Journal articles: 'Architecture and climate – Canada'

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Defrenne, Camille E., M. Luke McCormack, W. Jean Roach, Shalom D. Addo-Danso, and Suzanne W. Simard. "Intraspecific Fine-Root Trait-Environment Relationships across Interior Douglas-Fir Forests of Western Canada." Plants 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8070199.

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Variation in resource acquisition strategies enables plants to adapt to different environments and may partly determine their responses to climate change. However, little is known about how belowground plant traits vary across climate and soil gradients. Focusing on interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) in western Canada, we tested whether fine-root traits relate to the environment at the intraspecific level. We quantified the variation in commonly measured functional root traits (morphological, chemical, and architectural traits) among the first three fine-root orders (i.e., absorptive fine roots) and across biogeographic gradients in climate and soil factors. Moderate but consistent trait-environment linkages occurred across populations of Douglas-fir, despite high levels of within-site variation. Shifts in morphological traits across regions were decoupled from those in chemical traits. Fine roots in colder/drier climates were characterized by a lower tissue density, higher specific area, larger diameter, and lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio than those in warmer/wetter climates. Our results showed that Douglas-fir fine roots do not rely on adjustments in architectural traits to adapt rooting strategies in different environments. Intraspecific fine-root adjustments at the regional scale do not fit along a single axis of root economic strategy and are concordant with an increase in root acquisitive potential in colder/drier environments.

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Debicka, Elizabeth, and Avi Friedman. "Flexible Design of Public Housing in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada." Open House International 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2009-b0004.

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Public housing delivered in the Canadian Arctic has been ill-adapted to the social and cultural realities of Inuit communities and to northern climate. Inadequate consultation has resulted in dwellings that fails to adapt to the needs of growing families, impedes the ability of residents to engage in land-based activities, and is inappropriate for local climate. This paper examines how a user-led, flexible approach can help tailor the design of new public homes to the needs of the local housing authority and future occupants. Flexibility is incorporated into the pre-occupancy, post-occupancy and refurbishment stages of the units life-cycle, ensuring that they can be easily adapted over time. A menu of interior and exterior design components has been developed for selection by all stakeholders. The redevelopment of Widow's Row, in Iqaluit, Nunavut demonstrates how appropriate design can play a pivotal role in addressing the housing crisis.

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MacLachlan, Ian R., Tegan K. McDonald, Brandon M. Lind, Loren H. Rieseberg, Sam Yeaman, and Sally N. Aitken. "Genome-wide shifts in climate-related variation underpin responses to selective breeding in a widespread conifer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 10 (March 1, 2021): e2016900118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016900118.

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Locally adapted temperate tree populations exhibit genetic trade-offs among climate-related traits that can be exacerbated by selective breeding and are challenging to manage under climate change. To inform climatically adaptive forest management, we investigated the genetic architecture and impacts of selective breeding on four climate-related traits in 105 natural and 20 selectively bred lodgepole pine populations from western Canada. Growth, cold injury, growth initiation, and growth cessation phenotypes were tested for associations with 18,600 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in natural populations to identify “positive effect alleles” (PEAs). The effects of artificial selection for faster growth on the frequency of PEAs associated with each trait were quantified in breeding populations from different climates. Substantial shifts in PEA proportions and frequencies were observed across many loci after two generations of selective breeding for height, and responses of phenology-associated PEAs differed strongly among climatic regions. Extensive genetic overlap was evident among traits. Alleles most strongly associated with greater height were often associated with greater cold injury and delayed phenology, although it is unclear whether potential trade-offs arose directly from pleiotropy or indirectly via genetic linkage. Modest variation in multilocus PEA frequencies among populations was associated with large phenotypic differences and strong climatic gradients, providing support for assisted gene flow polices. Relationships among genotypes, phenotypes, and climate in natural populations were maintained or strengthened by selective breeding. However, future adaptive phenotypes and assisted gene flow may be compromised if selective breeding further increases the PEA frequencies of SNPs involved in adaptive trade-offs among climate-related traits.

