Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Architecture and science – history'

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1

Lincicum, Shirley J. "The American Public Library Building : A Social History and Feminist Critique." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1379332068.

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2

Merwood, Joanna. "Towards the architecture of the future : César Daly and the science of expression." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23202.

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The writing of the French architectural theorist and critic Cesar Daly (1811-1894), editor of the influential Parisian journal, the Revue generale de l'architecture et des travaux publics, may be considered to be representative of the ambivalence of the supposed 19th century dialectic between scientism and metaphysical idealism. For Daly the physical and representational needs of society expressed in architecture were always and forever inextricably linked by the universal and permanent pattern of History. Although it was his fundamental thesis that the human sensibility was more important than any other consideration in the creation of architecture, his theory is paradigmatic of the contemporary ideology which attempted to define and systemise the expressive role of architecture according to rational scientific principles, and resulted in the concept of architecture as a prescriptive and predictive process.
Given the separation of architectural form and content, presence and meaning, and the consequent challenge to the possibility of shared experience initiated in the Enlightenment which is still an inherent part of our contemporary architectural thought, it is crucial to re-examine the architectural theory of the 19th century as the origin of the modern condition. This thesis is a critical examination of Daly's collections of polemical articles from the Revue as artifacts of architectural knowledge, through an analysis of their form and content in relation to other significant 19th century architectural texts.
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Theodore, David Michael. "Towards a New Hospital: Architecture, Medicine, and Computation, 1960-75." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11658.

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This dissertation provides an account of how computing left behind its origins in academic and military research to become part of the hospital's equipmental setting. I examine the efforts of reformers, including administrators, planners, architects, and computer consultants, to provide appropriate accommodation for modern biomedicine. I explore three stories in order to untangle the admixture of architecture, medicine, and computation as they intertwined through a mutual engagement with automation, operations research, cybernetics, and biomedical research in the postwar hospital. In Boston, pioneering research consultants Bolt Beranek and Newman collaborated with the Massachusetts General Hospital on an experimental total information system known as the Hospital Computer Project. In London, architects Llewelyn Davies Weeks used computer algorithms to help design Northwick Park Hospital. And in Canada, the Montreal Neurological Institute adopted computing to transform its expertise in clinical brain imaging research. When possible, I emphasize specific computers, arguing that attention to the presence of the machine itself contributes to our understanding of hospital life.
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Carr-Trebelhorn, Julia A. "FROM GEOLOGY TO ART HISTORY: CERAMIST ALEXANDRE BRONGNIART’S OVERLOOKED CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPING SCIENCE OF ART HISTORY IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/art_etds/4.

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Alexandre Brongniart was known for his work as an important geologist and as an administrator at the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, but his roles as art historian and museologist are overlooked. Brongniart created a holistic methodology taken directly from science and applied it to ceramic art of all cultures and eras. He had a uniquely modern perspective on time, world culture, and archeology. Brongniart wrote about the art of Asia and the Americas on an equal status with that of the Classical West at least fifty years before it became a mainstream idea. Brongniart integrated scientific principle and practice into the structure of the Sèvres Museum and a comprehensive set of books which includes Traité de Mineralogie avec des Applications aux Arts, Traité des Arts Ceramiques, and Description Methodique du Musée Ceramique de la Manufacture Royale de Porcelain de Sèvres. Numerous historians were influenced by Brongniart’s work, including Samuel Birch and Albert Jacquemart. Notably, the art historian Gottfried Semper refocused his ideas for Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts after seeing the completed works of Brongniart. Although contemporary historians credit Semper with the development of a scientific approach to art history, Semper himself frequently acknowledged the importance of Brongniart’s work.
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Wexelblat, Alan Daniel. "Footprints : interaction history for digital objects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29146.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-143) and index.
Digital information has no history. When we interact with physical objects, we are able to read the traces left by past interactions with the object. These traces, sometimes called "wear," form a basis for the interaction history of the object. In the physical world, we make use of interaction history to help come up with solutions and guidance. This is not possible in the digital realm, because the traces are missing. This dissertation describes a theoretical framework for talking about interaction history. This framework is related to work in anthropology, ethnomethodology, architecture, and urban planning. The framework describes a space of possible history-rich digital systems and gives properties which can be used to analyze existing systems. The space consists of six properties: proxemic/distemic, active/passive, rate/form of change, degree of permeation, personal/social, and kind of information. We also present an implementation of these ideas in a system called Footprints, a toolset for aiding information foraging on the World Wide Web. Our tools assume that users know what they want but that they need help finding it and help understanding - putting in context - what they have found. Footprints is a social navigation system, designed to show that information from past users can help direct present problem-solvers. We present results from informal use of the tools over the last two years, and from formal surveys and experiments on a controlled task. These experiments showed that people could achieve the same or better results with significantly less effort by using our tools.
by Alan Daniel Wexelblat.
Ph.D.
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6

Gillin, Edward John. "The science of Parliament : building the Palace of Westminster, 1834-1860." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:65863190-6063-4320-813e-e60dd1a11fb2.

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This thesis examines science's role in the construction of Britain's new Houses of Parliament between 1834 and 1860. Architecturally the Gothic Palace embodies Victorian notions of the medieval and romanticized perceptions of English history. Yet in the mid-nineteenth century, the building not only reflected, but was involved in, the very latest scientific knowledge. This included chemistry, optics, geology, horology, and architecture as a science itself. Science was chosen, performed, trusted, displayed, contested, and debated through the physical space of government. Parliament was a place where science was done. Not only was knowledge imported to guide architectural construction, but it was actively produced within the walls of Britain's new legislature. I argue that this attention to science was not coincidental. Rather, it was a crucial demonstration of the changing relationship between science and politics. Science was increasingly asserted to be a powerful form of knowledge, and to an institution struggling to secure authority in the uncertainty of reformed British politics, it appeared a valuable resource for credibility. Contextualizing the use of science at Parliament in the political instability of the 1830s and 1840s emphasizes how the use of new knowledge was a potent practice of constructing political authority.
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7

Marfella, Claudia. "Art, industrial design, science and popular culture : modernism and cross-disciplinarity in Italy and Great Britain, 1948-1963." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/33746/.

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Conceived inside a chronological frame, which starts in 1948, the year the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London founded, and ends in 1963, when Gillo Dorfles wrote a crucial essay on industrial design, concluding more than a decade of discussions, the thesis aims to examine some artistic and cultural phenomena identified in Italy and Great Britain, and seen as the acknowledgement or as the reaction to modernity. Topics and fields taken in consideration within the thesis are technology, science (fact and fiction), vision of the future, the relationship between arts and the awareness of industrial design as a new discipline. All these aspects, that might seems unusual in relationship with visual arts, are perceived as the expression of a second phase of Modernism. The British personalities included in the thesis are Reyner Banham, Richard Hamilton, Nigel Henderson, John McHale, Eduardo Paolozzi, Alison and Peter Smithson, all members of the Independent Group. With the presence of architects, visual artists, photographers, critics and, in a broader sense, designers, the group encompassed a variety of popular interests, with the inclusion of mass‐produced goods. The Italian figures presented in the thesis – Gillo Dorfles, Bruno Munari, Ettore Sottsass and Giuseppe Pinot‐Gallizio – focused on industrial design objects, viewed as a new artistic branch, to promote, to plan or to question. Other recurring figures analysed in the thesis are Max Bill, Asger Jorn and Tomás Maldonado, who give international connections to the themes and British and Italian personalities examined. In order to provide a wider understanding of the 1950s and their crucial function in the story of post‐war Europe, the thesis aims to emphasise the role played at different level by British and Italian visual artists, designers and critics, and explain the reasons that, in the following decade, would push Italy in its industrial miracle and Great Britain at the peak for its popular culture, pop music and fashion creativity.
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Schütte, Ansel Arjan 1970. "Patina : layering a history-of-use on digital objects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62341.

