Academic literature on the topic 'Architecture, Modern Philosophy'

The paper focuses on the new field of philosophy of architecture in analytic tradition. The research presented in this paper is part of an ongoing doctoral research concerning the connection between ethics and aesthetics in architecture. The connection between architecture and philosophy is not a novelty. Architectural theory has always looked up to philosophy for inspiration but only recently philosophers have started to study architecture in detail. Architectural theory is still a field that is in search of a better conceptual frame after the failure of the theoretical premises of the Modern Movement and the rise of the "theory speak". Architecture's features as a public art ask for a certain amount of objectivity. The philosophy of architecture in analytic tradition can contribute to a more objective conceptual frame. The principal concerns are familiar to those acquainted with continental philosophy: What makes architecture special among the arts? What is the essence of an architectural work? How we can better define architecture's social mission? But the way of answering them is different. The ethical dimension of architecture is one of the most debated subjects among architects in recent years. There are several contributions on the connection between ethics and aesthetics in the philosophy of architecture in analytic tradition. They have the potential to have an impact on architectural theory and practice.

Technology is an indispensable aspect of architecture. In fact, it is being an essential part of the human effort in making architecture. Since the early modern era, technology that rapidly change has been seen as the sign of progress, not only pertaining to the technology itself, but also architecture and even civilization. Modern architectural theoreticians, from Sant’Elia to Le Corbusier, enthusiastically embraced the progressive side of technology and engineering. Philosophically, however, modern technology is regarded pessimistically. Heidegger and Jaspers considered technology as the source of alienation to the human being themselves and to the reality they face. To overcome this gap, Alan Drengson, proposed the four philosophy of technology to rechart the variety of tendency towards technology in Western society, consisting of (1) technological anarchy, (2) technophilia, (3) technophobia, and (4) technological appropriateness. In this explanation, he coined the terms “creative philosophy” to include many aspects and ways of thinking which might be incorporated in the creative activities like architectural design. This paper attempts to evaluate the appropriatenes of Drengson’s philosophical scheme as a platform for architectural education in Indonesia in general, by relating his framework with the architectural theories and practices in Indonesia. The result of this effort is while the formulation of his scheme is the very inclusive and closely related with creative activity like architectural design, it contains bias of industrial technology appearing in the Asian scene brought by Western European colonials. Discussing philosophy underlying Gandhi’s movement in India to reject oppressive technology, we may arrive at the conclusion that the philosopy of non-violence, truth and justice based on the principle of self restrained are relevant to figure out the ideal of appropriate technology in Asia.

It is known that traditional architectures are a product of human conception full of culture and philosophy, while modern architectural concepts prioritize functionality and simplicity that tends to be simple or quick. Now the architectural concept slowly changes according to the conditions of time, then so is the existence of works of architecture that also changes. This condition can be found in almost major cities in Indonesia, where many houses or buildings built still in traditional architecture theme but combined and matched with modern architecture concept. One of many diverse cultures of Indonesia archipelago architecture that has evolved is West Java. There are a lot of people trying to apply the concept of Sundanese traditional house in their residence. Shifting sacred values in traditional concept seems indeed to be lost along with the differences in modern human civilization.

The Arab architectural identity is characterized by the originality of the various Arab cultures. Islamic culture is what makes Arab societies unique and it is what inspired Arab architecture. Consequently, the Arab architecture encounters contemporary challenges. If modern architectural trends influenced Arab civilization, it could then obliterate its identity over the years. Moreover, positively interacting with modern architectural trends must take place rather than negative interactions. The aforementioned reasons leave this phenomenon the subject of discussion and research and thus the lack of update and development of the vocabulary of Arab architecture. The proposed study discusses the problem of the correlation of deconstructive architecture with the architectural and Arabic identity through the end of the 20th century until 2017. In order to arrive at the definition of the philosophy of deconstruction architecture and the appropriate relationship between it and the Arab architectural identity, the study utilizes a qualitative descriptive methodology that tries to give a generic image of philosophy and characteristics. Deconstruction architecture attempts to link the positive aspects of architecture and Arab identity through the analysis of the frameworks of this philosophy of particular architectural works of various architects who adopt this philosophy of architecture. Responding to the above, the current study shows that it is better to strip the modern trends and take what suits the Arab culture.

In the debate "Architecture and Philosophy / the relations, potentialities and critical points" the notions of "philosophy of architecture" and "aesthetics of architecture" will be discussed. The differences between traditional and contemporary philosophy and aesthetics of architecture will be introduced. In a separate sub-chapter the status of "theory" and "theorizing" during the times of late modernism and postmodern culture will be discussed. It has been pointed to the modalities of theory outside philosophy and aesthetics. The discourses from philosophy, humanities, free theorizing and architectural theories are brought closer together. In the final sub-chapter the status of contemporary philosophy and cotemporary architecture have been discussed. The notion of contemporaneity has been particularly elaborated. The central thesis of this paper is the relation of architecture and philosophy, i.e. the theory constituent for modern, postmodern and contemporary architecture. The derived thesis of the discussion is that critical theory of architecture and architectural yearning for "critical architecture" have acquired exceptional significance at the time of global conflicts and, presently at the time of global economic crisis. The theoretical, aesthetic and philosophical attention has essentially been shifted from the immanent questions about architecture (form, function, spectacularity) to the external i.e. transcendental questions about the culture and society, i.e. about the economy, power, governance, supervision, forms of life, flexibility of architectural production, exchange and consumption.