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Conroy, Alison, Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya, and Guido Wimmers. "In-Situ and Predicted Performance of a Certified Industrial Passive House Building under Future Climate Scenarios." Buildings 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100457.

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The Wood Innovation Research Lab was designed as a low energy-use building to facilitate the construction and testing of engineered wood products by the faculty and staff of the Master of Engineering in Integrated Wood Design Program at the University of Northern British Columbia in Prince George, BC, Canada. Constructed using a 533 mm thick-wall and 659 mm flat roof assembly, it received certification as Canada’s first industrial facility built to the International Passive House standard. Temperature and humidity sensors were installed in the north and south exterior wall assemblies to measure long-term hygrothermal performance. Data collected between 2018–2020 shows no record of long-term moisture accumulation within the exterior assemblies. Data collected during this time period was used to validate hygrothermal performance models for the building created using the WUFI® Plus software. Long-term performance models created using future climate data for five cities across Canada under two global warming scenarios shows favorable results, with an increase in average annual temperatures resulting in lower average relative humidity values at the interior face of the exterior sheathing board in the exterior wall assemblies.

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Anderson, Vidya, and William A. Gough. "Enabling Nature-Based Solutions to Build Back Better—An Environmental Regulatory Impact Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Ontario, Canada." Buildings 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010061.

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The application of green infrastructure in the built environment delivers a nature-based solution to address the impacts of climate change. This study presents a qualitative evidence synthesis that evaluates policy instruments which enable the use and implementation of green infrastructure, using Ontario, Canada as a case study. Unpacking the elements of the policy landscape that govern green infrastructure through environmental regulatory impact analysis can inform effective implementation of this nature-based solution and support decision-making in public policy. This environmental regulatory impact analysis is based on a systematic review of existing policy instruments, contextual framing in a continuum of coercion, and identification of alignment with relevant UN SDGs. Enabling widespread usage of green infrastructure in the built environment could be a viable strategy to build back better, localize the UN SDGs, and address multiple climate change impacts.

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Verderber, Stephen, Jake Pauls Wolf, and Erik Skouris. "Indigenous Ecohumanist Architecture for Health in Canada’s Far North." HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 13, no. 4 (June 22, 2020): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586720933176.

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Background: Circumpolar nations are experiencing unprecedented environmental and public health policy challenges due to global climate change, exploitation of nonrenewable natural resources, the endangerment of myriad wildlife species, and growing sovereignty disputes. In a call to action, the Arctic states’ health ministers recently signed a declaration identifying shared priorities for mutual international cooperation. Among agreed-upon collaborations, an enhancement of intercultural understanding and promotion of culturally appropriate healthcare delivery systems is to be of high priority going forward. Purpose and Aim: In far north Canada, health policies perpetuated for generations upon indigenous communities have, traditionally, often had adverse consequences for the medically underserved inhabitants of these communities. This discussion addresses the cultural disconnect between the colonial era and current indigenous, decolonialist health and healing design strategies. Method and Result: In response, two architectural design case studies are presented that synthesize ecological site planning precepts with salutogenic architectural design attributes—a behavioral health and substance abuse residential treatment center and three elderhousing prototypes for construction in Canada’s Northwest Territories. Conclusion: This conceptual synthesis is practicable, transferable, and adaptable to varied, extreme climatic conditions, as reflective of best practices in the delivery of healthcare facilities that express a synthesis of ecohumanist and salutogenic values and methodologies. The discussion concludes with a call for empathic, evidence-based collaboration and research that further examines the blending together of prefabricated off-site construction with on-site construction approaches.

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Marchand, Jean-Philippe, Thomas Buffin-Bélanger, Bernard Hétu, and Guillaume St-Onge. "Stratigraphy and infill history of the glacially eroded Matane River Valley, eastern Quebec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 2 (February 2014): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0054.