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9

Touloumi, Olga. "Architectures of Global Communication: Psychoacoustics, Acoustic Space, and the Total Environment, 1941-1970." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11690.

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This dissertation examines architectural engagements with communication technologies, within the framework of mid-twentieth-century efforts to institute a global community and engineer media democracies. I interrogate the sound modernities that architects constructed in collaboration with engineers, officials, and acousticians, and I demonstrate the architectural strategies that informed them: the theater, the concert hall, the cinema. These interiors, I argue, reconfigured the international community as a networked audience, and the institutions of world organization as the main stages of international diplomacy.
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Tsai, Binghuan. "A museum of nature and science: the shaping of forms." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52126.

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Structures of perfect symmetry, order, and beauty exist in both discoveries of science and objects found in natures. With careful observation and analysis, creative applications of these interesting forms can be and have been applied in many architectural structures with great success. In this project the utilization of these forms can not only bring out the purpose of this Museum of Nature and Science, but because these forms are derived from natural studies, they can also give viewers a sense of familiarity and peacefulness.
Master of Architecture
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11

Idelson, Simon Fader. "Cosmopolitan Continuities: The Re-Framing of Historic Architecture and Urban Space in Contemporary Morocco (1990-present)." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1589747804128512.

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12

Kessler, Henry A. "The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana: From Fascism to Fendi." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1429640180.

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13

Chesney, Sarah Jane. "The Fruits of their Labors: Exploring William Hamilton's Greenhouse Complex and the Rise of American Botany in Early Federal Philadelphia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624009.

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This dissertation explores the world of early American botany and the transatlantic community of botanical enthusiasts from the perspective of William Hamilton, gentleman botanical collector in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Philadelphia. Drawing on both existing documentary sources and three seasons of archaeological excavation at The Woodlands, Hamilton's country estate on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, I analyze both the physical requirements of botanical collecting as well as the more nuanced social, cultural, and economic elements of this trade and its early modern participants.;The personal experiences of individual participants in this exchange are often traced through the existing documentary evidence they leave behind, in the form of letters, plant orders, and published works. But this botanical exchange was not just intellectual; it was also physical and material, as both knowledge about plants and the plants themselves were shipped back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean. Exploring the physical and material elements of this trade adds immeasurably to our understanding of the experiences of individual participants by locating them and the items exchanged within the physical spaces of these exchanges themselves. The archaeological investigation of William Hamilton's greenhouse complex at The Woodlands explores the physical and material elements of this trade in one specific site of exchange -- Hamilton's greenhouse complex -- and the ways in which those physical and material elements reflect the experiences of the participants in this transatlantic botanical trade.
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Vrooman, Linda Novak. "The Application of the Automated National Cataloging System for Archaeological Cataloging." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625866.

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15

Schmidheiny, Martin John. "Seeing red| Characterizing historic bricks at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York 1652-1735." Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1572465.

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The goal of this project is to develop a basic material characterization of the bricks excavated at the site of Sylvester Manor on Shelter Island, New York. In the early Manor period of 1650-1690, this early Northern provisioning plantation supplied Barbadian sugar operations and pursued mercantile interests independent of state control. Accounting for the range of production defects and material characteristics of the bricks suggests on-site or local manufacture as a regional ceramic industry developed. Qualitative visual analysis and petrographic thin-sections were used to characterize the internal composition, variation and production evidence in the bricks. Interpreting the results of this analysis offers alternatives to the assumptions about building materials on the site, using material properties to assess the role of building materials as the landscape changed.

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Acar, Sibel. "Intersections:architecture And Photography In Victorian Britain." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611169/index.pdf.

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Architecture and photography have always been closely interacted since the invention of photography in the late 1830s.While architecture has been captured as one of the main subjects of photography, photography has served architecture as a valuable tool of representation. Focusing on the frame defined by Victorian Britain, this study tries to capture intersecting histories between photography and architecture. Accordingly three intersections were defined: the first intersection corresponds to the simultaneous development of photography and architectural photography
the second to theinteraction between architectural photography and architectural theory/practice
and the third to the relation between architectural photography and architectural historiography.
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17

Gayet, Gwenn. "Le manoir de Kerazan et ses propriétaires : Architecture, décor inérieur et collections." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF20004.

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Le domaine de Kerazan, ensemble encore méconnu, fut légué à l’Institut de France par Joseph-Georges Astor en 1929. Situé en plein cœur du Pays Bigouden, sur la route de Pont-l'Abbé à Loctudy, le manoir de Kerazan est aujourd'hui l’un des fleurons de l’art de vivre au XIXe siècle, en sud Finistère. S’étalant du XVIe siècle à 1934, toute une collection d’arts décoratifs imprègne le manoir : toiles de maîtres régionaux, meubles bretons ou encore faïence de Quimper font vivre ce bâtiment comme ils font vivre le passé. Cet ensemble éclectique fut composé par une famille de trois collectionneurs : Joseph Astor II, Maire de Quimper de 1870 à 1886, conseiller général (de 1877 à 1895) et premier Sénateur républicain du Finistère, élu en 1890, et qui le restera jusqu’à son décès, en 1901. Son fils, Joseph-Georges Astor, docteur en droit, compléta la collection familiale tout au long de sa vie, avant de léguer - sous certaines conditions - l’ensemble de la collection à l’Institut de France. Dernier membre de cette famille de collectionneurs, beau-frère de Joseph Astor II et oncle de Joseph-Georges Astor, Georges Arnoult fut élu Député de la seconde circonscription de Quimper de 1876 à 1885. Le manoir et son domaine, connurent de très amples modifications, depuis la fin du XVe siècle à nos jours, et c’est ce que nous allons aborder ici, par le prisme de différentes disciplines, à savoir : histoire politique, histoire sociale et histoire des arts.Ce fut donc sous l’action de plusieurs familles et collectionneurs que le manoir fut modifié : tant dans son architecture, que dans ses décors intérieurs. Enfin, nous analyserons, l’histoire du goût au travers de l’exemple de la constitution de la collection de Kerazan. Peintures, mobiliers et objets quotidiens demeurés en l’état méritent-ils l’appellation de « collection bretonne » ? Quels étaient les objectifs de cette collection, quelles impulsions peuvent en être dégagées, et quels processus avons-nous pu déceler ? Ces derniers peuvent-ils être comparés à d’autres collections ?
The domain of Kerazan, still an underestimated set, was bequeathed to the Institute of France by Joseph-Georges Astor in 1929. Placed right in the heart of the Bigouden County, between Pont-l'Abbé and Loctudy, the manor house of Kerazan is today one of the jewels of the lifestyle in the XIXth century, in South Finistère. Spreading out from the XVIth century to 1934, a whole collection of decorative arts fills the manor house: paintings of regional masters, Breton furniture or still earthenware of Quimper make this building live as they make the past live. This eclectic set was made by a family of three collectors: Joseph Astor II, Mayor of Quimper from 1870 to 1886, member of the “General Council” (from 1877 to 1895) and first republican Senator of Finistère, elected in 1890 until he died in 1901. His son, Joseph-Georges Astor, Doctor of Law, continued the family collection throughout his life, before bequeathing - under certain conditions - the whole collection to the Institute of France.Last member of this family of collectors, brother-in-law of Joseph Astor II and uncle of Joseph-Georges Astor, Georges Arnoult was elected Member of Parliament of the second district of Quimper from 1876 to 1885.The manor house and its domain, have known very important modifications, since the end of the XVth century up to nowadays, and that is what we are going to study here, thanks to various subjects, that is to say : political history, social history and art history.Thus, the manor house was changed thanks to several families’ and several collectors’ actions in its architecture and also in its internal decoration. Finally, we will analyze, the history of taste through the example of the constitution of the collection of Kerazan. Do paintings, furniture and daily objects deserve the name of " Breton collection "?What were the goals of this collection, which trends can be observed, and which processes could we identify ? Can the latter be compared with other collections ?
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Bouju, Périg. "Architecture et lieux de pouvoir en Bretagne : xVIIIe-XXe siècle." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652518.

