Academic literature on the topic 'Architecture circulaire'
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Journal articles on the topic "Architecture circulaire":
1
Dautremont, Charlotte, Charlélie Dagnelie, and Sylvie Jancart. "Le BIM6D comme levier pour une architecture circulaire." SHS Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184701005.
Abstract:
Pendant trente ans, l’architecture durable s’est concentrée sur les performances énergétiques des bâtiments et sur les économies d’énergies. Aujourd’hui, d’autres modèles économiques sont étudiés et le modèle linéaire va côtoyer d’ici quelques années le modèle circulaire. Pour des raisons principalement environnementales et économiques, la société retrouve de l’intérêt pour le réemploi et l’économie circulaire. Parallèlement, le processus collaboratif BIM modifie le flux de travail des acteurs de la construction. Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la relation entre la circularité de (et dans) l’architecture et le processus BIM. Nous voulons à travers lui dégager des pistes pour inclure ce modèle dans la pratique quotidienne des architectes grâce au BIM tout en tenant compte des freins et des leviers liés à ce dernier.
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Rochard, Joël. "Architecture et conception durable d’une cave : concept, application et exemples." BIO Web of Conferences 56 (2023): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235602002.
Abstract:
La construction d’un chai, ainsi que sa rénovation, imposent la prise en compte du développement durable. Cet aspect est particulièrement important pour les caves, construites pour très longtemps et support de l’image de la structure. L'architecture bioclimatique, est une approche destinée à tirer le meilleur parti des conditions d'un site et de son environnement, pour une conception naturellement confortable pour ses utilisateurs tout en optimisant notamment la gestion de l’eau et de l’énergie. L’optimisation de l’énergie, et la réduction de l’impact sur l’effet de serre associent l’utilisation de l’inertie thermique du sous-sol, et d’énergies renouvelables (solaire, puits canadien, géothermie, etc.). Vis-à-vis des effluents, le traitement écologique, vise à réduire la consommation d’énergie, à mieux s’intégrer dans le paysage et éventuellement contribuer à un développement de la biodiversité. Celui-ci repose souvent sur le principe de phytoremédiation par les plantes avec une vision d’économie circulaire. Ces traitements visent également progressivement un recyclage de l’eau pour l’irrigation ou éventuellement les dispositifs de refroidissement de la cave. La communication a pour objectif de présenter les principales pistes et démarches opérationnelles, qui peuvent s’appliquer aux caves avec les labels et retours d’expérience dans différentes régions du monde.
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Margueron, Jean-Claude. "Notes d'archéologie et d'architecture orientales: Architecture circulaire dans l'univers syro-mésopotamien au début du IIIe millénaire (NAAO,10)." Syria 76, no. 1 (1999): 19–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1999.7609.
4
Kirps, Josée. "Un nouveau bâtiment pour les Archives nationales du Luxembourg." La Gazette des archives 263, no. 3 (2021): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/gazar.2021.6098.
Abstract:
Après des années d’attentes et de revirements, le Conseil de gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg décida, au mois de mai 2016, d’inscrire le projet de construction d’un nouveau bâtiment pour les Archives nationales sur la liste des grands projets d’infrastructures à soumettre à la Commission du contrôle de l’exécution budgétaire et de charger le Fonds Belval à entamer les études préliminaires d’APS et d’APD et de finaliser le projet de loi y afférent. Au cours de la séance publique du 23 juillet 2020, la Chambre des députés a adopté le projet de loi relative à la construction et à l’équipement d’un nouveau bâtiment pour les Archives nationales, et à l’aménagement des alentours. Implanté sur l’ancien site industriel Esch-Belval, dans le sud du pays, à 20 km de la capitale, le nouveau bâtiment s’étend sur quelque 16 000 m 2 et se compose de trois volumes qui se différencient par leurs fonctions et leur architecture : le volume abritant les surfaces de dépôts, le volume abritant les fonctions administratives, les locaux logistiques ainsi que les espaces publics de consultation et enfin le volume tampon. Le bâtiment est conçu comme un bâtiment à énergie positive et met en œuvre des matériaux écologiques et des techniques constructives à faible empreinte environnementale ainsi que des concepts d’économie circulaire notamment par l’emploi de matériaux recyclables et/ou recyclés.
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Astrini, Wulan, E. B. Kurniawan, and M. Abdillah. "The Characteristics of Mosque Architecture Based on Public Preferences in Malang City." TATALOKA 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.1.137-145.
Abstract:
Mosque is an architectural work and public facility that serves as a worship place for Muslims. Mosque architectural elements include domes (roofs), mihrab, minaret, arch, and ornaments. Mosque architecture comprises of various elements, which adapt to the local culture where the mosque is located. As such, its presence also bears some impacts on the appearance of urban architecture. Malang city as one of the major cities in East Java has numerous rapidly developing mosque architectures, including Jami’ Great Mosque of Malang, Sabilillah Mosque, Nurul Muttaqin Mosque, Ahmad Yani Mosque, and Manarul Huda Mosque. The meaning of architectural work is also closely related to the perception of humans who observe it. The public preference for the architectural characteristics of mosques in Malang city is a manifestation of architectural work. Conjoined analysis is employed as method operative to analyze public preference. This study aims to find out the architectural characteristics of mosques in Malang city according to public preferences. The findings can serve as a recommendation for the development of mosque architectural designs in Malang city, especially those possessing locality values. The architectural characteristics of mosques in Malang city which are driven by the public preferences ranging from the highest to the lowest, which is why mosques generally have calligraphy ornaments, circular arch, pentagon-shaped minaret, Indo-Persian dome, and two-minaret design.
6
Dongez, Nazli, Kunter Manisa, and Serhat Basdogan. "Tendency to Circular Economy." Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research 18, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enqarcc.v18i2.1089.