The classical architecture is being constantly developed in time, and, consequently, is relevant nowadays. The paper deals with the development of classical architectural in antiquity up to the present time. This is necessary for further study of modern architecture. The aim of this work is to identify the most stable formation of the classical antique architecture. Scientific novelty lies in the systematic approach to the studying the evolution of ancient architectural theory, taking into account a variety of external factors and based on ancient philosophy. The main level of scientific knowledge is a theoretical (historical) method, which involves a study of graphic and textual information covering the era as well as a systematic analysis of the material for the identification of basic principles of the antique architecture. It is shown that the main principles of the antique architecture are being developed in a close connection with philosophy, and determine the further development of the classical direction in architecture.

Abstract The basis of the connection between analytic philosophy and architecture theory was developed in the interwar period. The results of analytic philosophy – especially the neo-positivism of Vienna Circle – and modern, functionalist architecture theory were utilized in an interdisciplinary approach. The comparison was based on language puzzles, science-based building processes, the method of justification and verification, and designing an artificial language in order to express the theoretical (philosophical) and the practical (architectural) approach as well. The functionality was based on the modern way of architectural thinking that relied on the results of Carnapian neo-positivism. Interpreting modern architecture is possible by referring to the keywords of logical positivism: empiricism, logic, verification, unity of language, and science. In my paper, I first list the bases of the comparison between the philosophy of the Vienna Circle and the architecture theory of the interwar period – the Bauhaus and Le Corbusier. In the 2nd and 3rd sections, I show the dialectical succession between form and function. After that, I discuss the aesthetic verification of the turn of the century and the scientific justification of the interwar period. I focus on the interwar period with the positivist approach and the theory of the ‘new architecture’. I emphasize the importance of the language of science and the machine paradigm – in contrast to historicism.

Includes bibliography. This thesis examines deconstructive writings, employing those strategies as a basis for re-forming approaches to architecture. A theory is posited that a distinction must be made between architecture as idiom and architecture as medium, expressed as a separation between architecture as a built form, Architecture the Idea and A(a)rchitecture as a new direction for framing an approach to its discourse.

Le sujet de la thèse —la clarification du concept de plan libre dans l’œuvre architectural de Le Corbusier— s’inscrit dans un cadre général de recherches portant sur les modes de conception architecturale en contexte de modernité. Cette préoccupation prend comme horizon la compréhension des processus qui servent l’architecture comme construction d’idées et qui permettent d’en articuler les différentes phases, depuis l’amont des intentions exprimées par le concepteur, jusqu’à l’aval des expressions prises par la solution, en passant par les moyens qui, précisément, permettent d’articuler une pensée abstraite à un objet concret. C’est un champ d’interrogation qui s’appuie sur le constat d’un double déficit disciplinaire :l’intérêt général porté aux formes de l’architecture plutôt qu’aux processus qui les ont fait naître ;l’absence de vocabulaire réellement partagé des concepts utilisés par la discipline, ce qui forme, dans l’un et l’autre cas, “obstacles” à la connaissance de l’architecture et à son enseignement.

A cet égard, le concept de plan libre occupe une position de choix. Célèbre « mot-force » du manifeste corbuséen de 1927 —« Les Cinq points d’une nouvelle architecture »—, devenu un concept central —mais aussi “nomade”— de l’historiographie de l’architecture moderne, il se trouve donc à l’articulation des questions relatives à la modernité et à la conception. De plus, une simple confrontation de sa définition originale, tant à l’œuvre de Le Corbusier qu’à l’historiographie du Mouvement Moderne, révèle la polysémie du concept et, en particulier, les ambiguïtés et paradoxes que suscitent sa double interprétation :comme “modèle d’organisation spatiale” d’une part et comme “intention libératoire” de l’autre, au point qu’elle laisse le chercheur perplexe à l’égard de ce qu’en l’état, un tel concept peut bien apporter à la connaissance de l’architecture.

Pour surmonter ces difficultés d’interprétations, deux hypothèses sont proposées.

La première envisage le plan libre comme mode opératoire de “libre” conception propre à Le Corbusier. La seconde renvoie à la construction discursive du plan libre comme oxymore, c’est-à-dire comme figure de rhétorique qui, en associant deux termes de sens contraires, construit un ou plusieurs sens nouveaux.

En conclusion, leur vérification conduit à interpréter le plan libre comme mode spécifique de conception —qui assure tout autant l’autonomie du créateur que la fertilité du processus de création—, lui-même basé sur un processus récurrent de “mises en tension” et de recherches de nouveaux “équilibres” :du regard dialogique que Le Corbusier porte sur le monde —en particulier sur le processus de modernisation— à l’expression duale qu’il donne à ses compositions. Au final, cette double optique fonde notre interprétation du plan libre comme syncrétisme de la modernité corbuséenne. Elle se valide également comme clés de lecture particulièrement riches pour la compréhension de l’oeuvre corbuséenne et des processus de conception qui l’animent.