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L'idéologie républicaine s'est largement emparée de la signification hautement symbolique de l'architecture municipale. Comme pour l'école, elle a contribué à lui donner l'image de l'État, c'est-à-dire démocratique et égalitaire. Pourtant, un rapide constat montre qu'à l'échelle du territoire national, l'emprise républicaine sur l'architecture régionale s'est faiteavec plus ou moins de succès, selon que l'on se situe près des grands centres de rayonnement culturels et des foyers politiques actifs. En Bretagne, l'ancrage de la République dans les mentalités recouvre des luttes sous-jacentes qui conditionnent directement la commande publique : de l'enclos paroissial à la mairie-école républicaine, c'est finalement sur le mariage de raison entre la société civile (la commune) et la communauté villageoise (la paroisse) qui se construisent les items du pouvoir. Cette thèse a pour objectif, non pas de démontrer la pertinence d'une architecturerépublicaine, mais plus largement de revenir sur la constitution d'un socle commun de représentations du pouvoir, de l'État en général, et du local en particulier. A partir de l'image puissante qu'elle dégage, l'architecture du pouvoir pose de fait la question de son identité : ce travail offre, du XVIIIe siècle aux années quatre-vingt, de dépasser l'approche purement structuraliste communément admise pour ce type d'analyse, et d'entreprendre, sur la base d'une observation méthodique des sources d'archives, d'enquêtes sur le terrain, du croisement des parcours d'architectes, une relecture de la sémantique architecturale régionale
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Dietzler, Karl Matthew 1970. "Pattern on National Forest Lands: Cultural Landscape History as Evidenced Through the Development of Campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11985.

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xxii, 272 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.)
Historic campgrounds on National Forest Service lands are a key location where the public experiences the intersection of natural and cultural resources. In the Pacific Northwest Region, the majority of historic Forest Service campgrounds date from the Civilian Conservation Corps/New Deal era of the 1930s; however, some existed previous to this period. Overall, these campgrounds were envisioned, designed, and evolved in an era of rapid technological change, when increasing industrialization, urbanization, and rural accessibility facilitated a cultural need for both preservation of and accessibility to natural resources. In order to understand how these campgrounds evolved over time, existing campground conditions were documented using a case-study approach, based on historic integrity, range of geographic accessibility, and historical data availability. In order to understand what changes have occurred over time, existing and historic conditions were compared. Based on the results, broad cultural landscape stewardship recommendations are made.
Committee in charge: Robert Z. Melnick, FASLA Chairperson; Donald Peting, Member
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Ireland, Ryan P. "From Traditional Memory to Digital Memory Systems: A Rhetorical History of the Library as Memory Space." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1461085550.

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Mattes, Sarah. "Canary Red: Preserving Cochineal and Contrasting Colonial Histories on Lanzarote." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626784.

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Bergmann, Christine L. "Elemental Analyses of Archaeological Bone Using PXRF, ICP-MS, and a Newly Developed Calibration to Assess Andean Paleodiets." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7264.

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As a result of the quick rise of pXRF technology in archaeology, there are concerns regarding the reliability and validity of data output acquired from pXRF. In this study, I test the hypothesis that portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry can provide reliable and valid results, using newly developed calibration curves, for the analysis of archaeological animal and human skeletal materials in prehistoric Peru to address hypotheses about ancient diet and trade. While pXRF systems may come with calibration software, the few if any standards and reference materials provided with the instrument rarely correspond to the vast array of archaeological materials capable of being analyzed by pXRF, including archaeological bone specimens. Empirical calibration curves for Ba, Ca, Fe, and Sr were created using the linear regression analysis of 19 human and animal bone standards analyzed via pXRF and ICP-MS. The results suggest the calibrations for Ca and Sr are sound, but the calibrations for Ba and Fe need to be further improved. In order to assess the reliability of pXRF (i.e. precision and accuracy), statistical analyses of 60 measurements on human bone specimens as well as on 19 human and animal bone specimens was performed in this study. The results indicate that the precision of pXRF is reliable, but additional work is needed with regard to accuracy. In contrast, the analysis of forty-four prehistoric human and animal bone specimens from varying regions in Peru were used to test the validity of pXRF. The pXRF data support the notion that pXRF is a valid technique to use in the analysis of bone specimens to address archaeological questions regarding paleodiet and possible trade interactions among individuals that reside in the highland and coastal valley regions of Peru
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Harrison, Tracy Elizabeth. "Visualizing Complexity : A Spatial Analysis of Decorative Geometric Pattern in the Islamic World, 900-1400 AD." PDXScholar, 2005. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2434.

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This study explores how the use of complex decorative geometric patterns in Islamic architecture spatially relates to advances in the fields of science and philosophy in the Islamic world between the ninth and fourteenth centuries. This project examines hypotheses developed by vario~s scholars on the forces that shaped the use of these patterns (known as the geometric mode) in Islamic architecture. The prevailing assumption that advances in mathematics contributed to the use of the geometric mode is used as a starting point for subsequent analysis. For this study, two spatial databases were created. One contains over two hundred and twenty monuments of Islamic architecture exhibiting the geometric mode, while the other contains over one hundred records of activity in the sciences and philosophy. From these databases, decorative geometric pattern types were classified and ranked, and scholarly activities were classified. Density maps were developed from these classes and ranks for each century, and were compared in a series of analytical overlay maps. Each map depicts the spatial relationships of the activities in question over a span of three centuries, enabling a spatio-temporal analysis of the connections between disciplines within the context of the broader cultural elements at work. These maps allow for examination of these disciplines in a new way; there has never been a spatial analysis testing the existing hypotheses until now. The density overlay maps show that some of the prevailing hypotheses are partially supported by the data, but the primary hypothesized relationship-that activity in mathematics prompted use of the geometric mode-is not applicable to all regions of the Islamic world during this time period. The spatial analysis exposes the previously overlooked possibility that the geometric mode could have influenced activity in the sciences and philosophy. This study provides tools to better understand the complex relationships among art, science, and philosophy: two spatial databases, a geographic information systems (GIS) model, and resulting analytical overlay maps. The maps produced in this project reveal examples where the quality of contact among disciplines in these very specific times and places is worth examining in greater detail.
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Danielo, Julien. "Les ports d'Auray et de Vannes aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles‎ : ville, architecture et identité portuaire sous l'Ancient Régime." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354721.

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Une des images les plus marquantes de la Bretagne est celle de ses ports et de leur vocation maritime. Sous l'Ancien Régime, la société portuaire, telle qu'elle peut se concevoir à Nantes, St Malo ou Lorient, s'est caractérisée par des professions relatives au commerce maritime et à la construction navale. Elle s'est aussi spécifiée par un goût prononcé pour le voyage, la mer et l'exotisme, et enfin par une ouverture à l'esprit du siècle des Lumières. Du point de vue de l'aménagement urbain, les ports se sont attelés à maîtriser l'espace en gagnant du terrain sur la mer et en la domestiquant par la construction de quais, de ponts et d'écluses. L'embellissement a donné à ces quartiers un caractère urbain, surtout grâce à l'initiative politique du groupe négociant souvent appuyé par le pouvoir royal. La ville s'est appropriée l'espace maritime en y implantant des résidences destinées à loger cette société portuaire dont le groupe négociant est l'élite à part entière. Les intérieurs vont révéler l'état d'ouverture et l'originalité de cette société. Vannes et Auray ne sont pas des villes portuaires mais elles possèdent des quartiers qui le sont pleinement. Les caractéristiques morbihannaises seront différentes sur certains points de celles de leurs modèles nantais, malouin ou lorientais. Instabilité politique, économie défavorable basée sur le commerce des grains, société dominée par le groupe marchand mais pénalisée par sa culture et son éducation, forment un tout qui ont forgé un espace et un bâti aux caractéristiques propres aux anciennes petites villes bretonnes de fond d'estuaire. Ces deux villes essaient aujourd'hui de revaloriser l'identité portuaire de leur quartier
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Haws, Catherine Bourg. "Remembering Vietnam War Veterans: Interpreting History Through New Orleans Monuments and Memorials." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2081.