Abstract:
Urbanization and building production that accelerate with globalization, cause excessive resource consumption and waste generation. The circular economy concept which is a contemporary economy approach, has been developed to solve this environmental and economic problem. The construction sector and architectural practice that provide building production need innovative solutions through the circular economy concept, as they consume different resources and produce waste crises. The circular economy concept is applied with the "adaptive reuse" approach in the field of architecture. One of the important applications of the concept of adaptive reuse is the reuse of architectural elements and materials. However, the relationship between the concept of circular economy and the reuse of architectural elements can be developed by examining several recent projects and its advantages. In this article, it is aimed to examine the relationship of this architectural reuse approach with the circular economy concept and to emphasize its importance. For this purpose, the theoretical perspectives and effects of circular economy were examined in the first part of the article, and the reflections of the circular economy concept on architecture were given in the second part. This section continues with description of the comparative analysis methodology that relates the building life cycle and circular economy principles to examine the architectural projects built as an example of circular economy paradigm. In the third chapter, two architectural sample projects built in China and France were selected and introduced. Being pioneers in their countries in circular economy approaches and the different environmental policies of countries have been effective in the selection of examples from different geographies. The fourth part consists of analyzing the projects according to circular economy parameters using comparative analysis method. In the last section, analysis results show that although China is one of the pioneers in adopting circular economy principles with architectural design and building life cycle, it has been found that France considers circular economy design from a broader perspective. Also, the design approach with circular economy criteria in different stage of building life cycle is gaining momentum over the years through national and local governments and collaborations. It is recommended that technological design systems such as BIM can be developed as integrated cloud systems that can share information from other sectors. Because the building life cycle is not only related to the architecture and construction sector. It is a cyclical system and economy that works with different sectors such as supply and waste management.
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Vrontissi, Maria, Sotiria Alexiadou, and Nikoletta Poulimeni. "Mapping the Landscape of Circular Design Thinking and Practices in Architecture Education in Greece." E3S Web of Conferences 436 (2023): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343606013.
Abstract:
The present contribution discusses how circular thinking and design-and-build practices are implemented in architectural curricula in Greece. Run simultaneously with a broader survey that seeks to identify the adoption of circular construction in different educational contexts across Europe, this study investigates the features of the Greek paradigm across the seven accredited public schools of architecture in Greece and the one in Cyprus. Both works are situated within the broader scope of the ERASMUS+ project Crafting Circularity: Rethinking Sustainable Design and Construction in Architecture Education, aiming in building a methodological framework on project-based learning-through-making methodologies to embed circular thinking in architecture education, eventually resulting in a paradigm shift towards circular design practices. The current mapping assignment is built on the outline of the principal survey, which has three axes: investigating institutional backgrounds, theory courses and design studios, and design-and-build modules in architectural curricula. A modified version was employed to respond to the peculiarities of the Greek paradigm: broadening the scope of the survey under or around the wider sustainability umbrella, adding a fourth axis on elements in-between education and research or informal extra-curricular activities, including an actual mapping component and revising the structure and content of the original survey.
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Weigand, Phil C. "The Architecture of the Teuchitlan Tradition of the Occidente of Mesoamerica." Ancient Mesoamerica 7, no. 1 (1996): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001310.
Abstract:
AbstractThis study examines the geometry of the architecture of the Teuchitlan tradition of western Mexico. An argument will be made that these concentric circular buildings represent formal architectural planning and that they have cultural significance. The pattern dating from the Classic period (ca. a.d. 200–700) will be stressed.
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Hassan, Soraya Masthura. "Prinsip Desain Geometri Arsitektur Tadao Ando." EMARA: Indonesian Journal of Architecture 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/emara.2017.3.2.77-90.
Abstract:
Geometry has shown that the architecture was an expression of man and a basic principle that were always presented on an architectural work. The research was conducted through two steps with the first step was to identified the Tadao Ando’s geometry design principle through a content analysis approach. Based on the textual review, Tadao Ando's geometry design principle was tend to select the simple geometric forms as the embodiment of the building shapes. An user spatial experiences were created through inter space relationships and interactions with the surrounding environment through the geometry and shape processing and became the central to his architectural work creation. In other words, pure geometry concept was the instrument to presented all of those. The second step was to compared Tadao Ando's geometry design principles in the monistic architecture to the pluralistic architecture catagories using a precedent analysis approach. The comparisons toward the geometrical principles were more complex and quite varied geometric shapes in pluralistic architecture while simple geometric shapes can be found in the monistic architecture,as well as interlinked circular paths in pluralistic architecture which shaped by the ‘direction wall’ rather than a simple circulation path in the monistic architecture, and the wall-formed angle was a multiple of 15° in monistic architecture but varying angles in the pluralistic architecture.
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Hassan, Soraya Masthura. "Prinsip Desain Geometri Arsitektur Tadao Ando." EMARA: Indonesian Journal of Architecture 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/emara.v3i2.152.
Abstract:
Geometry has shown that the architecture was an expression of man and a basic principle that were always presented on an architectural work. The research was conducted through two steps with the first step was to identified the Tadao Ando’s geometry design principle through a content analysis approach. Based on the textual review, Tadao Ando's geometry design principle was tend to select the simple geometric forms as the embodiment of the building shapes. An user spatial experiences were created through inter space relationships and interactions with the surrounding environment through the geometry and shape processing and became the central to his architectural work creation. In other words, pure geometry concept was the instrument to presented all of those. The second step was to compared Tadao Ando's geometry design principles in the monistic architecture to the pluralistic architecture catagories using a precedent analysis approach. The comparisons toward the geometrical principles were more complex and quite varied geometric shapes in pluralistic architecture while simple geometric shapes can be found in the monistic architecture,as well as interlinked circular paths in pluralistic architecture which shaped by the ‘direction wall’ rather than a simple circulation path in the monistic architecture, and the wall-formed angle was a multiple of 15° in monistic architecture but varying angles in the pluralistic architecture.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Architecture circulaire":
1
Traoré, Karim. "Simulation thermomécanique du laminage circulaire : Développement d'une formulation quasi-Eulérienne tridimensionnelle sur une architecture parallèle." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1294.
