Journal articles on the topic 'Architecture and state – China – Beijing'
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1
Castilla, Manuel V. "The Cultural Heritage of Architectural Linear Perspective: The Mural Paintings in Nantang Church." Heritage 4, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 1773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030099.
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This paper presents a contextual use of the innovative drawing techniques that involved architecture and painting in the Qing court during the first half of the eighteenth century. At this point architectural linear perspective in painting (quadratura) and stage design had become common fields of experimentation for the Chinese and Jesuit artists missionaries. In this conceptual context, Western quadratura was developed in China by Giovanni Gherardini. (1655–1729), and especially by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766), who is remembered as an extraordinarily versatile architect–painter. The focus of this paper is on the “illusory mural paintings of architectural perspective in Nantang Church” (Beijing), which has now disappeared, and which spread the influence of the Western Renaissance. The imported Western linear perspective and the fundamentals of architectural drawing facilitated the systematization and dissemination of the quadratura as an unknown technique in China. Based on the text described by the contemporary scholar Yao Yuan Zhi, an original interpretation of the architectural perspective mural paintings in Nantang Church is proposed. These paintings provide an important case study of Sino-European collaboration in the eighteenth century from different points of view: the representation of the light in drawings and the fact that the concept of shadow in some respects was unknown to the Chinese artist.
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Averianov, Serhii. "Security aspect of Asean-China relations in South-East Asia." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-133-143.
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The article analyzes the the People's Republic of China (PRC) influence on the activities of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the security sector. It outlines the specifics of the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China in the region and its connection to the formation of the Southeast Asia (SA) security architecture processes. The article highlightes modern trends and tendencies of China's geostrategic positioning in the region, the pros and cons of the Chinese foreign policy concept at both regional and global levels. For many years China was seen as a threat to Southeast Asian countries due to its political ideology and active support for the uprisings in those countries. In 1967, when ASEAN was founded, China had serious doubts about the motives of this newly formed international union. Beijing was deeply concerned that the organization could have a hidden military connotation that would consolidate anti-Chinese sentiment in Southeast Asia. Formal relations between China and the Association were established in 1991. In July 1994 China became a «consultative partner» within ASEAN Regional Forum on Peace and Security. In 1996 by signing the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation of 1976 China became a full dialogue partner. The transformation of the system of international relations, as well as the global rebalance of power in the post-bipolar era have contributed to the strengthening of China`s positions in world politics. On the one hand the end of the Cold War minimized the risks of a nuclear catastrophe, but at the same time it actualized and accelerated trade and economic cooperation tendencies. In such circumstances most of ASEAN member states sought brand new approach towards China, willing to benefit from its economic upswing. For its part, China's growing dependence on energy forces it to engage in solving regional security issues more actively. Nowadays China's foreign policy is represented by the Belt and Road Initiative, formerly known as the One Belt One Road. It is a global infrastructure development strategy that includes 2 large-scale projects: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Participating in those projects seems lucrative for most Southeast Asia countries, due to their close economic ties with China being nearly the main driver of their own economies. After all, China still remains a key trading partner among ASEAN member states. However, on the other hand, many of the political elites fear that participation in China's projects will put them in a position of dependence on Beijing. That`s why ASEAN tries to maintain the SA as a peaceful, neutral region, free from the dominance of any regional or non-regional state.
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Hu, Hao, Fazhi Qi, Hongmei Zhang, Haolai Tian, and Qi Luo. "The design of a data management system at HEPS." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520015167.
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According to the estimated data rates, it is predicted that 24 PB raw experimental data will be produced per month from 14 beamlines at the first stage of the High-Energy Photon Source (HEPS) in China, and the volume of experimental data will be even greater with the completion of over 90 beamlines at the second stage in the future. To make sure that the huge amount of data collected at HEPS is accurate, available and accessible, an effective data management system (DMS) is crucial for deploying the IT systems. In this article, a DMS is designed for HEPS which is responsible for automating the organization, transfer, storage, distribution and sharing of the data produced from experiments. First, the general situation of HEPS is introduced. Second, the architecture and data flow of the HEPS DMS are described from the perspective of facility users and IT, and the key techniques implemented in this system are introduced. Finally, the progress and the effect of the DMS deployed as a testbed at beamline 1W1A of the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility are shown.
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Li, Zhixing, Yukai Zou, Mimi Tian, and Yuxi Ying. "Research on Optimization of Climate Responsive Indoor Space Design in Residential Buildings." Buildings 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010059.
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This paper first analyzes the climate characteristics of five typical cities in China, including Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Kunming. Then, based on Grasshopper, Ladybug and Honeybee analysis software, according to the indoor layout of typical residential buildings, this research extracts design parameters such as the depth and width of different rooms and their window-to-wall ratios etc., to establish a climate responsive optimization design process with indoor lighting environment comfort, with heating and cooling demand as the objective functions. Meanwhile, based on Monte Carlo simulation data, ANN (Artificial Neural Network) is used to establish a prediction model to analyze the sensitivity of interior design parameters under different typical cities’ climatic conditions. The study results show that the recommended values for the total width and total depth of indoor units under the climatic conditions of each city are both approximately 14.97 m and 7.88 m. Among them, under the climatic conditions of Harbin and Shenzhen, the design parameters of residential interiors can take the recommended value of UDI optimal or nZEB optimal. While the recommended values of window-to-wall ratios for the north bedroom, master bedroom and living room in Shanghai residential interiors are 0.26, 0.32 and 0.33, respectively. The recommended value of the window-to-wall ratio of the master bedroom in Kunming residences is 0.36, and that of the remaining rooms is between 0.15 and 0.18. The recommended values of window-to-wall ratios for the master bedroom and living room in Beijing residences are 0.41 and 0.59, respectively, and that for the remaining rooms are 0.15. The multi-objective optimization process based on parametric performance simulation used in the study can effectively assist architects in making energy-saving design decisions in the preliminary stage, allowing architects to have a case to follow in the actual design operation process.