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ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with the question of how America’s citizen soldiers are remembered and how their services can be interpreted through monuments and memorials. The paper discusses the concept of memory and the functions of memorialization. It explores whether and how monuments and memorials portray the difficulties, hardships, horror, costs, and consequences of armed combat. The political motivations behind the design, formation and establishment of the edifices are also probed. The paper considers the Vietnam War monuments and memorials erected by Americans and Vietnam expatriates in New Orleans, Louisiana, and examines their illustrative and educational usefulness. Results reflect that although political benefits accrued from the realization of the memorial structures in question, far more important, palliative and meaningful motives brought about their construction. They also demonstrate that, when understood, monuments and memorials can be historically useful.
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Saperstein, Stefanie. "The Vision of Reality as a Paradox: Salvador Dali's Creative Process from 1927 to 1939." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/111.

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From 1927 through 1939, Salvador Dalí went through an arduous artistic pursuit to visualize his perspective on reality. Dalí’s inter-connected visual and verbal process lasted for over a decade, during which he went from confronting reality to accepting that the world is an irrational paradox. This study asserts that his investigation took him from the fragmented images of cinema to the metamorphic shapes of the ‘soft and hard’ and ultimately to a series of multiple images, which envisioned his paranoid-critical method. In his 1930 article “The Rotting Donkey,” Dalí wrote, “I believe that the moment is near when, through a process of thought of a paranoiac and active character, it will be possible to systematize confusion and contribute to the total discrediting of the world of reality.” By 1930, Dalí knew he wanted to completely “discredit” the world and he saw Albert Einstein’s space-time and Sigmund Freud’s discovery of the unconscious as proof for the existence of a new dimension of experience. In 1933, Dalí found further evidence for his viewpoint in Jacques Lacan’s writings on paranoia. While Dalí wrote of and incorporated Einstein’s, Freud’s and Lacan’s ideas into his art, he came to his own conclusions on reality, which he gave form to in his artworks. To illuminate Dalí’s creative process this thesis will examine Dalí’s infamous film Un chien andalou (1929), his iconic painting The Persistence of Memory (1931), and his under-appreciated masterpiece The Endless Enigma (1938), as he visually expressed his changes in thought most clearly and convincingly in these three works.
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Moret, Pierre. "Architecture, urbanisme et organisation du territoire dans l'Ibérie de l'âge du Fer et de l'époque républicaine (VIIe - Ier siècle avant J.-C.)." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365271.

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Cette étude offre sur la longue durée une synthèse de l'évolution des formes d'habitat dans l'Ibérie de l'âge du Fer et du début de l'époque romaine.
La première partie jette quelques éclairages sur la longue période qui va du VIIe au IVe siècle, en mettant l'accent sur les mutations de l'Ibérique Ancien (autour du VIe siècle), tant du point de vue des fortifications que de l'architecture domestique. La deuxième partie aborde la transition des IIIe et IIe siècles, d'abord sous le rapport des modèles architecturaux hellénistiques et de leurs voies de diffusion, avant et après la conquête romaine, avec l'examen d'un cas particulier (les tours pentagonales) ; puis à propos des enceintes urbaines des cités pérégrines du IIe siècle. Centrée sur le Bas Aragon entre le VIIe et le IIIe siècle, la troisième partie envisage une forme d'habitat particulière : les maisons-tours isolées, qui ouvre des perspectives sur les rapports entre aristocratie et architecture de prestige, et sur la hiérarchie des types d'établissement. La quatrième partie traite d'un autre dossier spécifique, celui des maisons fortes isolées qui se multiplient dans le sud de l'Hispanie à partir du milieu du Ier siècle av. J.-C. Cette forme originale d'habitat rural pose la question d'un mode de romanisation sui generis qui mêle des traits italiques, puniques, hellénistiques et ibériques.
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Bush, Lawrence Ray. "More than Words: Rhetorical Devices in American Political Cartoons." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3924.

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This thesis argues that literary theory applied to political cartoons shows that cartoons are reasoned arguments. The rhetorical devices used in the cartoons mimic verbal devices used by essayists. These devices, in turn, make cartoons influential in that they have the power to persuade readers while making them laugh or smile. It also gives examples of literary theorists whose works can be applied to political cartooning, including Frederick Saussure, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Wolfgang Iser. Not only do those theorists' arguments apply to text, they also apply to pictorial representations. This thesis also discusses changes in the cartoon art form over the 250 years that American political cartoons have existed. Changes have occurred in both the way text and pictorial depictions have been presented by artists. This thesis makes some attempt to explain why the changes occurred and whether they have been for the better.
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Bigonville, Delphine. "Association des idées et intuition: la réponse des architectes anglais à la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209775.

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Ce travail s’intéresse au problème de la relativisation de l’expression architecturale liée à la remise en question, durant le XVIIe siècle, de l’origine divine et de la valeur des canons proportionnels qui sous-tendent la tradition classique. Emblématique de la Querelle qui opposa Claude Perrault et François Blondel au sein de l’Académie royale de Paris, ce problème recevra une formulation privilégiée dans la tradition théorique anglaise qui se caractérise par la volonté de préserver une forme d’objectivité à l’expression formelle tout en cherchant à y intégrer la valeur subjective de l’usage. A travers l’étude de textes esthétiques et de théories d’architecture produits en Angleterre durant le XVIIIe siècle et le début du XIXe siècle, nous avons cherché à identifier les différentes solutions proposées par les théoriciens pour parvenir à concilier le sujet et l’objet dans la forme architecturale et ainsi aboutir à une expression qui autorise l’appropriation individuelle tout en satisfaisant à l’impératif du consensus.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Hedqvist, Eric. "Varats och utvecklingens kedja : en naturhistorisk museiutställning i Göteborg 1923-1968." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-18922.

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This dissertation is a museological study of the coming into being of a natural history museum, its building and its adherent zoological exhibition during the years around the First World War. The main problem of the dissertation is the opposition between the curator´s program 1903 for the exhibit and its realization twenty years later. The theoretical perspective is that in its synchronic aspect science, in accordance with the views of swedish sociologist, Thomas Brante, is divided into three levels interdependent upon one another in varying degrees – theoretical, sociological and psychological level. In the present study, the main issue is the weighing of the relative significance of each of these levels. The exhibit was structured as along a scale, or chain, from lesser to greater animals. In this and in other respects it belonged to the legacy of Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnæus. Interest in maintaining this tradition was powerful in the Swedish society during the years before the First World War. Not until around 1950 was the modern theory of evolution explicitly announced to the visitor of the exhibit, still however without the representation of the forces behind it By an investigation of the milieu to which the museum belonged is shed light upon the scientific and other ideals which are represented in its exhibit. The result of an assess of the significance of the theoretical, the sociological ant the psychological level is that contemporay theory does not stand out as a driving force behind the creation of the exhibit in 1923. Nor does the curator of the exhibition emerge as an innovator. Most dominant is however the sociological level.
avhandlingen framlägges för disputation i ämnet museologi
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Dyndal, Gjert Lage. "Land based air power or aircraft carriers? : the British debate about maritime air power in the 1960s." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1058/.

