. V., T. N. Manonina, and N. V. Vasina. "Dragestil in Russian architecture early in the 20th century." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 22, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2020-22-4-73-82.

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The article discusses the architecture of buildings erected in Russia early in the 20th century, which are associated with the dragestil common to Western European architecture of the modern era. The general dragestil concept in cultures of different countries is given on the examples of folk and cult architecture. The article considers the activities of Holm Hansen Munthe, the founder and leader of the dragestil in Norway who developed the national program of this style. For the first time, a general overview is given for buildings that reflect the dragestil national romanticism in the Russian Empire. The article analyzes the well-known dragestil projects and buildings in the cities of Omsk, Tomsk, Vyritsa station in the Tsarskoye Selo Railway and the Circum-Baikal Railway early in the 29th century.

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Nekrošius, Liutauras. "ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY UTOPIAS IN ARCHITECTURE." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2007.10697092.

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Utopias are often looked upon as a positive phenomenon stimulating human thinking and imagination. This could not be denied. Although when morality is treated just as a tool to achieve generous intentions, realization of utopias is usually followed by different social repressions. A good deal of research has been done on utopian societies. But most often such works are merely focussed on the subjects of innovation, imagination and tangibility. In research works by western as well as soviet authors certain idealization of the research object can be felt, and the issues of social utopias are rarely discussed. These questions are worth reviewing on a broader scale. The present work focusses on the aspects of communist (socialist) utopian ethics and its links with modernism. It is important to compare ethical differences of architectural utopias that existed in West European and soviet spaces. The present text is a part of a wider research on structuralistic ideas in contemporary Lithuanian architecture. The author thinks such a review may help to develop more precise understanding of the development peculiarities of humanistic ideas in architecture of the 20th century in our country. XX a. architektūros utopijų etiniai aspektai Santrauka Dažnai laikomasi nuostatos, kad utopija teigiamas, žmogaus mąstymą ir vaizduotę skatinantis reiškinys. Su tuo negalima nesutikti. Tačiau kai moralumą imama traktuoti kaip kilnių tikslų įrankį, utopijos įgyvendinimą neretai ima lydėti įvairios socialinės represijos. Utopinių visuomenių tyrimų gausu. Tačiau juose dažniau nagrinėjamos novacijų, vaizduotės, realumo temos. Vakarų bei sovietinių autorių darbuose neretai jaučiamas tiriamojo objekto idealizavimas, retai svarstomi socialiniai utopijų klausimai. Juos tikslinga apžvelgti plačiau. Darbe dėmesys telkiamas ties komunistinės (socialistinės) utopijos etikos aspektais bei šios utopijos sąsajomis su modernizmu. Svarbu palyginti Vakarų Europos bei sovietinėje erdvėse gyvavusių architektūros utopijų etinius skirtumus. Šis tekstas yra platesnio tyrimo apie struktūralistines idėjas šiuolaikinėje Lietuvos architektūroje dalis. Manoma, kad tokia apžvalga padės tiksliau suvokti XX a. humanistinių architektūros idėjų raidos savitumus mūsų šalyje.

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Tokat, Esra. "Identity and ideology in 20th Century of Turkish Architecture." International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 3, no. 5 S (October 5, 2017): 1456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.319311.

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Michelson, Alan. "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE 3 vol.R. Stephen Sennott." Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America 23, no. 2 (October 2004): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/adx.23.2.27949319.

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42

Peckham, Andrew. "The Dichotomies of Rationalism in 20th-Century Italian Architecture." Architectural Design 77, no. 5 (2007): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.509.

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Dementiev, Alexey. "Spain vs Portugal: the turbulent past and the complicated present." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2018-2-14-21.

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Spain and Portugal – Iberian neighbors joined by the peninsular geography and disjoint by historical avatars. The Middle Ages were riddled with wars, domination and mutual resistance. The 16th century is characterized by marine splendor and territorial expansion of both nations that for the dynastic reasons lived through a controversial period of “Iberian Union” (1580–1640). In later times they had many coincidences: political and economic decline in the 17-18th centuries, fruitless revolutions of liberal court in the 19th century, fall of monarchies and existence of dictatorial regimes in the 20th century. In an almost simultaneous way (in the middle of the 70s) both countries initiated the transition towards democracy. From the 1st of January, 1986, Spain and Portugal turned into partners in the European space. At present Spain and Portugal are two of the European associates with major economic integration. Nevertheless, controversies as for maritime delimitation, ecology, shared use of water, energy, railway networks and road infrastructure exist between them. Despite a significant approach in many spheres it is not an easy matter to forget the traditional mistrust. Still there persists a suspicion of the Portuguese towards the Spanish and the Spanish indifference towards Portugal.

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Martins, Humberto, and Amélia Frazão-Moreira. "National and Natural Parks in Portugal. A brief history to understand the appropriation by the state of humanized territories." Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 55 (April 24, 2023): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.23.006.

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The text examines legal frameworks in Portugal to discuss how nature conservation has been managed from a state perspective. Natural Protected Areas correspond to a desire of the political sphere to match an international environmental agenda. However, they have been implemented mainly in private properties or in baldios (communal, though not public lands). Therefore, in practical terms, a tension has been always present between the state and the communities and/or private owners since the beginning of the 20th Century with the creation of ‘forest perimeters’. The article flies over the critical turning points in Portuguese conservation policies from the seventies of the 20th Century to present-day with the recently created diploma of co-management for Protected Areas.