2
Corvisier, Christian. "Les grosses tours de plan circulaire ou centre en France avant 1200 : étude sur les antécédents de la politique castrale de Philippe Auguste." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010603.
Abstract:
Peu après 1200, Philippe-Auguste, roi de France, ayant achevé la conquête de la majeure partie de l'empire continental des rois d’Angleterre de la dynastie Plantagenet, met en œuvre une politique de construction d'essence étatique et militaire en divers lieux du royaume. Outre des enceintes de ville, les réalisations de cette politique furent des tours maitresses royales de forme circulaire simple et standardisée. Ce choix architectural affirmé destine à exprimer le pouvoir et l'identité du souverain se situe au terme d'une période d'expérimentation des donjons de pierre seigneuriaux et royaux de formes centrées non carrées, qui commence vers la fin du XIe siècle. Ces expériences sont l'objet de la thèse. Face à la forme architecturale "classique" du donjon roman barlong, fixée dès l'an mil et stable durant deux siècle, forme propre à l'hébergement du domicilium et des salles publiques, certains dynastes de l'ile de franque donnent à la tour maitresse en pierre de leur château des formes polygonales et circulaires affirmant une différence de parti que ne suffit pas à justifier la motivation défensive. Les formes de donjon centrées non carrées, diversifiées et complexifiées au XIIe siècle, sont bientôt une alternative adoptée dans la plupart des régions du nord-ouest de la France, sous influence directe des rois capétiens ou des rois d’Angleterre. Parmi ces formes, le "shell-keep" ou donjon annulaire, principalement anglo-normand, est un donjon sans être une tour. Au-delà des grosses tours cantonnées par lesquelles les seigneurs de Montfort et les comtes de Dreux affirment leur identité dynastique, la seconde moitié du XIIe siècle voit émerger la forme cylindrique pure, utilisée à cette même fin par le comte de Blois Thibaud V, grand bâtisseur et probable inspirateur de Philippe-AugusteNot much after 1200, Philippe-Auguste, king of France, having finished the conquest of the greatest part of the continental empire of the kings of England of the dynasty of plantagenet, implements a politic of construction characterized as state and army in different places of the kingdom. Besides some walls of town, the realizations of this politics were main towers in form circular, simple and standardized. This choice architectural and asserted meant to express the power and the king's identity places itself according to the terms of a period of experimentaion of the stone-donjons seigniorial and royal with forms centred no squared, which begins about the end of the 11 h century. These experiences are the subject of the thesis. Facing the architectural form classical ; of the romanesque and barlong donjon, established from the year thousand and stable during two centuries, form particular to the lodging of the domicilium and of the public rooms, some dynasters of the island of France give to the stone master-tower of their castle some polygonal and circular forms maintaining a difference of paty that are not enough for justifying the defensive motivation. The forms of the donjon centered not squared diversified and complicated at the 12th century, are soon an alternative adopted in most northern-western regions of France, under the direct influence of the capetian kings or of the kings of England. Among these forms, the shell-keep ; or annular donjon, especially anglo-norman, is a donjon without to be a tower. On the other side of some keeps confined by which the lords of montfort and the counts of dreux maintain their dynastic identity, the second half of the 12th century sees to rise up the cylindric and pure form, used to the same purpose by the count of Blois Thibaud V, big builder and probable Philippe-Auguste's inspirer
3
Gasnier, Hugo. "Construire en terres d'excavation, un enjeu pour la ville durable." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAH001/document.
Abstract:
La thèse explore les potentiels d’utilisation des terres de déblais comme matériau de construction et examine la pertinence d’une valorisation de cette ressource pour une construction soutenable dans le contexte français actuel avec un focus plus particulier sur la région parisienne. Elle s'articule autour d'une double question qui s’inscrit dans le cadre de la transition écologique des milieux habités : est-t-il pertinent de transformer les terres d’excavation générées par les chantiers des grands centres urbains en ressource pour l’architecture et quels potentiels offrent-elles pour la construction de la ville durable? La croissance des grandes villes entraine chaque année la production de millions de tonnes de terres de déblais qui sont issues des terrassements nécessaires à la construction de nouveaux immeubles ou extraites lors de la création d’infrastructures de transport (tunnels, gares, routes, …). À lui seul, le chantier du Grand Paris Express « devrait peser de 30 à 40 millions de tonnes » de terres d’excavation qui seront principalement acheminées par péniches en dehors de Paris pour être stockées ou enfouies dans des sites adaptés. Ce processus représente un coût financier, énergétique et écologique phénoménal et l’enfouissement d’une ressource pourtant potentiellement utilisable, d’où l’intérêt de s’interroger sur les possibilités d’utilisation de ces terres comme matériau de construction. Au commencement de cette thèse en 2015, peu de recherches et encore moins de pratiques portaient sur ce sujet. Or, dès les premières rencontres, les acteurs ont exprimés leur intérêt pour cette possible valorisation des terres de déblais comme ressource. Il était donc temps, d’une part, de faire le point sur les connaissances scientifiques concernant la matière terre, les pratiques actuelles en architecture de terre et les professionnels spécialistes de la construction en terre. D’autre part, il s’agissait de décrypter le contexte et le système des acteurs des terres d’excavation sur le territoire du Grand Paris. Enfin, la présence d’acteurs motivés sur le Grand Paris a facilité la réflexion prospective sur le potentiel d’utilisation de ces terres en architecture, y compris en ayant la possibilité d’en observer les premiers résultats concretsThis thesis explores the potentials of using excavated earth as a building material and examines the relevance of a valorization of this resource for sustainable buildings in the actual French context with a more particular focus on the Parisian region. It is structured around a double question within the framework of the ecological transition of the inhabited environment: is it relevant to transform the excavated earth of the construction sites of major urban centers into a resource for architecture and which are the potentials for the construction of a sustainable city ?The growth of big cities is generating millions of tons of excavated earth yearly, issued from the necessary earthworks for the construction of new buildings or excavated during the creation of transport infrastructures (tunnels, railway stations, roads,…). On is own, the Grand Paris Express construction site « should generate 30 to 40 millions of tons »[1] of excavated earth that will be principally shipped by barges out of Paris to be stocked or buried in adapted sites. This process has a huge financial, energetical and ecological cost, and a potential usable resource is buried, hence the importance of the question on the possibilities of using this earth as a building material.At the beginning of this thesis in 2015, few researches and even less practices had been done on the subject. But, ever since the first meetings, the actors expressed their interest for the possible valorization of the excavated earth as a resource.On one hand, it was time to make an inventory of the scientific knowledges of the material earth, the current practices in earthen architecture and the professional earthen building specialists. On the other hand, it was necessary to decrypt the context and the system of actors around the excavated earth in the Grand Paris territory. Finally, the presence of motivated actors in the Grand Paris has facilitated the prospective reflection on the potential use of these earths in architecture including having the opportunity to observe the first concrete results
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Androšević, Renata. "Vers les systèmes constructifs à faible production de déchets : l'enveloppe des bâtiments résidentiels du XXIème siècle en Bosnie-Herzégovine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PESC1005.