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Numerous studies, books, and articles have been written on Britains retreat from its former empire in the 1960s. Journalists wrote about it at the time, many people who were involved wrote about it in the immediate years that followed, and historians have tried to put it all together. The issues of foreign policy at the strategic level and the military operations that took place in this period have been especially well covered. However, the question of military strategic alternatives in this important era of British foreign policy has been less studied. This dissertation discusses such high-profile projects as the TSR.2 and F.111, prospective VTOL aircraft and not least the CVA-01 fleet carrier, but most of all it focuses on the issue of military strategy. The rivalry between the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force was largely about the questions of carrier aviation versus land-based air power – and which strategic option would best answer the British need to maintain influence as the garrisons were being scaled down. The Royal Navy argued for replacement fleet carriers for their mobile seaborne strategy, while the Royal Air Force argued that land-based air power would be as effective and far less costly. By using this underlying strategic debate as the framework for understanding more specific debates on aircraft, ships and weapon systems, this dissertation aims to bring new light to our understanding of the dramatic restructuring and altered priorities these two military services saw during the 1960s. The story may be divided into three broad periods: From 1960 until mid 1963, it was a conceptual debate on ‘Carrier Task Forces’ and a concrete alternative ‘Island Strategy’. This ended in July 1963 with a Cabinet decision in favour of new fleet carriers. However, the Royal Air Force and the Treasury kept fighting this decision. Their continued resistance, together with the new Labour Government with Denis Healey as Secretary of State for Defence, changed the decision of 1963. The highpoint of the debate on carrier aviation and land-based air power came during 1965-66, ending with the decision of February 1966 to cancel the CVA-01 and gradually phase out the existing carrier fleet. Denis Healey then used the arguments for land-based air power as a rationale for the decision. The dissertation rounds off with a discussion of the planned phase-out of the existing carrier fleet. However, the story saw a different end than planned, as new strategic challenges in home waters came about and the evolving VTOL Harrier aircraft and the ‘through-deck cruisers’ gave new possibilities. This is a historical study of the British debate about maritime air power and strategic alternatives in the 1960s. However, the detailed story and arguments used for and against both alternatives should clearly have relevance to any conceptual debates on carrier and land-based air power.
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Bower, Matthew S. "Catastrophe in Permanence: Benjamin's Natural History of Environmental Crisis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984263/.

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Walter Benjamin warned in 1940 of a certain inconspicuous threat to political thinking, not least of all to materialism, that takes progress as an historical norm. Implicit in this conception is what he describes as an empty continuum of time along which the prevailing tradition chronicles its own mythic development and drains everyday life of genuine historical experience. The myth of progressive history advances insidiously today in consumeristic and technocratic attempts at reconciling cultural imagery with organic nature. In this dissertation, I pursue the contradictions of such images as they crystallize around the natural history of twenty-first century commodity society, where promises of ecological remediation, sustainable urban development, and climate change mitigation have yet to introduce a true crisis of historical experience to the ongoing environmental crisis of capitalism. A more radical way of seeing the cultural representation of nature would, I argue, penetrate its mythic determination by market forces and bear witness to the natural-historical ruins and traces that constitute, in Benjamin's terms, a single "catastrophe" where others perceive historical continuity. I argue that Benjamin's critique of progress is instructive to interpreting those utopian dreams, ablaze in consumer life and technological fantasy, that recent decades of growing environmental concern have channeled into the recovery of an experience of the natural world. His dialectics of nature and alienated history confront the wish-image of organic abundance with the transience of its appropriated expression in the commodity-form. Drawing together this confrontation with a varied literature on collective memory, nature, and the city, I suggest that our poverty of experience is more than simply a technical, economic, or even ecological problem, but rather follows from the commodification of history itself. The goal of this work is to reflect upon the potentiality of communal politics that subsist not in rushing headlong into a progressive future but, as Benjamin urges, in reaching for the emergency brake on the runaway train of progress.
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Rentetzi, Maria. "Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Vienna, 1910-1938." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27084.

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What could it mean to be a physicist specialized in radioactivity in the early 20th century Vienna? More specifically, what could it mean to be a woman experimenter in radioactivity during that time? This dissertation focuses on the lived experiences of the women experimenters of the Institut für Radiumforschung in Vienna between 1910 and 1938. As one of three leading European Institutes specializing in radioactivity, the Institute had a very strong staff. At a time when there were few women in physics, one third of the Institute's researchers were women. Furthermore, they were not just technicians but were independent researchers who published at about the same rate as their male colleagues. This study accounts for the exceptional constellation of factors that contributed to the unique position of women in Vienna as active experimenters. Three main threads structure this study. One is the role of the civic culture of Vienna and the spatial arrangements specific to the Mediziner-Viertel in establishing the context of the intellectual work of the physicists. A second concerns the ways the Institute's architecture helped to define the scientific activity in its laboratories and to establish the gendered identities of the physicists it housed. The third examines how the social conditions of the Institute influenced the deployment of instrumentation and experimental procedures especially during the Cambridge-Vienna controversy of the 1920s. These threads are unified by their relation to the changing political context during the three contrasting periods in which the story unfolds: a) from the end of the 19th century to the end of the First World War, when new movements, including feminism, Social Democracy, and Christian Socialism, shaped the Viennese political scene, b) the period of Red Vienna, 1919 to 1934, when Social Democrats had control of the City of Vienna, and c) the period from 1934 to the Anschluss in 1938, during which fascists and Nazis seized power in Austria. As I show, the careers of the Institute's women were shaped in good part by the shifting meanings, and the politics, that attached to being a "woman experimenter" in Vienna from 1910 to the beginning of the Second World War.
Ph. D.
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Araujo, Ana Bela de. "Le Centre d'études nucléaires à Saclay : l'architecture-système d'Auguste Perret à l'épreuve de la science, 1948-1951." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010527.

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En 1948, l'architecte Auguste Perret est nommé conseiller pour les questions d'architecture auprès du Commissariat à l'énergie atomique français (CEA). Ce nouvel organisme d'État met immédiatement le savoir-faire du Maître de l'architecture du béton armé à contribution pour un projet d'envergure et de priorité nationale: la construction d'un grand centre d'études nucléaires à Saclay. Ce « palais de l'atome » est la dernière grande œuvre d'urbanisme et d'architecture d'Auguste Perret. La composition monumentale mise en œuvre par l'architecte a traduit la volonté des fondateurs du CEA de faire du Centre une institution digne de cette science nouvelle. L'enjeu était de taille et le défi quasi insurmontable pour l'architecte, car, si aujourd'hui les solutions architecturales et urbaines semblent cohérentes et évidentes, elles répondaient pourtant à une commande des plus paradoxales. L'architecte devait projeter un centre nucléaire avant même que ce dernier ne soit clairement défini, le programme scientifique étant en construction en même temps que la fabrication du projet. Il devait concevoir des édifices-outils qu'il savait porteurs d'une obsolescence précoce. Il devait surtout concevoir une ville capable de se régénérer et de se développer. Après une première partie consacrée à l'élaboration du programme scientifique complexe, nous évaluons l'apport de la doctrine architecturale éprouvée de Perret, tant du point de vue de la conception que du chantier. La troisième partie porte sur l'usage et le destin de cette architecture monumentale et ordonnancée dont a hérité le CEA.
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Tan, Adrian Hadipriono. "While Stands the Colosseum: A Ground-Up Exploration of Ancient Roman Construction Techniques using Virtual Reality." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429228335.