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Terraces in the lower Matane River Valley (eastern Quebec, Canada) were studied to describe the stratigraphic architecture of a glacially eroded valley fill. The Matane River Valley hosted a glacial tongue connected with a regional ice cap during the early opening of a calving bay in the modern St. Lawrence Estuary and was subsequently flooded by the Goldthwait Sea as the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin retreated. Stratigraphic, sedimentological, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and geochemical analyses as well as radiocarbon measurements allowed the identification of four stratigraphic units deposited during and following deglaciation: glacial outwash (unit I), delta bottomsets (unit II), delta foresets (unit III), and fluvial deposits (unit IV). Stable isotope (13C) and C/N ratio values reveal the relative influence of the two end-members (algae and terrestrial plants) on organic matter sources between the stratigraphic units. Climate, major relative sea level fluctuations, and sediment yield are recognized as the main controls on depositional environments in glacially eroded valleys of the northern shore of the Gaspé Peninsula during the Holocene. This paper presents a model of the evolution of the Matane River Valley, which in many points is similar to existing conceptual fjord-valley fill models.

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Bansal, Naman, Maurice Defo, and Michael A. Lacasse. "Application of Support Vector Regression to the Prediction of the Long-Term Impacts of Climate Change on the Moisture Performance of Wood Frame and Massive Timber Walls." Buildings 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050188.

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The objective of this study was to explore the potential of a machine learning algorithm, the Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR), to forecast long-term hygrothermal responses and the moisture performance of light wood frame and massive timber walls. Hygrothermal simulations were performed using a 31-year long series of climate data in three cities across Canada. Then, the first 5 years of the series were used in each case to train the model, which was then used to forecast the hygrothermal responses (temperature and relative humidity) and moisture performance indicator (mold growth index) for the remaining years of the series. The location of interest was the exterior layer of the OSB and cross-laminated timber in the case of the wood frame wall and massive timber wall, respectively. A sliding window approach was used to incorporate the dependence of the hygrothermal response on the past climatic conditions, which allowed SVR to capture time, implicitly. The variable selection was performed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator, which revealed wind-driven rain, relative humidity, temperature, and direct radiation as the most contributing climate variables. The results show that SVR can be effectively used to forecast hygrothermal responses and moisture performance on a long climate data series for most of the cases studied. In some cases, discrepancies were observed due to the lack of capturing the full range of variability of climate variables during the first 5 years.

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Chen, Han Y. H., Karel Klinka, and Gordon J. Kayahara. "Effects of light on growth, crown architecture, and specific leaf area for naturally established Pinuscontorta var. latifolia and Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca saplings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-128.

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We studied growth, crown architecture, and specific leaf area acclimation of a shade-intolerant species, Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm., and a moderately shade-tolerant species, Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, using naturally regenerated saplings along a wide range of light conditions. Study sites were located within a dry-summer, cool-temperate climate represented by the Dry Cool Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic subzone near Williams Lake, British Columbia, Canada. In an open light environment, Pinuscontorta had a greater growth increment in both terminal and lateral shoots than did Pseudotsugamenziesii. With decreasing light availability (i) terminal increment, mean lateral increment, and total lateral increment decreased in both species (although Pinuscontorta reduced lateral growth significantly faster than Pseudotsugamenziesii); (ii) the ratio of mean lateral to terminal increment in Pinuscontorta did not change, but significantly increased in Pseudotsugamenziesii; (iii) the ratio of total lateral to terminal increment in Pinuscontorta decreased, but increased in Pseudotsugamenziesii; and (iv) specific leaf area in both species increased (in Pseudotsugamenziesii, it was always higher and increased marginally faster than in Pinuscontorta). We concluded that the less shade-tolerant Pinuscontorta was less plastic in crown architecture and specific leaf area than the more shade-tolerant Pseudotsugamenziesii.

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Harrison, Dominica, Fabio Cabrera De Leo, Warren J. Gallin, Farin Mir, Simone Marini, and Sally P. Leys. "Machine Learning Applications of Convolutional Neural Networks and Unet Architecture to Predict and Classify Demosponge Behavior." Water 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182512.