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Wesołowski SVD, Zbigniew. "A COURTYARD HOUSE – SIHEYUAN 四合院 AS THE DWELLING PLACE OF THE TRADITIONAL CHINESE FAMILY." Forum Teologiczne, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ft.6096.
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A Chinese courtyard house, called in Chinese siheyuan, equipped with a single entrance and with one or more open courtyards encompassed by one-storey buildings, represents traditional house dwelling in China. Throughout Chinese history, courtyard dwelling was the basic architectural pattern used for building governmental (palaces and offices) and family residences, and religious compounds (temples and monasteries). In this short contribution, the author depicts a standard traditional Beijing court house from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) which would normally host an extended family of three and four generations. The physical construction and spatial structure of the traditional Chinese courtyard house were deeply rooted in ancient Chinese philosophical thought. The Chinese used fengshui (wind and water) principles to harmonize themselves with their environment in order to secure prosperity, longevity, and family blessings. From the viewpoint of fengshui, a basic courtyard house compound was not only a dwelling place, but also a structured and complicated vision of the cosmos that should function as an ideal container of qi (life energy). The fundamental north-south axis which rhythmically and continuously guarantee the vital flow of qi and the square shape of a courtyard house which means near to the earth, should promise health, prosperity, and the growth of the family. The fengshui system (nowadays mostly associated with Daoism) in the context of a Chinese courtyard house was intimately combined with China’s strict social and family system (Confucianism). The structure of the Chinese traditional family – and the author calls it “Confucian familism” – i.e., the Confucian conviction of family as a model for the whole state. This rigid and hierarchically structured family system, which had been the basis of Chinese society in imperial China for over two thousand years, has been reflected in courtyard house compounds. At the end of this contribution, the author mentions the efforts of present-day architects to find a way to revive traditional courtyard housing for modern times.
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Castro, Pablo, and Jennifer Lee. "Casa + Roja: Vivienda de emergencia Beijing, China." ARQ (Santiago), no. 77 (April 2011): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-69962011000100006.
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Liu, Philip Hsiaopong. "Love the Tree, Love the Branch: Beijing's Friendship with Lee Kuan Yew, 1954–1965." China Quarterly 242 (August 9, 2019): 550–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019000900.
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AbstractChinese national identity has long been considered to have been an obstacle to Singapore's nation-building efforts. This is mainly because China was suspected of using its ethnic links to encourage Singapore's communist rebellions during the 1950s and 1960s as Lee Kuan Yew was working towards establishing the city state. This study reviews Lee's exchanges with Beijing and argues that he gave China the impression that he was building an anticolonial, pro-China nation. Beijing therefore responded positively to Lee's requests for support. Reiterating its overseas Chinese policy to Lee, Beijing sided with him against his political rivals and even acquiesced in his suppression of Chinese-speaking “communists.” In addition, China boosted Lee's position against Tunku Abdul Rahman, supported Singapore's independence and lobbied Indonesia to recognize the territory as a separate state. China thus actually played a helpful role in Singapore's nation building.
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Millichap, John. "Independent art publishing in China." Art Libraries Journal 39, no. 2 (2014): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200018265.
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China’s publishing landscape today remains a harsh environment, dominated by the state industry and hostile to outside intruders. A few small independent art publishers, design studios and self-publishing artists have appeared in recent years in Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other cities, a series of developments that signal new directions for the future of art publishing in this country.
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Fan, Linlin, Hongrui Wang, Wenli Lai, and Cheng Wang. "Administration of water resources in Beijing: problems and countermeasures." Water Policy 17, no. 4 (December 26, 2014): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.407.
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It is well recognized that climatic variability and human activities are resulting in severe water scarcity in China, especially in the mega city Beijing; one important issue is how to manage water resources in order to tackle this situation. This paper assesses the implementation of the Strictest Administration of Water Resources in Beijing, which was issued by the State Council of China in 2012. The assessment is threefold: (a) analysis of water consumption conditions in Beijing, (b) analysis of water resources management systems in Beijing, and (c) existing problems in the current water management system. Our study suggests that Beijing needs to focus more on improving the building of water resources management agencies, taking effective economic measures, strengthening law construction, developing advanced techniques for water-saving, and strengthening the building of a water-saving culture.
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Morley, Graham, and Jonathan Glazzard. "Kindergartens in China: a report into private and state provision in Beijing." Early Years Educator 13, no. 12 (April 2012): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2012.13.12.38.
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Sutyrin, S., and V. Kovalenko. "China-Pakistan economic corridor: state and prospects." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2008-05.
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The article discusses the main aspects of the most important joint project with the people’s Republic of China to create the China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) in the modern history of Pakistan. The transformation of China into an economic superpower, as well as the gradual strengthening of its geopolitical capabilities, has led to the need to form a belt of States loyal to China, ensuring its uninterrupted supply of raw materials, as well as providing Beijing with its transport infrastructure to ensure its unhindered access to the world market. In many ways, Pakistan is an exemplary partner for the middle Kingdom. More than half a century of interaction between the two countries in the political and economic spheres, against the background of the gradual reduction of Pakistan’s dependence on the United States in the 1990s, has led to the fact that the PRC has become a key partner for Islamabad. The implementation of such a large-scale project is not only of great importance for the participating countries, but is also of great interest in the geopolitical context.
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Hsu, Jennifer. "Layers of the Urban State: Migrant Organisations and the Chinese State." Urban Studies 49, no. 16 (May 4, 2012): 3513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012443860.