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Tout au long des chapitres de l’étude, nous nous sommes attaché à interroger le concept de plan libre au-delà des compréhensions conventionnelles et “familières” qu’on pouvait en avoir de prime abord, à savoir :d’une part, le plan libre comme “modèle d’organisation spatiale” —défini par opposition au “plan paralysé”—et, d’autre part, le plan libre comme “intention libératoire”, lequel marque un large désir d’émancipation, en particulier —sans y être restreint— à l’égard des pratiques académiques. Dès le premier chapitre en effet, nous avions montré que ces premières définitions “communes” du plan libre —clairement identifiables tant dans l’œuvre corbuséenne que dans les instrumentalisations dont il fut l’objet par la critique spécialisée— formaient “obstacles”, dans ces deux champs, à une claire compréhension de ce qu’il pouvait signifier.

Bien que l’on ne puisse douter de la validité des définitions proposées par Le Corbusier lui-même, nous avons dû relever à leur égard un certain nombre d’ambiguïtés ou de contresens qui nous obligeaient à questionner ces termes au-delà de ce qu’on y voit habituellement. De la sorte, nous mettions aussi en évidence qu’il n’y avait pas, dans le concept de plan libre, un, mais bien deux “niveaux de libération” à identifier :d’une part, un mouvement d’émancipation de la nouvelle architecture à l’égard de tout ce qui pouvait, de manière hétéronome, “préformer” sa conception ;d’autre part, une liberté interne au système mis en place, assurant à l’auteur de projet la mise à disposition de moyens innovants et permettant la « permanente mise à l’épreuve » (A. Rivkin) de l’architecture face aux conditions changeantes du projet.

Ces différentes observations nous invitaient à approfondir la réflexion et, surtout, à la déplacer vers ce processus qui, justement, permettait de lier la “virtualité” de l’intention à la “matérialité” d’une solution, soit le propre de la conception architecturale. En effet, entre ces premières définitions du plan libre qui, déjà, le situaient aux “extrêmes” de la conception architecturale — intention versus expression— il semblait opportun d’en revenir là aussi à l’investigation de cette problématique “intermédiaire” :par quels moyens Le Corbusier passait-il du plan libre comme intention au plan libre comme expression ?

L’hypothèse fut alors posée de considérer le plan libre corbuséen comme “méta-opérateur” d’une libre conception du projet, le terme désignant selon Robert Prost « l’ensemble des modes opératoires que réclame toute formulation de solution ». Dans ce sens, on pouvait aisément présumer que ce mode de conception était lui-même animé par le regard doctrinal porté par Le Corbusier sur cette même modernité au service de laquelle il avait précisément défini la « nouvelle architecture » et les « Cinq points » qui en étaient « les moyens ».

L’objectif de nos développements ultérieurs fut dès lors, tout à la fois, de montrer ce “statut” opératoire du plan libre comme libre conception; de déterminer les moyens —procéduraux et substantiels— qui l’organisaient ;de montrer ce qu’ils construisaient dans l’œuvre en termes d’innovation ;de relever, en parallèle, en quoi et comment ils étaient révélateurs du point de vue de Le Corbusier sur la modernité.

Les hypothèses et l’intérêt des questions soulevées furent définitivement fondés après l’exposé des cadres généraux à l’intérieur desquels elles devaient être discutées :les champs de la conception d’une part et de la modernité de l’autre. C’est l’objet du chapitre 2.

L’étude s’est alors développée en quatre parties, basées sur des temporalités et/ou des corpus spécifiques et orientées vers des questions particulières.

Dans un premier temps —chapitre 3—, nous avons pris comme cadre d’interrogation l’exposition du Weissenhof à Stuttgart en 1927, moment de la publication du célèbre manifeste corbuséen des « Cinq points d’une nouvelle architecture » et lieu de la construction de ces maisons par lesquelles Le Corbusier exposa concrètement ses points de vue théoriques.

Le concept de plan libre y a été évalué à l’aune :des Cinq points dans le cadre desquels il a été énoncé; de l’ossature Dom-Ino qui en fonde l’émergence et la nature particulière; des maisons du Weissenhof qui en concrétisent la portée et les ambitions. Bien que cette matière ait déjà été abondamment retournée par les labours de la critique architecturale, un exposé exhaustif se devait d’être fait pour fonder notre propre compréhension des événements, construire nos propres observations et conclusions, eu égard à nos hypothèses. Par ailleurs, ce chapitre a permis d’éclaircir le mode de fonctionnement des Cinq points et de l’ossature Dom-Ino quant à leurs rôles et objectifs dans le processus de conception corbuséen.

Dans le 4e chapitre, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement interrogé sur ce qui fondait le choix et la définition de ces moyens particuliers. Il fut donc consacré à l’étude du plan libre comme édification d’une “théorie” du projet. Jamais Le Corbusier n’a produit un discours coordonné sur sa pratique —à la manière du traité d’Alberti— et les nombreux textes par lesquels il commente son œuvre et justifie les Cinq points comme « Eléments objectifs de discussion sur le phénomène architectural » présentent ces questions selon des points de vue fragmentaires :seul l’enchaînement des sources a permis d’extraire des thèmes dont la récurrence, voire la redondance, fait sens. La variation des énoncés des Cinq points que nous avons pu relever invitait par ailleurs à voir là une pensée en “construction” plutôt qu’une doctrine “arrêtée”, le manifeste étant dès lors compris comme un “arrêt sur images” ponctuant le parcours d’une pensée elle-même en permanente évolution.