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Biological data sets are increasingly becoming information-dense, making it effective to use a computer science-based analysis. We used convolution neural networks (CNN) and the specific CNN architecture Unet to study sponge behavior over time. We analyzed a large time series of hourly high-resolution still images of a marine sponge, Suberites concinnus (Demospongiae, Suberitidae) captured between 2012 and 2015 using the NEPTUNE seafloor cabled observatory, off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. We applied semantic segmentation with the Unet architecture with some modifications, including adapting parts of the architecture to be more applicable to three-channel images (RGB). Some alterations that made this model successful were the use of a dice-loss coefficient, Adam optimizer and a dropout function after each convolutional layer which provided losses, accuracies and dice scores of up to 0.03, 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The model was tested with five-fold cross-validation. This study is a first step towards analyzing trends in the behavior of a demosponge in an environment that experiences severe seasonal and inter-annual changes in climate. The end objective is to correlate changes in sponge size (activity) over seasons and years with environmental variables collected from the same observatory platform. Our work provides a roadmap for others who seek to cross the interdisciplinary boundaries between biology and computer science.

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Keough, Brandon M., Olivia A. King, Matthew R. Stimson, Page C. Quinton, and Michael C. Rygel. "Sequence stratigraphy of the late Carboniferous Clifton Formation, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 11 (November 2020): 1289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0223.

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The Maritimes Basin of Atlantic Canada contains a rich record of Pennsylvanian cyclothems. Previous studies have focused on rapidly subsiding depocenters in the central part of the basin where Carboniferous successions feature cyclic alternations between terrestrial and marginal marine strata. In contrast, the Pennsylvanian Clifton Formation was deposited on the relatively stable New Brunswick platform and contains almost entirely terrestrial strata. Although early studies of the Clifton Formation noted a cyclic architecture, particularly within Member B, this unit has remained understudied. We provide a sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic framework for the lower 85 m of Member B and interpret our results relative to a broader regional framework. Near the base of the study interval, the highstand systems tract is composed of red floodplain mudrocks; overlying sequence boundaries are composed of calcretes and (or) channels. The transgressive systems tract and maximum flooding surface are represented by coals and aquatic bivalve-bearing mudrocks. Moving upward through the section, the architecture of the highstand systems tract remains largely unchanged while sequence-bounding paleosols become less well developed, the transgressive systems tract becomes thinner and eventually not preserved, and the maximum flooding surface is only occasionally preserved, possibly represented by carbonaceous shales. These changes in cyclic architecture may be attributed to changes in the magnitude of glacioeustatic fluctuations, climate, and (or) the accommodation/sediment supply ratio. The results of this study show that the Clifton Formation represents the terrestrial/proximal endmember for cyclicity in the Maritimes Basin and provide new insight into paleotopography as a possible control on cyclothem architecture.

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Defo, Maurice, and Michael Lacasse. "Effects of Climate Change on the Moisture Performance of Tallwood Building Envelope." Buildings 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020035.

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The objective of this study was to assess the potential effects of climate change on the moisture performance and durability of massive timber walls on the basis of results derived from hygrothermal simulations. One-dimensional simulations were run using DELPHIN 5.9.4 for 31 consecutive years of the 15 realizations of the modeled historical (1986–2016) and future (2062–2092) climates of five cities located across Canada. For all cities, water penetration in the wall assembly was assumed to be 1% wind-driven rain, and the air changes per hour in the drainage cavity was assumed to be 10. The mold growth index on the outer layer of the cross-laminated timber panel was used to compare the moisture performance for the historical and future periods. The simulation results showed that the risk of mold growth would increase in all the cities considered. However, the relative change varied from city to city. In the cities of Ottawa, Calgary and Winnipeg, the relative change in the mold growth index was higher than in the cities of Vancouver and St. John’s. For Vancouver and St. John’s, and under the assumptions used for these simulations, the risk was already higher under the historical period. This means that the mass timber walls in these two cities could not withstand a water penetration rate of 1% wind-driven rain, as used in the simulations, with a drainage cavity of 19 mm and an air changes per hour value of 10. Additional wall designs will be explored in respect to the moisture performance, and the results of these studies will be reported in a future publication.