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This paper explores the development of migrant non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and their interactions with central and local Chinese state. The paper suggests that, while the central state is actively managing NGOs in Beijing and Shanghai with a strong regulatory framework, the urban local state, particularly at the district level, is increasingly an important actor in ensuring the effectiveness of migrant NGOs’ activities. In this vein, the paper presents a model of state–migrant NGO relations, the subsequent informal rules that emerge from this reality and the implications thereafter for state-society relations in China.
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Djallil, Lounnas. "China and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis: Between Ambiguities and Interests." European Journal of East Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (2011): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805811x616138.
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AbstractThis article analyses, the complex relationship between Tehran, Beijing and Washington on the Iranian nuclear issue. Indeed, China's policy towards Iran has often been described as ambiguous, in supporting Washington, on the one hand, while protecting Tehran, on the other hand. In this article, we argue that, in fact, Beijing policy vis-a-vis Tehran depends on the state of its relationships with Washington. Indeed, a closer analysis shows that China is using Iran as a bargaining chip with the United States on, among others, two key security issues, i.e., Taiwan and the oil supply. The guarantee of a secured oil supply from the Middle-East in addition to a comprehensive policy of the US with regard to Chinese security interests in Taiwan as well as the use of smart sanctions against Tehran, which would thus take into account, to a certain extent, Beijing economic interests in Iran, are, indeed, the guarantee of Beijing's support to the US policy towards Iran.
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Kwong, Julia. "Educating Migrant Children: Negotiations between the State and Civil Society." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 1073–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100400075x.
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The development of migrant children schools in Beijing in the 1990s is used here to illustrate the changing state-society relationship in China. These schools emerged as an attempt by individuals to resolve an educational problem resulting from the retreat of the state in enforcing its population policy and its reluctance to educate children of the floating population gathered in the capital. These individuals used their own resources, and harnessed support from other sectors in the civil society as well as from some government units. Even though the local education departments did not take up the responsibility to educate children with household registrations outside Beijing, they did not give the migrant children schools recognition or support. This report traces the manoeuvres, negotiations and other strategies used by these schools to survive, by the different government units at different levels to contain them, and by others to support them. This struggle illustrates the growing heterogeneity inside government and the increasing strength of civil society in China.
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Wang, Kai Yong, and Yu Deng. "The Influences of Industry Development on the Urban Environment in Beijing, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.731.
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Based on the statistical analysis and on-site interviews, this paper combines to assess the effects of industrial location, industry mix, industry ownership, and environmental policies on urban pollution levels in Beijing, China. A regression model relates these variables to an index of overall environmental quality for Beijing city. Shift-share analysis is used to determine the direction of recent sectoral shifts, and interviews and anecdotal evidence provide a broader context for our conclusions. We found that industry type, ownership and size significantly affect urban pollution levels. We conclude that although local enforcement of environmental regulations in Beijing has been effective, at the national level it is still inadequate. Finally, we recommend that policies calling for a reduction in the role state-owned and certain small-scale industries be incorporated into the larger economic goals of the central government.
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FAN, Lixia, and Osamu MURAO. "REPORT ON THE EVACUATION AREA PLANNING IN CHINA AND CONSTRUCTION CONDITION IN BEIJING." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 17, no. 36 (2011): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.17.681.
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Lu, Jiayi, Dongqi Sun, Jiali Yu, Jiaming Li, and Fangqu Niu. "“Local versus Nonlocal” Enterprise Linkages of Global Cities: A Comparison between Beijing and Shanghai, China." Complexity 2020 (July 2, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8918534.
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Two global cities of China, Beijing and Shanghai, have completely different development statuses with their hinterlands. There is a large economic development gap between Beijing and its hinterland, Hebei Province, while Shanghai has formed a highly integrated region with its hinterland, the Yangtze River Delta. According to the Outline of Collaborative Development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, enterprise linkages between Beijing and Hebei should be strengthened in order to narrow the economic gap between the center and the hinterland. On this basis, this paper proposes two hypotheses. (1) The economic gap between Beijing and Hebei has not really changed, because more enterprise linkages of Beijing are nonlocal. (2) The gradual narrowing of the economic gap between Shanghai and Jiangsu as well as Zhejiang is due to the fact that more enterprise linkages of Shanghai are local. We have used enterprise data on business registration from the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of China and have selected two indicators, namely, the number of headquarters-branches offices and the amount of enterprise investment, to examine the enterprise linkages between Beijing/Shanghai and their hinterlands as well as the hinterworld, and have verified these two hypotheses. The results show that nonlocal enterprise linkages based on the hinterworld are the main form in Beijing, while local enterprise linkages based on the hinterland are the main form in Shanghai. In addition, we have analyzed the mechanisms of formation of the enterprises linkages of the two cities and have put forward some policy suggestions.
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Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Why Were Chang'an and Beijing so Different?" Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990206.
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Historians of premodern Chinese urbanism have long assumed that the origins of the Chinese imperial city plan stem from a passage in the Kaogong Ji (Record of Trades) section of the classical text Rituals of Zhou which describes the city of the King of Zhou. Taking this description as the single source of all Chinese capitals, these historians have gone on to write that any Chinese imperial city constructed during the last 2,000 years not only has much in common with any other one, but that all have been built according to a single scheme. Yet the plans of the two most important Chinese imperial cities, Chang'an in the 7th to 9th century, and Beijing after the 14th century, indicate that a crucial feature of the Chinese imperial urban plan, the position of the imperial palaces, is in the north center at Chang'an and roughly in the exact center at Beijing, thereby dispelling the myth of the direct descent of all Chinese imperial city plans from the King of Zhou's city. Moreover, an examination of excavated cities of the first millennium B. C. shows that the Chang'an plan, the Beijing plan, and a third type, the double city, have their origins in China before the 1st century A. D., when the Kaogong Ji is believed to have been written. Moreover, all three city plan types can be traced through several thousand years of Chinese city building. After stating the hypothesis of three lineages of Chinese imperial city building, the paper illustrates and briefly comments on the key examples of each city type through history. More than 20 cities are involved in understanding the evolution of the imperial Chinese plans. Thus this paper also includes many Chinese capital plans heretofore unpublished in a Western language. The plan of Chang'an is different from that of Beijing because the latter city was built on the ruins of a city designed anew by the Mongol ruler of China, Khubilai Khan, with the intent of adhering to the prescribed design of the Kaogong Ji; whereas Chang'an was built according to a plan used by native and non-Chinese rulers of China only until the advent of Mongolian rule (with one exception.) Finally, this paper examines the assumption that there was little variation in Chinese imperial city building. A main reason for the assumed uniformities in Chinese capitals is because the imperial city is traditionally one of the most potent symbols of imperial rule, such that digression from it might imply less than legitimate rulership. Thus it can be shown that Chinese and non-Chinese dynasties had their actual city schemes amended for the historical record through the publication of fictitious city plans.