Le corpus de cette analyse fut constitué de conférences, articles et livres rédigés par Le Corbusier, pour l’essentiel entre 1918 et la fin des années 20. Sur base de ce matériel, un certain nombre de thèmes récurrents ont été identifiés qui étayent la compréhension de ce que peuvent être les éléments de doctrine qui sous-tendent la conception du projet corbuséen et la manière dont il construit la validation de son propos. L’intérêt de cet examen fut aussi de permettre l’identification de quelques-unes de ces références procédurales qui font partie du fond culturel du concepteur et par lesquelles Le Corbusier organise ses processus de conception à l’égard de ce qui constitue l’architecture comme « problème en soi ». Dans un second temps, la comparaison de ces observations avec ce qui fait, selon Françoise Choay, théorie chez Alberti, a conforté l’idée de ce que cette construction doctrinale était propre à sous-tendre et qualifier un mode de conception et d’en confirmer, pour une part, les moyens de son ambition “émancipatrice”.

Dans le chapitre 5, nous avons procédé à l’examen de quatre références procédurales de conception que nous avions précédemment identifiées :la re-programmation, la dissociation, l’inversion et la réconciliation des contraires. L’intérêt était double. Il s’agissait, d’une part, de comprendre —et de vérifier— en quoi et comment ces procédures permettaient de rencontrer les objectifs d’une libre conception du projet —ce que nous avons traduit là par leur capacité à innover sur le plan formel et spatial et à assurer une relative autonomie du concepteur— et, d’autre part, de saisir —et montrer— en quoi et comment ils servaient le point de vue de Le Corbusier sur la modernité. Le corpus considéré ici était constitué d’une sélection de réalisations architecturales des années 20. Leur examen permit de saisir concrètement ce vers quoi les procédures conduisaient en examinant ce qu’elles construisaient dans l’œuvre. Bien que non exemptes d’observations personnelles, ces analyses se sont appuyées sur divers travaux antérieurs menés par les exégètes de l’œuvre corbuséenne dont, en particulier, Alan Colquhoun, Colin Rowe, Jacques Lucan, etc, auprès desquels nous avons trouvé matière à étayer nos hypothèses par l’articulation de leurs points de vue au nôtre, réduisant également quelques-unes des fractures de compréhension énoncées dès l’introduction.

Le chapitre 6 a, quant à lui, été plus particulièrement réservé à l’observation des références substantielles présentes dans le système de conception corbuséen au moment des Cinq points, que ce soit sur un plan concret ou à un horizon théorique. Dès l’exposé introductif de nos hypothèses, nous avions en effet relevé la relative incompatibilité que l’on pouvait discerner dans la mise au point d’un système de conception dont on attendait, d’un côté, qu’il puisse en permanence apporter des réponses innovantes en l’appuyant, de l’autre, sur des références de formes —celles des Cinq points— qui ne pouvaient qu’en restreindre l’ordre des possibilités. Deux discussions nous ont permis, sur le plan théorique au moins, de saisir les raisons de cette incompatibilité :celle de l’autoréférentialité du système d’une part et celle du miroir de l’inversion d’autre part, toutes deux conduisant nécessairement à restreindre le champ de la création à l’ordre d’une forme d’imitation.

Le chapitre 7, de conclusion, est revenu plus spécifiquement sur la discussion de l’objectif —et des conditions— dans lesquelles Le Corbusier poursuit cette volonté d’autonomie propre à la posture de l’artiste moderne, et l’objective. Si l’on s’accorde à reconnaître que le processus de modernisation à conduit à l’effritement des traditions stabilisatrices sur lesquelles se fondait ce qui faisait “sens commun”, la question est posée, entre autres, de savoir comment créer et objectiver ce “sens commun” à partir d’une vision subjective du “moi” créateur. La démonstration porte là sur la mise en exergue des invariants sur lesquels Le Corbusier fonde ses discours de validation :les principes pérennes qu’il “reconnaît” dans l’histoire, tout autant que les invariants de “l’homme”, qu’ils soient de nature socio-anthropologique, anthropomorphique ou psycho-physiologique. De la sorte, la posture émancipatrice de Le Corbusier se révèle fondée sur le respect d’un cadre normatif, intemporel, par lequel il tente d’objectiver sa propre subjectivité.

Cette approche duale nous est finalement apparue récurrente à tous niveaux de son processus de conception, et donc comme forgeant l’une de ses spécificités. Quel que soit le niveau auquel on l’envisage, Le Corbusier fonde son approche sur la mise en tension de termes, d’idées ou de figures qu’il oppose et entre lesquels il semble tout à la fois réfléchir, résoudre et exprimer les questions particulières de la conception, visant au final un nouvel équilibre entre les pôles identifiés, ce qu’énonce de manière métaphorique l’oxymore “plan libre”.

Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Hegel’s wide-ranging philosophy of art allows us both to assess the expression of different worldviews in art and the ways in which individual arts—architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry—allow us to sense ourselves and become aware of the world around us. His aesthetic theory elucidates crucial components of philosophical idealism generally, and his description of how art gives us joy illuminates modern aesthetic experience as well. This chapter connects Hegel’s “aesthetics of truth,” and so his idealism, to a description of aesthetic pleasure, then briefly speculates on how Hegel’s theory of art can be applied and extended to our experiences of contemporary art today.

The purpose of this chapter is to define a scope of service science and service automation in service economy based on ideal generic service systems originally developed by the author. There are two goals of this study: 1) to develop generic service categories and their generic systems, and 2) to define a scope of service science based upon the presented generic models of service systems, which determine the required support from emerging system science. The research methodology is based on the architectural modeling according the paradigm of enterprise-wide systems (Targowski, 2003). The architectural system approach is based on the philosophy of the system approach (Klir, 1985), and management cybernetics (Beer, 1981) which provide comprehensive and cohesive solutions to the problems of systems design, thus eliminating the fuziveness of the “application portfolio” and the “information archipelago” (McFarlan, 1981; Targowski, 1990). The mission of the architectural system approach is to find the ultimate synthesis of the whole system structure that involves appropriate logic, appropriate technological accommodation, operational quality, a positive user involvement, and co-existence with nature (Targowski, 1990). In its nature, the architectural system approach is of deductive rather than inductive nature. It looks for the ideal model of a solution, which in practice is far away from its perfect level. The difference between the architectural system approach and the engineering approach is in the level of abstraction. The architectural models are more conceptual whereas engineering outcomes are more technical and specific. The architectural system approach is the response to the complexity of expected outcomes. Prior to spending a few million dollars for a new information system, one must provide its information architecture and the business and social implications associated with it (Targowski, 2003). In this sense, this study will define service systems’ architectures.

Since antiquity, motion had been a key means of designing and describing the physical environment. During the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, however, individuals across Europe increasingly designed, experienced, and discussed a new world of motion – one characterized by continuous, rather than segmented, movement. This chapter examines the shift from segmented to continuous motion in order to establish the architectural and cultural historical context for the following eight essays. It considers how architects and other authors stressed ever more putting individuals in motion through new types of built spaces and through new approaches to architectural treatises and guidebooks, while writers in other discourses encompassing science, medicine, and philosophy debated movements at all scales from the heliocentric universe to vibrating atoms.

This first chapter introduces the main argument of the book and locates my position relative to existing approaches in the philosophy of psychology. The chapter includes a discussion of mental architecture and a discussion of earlier attempts to link visual experience with models from cognitive neuroscience. The conclusion of the main argument is that visual perception is an ongoing process of anticipation and fulfilment.

One of the most notable concepts related to the future cooperative Air Traffic Management (ATM) is the Collaborative Decision Making (CDM). This new management philosophy of using collaborative technologies and procedures to enable ATM partners drives efforts towards the common goals of sharing and exchanging information. To support the implementation of CDM, a likely solution was found in the context of System of Systems (SoS), system integration, and interoperability. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and technologies were recognized as one of the best alternatives to allow this implementation. Within this architecture, the System Wide Information Management (SWIM) has been developed on the last decade, and SWIM applications will be accessible to all ATM partners on the next decade by providing full airspace information, updated in real-time by all involved partners. This chapter presents an overview of key elements in information sharing for ATM and explains how SOA, SWIM, Aeronautical Information Management (AIM) and CDM support each other development.

Recent research has explored the principles of service system viability based on systems inquiry invoking perspectives from Systems Theory and Cybernetics in particular Stafford Beer’s viable systems model (VSM). However based on Banathy and Jenlink (2004), Systems inquiry encompasses more than just Systems Theory and includes domains such as Systems Methodology and Systems Philosophy. Building on the extant literature, this work has the following particularities: 1) it is based on an explicit systems philosophy in which the authors explicitly define what they view as viability and, 2) it involves a systems methodological approach to either analyze the viability of a service system or to design a viable service system. This is achieved by means of applying a systems modeling technique called SEAM (Systemic Enterprise Architecture Method). SEAM rests upon systemic principles and embodies conceptualizations from VSM. The authors apply SEAM to concretely model a utility company in Geneva, Switzerland in order to gain an understanding of how a service system maintains its identity and remains viable in its environment.

Although Boeing and Rolls-Royce are operating in the same aerospace industry sector and use ERP, but the ways that they implemented their systems are completely different. Boeing uses big bang and treats ERP as a system implementation, whilst Rolls-Royce uses phased implementation and treats ERP as a philosophy. Both companies experience different outcome as a result of their approaches. (Koh, 2006) Dell has a “build-to-order” business model that clearly integrates both supply and demand chains. That model has worked astonishingly well for Dell, its customers and its key suppliers. In fact, Dell could not do what it does if it designed and managed its supply chains and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) as separate technical entities. The “build-to-order” business value proposition demands an architecture that inherently integrates customers and suppliers. Yes, Dell has a “supply chain,” but it coevolves in the context of explicit customer demand. (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2005).