Abstract:
Cette recherche est inspirée par des projets visionnaires visant à trouver une manière de créer un environnement construit qui aura un petit impact sur la nature et tous les êtres humains. Cela aidera tous les participants, lors du processus de la prise de décision, à prendre la meilleure option en choisissant le matériel/matériau, la technologie de construction et le système constructif, qui auront le moindre impact négatif sur l'environnement, en tenant compte de toutes les données nécessaires.En analysant les méthodes et les outils existants avec leurs avantages et leurs défauts, les recherches essaient de trouver une manière pour surmonter les obstacles identifiés.Les méthodologies existantes montrent l'importance de la prévision de l'impact sur l'environnement et peuvent montrer les différences entre les systèmes comparés, mais il leur manque la quantification des données.Approche proposée sa base sur une symbiose des méthodologies et des outils existants.La nouvelle méthode inclut l'évaluation du système de construction (y compris la comparaison et la classification) et la quantification de l'impact sur l'environnement. Cela fournit une image claire de l'impact du système choisi et facilite la prise de décision.A la fin du processus, l'on voit clair ce que l'on pourrait et devrait changer et améliorer pour aboutir à un meilleur résultat.Cette nouvelle méthode fourni la comparaison, l'évaluation et la quantification de la production des déchets de construction et contribue à la diminution de l'impact négatif sur l'environnementThis research is inspired by the visionary projects which are trying to find the way to create built environment with low impact on the nature and all living creatures, especially human beings. It will help decision making process for all stakeholders to choose the best option when considering the materials, building technologies and building systems, which will have the lowest negative environmental impact, providing all necessary data.Analysing the existing methods and tools with their barriers and opportunities, the research attempts to find the way to overcome observed obstacles.Existing methodologies point out the importance of environmental impact predictions and they can show the differences between compared systems. Existing tools give precise numerical data of environmental impact.The approach proposed here shows that symbiosis of methodologies and tools can give the result that reaches the goal - to achieve low or no waste building construction.The new method includes building system evaluation (with comparison and ranking) and quantification of environmental impact. This provides a picture of the chosen system's impact and facilitates decision making. At the end of the process, it is evidently clear what could and should be changed and upgraded in order to have better performance and lower impact.This new method provides comparison, evaluation and quantification in terms of generation of the construction waste and contributes in lowering negative environmental impact
5
Friedmann, Léo. "Saving Erskine — An Example in Circular Heritage Architecture." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277838.
Abstract:
This thesis is the story of two housing projects designed by architect Ralph Erskine. The first building, Lassaskog in Växjö built in 1954, is one of the earliest examples of industrialized concrete housing in Sweden. The other one, Kv. Ortdrivaren in Kiruna was built some eight years later following Erskine’s utopian ideas for The Arctic City. Despite their architectural and historical significance, these two buildings are threatened today: Ortdrivaren will be demolished and Lassaskog will be hastily densified. This thesis is a reaction to these threats, and it is a call for preserving and reusing. Looking towards the near future of circularity, I want to praise for never demolishing a building again. This leads me to the overarching question of my thesis; how could I sustainably save these two buildings? The only solution I thought worthy of their architecture was to unite them. Rather than demolishing Ortdrivaren, I propose to deconstruct it and reuse it in Växjö. Thereon, started the project of densifying the Lassaskog estates with new student housing made of repurposed concrete elements from Kiruna. My objective for this quirky enterprise is to find a methodology for preserving post-war housing estates and for conducting a circular architecture project.
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Lammert, L. (Laura). "Circular economy in architecture:sustainable principles for future design." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201811233096.