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36

Christensen, Kelly Marie. "Wilderness Values, the Environmental Movement and Mission 66." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12188.

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x, 111 p. ; ill. (some col.), maps
Mission 66 was a ten-year program that began in 1956 and concluded in 1966, the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service. The stated goal of Mission 66 was to increase public access and enjoyment of the national parks through a program of development and reconstruction. However, wilderness conservationists and environmentalists criticized the program heavily during its time. This reaction has left Mission 66 with a controversial legacy that reflects negatively on the historical developments of the program. The goal of this thesis is to delve into why Mission 66 was such a controversial program by examining the historic roots of wilderness and environmental thought in the national parks in the United States. It is hoped this study work will provide an important perspective on Mission 66 that can be utilized in the ongoing conversation about Mission 66 and its cultural legacy.
Committee in charge: Dr. Robert Z Melnick, Chair; Hugh C. Miller, Member;
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Mathieu, Clémence. "L'habitat de la petite noblesse dans la partie nord de l'ancien comté de Hainaut, 15e-18e siècles: architecture, modes de vie et manières d'être." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209656.

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Cette étude s’attache à comprendre ce qu’est un habitat seigneurial secondaire en Hainaut à la fin du Moyen Age et aux Temps Modernes. La disparition de la plupart des résidences de la haute noblesse en Hainaut, nous a amenée à nous pencher sur l’étude des habitats de la petite noblesse, dont le manque de reconnaissance, entrainant la démolition ou les transformations irréversibles de ces habitats, rend ces édifices sujets à l’oubli. Ajoutons à cela que, victimes d’une tradition castrale héritée du 19e siècle, archéologues et historiens de l’art ont bien souvent eu leur attention d’abord attirée par les grands châteaux et donc la haute noblesse, laissant de côté toute une tranche de la population noble et de leurs possessions. Notre étude a comme objectif majeur de comprendre comment ces habitats ont fonctionné comme structures de vie, mais aussi comme des architectures à travers lesquelles et par lesquelles les habitants pouvaient exprimer leurs identités. Dans cette optique, après avoir considéré les différents types architecturaux (types de plans, types de corps de logis, types de tours), suivant une typo-chronologie, nous considérons les matériaux utilisés et la distribution intérieure de ces édifices.

Ce sont ensuite les entourages de l’habitat en tant qu’espace construit, leur situation dans le paysage, et par rapport au relief, à l’hydrographie, aux villages, aux terres de cultures, et aux réseaux de communication, qui occupent une grande partie de l’étude. Les liens avec leurs habitants, ces membres de la « petite noblesse » sont ensuite considérés. Leurs fonctions, leurs origines et leurs zones de déplacements sont abordés, afin de mieux percevoir le rôle et la détermination de ce groupe social, qui s’avère être en rupture avec la haute noblesse. L’opposition traditionnelle entre villes et campagnes est dépassée, de même que la question des maisons principales et secondaires, au profit d’une approche plus fluide, favorisant une interaction entre villes et campagnes, et considérant les mouvements de population émergeant de l’un ou l’autre milieu.

La partie interprétative suit ensuite, permettant d’aboutir à une caractérisation de ce type d’habitat. Le but est notamment de mettre en lumière la relation entre les aspects défensifs et résidentiels des édifices. Pour ce faire, les éléments de défense active et passive sont examinés, ainsi que le degré d’efficacité de ces structures.

La suite de cette partie a pour but de replacer les habitats de la petite noblesse dans le contexte des types architecturaux des campagnes, de la haute noblesse et des villes du Hainaut et des anciens Pays-Bas, afin de mieux dégager les liens ou les ruptures entre les différents groupes sociaux et architecturaux. Les rapports avec les habitats ruraux sont établis en ce qui concerne les diverses composantes que sont les douves, les pont-levis, les orifices de tir, les espaces verts et les aménagements hydrographiques d’agrément, la basse-cour, les tours, les typologies des plans et de maisons, les matériaux et leur qualité de mise en œuvre, les intérieurs, les ouvertures et les styles, les armoiries et les millésimes. La catégorie intermédiaire que sont les habitats des élites rurales, est également abordée, puisqu’elle développe des types architecturaux ambigus et se rapprochant davantage des habitats de la petite noblesse que des autres ruraux. Cette catégorie est examinée d’un point de vue architectural et social./This research is aiming at understanding what is a gentry’s settlement in the County of Hainault at the end of the Middle Ages and during the Modern Times. The disappearance of most of the castles of the high nobility in Hainault, led us to study the gentry’s settlement. The lack of recognition of this kind of building is often leading to their destruction and irreversible transformations. There is also the fact that the archaeologists and art historians often inherited from the 19th century tradition, whose attention was mostly attracted by the main castles and the high nobility, forgetting by the same occasion a side of the nobility –the gentry- and his settlement.

The main objective of this research is to understand how these settlements were linked with their inhabitants, expressing their identities, ways of living and behaviours. In this framework, we first analyse the architectural typologies (plans, residential buildings, towers) in connection with the chronology, the materials, and the inner organisation of these buildings.

Afterwards, we consider the surroundings of the buildings, the location in the landscape, the relief, hydrography, the village, the lands, the communication net. The lesser nobility is also studied, through its functions, origins, movement areas, in order to have a better understanding of the role and definition of this social group which is distinctly separated from the high nobility. The traditional opposition between cities and countryside, and between the main and secondary housing, is overstepped, in order to reach a more flexible approach. We therefore consider the topic through an interaction between cities and countryside, and their inhabitants.

The rest of the research is dedicated to the interpretations, in order to draw the characterists of the gentry’s settlement. First, the relationships between the defensive and residential aspects are considered. The active and passive defensive elements are studied, as well as the efficiency of these structures.

Secondly, we replace the gentry’s settlement in the context of the other architectural types of the countryside, high nobility and cities of the county of Hainaut and the Southern Low Countries, in order to have a better understanding of the links and breaks between the different social and architectural groups. The link with the rural settlement is established concerning the following elements :drawbridges, moats, arrow slits, green spaces and water structures, farms, towers, plans and houses typologies, materials and their quality, interiors, openings and styles, coats of arms. The intermediate category of the settlement of the rural elites is also considered, as the architectural types are close to the gentry’s settlement. This category is examined on an architectural and social point of view.

The link with the settlement of the cities and the high nobility is also studied, allowing to see a lack of link between the different categories at least until the end of the 17th century.

In the last chapters, the gentry’s settlement of Hainault is replaced in the context of the Southern Low Countries, through a comparative approach. We also consider the link with this kind of settlement and the tradition and the modernity, as well as the link with the social status of their inhabitants and builders.

The conclusion is the occasion to remind all the characteristics of the gentry’s settlement in Hainault, and the evolution of the architectural types through the centuries. Some comparisons with the same kind of settlement in surroundings countries are also established, opening new research perspectives. In the epilogue, we consider the buildings on a conservation, restoration and preservation point of view. The state of the art of the legislative situation is given, and prescriptions for a better future conservation are drawn, in order to avoid a disappearance of the architectural information, together with an important part of the history.


Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Slavova, Petya. "Les métamorphoses de la profession d'architecte en Bulgarie: réglementation, exercice et oroganisations professionnelles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210761.

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Heymans, Vincent. "Architecture et habitants: les intérieurs privés de la bourgeoisie à la fin du XIXe siècle :Bruxelles, quartier Léopold-extension nord-est." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212653.

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40

Beitmen, Logan R. "Neuroscience and Hindu Aesthetics: A Critical Analysis of V.S. Ramachandran’s “Science of Art”." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1198.