Storage Grid is a new model for deploying and managing the heterogeneous, dynamic, large-scale, and geographically distributed storage resources. This chapter discusses the challenges and solutions involved in building a Service Oriented Storage (SOS) Grid. By wrapping the diverse storage resources into atomic Grid services and federating multiple atomic Grid services into composite services, the SOS Grid can tackle the heterogeneity and interoperability. Peer-to-peer philosophy and techniques are employed in the SOS Grid to eliminate the system bottleneck and single point of failure of the traditional centralized or hierarchical Grid architecture, while providing dynamicity and scalability. Because Grid service is not designed for critical and real-time applications, the SOS Grid adopts Grid service to glue the distributed and heterogeneous storage resources, while using binary code to transfer data. The proposed methods strike a good balance among the heterogeneity, interoperability, scalability and performance of the SOS Grid.

Résumé: Celui du Modulor est le premier exemple de la mesure humaine utilisée dans l’architecture. L’architecture de la moitié du vingtième siècle a été influencée par les projets de Le Corbusier. En même temps, la pensée de Gaston Bachelard s’évolue contextuellement au Mouvement Moderne et en 1957 le philosophe publie le célèbre ouvrage « La Poétique de l’espace ». Une bonne partie de sa pensée a été influencée par l’étude des quatre éléments naturels, par une conception de l’espace intime et par les différents développements de l’image de la maison. La description de la maison, dans les mots de Bachelard, correspond aux thèses principales de Carl Gustav Jung sur les différentes étapes de l’âme. Dans cette étude nous analysons les liaisons entre une conception intime de l’espace vécu et la pensée progressive de l’architecture moderne. A travers les exemples suggérés par l’Unité d’Habitation et par le Cabanon de Le Corbusier, nous voulons illustrer les dynamiques d’une philosophie de l’espace, émotionnelle, intime et secret. Abstract: The Modulor is the first example of the human measure. The architecture of the second part of the twenty century was influenced by Le Corbusier works. The development of the thought of Gaston Bachelard is contextualized in the second half of the twentieth century too, he writhed the Poetic of the Space on 1957. His philosophy was influenced based on the study of the four natural elements, up to the conception of intimate space, namely that of the house. The Bachelard house description corresponds to the Carl Gustav Jung’s theses about the soul life and the soul stadium. In this paper we analyse the correspondences between an intimate conception of the lived space and an architectural progressive thought. Throw the examples of Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation and of Le Corbusier’s Cabanon we try to explain the emotional, intimate and secret dynamic of a current Space Philosophy. Mots clés: Unités, Modulor, Architecture, Mouvement Moderne, Gaston Bachelard, Poétique de l’espace, Espace intime. Keywords: Unités, Modulor, Architecture, Gaston Bachelard, Space Philosophy, Intimate Space. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1045

Heterotopic space characteristics of urban village in China: Take Guandongdian district in Beijing as an example Lu Tingying¹, Li Jiali2, Peng Ning2 ¹Center of Architecture Research and Design. University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences. UCAS Youth Apartment, No. 80 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China 2Center of Architecture Research and Design. University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences. UCAS Youth Apartment, No. 80 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China E-mail: 1102684155@qq.com, lijiali020020@163.com, pengning18@sina.com Keywords: Heterotopias, space characteristics, urban village, Guandongdian, diversification Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space For the first time in the history of China, more of its mainland population are living in cities than in rural villages. The land acquisition and real estate development have caused rapid disappearance and decline of a large number of traditional villages, resulting in "urban villages" in China. They seem chaotic, but contain rich and colorful social life. The living environment is really harsh, but people always maintain close relationship with each other. They are different from neither the modern urban nor traditional villages, but they have their own unique vitality. Such heterogeneous space is always a symbol of historical change and cultural collision which, according to the French philosopher Michel Foucault, can be called Heterotopias. In order to study this heterotopic phenomenon, the triangular area of Guandongdian district in Beijing has been chosen as the object of this case study. With the in-depth investigation of interviews, observation, statistics and sketches, this paper is trying to interpret the characteristics of the heterotopic state of the urban village from three aspects of social form, urban morphology and architectural feature. Eventually, in order to keep the complexity and diversification of urban village, several strategies are put forward for reference to future transforming practice. References Foucault, M. (1967) Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias, Trans. Miskoviec, J.(1984), Architecture /Mouvement /Continuité (http://foucault.info/documents/heteroTopia/foucault.heteroTopia.en.html) Selina Abraham. (2013) ‘The heterotopic space of Chirag Delhi’, unpublished research paper, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi. WANG Su. (2013) ‘Heterotopias versus Cultural Imagination: An Interpretation of the Metropolitan Space of Tianjin from the Perspective of Michel Foucault’ s Of Other Spaces (Heterotopias)’ Journal of Nanyang Normal University 12, 50-53.

This paper briefly sets out the requirements for additional steam capacity at Anchor Products dairy plant at Te Awamutu in New Zealand and the reasons for choosing to use a relocated Turbo Power & Marine Twin Pac with a new waste heat recovery boiler together with an existing coal fired boiler to meet this demand. The paper then discusses the decision to replace the gas turbine and generator controls in their entirety, their integration with the controls for the new and existing boilers, and the architecture adopted for the total system. The philosophy of the control of the plant is then developed which leads to detailed discussion of the implementation of various modes of control of the plant, including, cogeneration control, co-ordinated control peaking control and compensate control and the methods of changing between the various modes of control. Finally, the paper includes a section on commissioning the plant.