Abstract:
At present, construction is one of the most destructive, energy consuming and material wasting industries. The current linear system cannot last, and to change anything, we need to redesign the system and our way of thinking. In my thesis, I will explain the theory behind a circular economy and how it could be applied to building, as well as discuss waste issues and material sources. Deconstruction is also a big polluter, and one solution to combat that problem would be to design buildings to be readily disassembled. The aim of this project is to bring awareness about the subject of sustainable design in a modern context and gather this information into one place. Many ideas presented are ones that have been around for as long as people have built buildings, such as material scarcity, resource efficiency and reusing existing materials while reducing waste. Some ecobuilding projects that have successfully implemented these ideas will be presented. In the conclusion, I will present certain concrete ideas and methods for bringing about circular thinking into the built environment. A good starting point would be to decide whether a building needs to be demolished, if so, can the elements be reused or recycled, or if designing a new build with renewable raw materials is the best optionYhteiskunnassamme rakennusalla kulutetaan nykyään eniten energiaa ja haaskataan materiaaleja. Lineaarinen talous ei kestä nykyistä toimintatapaamme ja muutoksia saamme aikaan vain muuttamalla järjestelmää ja ajattelutapojamme. Diplomityössäni käsittelen kiertotalouden teoriaa ja sen hyödyntämistä rakentamisessa, sekä pohdin jäteongelmia sekä materiaalilähteitä. Myös purkutyö on rakentamisessa suuri saastuttaja ja siihen esitän ratkaisuksi rakennusten suunnittelemista purettaviksi. Diplomityöni tavoitteena on lisästä tietoisuutta kestävän suunnittelun aiheesta (nykyhetken viitekehyksessä) ja koota nämä tiedot yhteen. Monissa esittämistäni konsepteissa hyödynnetään olemassa olevia ideoita, kuten materiaalien saatavuutta ja uudelleenkäyttöä sekä jätteenhallintaa, mutta oleellista on kuinka kokonaisvaltaisesti niitä käytämme. Esimerkkiprojektien avulla havainnollistan konseptien sovellutuksia käytännössä. Lopuksi ehdotan käytännön esimerkein miten kestäviä suunnitteluideoita voi käyttää rakennetussa ympäristössä. Rakentamisessa hyvänä lähtökohtana voi pitää, että rakennusten tulisi olla purettavia, kierrätettäviä ja että uusissa rakennuksissa käytettäisiin uusiutuvia raaka-aineita
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Urma, Ioana Ruxandra 1972. "The 'Circular' Piazza : landscape and history as architectural material : Constanta, Romania." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70337.
Abstract:
Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 193-203).
Ideas. This thesis attempts to demonstrate that architecture, conceived from human experience, is a dual process of thinking and doing, in addition to being a building or a final product, and can occur at any scale of development (as large as an urban space). The thesis tries to create a strong correlation between things that people experience through the senses - real things, visible - and those that they experience through the mind - imaginary things, invisible. Defined as the great composition of existing materials and forms, the site and everything it encompasses, structures both 'natural' and man-made, landscape represents the visible, which deals with the experience of the body (the senses). Defined as that by which meaning and value is attributed to visible things, history, in the form of thought and memory, represents the invisible, which deals with the experience of the mind. To create a full human experience, a true experience, one must acknowledge that full reality is non-linear. The thesis then mandates that single events be approached from a wholistic perspective. The method by which to deal with the complexity of information gathered through this wholistic process is to act according to feeling by feeding the subconscious with analytical information and translating that information into perceptual representation through metaphor and diagram. Ideas into reality. Piazza Ovidiu, the central focus of the old town of Constanta, Romania has been chosen as the site for the experiment, as it is both rich in invisible historical information and, as a disfunctional post-communist public space, it is in great need of rehabitation. Redefining 'piazza' to be a zone of public interaction, rather than a common open space, the thesis thus proposes that the area be divided into a series of sub-spaces, stories interwoven through the land and through time. Being related, these individual events would allow for an experiential understanding of the complexity of the 'whole,' acknowledging the infinite or circular relationship between the visible-landscape-body and the invisible-history-mind.
Ioana Ruxandra Urma.
M.Arch.
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Gyll, Malin. "Circular thinking in sparkstaden Kiruna : Housing and mobility in a northern climate." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172338.
Abstract:
Industrialism has affected our way of building cities, using the production line as a model for living. Our lives are divided into parts both in time and space, with zones for different activities, kinds of housing, and phases of life. Diseases related to a sedentary lifestyle and stress are increasing and we feel lonelier than ever. Can we think in a more circular way, respect planetary boundaries, and create possibilities for a healthier life for us and our planet? This project aims to explore possible strategies for a more circular way of building our cities.
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Nazarenko, Inna A. "Waste Less District: An Exploration of Architecture's Role in the Waste Stream." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91450.
Abstract:
The idiom goes, "what is one man's trash is another man's treasure." In our 21st century economy, one man's trash is less commonly another's treasure as often as it is pollution. It is well documented that the majority of human waste ends up in on the side of roads, or in forests and oceans if not in landfills or incinerated. The disposability of items in our consumer culture is now commonplace. We are exacerbating our problems by throwing away single-use and barely-used items again and again without a feasible, realistic, and responsible solution for the end their life cycle. While our habitual buying and scrapping is continually increasing, the industrial buildings that process our waste are pushed to the outskirts of urban centers where they are most needed due to aesthetics, noises, and odors. These suburban and rural locations put an enormous economic and resource strain on cities. Architecture has the opportunity and responsibility to play an important role in remedying these issues related to waste facilities and processes.
Architecture as an art form has largely abandoned these and similar industrial typologies as building design problems. They are mostly undertaken by engineers who design them for economic and process efficiencies. But there are unique challenges to be overcome with creative solutions, what architects do best. As a part of this process, architects can better design facilities so that they can be located within city limits and fight the "not in my backyard" stigmas associated with waste management. Ultimately architects can strive to improve civic life for citizens while also improving the means and methods of city-maintenance issues related to waste.