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Economy, Elizabeth. "Environmental Governance in China: State Control to Crisis Management." Daedalus 143, no. 2 (April 2014): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00282.
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After three decades of rapid economic growth, environmental degradation is now one of the most significant issues facing the Chinese government. The country's air, water, and land are all heavily polluted. Despite a number of environmental protection initiatives, both at the national and local levels, China ranks poorly when compared with other emerging nations. Formal government institutions have failed to address adequately the people's concerns. Beijing's system of decentralized authoritarianism lacks the political processes and incentives needed to implement meaningful national reform and to encourage local governments and polluting factories to enforce laws and regulations. The Chinese government now faces growing pressure from civil society, as NGOs, Internet activism, and protests compel the government to proactively address environmental issues. Beijing would do well to increase engagement between the government and its citizens, rather than relying on its current crisis management style of environmental governance.
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Zhang, Cheng, Tommy Tanu Wijaya, Ying Zhou, Jihe Chen, and Yimin Ning. "Ethnomathematics values in Temple of Heaven: An Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing, China." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2084, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2084/1/012015.
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Abstract Many studies are proving that learning mathematics with an ethnomathematical approach can improve students’ mathematical skills. Developing and using ethnomathematics concepts are important to raise history and cultural awareness of mathematics. This study aims to analyse the ethnomathematics values of the Temple of Heaven. Temple of Heaven is one of the famous heritage sites in Beijing, China, which bears many ethnomathematics concepts. The researchers applied a qualitative method in this study. The subject of this research is the Temple of Heaven building that is located in Beijing, China. Researchers identified the geometrical concept present in the exterior, interior design, and building structure of the Temple of Heaven building. This research shows the existence of mathematical concepts in the architecture of the Temple of Heaven. This research result can help teachers in making mathematical practice questions with ethnomathematics concepts.
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Denisov, Igor, and Alexander Lukin. "Russia’s China Policy: Growing Asymmetries and Hedging Options." Russian Politics 6, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00604007.
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Abstract This article examines the state and prospects of Russia’s policy toward China. We look at recent trends in the evolution of the world order, the history of Moscow-Beijing relations, and the changes in the balance of power between Russia and China to offer a forecast of Russia’s China policy in the near term. Special attention is paid to the role of the 2001 Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation. The authors conclude that, despite the Treaty’s significance, the international situation – and indeed the relative strengths of the two countries – have significantly changed over the past 20 years. The new conditions will inevitably compel Russia to adjust its policy toward China. Moscow, as always, will seek to develop its political and economic partnership with Beijing. However, it will likely move toward hedging against risks that excessive dependence on China could bring about.
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Kelly, Michael J., and Sean Watts. "Rethinking the Security Architecture of North East Asia." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 41, no. 2 (August 2, 2010): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v41i2.5229.
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In the aftermath of the Cold War, many began to question the continuing efficacy, or at least call for reform, of collective security structures such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United Nations Security Council. Yet, North East Asia never enjoyed a formal, institutionalised collective security structure. As Russia and the United States recede and China emerges in North East Asia, this article questions whether now is the time to consider such an arrangement. Financially, Japan and South Korea are locked into a symbiotic relationship with China (as is the United States), while the government in Beijing continues to militarise and lay territorial and maritime claims to large areas of the region. Moreover, the regime in North Korea, with its new nuclear capabilities, remains unpredictable. Consequently, central components to the question of collective security in North East Asia are the equally vexing questions of what to do about North Korea and whether a new formalised security arrangement would include or exclude the People's Republic of China.
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Xie, Fan, Shuaijie Cui, and Dongqi Sun. "Symmetries of the Beijing Heping Temple Complex." Symmetry 13, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091700.
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Three-dimensional laser scanning technology has been more mature, and its application fields are expanding. It is being used in key projects and important work such as ancient building recording, restoration and reconstruction. In this paper, the technology is applied to the 3D scanning, data splicing and model simplification of Heping temple building complex in Beijing. After innovative research on ancient architecture, it is found that the group layout, single form and local components of Heping temple building complex in Beijing show symmetry everywhere, vividly reflecting the extensive and profound ancient architectural culture and order. This points out a new direction for the development and application of 3D laser scanning technology and opens up a new path for the in-depth study of the protection of ancient buildings in China.
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Hasmath, Reza, and Jennifer Y. J. Hsu. "Isomorphic Pressures, Epistemic Communities and State–NGO Collaboration in China." China Quarterly 220 (November 21, 2014): 936–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014001155.
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AbstractThis article suggests that the lack of meaningful collaboration between the state and NGOs in China is not solely a result of the state seeking to restrict the development of the sector, or the fear of a potential opposing actor to the state; instead, interviews with NGOs in Beijing and Shanghai suggest that a lack of meaningful engagement between the state and NGOs can be partially attributed to isomorphic pressures within state–NGO relations, and insufficient epistemic awareness of NGO activities on the part of the state. In fact, the evidence suggests that once epistemic awareness is achieved by the state, it will have a stronger desire to interact with NGOs – with the caveat that the state will seek to utilize the material power of NGOs, rather than their symbolic, interpretive or geographical capital.