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Neuroaesthetics is the study of the brain’s response to artistic stimuli. The neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran contends that art is primarily “caricature” or “exaggeration.” Exaggerated forms hyperactivate neurons in viewers’ brains, which in turn produce specific, “universal” responses. Ramachandran identifies a precursor for his theory in the concept of rasa (literally “juice”) from classical Hindu aesthetics, which he associates with “exaggeration.” The canonical Sanskrit texts of Bharata Muni’s Natya Shastra and Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati, however, do not support Ramachandran’s conclusions. They present audiences as dynamic co-creators, not passive recipients. I believe we could more accurately model the neurology of Hindu aesthetic experiences if we took indigenous rasa theory more seriously as qualitative data that could inform future research.
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Puleo, Catherine. "Place Attachment in the Revitalization of Post-Industrial Downtown Canton: An Analysis of Social, Political, and Architectural Theory." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1523794003883859.

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42

Emery, Astrid. "Concevoir et bâtir dans la Mésopotamie protohistorique : l'utilisation de schémas architecturaux au IVe millénaire av. J.-C." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350431.

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Cette étude couvre l'ensemble de l'architecture mésopotamienne du IVe millénaire av. J.-C., tant les grands ensembles monumentaux comme celui d'Uruk que le bâti domestique. En s'attachant à la planification technique et métrologique de la conception et l'implantation des plans, elle a livré une série de résultats concluants sur l'emploi d'un petit nombre d'unités de mesure récurrentes organisées en système et sur l'utilisation de schémas aux proportions simples dans la construction des bâtiments. L'examen de quelques sites exceptionnels a montré qu'y avait été mis en œuvre un projet architectural planifié à l'échelle du site entier, permettant ainsi d'approcher le modèle mental idéal d'architecture domestique en vigueur et des implications sociales qu'il véhicule. Par ailleurs, l'inscription du corpus dans la diachronie permet d'apporter quelques éléments à la question de l'« expansion urukéenne » qui teinte l'ensemble des relations interrégionales en Mésopotamie au IVe millénaire.
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Fèvres, Jessica. "Infographie, images de synthèse et patrimoine monumental : espace de représentation, espace de médiation." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00751452.

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La présente thèse pose la question de l'usage des techniques infographiques et images de synthèse pour représenter les vestiges du passé et plus exactement le patrimoine archéologique et architectural. Cette réflexion est bâtie autour d'une approche multiple. Les dispositifs infographiques appartenant, en effet, à l'ensemble des inventions médiatiques et culturelles nées dans la société d'après-guerre, notre étude se veut profondément transdisciplinaire, empruntant des théories à l'Histoire de l'art, l'Archéologie et les Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication. Le parcours suivi consiste à sortir de la dimension purement technicienne afin d'analyser ces dispositifs comme des espaces culturels de représentation, au sein d'une communauté scientifique (les " spécialistes ") et à destination du grand public (les " néophytes "). La figuration du patrimoine monumental à l'aide des outils infographiques n'est assurément pas apparue spontanément en tant que telle du jour au lendemain, que ce soit dans la sphère publique ou dans la sphère plus restreinte de la communauté des chercheurs. Si ce phénomène est évidemment intimement corrélé à l'évolution du secteur informatique, il serait bien trop simpliste de le considérer comme seulement consécutif de cette révolution technologique. En effet, des transformations des espaces médiatiques et scientifiques se jouent parallèlement. La conservation des monuments historiques et sites archéologiques, leur inscription dans l'espace public ou leur mise en exposition suscitent par conséquent débats et controverses au sein de la sphère des chercheurs et des institutionnels. Ces sujets interpellent plus généralement le concept de patrimoine, autant pour des raisons idéologiques qu'historiques. Il s'agit donc de déceler à travers cette étude les éléments socioculturels qui ont engendré l'émergence et le développement de ces pratiques à la fois graphiques, informatiques et scientifiques. Ainsi défini, le contexte nous donne ensuite accès à l'analyse des usages et des appropriations de ces outils par les différents acteurs de la sphère patrimoniale. Il convient enfin de s'attarder sur la matérialité de ces images et de mettre en évidence les espaces de médiation que créent ces dispositifs. En définitive, il semble que ce que nous donnent à voir ces nouvelles représentations, c'est une hybridation des pratiques de communication et des codes signifiants entre culture " savante " et culture " populaire ".
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44

Frankignoulle, Pierre J. L. M. A. "L'Université de Liège dans sa ville, 1817-1989: une étude d'histoire urbaine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211014.

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Etude urbanistique et historique des différentes implantations de l'Université de Liège depuis 1817 (Salle académique) jusque (et y compris) le Sart Tilman
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire
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45

Frapier, Christel. "Les ingénieurs-conseils dans l'architecture en France, 1945-1975 : réseaux et internationalisation du savoir technique." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00654374.

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Cette étude se penche sur une catégorie particulière des ingénieurs-conseils exerçant dans le milieu de l'architecture en France entre 1945 et 1975. Ingénieurs d'origine étrangère non diplômés en France ; autodidactes ; ingénieurs diplômés en tant qu'architectes ou issus de grandes écoles françaises mais ayant décidé de quitter les secteurs publics ou privés pour s'installer en tant que libéraux, ces cas particuliers ne sont pourtant pas des cas isolés, dix ans après la loi qui réglemente en France le titre d'ingénieur. Exerçant en marge des circuits classiques, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment ces ingénieurs-conseils parviennent à produire, mais également à enseigner ou à diffuser leur savoir. L'étude de leurs réseaux, professionnels et amicaux nous a ainsi permis de porter un éclairage sur leurs différentes activités et modes d'exercice, mais également sur leurs relations avec les architectes. Forts de leurs différents réseaux établis sur le territoire national, les ingénieurs-conseils cherchent ensuite à s'organiser sur une échelle européenne puis mondiale afin de coordonner leurs recherches avec leurs homologues de toutes nationalités. La circulation de ces hommes, mais également de leurs systèmes ou de leurs idées montre ainsi d'importants échanges techniques au niveau international.
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46

Nowara, Malgorzata T. "La sécession dans l'architecture à Cracovie, 1897-1914: un costume national, moderne et européen." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210725.

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La Sécession dans l’architecture à Cracovie (1897-1914) Un costume national, moderne et européen

A la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, l’Art nouveau envahit la majeure partie de l’Europe. Dans chaque pays, ce mouvement artistique prit des appellations et des physionomies différentes. Mélangé souvent aux traditions locales, ce style international développa un langage original jusqu’à devenir parfois synonyme de style national, revêtant selon le cas un costume national, moderne et européen.

Dans ce contexte international et de promotion de l’identité nationale, le cas très particulier de la Pologne est révélateur, puisqu’elle avait disparue des cartes de l’Europe et était partagée entre trois puissances :la Prusse, la Russie et l’Autriche. Pourtant si l’Etat polonais n’existait plus, la nation n’a jamais cessé d’exister à travers la culture et la religion. A ce titre l’étude de l’architecture de Cracovie, - ancienne capitale de la Pologne, sous occupation austro-hongroise, en Galicie - est significative.

A Cracovie, le style sécessionniste - expression utilisée dans l’Empire austro-hongrois et repris pour l’ensemble de la Pologne - influença le développement de tous les arts. Cependant de nos jours, ces traces sont surtout visibles sur les façades des édifices. De ce fait, notre analyse s’est limitée aux différents costumes sécessionnistes décoratifs dans l’architecture de Cracovie, pendant la période de la Sécession, c’est-à-dire de 1897 à 1914, dans huit quartiers, les plus anciens de la ville.

Au tournant du siècle, Cracovie devint très vite le berceau du mouvement sécessionniste en Pologne, le centre de la modernité, une ville européenne novatrice dans tous les domaines artistiques. Lieu de naissance de la « Jeune Pologne », les premières innovations apparurent grâce à de nombreuses personnalités artistiques marquantes, d’abord en peinture, ensuite en littérature et dans les arts plastiques, enfin en architecture.