At this intersection of waste and architecture, this thesis explores how a facility that settles into the dense urban fabric of Washington D.C. can play a role in the city's waste steam in order to benefit the local community and economy.Master of Architecture
The idiom goes, “what is one man’s trash is another man’s treasure.” In our 21st century economy, one man’s trash is less commonly another’s treasure as often as it is pollution. It is well documented that the majority of human waste ends up in on the side of roads, or in forests and oceans if not in landfills or incinerated. The disposability of items in our consumer culture is now commonplace. We are exacerbating our problems by throwing away single-use and barely-used items again and again without a feasible, realistic, and responsible solution for the end their life cycle. While our habitual buying and scrapping is continually increasing, the industrial buildings that process our waste are pushed to the outskirts of urban centers where they are most needed due to aesthetics, noises, and odors. These suburban and rural locations put an enormous economic and resource strain on cities. Architecture has the opportunity and responsibility to play an important role in remedying these issues related to waste facilities and processes. Architects rarely design waste-management buildings and other industrial-use buildings. Usually it is engineers who undertake these buildings. They tend to design them in ways that put cost and process efficiency above everything else. One of the main skill-set architects have is problem-solving through design. Waste-management buildings face a lot of challenges beyond cost and process efficiency so it would make sense for architects to be a part of this process. Architects can better design these facilities so that they can be located within city limits and fight the “not in my backyard” stigmas associated with waste management. Ultimately architects would strive to improve civic life for citizens while also improving the means and methods of city-maintenance issues related to waste. At this intersection of waste and architecture, this thesis explores how a facility that settles into the dense urban enivironment of Washington D.C. can play a role in the city’s waste steam in order to benefit the local community and economy.
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Fouany, Jamil. "Nouvelles architectures d’antennes à éléments parasites pour la polarisation circulaire : Application à la conception d’une antenne en bande X pour nanosatellite." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0125/document.
Abstract:
Les investigations présentées dans ce mémoire de doctorat portent sur la synthèse d’antennes à éléments parasites à polarisation circulaire. Une stratégie de conception rapide et efficace est développée et mise en oeuvre pour synthétiser des diagrammes de rayonnement à multiples objectifs. Des éléments parasites peuvent ainsi être associés à d’autres antennes pour en améliorer les performances. Deux antennes ont été imaginées. Un premier démonstrateur d’AEP directive à polarisation circulaire et à bande élargie a été conçu. Ce démonstrateur qui se compose de l’association de 18 dipôles parasites avec une antenne spirale logarithmique a été fabriqué et mesuré. Un second prototype d’AEP a été inventé dans le cadre d’un projet spatiale «Antenne Isoflux Bande-X pour nano-satellite». L’antenne compacte a été développée pour supporter les débits de transmission des futures missions des plateformes Nano-Satellite « Cube-Sat ». Ce prototype associe une antenne patch avec une distribution de 12 dipôles parasites pour réaliser une couverture Isoflux en polarisation circulaire. Cette antenne a été mesurée sur sa plateforme d’accueilThe investigations presented in this thesis propose the synthesis of circularly polarized antennas with parasitic elements. An innovative and effective strategy is developed and implemented to synthesize a multi-objective radiation patterns. Parasitic elements can also be associated with other antennas to improve the performances. Two antennas were suggested. The first one represents a wide band circularly polarized directive antenna with parasitic elements. This demonstrator consists of the combination of 18 parasitic dipoles with a logarithmic spiral antenna; this antenna was manufactured and measured. The second antenna is a part of a space project « Isoflux X-Band antenna for Nano-Satellite». This compact antenna has been developed to support transmission rates for future mission
Books on the topic "Architecture circulaire":
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Jensen, Kasper Guldager, and John Sommer. Building a circular future. 2nd ed. [Kobenhavn]: GXN Innovation, 2016.
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Beim, Anne. Circular construction: Materials, architecture, tectonics = Cirkulært byggeri : materiale, arkitektur, tektonik. Copenhagen: KADK, 2019.
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Lightbody, David I. Egyptian tomb architecture: The archaeological facts of pharaonic circular symbolism. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2008.
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Casey, Christine. Dublin: The city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
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Means, Bernard K. Circular villages of the Monongahela tradition. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007.
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Castello, David Dal. La ciudad circular: Espacios y territorios de la muerte en Buenos Aires, 1868-1903. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo, Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas, 2017.
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Machat, Christoph. Conservation and rehabilitation of vernacular heritage : the cultural landscape of the Wendland circular villages: International conference and annual meeting of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Vernacular Architecture (CIAV), Lübeln, September 28 - October 2, 2016. Aachen: Geymüller, Verlag für Architektur, 2018.
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O'Donnell, Caroline, and Dillon Pranger. Architecture of Waste: Design for a Circular Economy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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O'Donnell, Caroline, and Dillon Pranger. Architecture of Waste: Design for a Circular Economy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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O'Donnell, Caroline, and Dillon Pranger. Architecture of Waste: Design for a Circular Economy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
Book chapters on the topic "Architecture circulaire":
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Heisel, Felix. "Economics for a Circular Environment." In The Architecture of Waste, 206–14. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367247478-5.
2
Chen, Haoyi, and Claudia Pasquero. "Making Matter: Small-Scale Biomorphogenic Prototype Based on Ulva-Algae-Biopolymer." In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication, 379–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8405-3_32.
Abstract:
AbstractRecent developments in digital architecture have placed a renewed focus on sustainable architectural materials and the circularity of material systems. Algae has emerged as a promising material for mitigating the effects of climate change due to its ability to absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide. However, the disposal of algal biomass can lead to significant CO2 emissions and air pollution. The upcycling of algae into composite materials can promote circular economies by reducing the demand for petroleum-based products. In this context, this research explores the potential of Ulva algae in creating 3D-printed architectural prototypes based on bio-algorithm. An experimental analysis of the material properties of algae-based plastic is conducted and compared to similar reference products. This study argues for the importance of designing and fabricating these materials at the required scale while leveraging bio-thinking principles to create closed-loop systems and maximize the potential of natural resources.