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Penyaz, Tetyana, and Oleg Slєptsov. "PECULIARITIES OF THE FORMATION OF THE MOORISH STILE IN YELISAVETGRAD (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE BUILDINGS OF I. A. GOLDENBERG'S WATER CLINIC AND THE CHORAL SINAGOGE)." Space&FORM 2023, no. 54 (June 22, 2023): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2023.54.e-02.

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The article analyses the peculiarities of the application of elements of Moorish architecture on the example of two buildings built in the town Kropyvnytsky (Yelysavetgrad) at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. During the twentieth century, the architecture of the historysm (eclecticism) received little attention because it was considered to be imitative, it was not distinguished by clearly defined compositional and stylistic methods. Since the end of the 20th century, with the development of the postmodern paradigm, the principles of the formation and application of stylistic features of the styles of past eras in the architectural and planning decisions of buildings of the late 19th – early 20th centuries have become the subject of comprehensive research.

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Pereira, Joana Dias. "The revolutionary unionism in Portugal in the first quarter of the 20th century." Revista Estudos do Século XX, no. 9 (2009): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8622_9_7.

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47

Latsik, Yevhen, Mariya Markovych, Nataliya Hryhoruk, Mykola Bazhanov, and Zoya Matsyshina. "History of the development of theater architecture: (5th century BC – beginning of the 20th century)." History of science and technology 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 254–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-254-283.

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The article analyzes the stages of formation and development of theater architecture (from antiquity to 1900) in accordance with the evolution of culture, historical, social and economic development of human society. A description of the technologies of the theater building of different eras, its design and construction norms are presented. The authors made an attempt to explain the evolution of architectural styles of theater buildings from ancient times to modern times. It helps to understand the influence of cultural, technological and social factors on architectural decisions. The impact of the development of architectural styles in the construction of theaters of different eras on cultural heritage is also considered. The authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive coverage of the importance of considering the architectural features of theater buildings as part of the cultural heritage of various peoples and eras. For this purpose, the authors reviewed architectural masterpieces that have become symbols of their cities or countries. The authors separately considered the issue of technical progress in the construction of theaters at different times. This part of the article is devoted to explaining the technological innovations that influenced theater architecture, such as improved acoustics, lighting, and construction methods. Also, the authors of the article reviewed modern trends in the use of materials and energy-efficient solutions. The article analyzes the relationship between the development of theater architecture and social aspects, such as changes in audience tastes, the role of theater in society, and the reflection of political and cultural trends in buildings. The authors of the article attempted to determine the influence of theater architecture on modern architecture and society. In particular, an overview of the influence of the heritage of outstanding architects of theater buildings and their contribution to the development of architecture in general is made. The article shows that the expansion of the typological structure of the architecture of various theaters created the prerequisites for a variety of compositional schemes and a fundamentally different presentation of architectural tasks. Different city-building conditions, typological foundations and individual characteristics of the theater led to the appearance of new buildings that contrast in their structure, style and means of artistic expression. Historical experience shows that theater architecture is as inexhaustible as theater art, as inexhaustible and complex multi-meaning concept of theater.

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Emel'yаnov, E. Y., and E. V. Sitnikova. "MODERNISM IN TOMSK WOODEN ARCHITECTURE IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-1-114-125.

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The paper considers the development of modernism in the wooden architecture in the city of Tomsk in the context of national trends. The paper studies design features and specificity of wooden decoration of buildings made in the modern style or with the use of architectural elements performed in accordance with the variation of the neo-Russian style and “northern mo dernity”. The originality of the author's interpretations of style trends and those of the professional architects is described.The relevance of the study is stipulated by preserving wooden buildings in the cities of Russia and Siberia and the loss of valuable decorations of buildings, in particular. Despite the wide range of works involved in studying modernism in the architecture of Russian cities, not all aspects and trends of phenomena observed in Tomsk architecture in the early 20th century have been investigated so far.The purpose of this paper is to study the wooden buildings of Tomsk made in the modern style or with architectural elements of this style.The paper uses the methods of comparative and architectural analyses. It is considered how modernist-style wooden buildings have been designed and built in the in the cities of Siberia, and in particular, the city of Tomsk.It is shown that by the beginning of the 20th century, the folk traditions are combined with the works of professional architects. Wooden buildings, made in the modernist style, are distinguished by complex compositional solutions. This is evident by the mansions designed mainly for a circular view. The attitude to the wood has changed, not only in terms of building and finishing material, but also as a means of a new architectural and artistic embodiment of the independent artist idea.

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Kuznetsova, A. A., I. V. Zhdanova, and I. I. Voronina. "ARCHITECTURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY AS A BUILDER OF SOCIETY." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 22, no. 72 (2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2020-22-72-72-77.

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Grignolo, Roberta. "An Encyclopedic Approach to the Conservation of 20th-Century Architecture." Built Heritage 2, no. 2 (June 2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03545696.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Architecture – portugal – 20th century'

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