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Hyles, Jessica, Maxwell T. Bloomfield, James R. Hunt, Richard M. Trethowan, and Ben Trevaskis. "Phenology and related traits for wheat adaptation." Heredity 125, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-0320-1.

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Abstract Wheat is a major food crop, with around 765 million tonnes produced globally. The largest wheat producers include the European Union, China, India, Russia, United States, Canada, Pakistan, Australia, Ukraine and Argentina. Cultivation of wheat across such diverse global environments with variation in climate, biotic and abiotic stresses, requires cultivars adapted to a range of growing conditions. One intrinsic way that wheat achieves adaptation is through variation in phenology (seasonal timing of the lifecycle) and related traits (e.g., those affecting plant architecture). It is important to understand the genes that underlie this variation, and how they interact with each other, other traits and the growing environment. This review summarises the current understanding of phenology and developmental traits that adapt wheat to different environments. Examples are provided to illustrate how different combinations of alleles can facilitate breeding of wheat varieties with optimal crop performance for different growing regions or farming systems.

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Hayes, Alexander Thomas, Zahra Jandaghian, Michael A. Lacasse, Abhishek Gaur, Henry Lu, Abdelaziz Laouadi, Hua Ge, and Liangzhu Wang. "Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) to Mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects in Canadian Cities." Buildings 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070925.

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Canada is warming at double the rate of the global average caused in part to a fast-growing population and large land transformations, where urban surfaces contribute significantly to the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. The federal government released the strengthened climate plan in 2020, which emphasizes using nature-based solutions (NBSs) to combat the effects of UHI phenomenon. Here, the effects of two NBSs techniques are reviewed and analysed: increasing surface greenery/vegetation (ISG) and increasing surface reflectivity (ISR). Policymakers have the challenge of selecting appropriate NBSs to meet a wide range of objectives within the urban environment and Canadian-specific knowledge of how NBSs can perform at various scales is lacking. As such, this state-of-the-art review intends to provide a snapshot of the current understanding of the benefits and risks associated with the implantation of NBSs in urban spaces as well as a review of the current techniques used to model, and evaluate the potential effectiveness of UHI under evolving climate conditions. Thus, if NBSs are to be adopted to mitigate UHI effects and extreme summertime temperatures in Canadian municipalities, an integrated, comprehensive analysis of their contributions is needed. As such, developing methods to quantify and evaluate NBSs’ performance and tools for the effective implementation of NBSs are required.

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Crombez, Vincent, Sébastien Rohais, François Baudin, Benoit Chauveau, Tristan Euzen, and Didier Granjeon. "Controlling factors on source rock development: implications from 3D stratigraphic modeling of Triassic deposits in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 5 (2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017188.

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The recent development of unconventional resources has triggered a regain of interest for source-rocks. The presence of hydrocarbons in these unconventional systems is generally associated with organic-rich sediments. This study aims at better understanding the factors controlling the accumulation of marine organic matter at basin scale, using a process-based approach. This work focuses on the Montney, Doig and Halfway Formations (Lower and Middle Triassic, Alberta and British Columbia, Canada). Recent studies show that the Triassic strata of the Western Canada sedimentary basin can be considered as a transitional period between the Paleozoic passive margin and the Jurassic foreland basin. Based on a 3D regional stratigraphic architecture and on a description of the organic rich interval distribution, a process-based numerical model (DionisosFlow and DORS) has been used to simulate the stratigraphic evolution of the Montney, Doig and Halfway Formations and reproduce the organic distribution in these formations. This modeling approach allowed us to test different scenarios of primary productivity and basin restriction and discuss the regional controls on organic matter accumulation such as dynamic of anoxia or dilution of organic matter by detrital sediments. The reconstruction of the stratigraphic architecture emphasizes a major drop of the water discharge in the basin. In the absence of any evidence supporting a link with a climate change, the drop in water discharge suggests a major modification of the drainage area of the basin, potentially associated with the early stage of the cordilleran orogeny and foreland basin evolution. The numerical simulation also shows that the primary productivity rates in the Montney and Doig Formations are characteristic of a coastal area and that a basin restriction is required to account for the level of anoxia observed in the studied Formations. Lastly, this study investigates the regional controls on organic matter accumulation and emphasizes the impact of regional paleogeographic and geodynamic evolution on the dynamic of anoxia and on the dilution.