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Sala, Marco, Antonella Trombadore, and Laura Fantacci. "The Intangible Resources of Vernacular Architecture for the Development of a Green and Circular Economy." In Sustainable Vernacular Architecture, 229–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06185-2_12.
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Rasmussen, T. S., R. J. Esclusa, E. Petrova, and K. D. Bohnstedt. "From linear to circular: Circular Economy in the Danish construction industry." In ECPPM 2021 – eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 423–30. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003191476-58.
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Kruschke, Thomas, Theresa Riedelsheimer, and Kai Lindow. "Considering LCA in System Architectures of Smart-Circular PSS." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 694–702. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_78.
Abstract:
AbstractThe realization of smart-circular Product-Service Systems has theoretically promising advantages compared to traditional products. Nevertheless, the sustainability improvement, especially for the ecological dimension is not yet satisfactorily proved. In this paper, the authors examined the current state of research within a systematic literature review with a specific focus on the overlap of the topics: Life Cycle Assessment, Model-Based Systems Engineering, Product-Service Systems, and Circular Economy. The aim is to analyze the potential of a proactive quantification of the ecological impact in an early stage during the development of smart-circular PSS – the system architecture definition. As a result of the systematic review, 27 relevant papers were identified and analyzed and the findings are presented in a structured way. The main finding is that the current state of the art in this research field still is in the conceptualization stage. In addition, a proactive approach is rare and circularity is not considered to its fullest. Quantified use cases do not draw the system boundaries Cradle-to-Cradle and not every of the 9R-strategies is considered. Furthermore, the potentials and challenges of the revealed research gap are summarized.
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Xavier, Ivan, Philipe Cantreva, and Igor Klein. "The Importance of Circular References, Architectural Modeling, Digital Project and Collaborative Actions in the Architecture Learning." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1777–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95588-9_159.
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Koutamanis, Alexander. "From Building Information Modelling to Digital Twins: Digital Representation for a Circular Economy." In Circular Economy and Sustainability, 3–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39675-5_1.
Abstract:
AbstractBuilding information modelling (BIM) has ushered in the era of symbolic building representation: building elements and spaces are described not by graphical elements but by discrete symbols, each with properties and relations that explicitly integrate all information. Digital twinning promises even more: a digital replica in complete sync with the building and its behaviour. Such technologies have obvious appeal for circularity because they accommodate the rich information it requires and link circularity goals to other activities in AECO (architecture, engineering, construction and operation of buildings).Present implementations of BIM may fall short of the promise, and digital twinning may be hard to achieve, but they remain crucial not only for circularity but for all AECO disciplines. To realise the potential of such representations, information should be treated not as a product of integration but as the integrator of all activities. Similarly, digitalisation should be at the core of business models and deployment plans, not an additional or even optional layer at a high cost. This calls for a coherent approach that includes the full capture of building information, supports the detailed exploration of circular operations, uses the results to constrain decisions and actions and does so throughout the life cycle.
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Mottelson, Johan. "Modern Vernacular Architecture and Circular Economy in Informal Settlements." In Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 27–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9025-2_3.
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Cervantes Puma, Genesis Camila, Adriana Salles, and Luís Bragança. "Exploring the Potential of Circular Economy Strategies in Urban Planning: A Comparative Analysis of Successful Case Studies." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 491–500. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_45.
Abstract:
AbstractThe circular economy has emerged as a powerful solution to address environmental and socio-economic challenges in urban areas. As cities continue to grow and face increasing resource demands, adopting sustainable practices becomes critical to promote resource efficiency and improve the well-being of urban communities. This study aims to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of circular economy strategies at the urban scale, focusing on urban design and resource management. By examining successful case studies from four cities, valuable insights will gained into implementing circular economy practices in urban planning, such as waste management, renewable energy, and sustainable architecture. The comparative analysis of these cases will allow an assessment of the different approaches taken by each city and their impact on the sustainability and resilience of urban environments. This study aims to inspire and guide future urban development and promote sustainability and resilience in European cities by highlighting successful examples of circular economy implementation. Ultimately, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of circular economy principles in urban environments, highlighting their potential to promote sustainability and resilience. Through four study cases, this study will illustrate The tangible outcomes and real-world implications of adopting circular economy practices in urban landscapes.
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Freitas, M. C. D., S. F. Tavares, L. Bragança, and S. Barbosa. "The Rehabilitation of Buildings from the Perspective of Circular Economy Principles." In Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment, 263–74. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45980-1_22.
Abstract:
AbstractThe Material Bank (MB) of the city of Porto (Portugal) is an emblematic case that operates in the design phase of the rehabilitation of buildings from the perspective of the circular economy, acting as intermediation of information as a strategic resource in favor of the creation of a network of partners for the preservation of the old quarter with its historical and architectural heritage of the city. In this context, the study analyzes the actors, expectations and values with an emphasis on the circular economy and mitigation of construction and demolition waste. It consists of an exploratory-descriptive research, from qualitative nature, which uses bibliographical and documentary research to describe and analyze the Constructive Materials Bank of Porto City Council as a public policy capable of acting in the transition of the circular economy, noting that information is the key element in the mechanisms of reputation and trust, in the implementation of building rehabilitation projects and in the relationship between citizens and the city. The MB is an innovative model of public policy in managing and providing building materials of historical and architectural value. The idea is to align the heritage and cultural value of buildings with the principles of the circular economy.
Conference papers on the topic "Architecture circulaire":
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Magner, Jeremy. "Immanent Appalachia: Insurgent Practices of Circular." In 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.17.