This paper will trace the history and development of the TF series marine gas turbines over the last 40 years leading up to today’s candidate for the US Navy Ship-to-Shore Connector (SSC) program, the model TF60B, and its planned successor the TF70. The TF60B engine traces its ancestry to helicopter engines designed by Avco-Lycoming in the early 1960s. This paper will review the extensive experience-based development of the original T55-L-5 into the first of the marine engines (the TF20) and then through the TF25, TF35, TF40, to today’s ETF40B, TF50A and TF60B. Specific improvements and power increases will be described with each significant model revision along with the unique requirements of the air cushion vehicle and similar platforms that were powered by these engines. The specific characteristics that define the TF series engine as proven marine propulsion units will be discussed in each of the subsequent engine models. The paper will show the steady progression of advancement in aerodynamics, materials, temperatures, controls and structures leading to today’s next generation engine, the TF60B, with the path to yet higher levels of power for the future. The current evolutionary TF60B engine will be described in terms of architecture and development philosophy highlighting the foresight of the original design to accommodate the increments of growth without significantly increasing the frame size of the gas turbine.

In this 2-part publication, the impact of the main low pressure system parameters of a pusher counter rotating Geared Open Rotor (GOR) on mission fuel burn, certification noise and emissions is presented for a 160 PAX medium haul class aircraft. Due to their high propulsive efficiency, GORs have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions relative to conventional high bypass ratio turbofans. However, this novel engine architecture presents many design and operational challenges both at engine and aircraft level. The assessment of the impact of the main low pressure preliminary design parameters of GORs on mission fuel burn, certification noise and emissions is necessary at preliminary design stages in order to identify optimum design regions. These assessments may also aid the development process when compromises need to be performed as a consequence of design, operational or regulatory constraints. Part I of this two-part publication describes the main low pressure (LP) system design choices for a GOR as well as the preliminary design philosophy and simulation framework developed for the assessments. Part II presents the assessment studies. The simulation framework described in this paper comprises the following models: engine and aircraft performance, engine mechanical design and weight, engine certification noise and emissions. A novel aspect of the presented simulation framework is that the design point efficiency and the design feasibility of the low pressure components are calculated for each engine design.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present and discuss the philosophy behind the integration of "Model-Based Systems Engineering" (MBSE) with metaheuristic algorithms, referred to as "Model-Based Systems Metaheuristic Engineering" (MBSME), which has demonstrated high potential of techno-economic optimization of large capital projects in oil and gas industry, notably in the automatic and integrated conceptual design and selection of offshore systems architectures. Virtual modeling has always been an important part of systems engineering to support functional, performance and other engineering analysis. The so-called MBSME allows the simulation of several specific System-of-Systems physically addressed in offshore field development, bringing all the benefits of the traditional MBSE approach, and set a stochastic characteristic in the analysis, allowing the project team to focus on a Model-Centric approach, as well as to quickly understand the influence of several combined project strategies and application of different technologies, communicated through a Tradespace exploration map. Due to the characteristics associated with and the countless number of variables of the multidimensional problem addressed in an offshore field development, the integration of "Meta-Heuristic" algorithms with "Model-Based Systems Engineering" has demonstrated a remarkable efficiency and powerful applicability in the search for optimized design solutions in oil and gas industry, especially considering the processes of generation of conceptual alternatives of offshore production systems. This method leads to a reduction of more than 2/3 of the average time currently observed, with an increase in the number of conceptual alternatives evaluated in the order of tens to an order of thousands of options, in an automatic and integrated approach. Although the digital MBSME already developed addresses the combination of all technical disciplines associated with a complete offshore field development, the current work emphasizes the latest R&D achievements, addressing the automatic design and specification of Topside Facilities architecture, combined with the automatic selection of fitting for purpose Production Unit, based on internal requirements, such as the required capacity to support total weight and footprint imposed by the topside facilities’ modules, as well as external requirements, like water depth, surface metocean, type of well completion and oil storage requirements. An example of the MBSME application is presented, demonstrating a three-dimensional Tradespace exploration, relating Net Present Value (NPV), Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Breakeven Oil Price, through the application of a computational package in a hypothetical project, reflecting the design conditions of an offshore development in the Brazilian Pre-Salt region. The paper communicates an efficient method to increase the scope and accuracy of conceptual analyses, leading to the identification of the most favorable techno-economic conditions to the particularities of each project, supporting significant increases of return on investments.