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Yang, Xin, Wenwen Gao, Qi Zhang, Sha Li, Fan Fu, and Nana Li. "Analyzing the Environment Characteristics of Heat Exposure Spaces from the Humanistic Perspective and Spatial Improvement Approaches in Central Beijing, China." Buildings 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020138.
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Global warming, high temperatures, and heatwave weather are some of the factors affecting human settlement environment health. In high-temperature weather, human production and life are seriously threatened, as long-term exposure to high temperatures causes a variety of diseases, and children and elderly, who have poor tolerance, require strengthened protection. From a human perspective, this study calculated the thermal duration distribution of high temperatures based on maximum temperature data in a central urban area of Beijing combined with the results of the sixth population census of Beijing, investigated the population distribution of individuals under 15 years old and over 65 years old, and analyzed the spatial distribution of a thermal exposure space in a central urban area of Beijing with the help of the ArcGIS platform. Based on 130 district districts, streets with high-risk heat exposure spaces in the central urban area of Beijing were reddened to determine the distribution of high-risk grades. Using the semantic segmentation method and a street view map, the high-risk thermal exposure space environment from the humanistic perspective was restored, and the typical characteristics were summarized and analyzed. Finally, the environmental characteristics of the high-risk thermal exposure space were analyzed from the humanistic perspective, and an improvement strategy for thermal exposure spaces was proposed based on the perspective of emotional relief.
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Ripka, Martin. "Initial State Radiation Measurements at BESIII." EPJ Web of Conferences 218 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921802004.
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Precision measurements of the hadronic cross sections e+ e−→ π+ π− , π+π−π0, π+π−2π0, ωπ0 and π+π−3π0 are performed at the BESIII experiment located in Beijing, China. These cross section measurements are needed as input for the Standard Model prediction of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, (g − 2)µ.The initial state radiation method is used to access the energy regions of interest for (g − 2)µ. Our results will improve the precision of the Standard Model prediction of (g − 2)µ .
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Zhang, Tianjiao. "To the origins of creation of Beijing Ballet School. Olga Aleksandrovna Ilyina." Человек и культура, no. 5 (May 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2020.5.33738.
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The subject of this research is the first stage of creation of Beijing Ballet School, while the object is the pedagogue of the Moscow State Academy of Choreography O. A. Ilyina. The author underlines her contribution to the creation of the first professional system of education in China. The role of Soviet ballet masters and pedagogues, who carefully examines the peculiarities of Chinese teaching technique is highlighted. The Russian system of choreographic education with its accumulated valuable theoretical and pedagogical experience laid the foundation for establishment of the system of preparing ballet dancers in China, creating a strong basis for the development of Chinese professional classical ballet. The novelty of this work consist in the analysis of Olga Ilyina’s impact upon the early stage of development of Chinese ballet. The author explores and assesses her versatile activity in China – initially, in creation of Beijing Ballet School, and later, as a pedagogy who made a significant contribution to preparation of national ballet dancers. The scientific novelty is substantiated by the fact that the activity of Olga Ilyina in China has not been previously a subject of a separate research, although she played a significant role, along with other pedagogues of the Moscow State Academy of Choreography under the Bolshoi Theatre, in creation of the first professional ballet school in Beijing.
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Weston, Morley J., and Adrian Rauchfleisch. "Close to Beijing: Geographic Biases in People’s Daily." Media and Communication 9, no. 3 (July 23, 2021): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i3.3966.
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Inequities in China are reflected within state-run media coverage due to its specific role “guiding public opinion,” and with our study we contribute to the geographic turn in the Chinese context with regard to media and journalism. As a subject of a spatial study, China is unique due to several factors: geographic diversity, authoritarian control, and centralized media. By analyzing text from 53,000 articles published in <em>People’s Daily</em> (rénmín rìbào, 人民日報) from January 2016 to August 2020, we examine how the amount of news coverage varies by region within China, how topics and sentiments manifest in different places, and how coverage varies with regard to foreign countries. Automated methods were used to detect place names from the articles and geoparse them to specific locations, combining spatial analysis, topic modeling and sentiment analysis to identify geographic biases in news coverage in an authoritarian context. We found remarkably uniform and positive coverage domestically, but substantial differences towards coverage of different foreign countries.
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Gong, Keyu. "China in an Evolving Northeast Asia." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 06, no. 01 (January 2020): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740020500062.
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The Northeast Asian security landscape is fast evolving amid intensifying China-U.S. strategic competition and a still raging coronavirus pandemic. Frequent summit meetings among regional leaders, including the historic meetings between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un, have not translated into broader security dialogues and joint efforts to build a robust and durable regional security architecture. Divergent security perceptions, America’s dominant security role, and a mosaic pattern of regional security arrangements and mechanisms are the major factors shaping Northeast Asian security dynamics. Beijing remains committed to the declared path of peaceful development amid growing suspicion and concern over its strategic intention and capabilities; with strategic patience and perseverance, it is determined to play a larger role in forging consensus, building institutions, advancing cooperation, and coordinating relations in regional security matters.
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Kucherenko, Grigory N. "The Taiwan Factor in Cambodian-China Relations." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 2(51) (2021): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2021-2-2-51-220-231.
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Cambodia has been developing relations with China for decades, now both countries are perceived as stable partners, the kingdom supports Beijing on a number of international issues, including the status of Taiwan, but this state of affairs was not always the case. From its independence until 1997, Cambodia made several attempts to establish relations with Taipei in pursuit of its foreign policy goals. This article examines the specifics of relations between Cambodia and the PRC through the prism of interaction between Cambodia and Taiwan.