La Sécession a laissé une quantité impressionnante de traces dans l’architecture cracovienne, décorant les plus importants monuments de tous les quartiers, s’illustrant dans les immeubles à appartements privés et laissant derrière elle également quelques chefs-d’œuvre.

Le premier chapitre intitulé « La ville de Cracovie », brosse un aperçu du cadre général. Il vise à préciser dans ses grandes lignes le caractère spécifique de la tradition culturelle polonaise à Cracovie.

Le deuxième chapitre « La Sécession et la ville de Cracovie » intègre le rapport de la Sécession à l’intérieur de la ville et ce sous différents angles de vue. C’est doté de cet héritage que les écrivains, les artistes, les architectes et les constructeurs de la fin du siècle vécurent la crise qui remettait en question la fonction et le sens de leur activité par rapport à leur identité nationale. Leur dilemme est illustré par les plus grandes figures de la littérature et des arts plastiques. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence leur difficile tâche d’adaptation de cet héritage culturel, chacun à sa manière, aux problèmes liés aux nouvelles tendances modernes.

Le troisième chapitre intitulé « La Sécession dans l’architecture » constitue le cœur de notre thèse. Il est une analyse rétrospective du système sécessionniste dans l’architecture à Cracovie, accompagné d’un inventaire détaillé de la Sécession dans l’architecture de la ville. Il intègre ensuite ce thème dans le contexte national et le compare avec la situation dans d’autres métropoles européennes.

Le quatrième chapitre, « La Sécession dans les rues de la ville » donne de la perspective à notre inventaire en intégrant la Sécession dans le paysage urbain.

Le cinquième chapitre « L’Homme et la Sécession » s’intéresse à l’interaction entre l’homme et la Sécession et mettra en évidence les propriétaires, les commanditaires, les architectes et les constructeurs.

Enfin, le sixième chapitre intitulé « La Sécession et les juifs de Cracovie » met en relation l’apparition du nouveau style avec une partie de la population polonaise, les juifs de la ville.

De nos jours, il est difficile d’avoir une vue d’ensemble de l’intégration de la Sécession sur les territoires polonais sous occupation au tournant du XIXe et du XXe siècle et dans une plus large mesure en Europe. Il est cependant indéniable qu’elle fit sa première apparition à Cracovie et qu’elle y a marqué de son empreinte une quantité considérable de constructions, avant de s’étendre sur les territoires polonais sous occupation, et prétendre être le berceau de la Sécession en Pologne.

A la différence des autres pays européens, la Sécession cracovienne ne fut pas fondée sur des principes théoriques, sur un programme, résultant de l’évolution socio-historique du pays dont la situation était des plus complexes. En effet, elle a subi l’influence de différents courants européens, surtout de la Sécession viennoise, en revêtant différents costumes :national, moderne et européen.

Résultat de la convergence de facteurs culturels, politiques, économiques, sociaux, démographiques et esthétiques, Cracovie fin de siècle fut un lieu d’expérimentation et constitue encore aujourd’hui, le foyer vivant de cette dynamique culturelle et artistique née à la fin du XIXe siècle.

Si durant l’histoire, la Sécession dans l’architecture de Cracovie n’a pas toujours été appréciée à sa juste valeur, de nos jours un regain d’intérêt se fait sentir notamment par de nouvelles restaurations.

A présent, il est possible de cerner l’ampleur du phénomène sécessionniste à Cracovie. Une analyse de la présence du style dans tous les quartiers de la ville, ainsi que des constructions détruites, est nécessaire afin de mettre en évidence la véritable diffusion du nouveau style dans la ville au tournant du XIXe et du XXe siècle.

La présente thèse constitue un premier pas dans la compréhension du phénomène. Les résultats des travaux en cours au niveau européen permettront d’intégrer davantage la Sécession cracovienne dans un contexte international et de tisser des liens éventuels entre les différents foyers artistiques.


Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
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Boustingorry, Julie. "Des pionniers autoconstructeurs aux coopérateurs : histoire des Castors en Aquitaine." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00707514.

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En Aquitaine, les initiatives du castorat, mouvement coopératif polymorphe, se posent comme autant d'alternatives aux carences des politiques publiques, quand la société civile se charge de résoudre par elle-même le problème du logement. L'apparition d'un tel mouvement n'est pas étrangère à l'acuité du problème du logement, dans une région où l'industrialisation douce n'a pas autorisé de prise de conscience de la question sociale par les élites urbaines. La " nonchalance " aquitaine, dose à la fois de dissidence et d'autonomie, œuvre dans le sens d'une modération, facteur majeur de l'absence de tout municipalisme social, malgré la présence remarquable d'initiatives marginales et innovantes. Les Castors font émerger de leur mobilisation spontanée un nouveau modèle d'action coopératif, issu de leur opposition aux réalisations nationales, en lesquelles ils ne croient pas et ne se retrouvent pas. Si l'échelle quantitative de leurs réalisations n'est pas importante au vu des constructions globales de la période de la Reconstruction et des Trente Glorieuses, leurs réalisations sont novatrices dans la portée humaine qu'elles impliquent : plus qu'un logement, c'est un mode d'habiter que prônent les Castors, centré autour de leur aspiration à la maison individuelle. Le cas des Castors aquitains, qui témoigne de la période que nous qualifierons de militante, reste l'illustration du temps des pionniers, des origines du mouvement. Des pionniers autoconstructeurs lors de la Reconstruction de 1945, palliatif utile et nécessaire, aux coopérateurs du temps des " chemins de grue ", dissidents par rapport au choix étatique centré sur le collectif, ces expériences sont des réalisations atypiques promouvant la maison individuelle en accession à la propriété dans une période marquée par l'avènement de l'habitat collectif. Entre tradition et modernité, l'idéologie qui sous-tend la mise en place de ces coopératives laisse entrevoir une urbanité nouvelle, qui se ressource dans des sociabilités traditionnelles et fait apparaître des changements sociaux entre monde ouvrier et classe moyenne émergente. D'initiative privée et d'inspiration ouvrière, ces réussites urbaines s'affirment comme des mythes des Trente Glorieuses, participant d'un imaginaire de l'engagement collectif et communautaire pour un mieux-être. Traces visibles dans les paysages de nos villes contemporaines, les " petites maisons Castor " s'imposent comme des patrimoines à prendre en considération, une part négligée de la mémoire de nos villes.
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Kanai, Akihiko. "Les gares françaises et japonaises : halle et bâtiment principal : une recherche comparative." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2005. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086638.

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49

L'Heritier, Maxime. "L'utilisation du fer dans l'architecture gothique : les cas de Troyes et de Rouen." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00295179.

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Le fer fait partie intégrante de la conception initiale des églises gothiques rouennaises et troyennes. Dès le XIIIe siècle, il y est employé en dizaines de tonnes dans les armatures de vitraux. On le retrouve également dans la maçonnerie et dans la charpente sous forme de tirants, de chaînages structurels et de petites pièces, agrafes et goujons, servant à attacher les nombreux éléments de décor. Ses nombreux usages ainsi que les questions du rôle, des quantités, de l'origine et du coût de ces fers sont abordés par une étude interdisciplinaire alliant prospections dans le bâti, recherches dans les sources écrites et l'étude métallographique de 74 échantillons de fer prélevés in situ. Ces analyses permettent aussi de rendre compte de la nature et de la qualité du matériau employé, des caractéristiques du travail de forge et de comprendre l'influence des mutations de la métallurgie médiévale (marteau hydraulique, filière de réduction indirecte) sur l'emploi du fer dans la construction.
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Sato, Toshinori. "History Directed Processor Architecture." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/182380.

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