Abstract This paper establishes the approach to strategize the appropriate sequencing and monetization of the green field development through performing situational analysis for the complex offshore facilities to recognize new hydrocarbon molecules. As prudent operator for the complex network its crucial to pursue strategic ideas and innovative concepts to optimize supply demand balance, fulfill contractual obligations to optimize resources to maximize value creation, whilst protecting investment decisions for hydrocarbon monetization for the green field development. It is therefore necessary to implement successful business plans with appropriate sequencing of new fields by robust assessment to decipher the pain points to achieve optimal solution by gaining better understanding of network characteristic, supply distribution and operating envelope for line ups of new green field development. Situational Analysis for the complex offshore system is defined as robust investigation of the surrounding facts/realities to scrutinize the unique features in terms of capabilities, risks, uncertainty, opportunity, and exposures. The approach followed in the paper is the creation of mathematical model for the network/infrastructure embedded with business rules and deployment for evaluation and optimization. This approach is to timely deliver the management decisions for developing sequencing strategy, establishing priority of supply guidelines and allocation principles. This paper describes that a state of art approach which was followed by developing end to end network model by simulation engineers with close collaboration with strategic planning, portfolio optimization and including operations in single platform. The simulation model was further validated and deployed to analyze current network impediments in terms of technical and commercial allocation principles. The modelling approach was kept straightforward and scalable to allow for the future development if any. Analytics of the modelling could assist in gauging the potentials for enhancing system capacity by implementing appropriate reforms to optimize evacuation strategies. Obstacles across system architecture could be estimated and its reconfiguration was planned by means of variations in operating philosophy, alterations in the network assembly with appropriate debottlenecking recommendation. The allocation principles applied during business plans consider the commercial element on initial basis, before instead the physical and technical constraints were evaluated. The results of the allocation were then simulated and reallocated back to relevant demand center with relevant technical constraints of the network. This enabled team to identify the gap for supply/demand and propose solution to address the gap at an enterprise level to be substantial, to build a case whereby monetization of green fields will be necessary. Above methodology describes how by developing an end to end mathematical model that summarizes the microscopic details of a complex offshore system to facilitate on the way to analyze and strategize new field development line-ups. The novelty is with the simulation model built in a single platform, allows a seamless data transfer from various elements such as fields, facilities, pipelines, and terminal and is one stop solution for accessing impediments across architecture The above approach elaborates on result matter approach that steer and advocate on the situational analysis for new field sequencing by ascertaining CAPEX /OPEX optimization that could steer decision of lining up of four new fields within span of two years at appropriate intensity of the network with optimal monetization.

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the implementation of a Digital Oilfield (DOF) system for the real-time management of the Oredo field in OML 111. The Oredo field is predominantly a retrograde condensate field with a few relatively small oil reservoirs. The field operating philosophy involves the dual objective of maximizing condensate production and meeting the daily contractual gas quantities which requires wells to be controlled and routed such that the dual objectives are met. An Integrated Asset Model (IAM) (or an Integrated Production System Model) was built with the objective of providing a mathematical basis for meeting the field's objective. The IAM, combined with a Model Management and version control tool, a workflow orchestration and automation engine, A robust data-management module, an advanced visualization and collaboration environment and an analytics library and engine created the Oredo Digital Oil Field (DOF). The Digital Oilfield is a real-time digital representation of a field on a computer which replicates the behavior of the field. This virtual field gives the engineer all the information required to make quick, sound and rational field management decisions with models, workflows, and intelligently filtered data within a multi-disciplinary organization of diverse capabilities and engineering skill sets. The creation of the DOF involved 4 major steps; DATA GATHERING considered as the most critical in such engineering projects as it helps to set the limits of what the model can achieve and cut expectations. ENGINEERING MODEL REVIEW, UPDATE AND BENCHMARKING; Majorly involved engineering models review and update, real-time data historian deployment etc. SYSTEM PRECONFIGURATION AND DEPLOYMENT; Developed the DOF system architecture and the engineering workflow setup. POST DEPLOYMENT REVIEW AND UPDATE; Currently ongoing till date, this involves after action reviews, updates and resolution of challenges of the DOF, capability development by the operator and optimizing the system for improved performance. The DOF system in the Oredo field has made it possible to integrate, automate and streamline the execution of field management tasks and has significantly reduced the decision-making turnaround time. Operational and field management decisions can now be made within minutes rather than weeks or months. The gains and benefits cuts across the entire production value chain from improved operational safety to operational efficiency and cost savings, real-time production surveillance, optimized production, early problem detection, improved Safety, Organizational/Cross-discipline collaboration, data Centralization and Efficiency. The DOF system did not come without its peculiar challenges observed both at the planning, execution and post evaluation stages which includes selection of an appropriate Data Gathering & acquisition system, Parts interchangeability and device integration with existing field devices, high data latency due to bandwidth, signal strength etc., damage of sensors and transmitters on wellheads during operations such as slickline & WHM activities, short battery life, maintenance, and replacement frequency etc. The challenges impacted on the project schedule and cost but created great lessons learnt and improved the DOF learning curve for the company. The Oredo Digital Oil Field represents a future of the oil and gas industry in tandem with the industry 4.0 attributes of using digital technology to drive efficiency, reduce operating expenses and apply surveillance best practices which is required for the survival of the Oil and Gas industry. The advent of the 5G technology with its attendant influence on data transmission, latency and bandwidth has the potential to drive down the cost of automated data transmission and improve the performance of data gathering further increasing the efficiency of the DOF system. Improvements in digital integration technologies, computing power, cloud computing and sensing technologies will further strengthen the future of the DOF. There is need for synergy between the engineering team, IT, and instrumentation engineers to fully manage the system to avoid failures that may arise from interface management issues. Battery life status should always be monitored to ensure continuous streaming of real field data. New set of competencies which revolves around a marriage of traditional Petro-technical skills with data analytic skills is required to further maximize benefit from the DOF system. NPDC needs to groom and encourage staff to venture into these data analytic skill pools to develop knowledge-intelligence required to maximize benefit for the Oredo Digital Oil Field and transfer this knowledge to other NPDC Asset.