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An, Jingxin. "Decoupling Energy Consumption from Economic Growth in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from 2005 to 2019." E3S Web of Conferences 358 (2022): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235801012.
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As the capital economic circle in China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has experienced rapid economic development depending on a large amount of fossil fuel energy consumption in decades. Based on Tapio decoupling index, this paper logically analyzes the nexus between economic growth and energy consumption in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2005 to 2019. An interesting result is obtained: except for the strong decoupling state in 2012-2013, the relationship between economy and energy consumption showed weak decoupling state for the rest of the research period. In addition, the decoupling elasticity coefficient of weak decoupling varies greatly in different years. The empirical results suggest that adjust economic development mode and transform energy consumption structure are the most necessary means for the future coordinated development of energy-economy-environment in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
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stomberg, john. "Zhan Wang: Urban Landscape." Gastronomica 7, no. 2 (2007): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.9.
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The artist Zhan Wang replicates the city of Beijing using a variety of mass-produced cookware and his own, hand-molded, stainless steel rock formations. The installation, called Urban Landscape: Beijing, simultaneously extends and significantly alters both the tradition of Marcel Duchamp and the general precepts of minimalist sculpture. His work also addresses current social concerns such as urbanization and globalization. Urban Landscape: Beijing embodies Zhan's expansive worldview. In the context of his work, the artist discusses concerns that range from economics, theology, sociology, urban planning, and architecture to formal art issues, such as the use of found objects and the role of the grid. He encourages our contemplation of rapid modernization in China--and the negative effect it can have on life there--and shares our pleasure in the gleaming surfaces of his materials. Urban Landscape: Beijing evokes both the allure of modern urban culture and the consequences of urban renewal--it offers the sensuous pleasure of modernity and the sting of the price paid.
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Boyang, Gao, Liu Weidong, and Michael Dunford. "State land policy, land markets and geographies of manufacturing: The case of Beijing, China." Land Use Policy 36 (January 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.06.007.
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Zhengjun, Wang, Hong Jianming, and Du Guisen. "Use of satellite imagery to assess the trophic state of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China." Environmental Pollution 155, no. 1 (September 2008): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.11.003.
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Muhammad Faisal. "Impact of Geo-economics on Pak-China Strategic Relations." Strategic Studies 38, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.01.00162.
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Geo-economics is becoming an integral component of inter-state relations. States are employing economic instruments to project their power, thus, redefining their traditional relations with other states. Pakistan and China view each other as strategic partners. Over the decades, China has extended considerable economic, military and technical assistance to Pakistan. As both neighbours expand their economic relationship through infrastructure development and trade corridors, including the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), such cooperation will directly interact with their existing strategic partnership. Beijing and Islamabad have been pursuing their geo-strategic interests in a framework that is progressively being shaped by geo-economics. The Chinese role and interests, in shaping the regional security order, are increasing. Geo-economic instruments are being employed to achieve geo-strategic objectives in a region, which is already marked by conflict and instability. This study explores how expanding economic relationship between Beijing and Islamabad will influence the bilateral strategic engagement, and in turn, impact the dynamics of the regional security.
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Wang, Qiang, Shasha Wang, and Rongrong Li. "Determinants of Decoupling Economic Output from Carbon Emission in the Transport Sector: A Comparison Study of Four Municipalities in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193729.
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Quantitative analysis on decoupling between economic output, carbon emission, and the driving factors behind decoupling states can serve to make the economy grow without increasing carbon emission in China’s transport sector. In this work, we investigate the decoupling states and driving factors of decoupling states in the transport sector of China’s four municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) through combining the Tapio decoupling approach with the decomposition technique. The results show that (i) the decoupling state of Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin improved; Beijing stabilized in weak decoupling; Shanghai and Tianjin appeared to have strong decoupling, but the decoupling state of Chongqing deteriorated from decoupling to negative decoupling. (ii) The energy-saving effect was the primary contributor to decoupling in these four municipalities, promoting transport’s economic growth strongly decouple from carbon emission. The economic scale effect was not optimized enough in Chongqing, facilitating expansive coupling, and expansive negative decoupling emerged. But it had a rather positive impact on decoupling process in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, promoting economic growth to weakly decouple from carbon emission. (iii) The carbon-reduction effect promoted strong decoupling, which emerged in Shanghai’s transport sector, more so than in the other three municipalities, in which weak decoupling emerged. Finally, several relevant policy recommendations were offered to promote the decoupling of carbon emission from economic growth and low-carbon transport.
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Li, Aihua, and Mika Munakata. "Mathematical Lens: Building Mathematically." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 1 (August 2009): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.1.0014.
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In January 2008, seventeen participants in the Montclair State University (MSU) GK–12 Fellows in the Middle Program visited China for two weeks. Our group included two mathematics graduate students, four science graduate students, two middle school mathematics teachers, one middle school science teacher, one superintendent, and six MSU mathematics and science faculty members. While in China, we visited several middle and high schools Munakatain Beijing and Xi'an and saw many historical and cultural sites. On our way to the Forbidden City along the Beijing highway known as Ring 3, we passed these three buildings, located at Xihuan Plaza (photograph 1), which seemed to be challenging passersby to describe them mathematically.
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Li, Aihua, and Mika Munakata. "Mathematical Lens: Building Mathematically." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 1 (August 2009): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.1.0014.
Full textAbstract:
In January 2008, seventeen participants in the Montclair State University (MSU) GK–12 Fellows in the Middle Program visited China for two weeks. Our group included two mathematics graduate students, four science graduate students, two middle school mathematics teachers, one middle school science teacher, one superintendent, and six MSU mathematics and science faculty members. While in China, we visited several middle and high schools Munakatain Beijing and Xi'an and saw many historical and cultural sites. On our way to the Forbidden City along the Beijing highway known as Ring 3, we passed these three buildings, located at Xihuan Plaza (photograph 1), which seemed to be challenging passersby to describe them mathematically.