Abstract:
Due to its unique tectonic history and extreme biological diversity, East Tennessee is a place defined by the incredible abundance of natural resources and the inevitable environmental degradation in the exploitation thereof. What we share most truthfully and vividly in the commons of Appalachia are the myriad forms of catastrophe wrought by extraction economies. Representing a body of scholarship undertaken as the Tennessee Architecture Fellow in the University of Tennessee College of Architecture and Design, the work began by investigating the means of production within three dominant material regimes of East Tennessee – the lithic, metallic, and xylological – this project locates three sites as the ‘theater of operations2’ for the development of architectural ‘mock-ups3’ (Figures 1-3) which address the consequences of extraction by inducing circularity in flows of material and labor. Evoking histories of abundance, craft, and community of pre-modern and indigenous4 Appalachian cultures while working directly with material harvested on site, each mock-up seeks to conjure an immanent geopoetic5 agency, generating unique assemblages6 of meaning, feeling, and place in proto- architectural relationships between structure and surface. Speculative fabrication protocols introduced digital precision (Figures 7, 8) to traditional, high-participation means and methods of manual craft in order to manage the inherent complexity and eccentricity of non-standard parts in structural assemblies while foregrounding issues of automation which loom large in the region.
2
Bardzinska-Bonenberg, Teresa. "Ring-and-circle, symbolical and practical meaning of the form in town planning and architecture." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8043.
Abstract:
In the research analysis of historical urban and architectural developments was confronted with the newest concepts in town planning and architecture. The search was set against the background of political and social situation as well as changing technical possibilities. Applied methodology was focused on finding links between forms created by people and crucial events characterizing analyzed periods. The methods involved included studies of literature, historical registers in museums and research in situ.
Oval or circular urban systems and structures were shaped by several factors: safety, community demand, worship, expression of emotions and experience of decision makers and builders.
At times when the defence of people and their possessions was a frequent necessity it was a ring of walls or circular rampart or tower on a plan of a circle that were used. Logics of this solution can be easily proved by simple equations. When mathematics imbued with magic or religion, and became a tool of shaping architecture, use of a ring was symbolic, and often used in sacred urban layouts and architecture. Circle, as the most perfect of figures was appreciated by the people of power of all periods up to now. First theoretical urban plans developed either from circular focal building or implemented circle or ring in shaping the whole layout. In the era of rationalism theorists of that time saw the opportunity to organize functional zones in concentric way. Recent decades unveiled new phenomena: circular projects in urban and architectural scale.
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BOERI, ANDREA, JACOPO GASPARI, VALENTINA GIANFRATE, DANILA LONGO, and SAVERIA O. M. BOULANGER. "CIRCULAR CITY: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE DISTRICTS AND COMMUNITIES." In ECO-ARCHITECTURE 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/arc180071.
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BERTINO, GAETANO, FRANCESCO MENCONI, ANDREA ZRAUNIG, EDUARDO TERZIDIS, and JOHANNES KISSER. "INNOVATIVE CIRCULAR SOLUTIONS AND SERVICES FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND REFURBISHMENTS." In ECO-ARCHITECTURE 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/arc180081.
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SLEIMAN, AYAT. "SUSTAINABLE MODEL FOR ARCHITECTURE AND RETAILING ENVIRONMENTS BASED ON THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY CONCEPT." In ECO-ARCHITECTURE 2022. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/arc220011.
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ZOU, TONG, ALI CHESHMEHZANGI, AYOTUNDE DAWODU, and EUGENIO MANGI. "DESIGNING AN URBAN FOOD SYSTEM FOR ACHIEVING CIRCULAR ECONOMY TARGETS: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL." In ECO-ARCHITECTURE 2022. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/arc220021.
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Melendez, Frank, and Nancy Veronica Diniz. "Living Systems Thinking and Making: 3D Printing with Mycelium and Upcycled Waste Materials." In 110th ACSA Annual Meeting Paper Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.110.39.
Abstract:
This research project looks towards new possibilities for designing and making architectural elements and systems with living organisms, upcycled waste, and 3D printing technologies. In line with the 2021 ACSA conference theme, EMPOWER, this research seeks the empowerment of architecture to address our current climate crisis by advancing processes of designing and making architecture with living systems. Through a collaboration with living organisms, advances in symbiotic relationship between humans and non-humans are formed, and new possibilities emerge for architectural design, fabrication, and speculation, that challenge traditional and conventional methods of design and making in a post-human world. The project seeks opportunities for a paradigm shift in architectural design, from ‘systems thinking’ to ‘living systems thinking’, offering new possibilities and raising questions regarding approaches to architectural design and fabrication. How can we (humans) empower non-human organisms to collaborate within a design and fabrication process? What are the opportunities for architectural design when we shift from ‘systems thinking’ to ‘living systems thinking’? How can we embed growing, living, ‘vibrant matter’ [1] in the process of making? How can we advance and improve upon the methods in which we collect and upcycle waste materials that are biodegradable to increase positive impacts on our environment? Can we rethink what we discard, to reduce the use of plastics and other environmentally harmful materials, and advance ecological practices in architecture? The project seeks to address these questions through applied research, and the development of techniques and workflows that demonstrate a method for advancing methods of making. This work and research encompasses a range of topics including computational design, living systems, waste, upcycling, circular economies, bio-design and bio-aesthetics.
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Lee, Youngkwang, Donghyun Han, Sooryeong Lee, and Sungho Kang. "A Circular-based TSV Repair Architecture." In 2021 18th International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isocc53507.2021.9613904.
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Matei, Radu. "Analytic Design of Uniform Circular Filter Banks." In 2020 Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements, and Applications (SPA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/spa50552.2020.9241281.
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Alsaad, Alaa, Abduljalil Sulaiman, and Jafar Abdullah Mohammed. "Enhancement of Circular Cutout in High Strength RC Deep Beam Using CFRP." In Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace15.145.
Reports on the topic "Architecture circulaire":
1
Teytelman, Dmitry. Architectures and Algorithms for Control and Diagnostics of Coupled-Bunch Instabilities in Circular Accelerators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815292.