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Fong, Brian C. H. "One Country, Two Nationalisms: Center-Periphery Relations between Mainland China and Hong Kong, 1997–2016." Modern China 43, no. 5 (March 13, 2017): 523–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700417691470.
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According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Basic Law, Hong Kong was to exercise a high degree of autonomy under the framework of “one country, two systems” after the British handover of its sovereignty to China in 1997. In the initial post-handover period, Beijing adopted a policy of nonintervention in Hong Kong, but the outbreak of the July 1, 2003 protest triggered a subsequent change of policy. Since then, Beijing has embarked on state-building nationalism, adopting incorporation strategies so as to subject Hong Kong to greater central control over the political, economic, and ideological arenas. Ironically, instead of successfully assimilating Hongkongese into one Chinese nation, Beijing’s incorporation strategies are leading to a rise of peripheral nationalism in the city-state and waves of counter-mobilization. This article analyzes mainland–Hong Kong relations on the eve of the twentieth anniversary of the handover and offers insights from an emerging case study that builds upon the nationalism literature.
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Oznobishchev, Sergey. "Russia and China." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 2, no. 1 (September 16, 2016): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891116662710.
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Russia and China have closely interconnected histories and partially coinciding interests in the globalizing world. Disillusioned with the counteraction with the West, especially as a result of the ‘Ukrainian crisis’, Moscow started to construct its ‘own world’, consisting of its own partners. Under this scenario China, with its economic abilities and deep historic ties with the USSR/Russia, looked to be a very privileged partner. But the attempts to change the declared ‘strategic partnership’ between Beijing and Moscow into a closer alliance did not coincide with China’s policy of a ‘peaceful rise’ which was intended to get the maximum possible advantage for Chinese national development from all participants of the world process, without complicating, except with very good reason, its relations with any state. This article analyses the developments in the principal fields of the Russian–Chinese cooperation in the context of the attitudes of the Russian political elite.
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Mudliar, Shiv kumar Rashmi, Umay Kulsum, Syed Beenish Rufai, Mika Umpo, Moi Nyori, and Sarman Singh. "Snapshot of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phylogenetics from an Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh Bordering China." Genes 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13020263.
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Uncontrolled transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, MTB) drug resistant strains is a challenge to control efforts of the global tuberculosis program. Due to increasing multi-drug resistant (MDR) cases in Arunachal Pradesh, a northeastern state of India, the tracking and tracing of these resistant MTB strains is crucial for infection control and spread of drug resistance. This study aims to correlate the phenotypic DST, genomic DST (gDST) and phylogenetic analysis of MDR-MTB strains in the region. Of the total 200 samples 22 (11%) patients suspected of MDR-TB and 160 (80%) previously treated MDR-TB cases, 125 (62.5%) were identified as MTB. MGIT-960 SIRE DST detected 71/125 (56.8%) isolates as MDR/RR-MTB of which 22 (30.9%) were detected resistant to second-line drugs. Whole-genome sequencing of 65 isolates and their gDST found Ser315Thr mutation in katG (35/45; 77.8%) and Ser531Leu mutation in rpoB (21/41; 51.2%) associated with drug resistance. SNP barcoding categorized the dataset with Lineage2 (41; 63.1%) being predominant followed by Lineage3 (10; 15.4%), Lineage1 (8; 12.3%) and Lineage4 (6; 9.2%) respectively. Phylogenetic assignment by cgMLST gave insights of two Beijing sub-lineages viz; 2.2.1 (SNP difference < 19) and 2.2.1.2 (SNP difference < 9) associated with recent ongoing transmission in Arunachal Pradesh. This study provides insights in identifying two virulent Beijing sub-lineages (sub-lineage 2.2.1 and 2.2.1.2) with ongoing transmission of TB drug resistance in Arunachal Pradesh.
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Ma, Yubin, Jinbao Ji, Weiming Yan, and Jing Han. "The State of Art on Super Structural Testing Machine in China." Open Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 1013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711011013.
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As important test equipment to carry out full-scale structure testing and components failure mechanisms research, super structural testing machines have developed rapidly all over the world in recent years. The authors of this paper investigated, compared and analyzed the construction and the development trends of super structural testing machines in China. The test functions, the test space, the maximum tonnage and other technical indexes of super structural testing machines, which have been built in China, were described. The functions and the typical tests of a multi-functional structure test loading system (40,000 kN) installed in the Beijing University of Technology were also discussed. The vibrations caused by the failure of brittle test pieces on this super structural testing machine were analyzed, and some suggestions to reduce the vibrations were given. It would be valuable for further development and the improvement of other super structural testing machines.
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Ditzig, Kathleen, Robin Lynch, and Debbie Ding. "Dynamic global infrastructure: The freeport as value chain." Finance and Society 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v2i2.1732.
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In an interview with China Daily in 2014, Wang Yudong, director of the art trade centre at the Beijing Culture Free Port, declared: “We have mapped out a global free-port strategy. Our aim is to build an art free-port network in Asia” (Deng, 2014: para. 5). Facilitated by state partners from Geneva to Singapore, Luxembourg, Germany, Paris and the state-affiliated Beijing Gehua Cultural Development Group of the Beijing Freeport of Culture, freeports are believed by many governmental organisations to be a fast-track to a more mature and sustainable art market. In broad terms, freeports are special customs areas, or small customs territories, in which customs regulations are generally less strict, or for which there are no customs duties. Though each freeport varies slightly in terms of its individual jurisdictional arrangement with the respective states, they have established themselves as prominent nodes for international wealth and its traffic.
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Sun, Yan. "Corruption, Growth, and Reform: The Chinese Enigma." Current History 104, no. 683 (September 1, 2005): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.683.257.
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The cumulative unfolding of corruption's many paradoxes in China has, above all, built up momentum and public support to improve state capacities, rather than further weaken them. Beijing does not suffer a legitimacy deficit despite corruption's staying power as a top public concern.
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Zhang, Yue. "Governing Art Districts: State Control and Cultural Production in Contemporary China." China Quarterly 219 (July 24, 2014): 827–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000708.
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AbstractContemporary Chinese artists have long been marginalized in China as their ideas conflict with the mainstream political ideology. In Beijing, artists often live on the fringe of society in “artist villages,” where they almost always face the threat of being displaced owing to political decisions or urban renewal. However, in the past decade, the Chinese government began to foster the growth of contemporary Chinese arts and designated underground artist villages as art districts. This article explores the profound change in the political decisions about the art community. It argues that, despite the pluralization of Chinese society and the inroads of globalization, the government maintains control over the art community through a series of innovative mechanisms. These mechanisms create a globalization firewall, which facilitates the Chinese state in global image-building and simultaneously mitigates the impact of global forces on domestic governance. The article illuminates how the authoritarian state has adopted more sophisticated methods of governance in response to the challenges of a more sophisticated society.
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Han, Qing, Yi Hang Wang, Guo Wei Zhang, and Hui Wu. "Technology and Application Prospect of Tilt-up Construction in China." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.418.
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Tilt-up is a method for constructing concrete wall rapidly and economically without formwork. A large number of tilt-up structures have been constructed in North America and other developed countries, and it will also be an acceptable term for new rural construction in China. Tilt-up process can reduce the cost of labor and materials in wall construction. With the application of the recycled concrete in tilt-up construction, which is being researched in the Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, tilt-up building can be has a larger benefit obviously in the suburbs and rural area. With the benefit of both techniques, the paper finally introduces the application prospect in China.
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Brownell, Susan. "Beijing's Olympic Education Programme: Re-Thinking Suzhi Education, Re-Imagining an International China." China Quarterly 197 (March 2009): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741009000034.
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AbstractStarting in 2005, the largest “Olympic education” programme ever implemented by an Olympic host country was carried out in schools in Beijing and across China. By looking at the ways in which the policies for this programme were created and implemented, this article challenges the common perception that there was a “master plan” surrounding all aspects of the Beijing Olympics that was imposed by the party-state from the top down with the singular goal of promoting nationalist and communist ideology. It makes the point that by contrast with the suzhi (“quality”) education that preceded it, Olympic education contained a de-politicized patriotic education that linked national identity with sports heroes rather than political systems, and re-situated Chinese national identity within an international community in which it would now take its place as an equal partner.
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Lanteigne, Marc. "‘Have you entered the storehouses of the snow?’ China as a norm entrepreneur in the Arctic." Polar Record 53, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000759.
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ABSTRACTThe admission of China as an observer in the Arctic Council in 2013 was a significant step in the ongoing evolution of the country's Arctic policy, but Beijing is still concerned about being accepted as a regional player given its geography and arguably lack of an Arctic history. As the Arctic becomes more open to scientific and economic engagement, China wishes to develop the idea of the Arctic as more of an international space as opposed to strictly a regional one, and to allow non-Arctic states, such as China itself, to become accepted as Arctic actors. However, in order to avoid a backlash from the Arctic states and potential exclusion from the region's development, Beijing cannot effectively be a unilateral ‘norm-maker’ in the Arctic. Instead, China has sought to develop the identity of a regional ‘norm entrepreneur’, engaging the Arctic on many levels to promote the norm of partnerships between Arctic and non-Arctic actors to promote positive sum outcomes. Through engagement via several areas and governmental levels, Beijing hopes to succeed in being widely viewed as a ‘near-Arctic state’ which can contribute to new norms, and possibly new regimes, in an Arctic which shows many signs of becoming further internationalised.
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Zhang, Tan, and Michael L. Silk. "Recentering Beijing: Sport, Space, and Subjectivities." Sociology of Sport Journal 23, no. 4 (December 2006): 438–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.23.4.438.
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At present, and as China negotiates the instantiation of consumer capitalism, her urban spaces have experienced agonizing growth affecting housing, the internationalization of cities, interactions between government and developers, the development of rural land, migrant flows, and social stratification within the city. Focusing on Beijing, we locate the efforts to host major sporting events—especially the 1990 Asian Games and the 2008 Olympic Games—within the dynamics of the spatial reconfigurations in Beijing, a rapid reordering based on “capital space” (Harvey, 2001), gentrification, and the lifestyle practices of a burgeoning middle and upper class of Beijingers. In so doing, we offer a multidimensional account of the complex manner in which power, mobility, and transformation within a modernizing Beijing intersects with the discursive constitution of bodies, concluding with regard to new forms of social cleavages and inequalities that derive from embracing, however selectively, the logistics of the market in the framework set by the Chinese nation-state.
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Kokubun, Ryosei. "The Current State of Contemporary Chinese Studies in Japan." China Quarterly 107 (September 1986): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000039886.
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Sino-Japanese ties have been expanding since formal diplomatic relations were established in 1972. Recently, both governments organized a China–Japan Friendship Committee for the 21 st Century, a Sino-Japanese version of the U.S.–Japan Wiseman's Group, which has played an important role in cementing links between the United States and Japan through the years. The new China–Japan Committee is jointly headed by Tadao Ishikawa, president of Keio University and a scholar of Chinese politics, and by Wang Zhaoguo, the 45 yearold head of the general office of the Chinese Communist Party. This committee holds annual meetings to explore Sino-Japanese relations in depth. In addition, since 1982, a China–Japan Civilian Meeting has been convened, alternately in Tokyo and Beijing, bringing together over 100 Chinese and Japanese businessmen, politicians and scholars to survey Sino-Japanese relations. Finally, since 1980, at an annual ministerial meeting, the top ministers of each government review their activities.