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Searle, Eric B., F. Wayne Bell, Guy R. Larocque, Mathieu Fortin, Jennifer Dacosta, Rita Sousa-Silva, Marco Mina, and Holly D. Deighton. "Simulating the Effects of Intensifying Silviculture on Desired Species Yields across a Broad Environmental Gradient." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060755.

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In the past two decades, forest management has undergone major paradigm shifts that are challenging the current forest modelling architecture. New silvicultural systems, guidelines for natural disturbance emulation, a desire to enhance structural complexity, major advances in successional theory, and climate change have all highlighted the limitations of current empirical models in covering this range of conditions. Mechanistic models, which focus on modelling underlying ecological processes rather than specific forest conditions, have the potential to meet these new paradigm shifts in a consistent framework, thereby streamlining the planning process. Here we use the NEBIE (a silvicultural intervention scale that classifies management intensities as natural, extensive, basic, intensive, and elite) plot network, from across Ontario, Canada, to examine the applicability of a mechanistic model, ZELIG-CFS (a version of the ZELIG tree growth model developed by the Canadian Forest Service), to simulate yields and species compositions. As silvicultural intensity increased, overall yield generally increased. Species compositions met the desired outcomes when specific silvicultural treatments were implemented and otherwise generally moved from more shade-intolerant to more shade-tolerant species through time. Our results indicated that a mechanistic model can simulate complex stands across a range of forest types and silvicultural systems while accounting for climate change. Finally, we highlight the need to improve the modelling of regeneration processes in ZELIG-CFS to better represent regeneration dynamics in plantations. While fine-tuning is needed, mechanistic models present an option to incorporate adaptive complexity into modelling forest management outcomes.

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Tudor, Cristiana, and Robert Sova. "Benchmarking GHG Emissions Forecasting Models for Global Climate Policy." Electronics 10, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243149.

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Climate change and pollution fighting have become prominent global concerns in the twenty-first century. In this context, accurate estimates for polluting emissions and their evolution are critical for robust policy-making processes and ultimately for solving stringent global climate challenges. As such, the primary objective of this study is to produce more accurate forecasts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This in turn contributes to the timely evaluation of the progress achieved towards meeting global climate goals set by international agendas and also acts as an early-warning system. We forecast the evolution of GHG emissions in 12 top polluting economies by using data for the 1970–2018 period and employing six econometric and machine-learning models (the exponential smoothing state-space model (ETS), the Holt–Winters model (HW), the TBATS model, the ARIMA model, the structural time series model (STS), and the neural network autoregression model (NNAR)), along with a naive model. A battery of robustness checks is performed. Results confirm a priori expectations and consistently indicate that the neural network autoregression model (NNAR) presents the best out-of-sample forecasting performance for GHG emissions at different forecasting horizons by reporting the lowest average RMSE (root mean square error) and MASE (mean absolute scaled error) within the array of predictive models. Predictions made by the NNAR model for the year 2030 indicate that total GHG emissions are projected to increase by 3.67% on average among the world’s 12 most polluting countries until 2030. Only four top polluters will record decreases in total GHG emissions values in the coming decades (i.e., Canada, the Russian Federation, the US, and China), although their emission levels will remain in the upper decile. Emission increases in a handful of developing economies will see significant growth rates (a 22.75% increase in GHG total emissions in Brazil, a 15.75% increase in Indonesia, and 7.45% in India) that are expected to offset the modest decreases in GHG emissions projected for the four countries. Our findings, therefore, suggest that the world’s top polluters cannot meet assumed pollution reduction targets in the form of NDCs under the Paris agreement. Results thus highlight the necessity for more impactful policies and measures to bring the set targets within reach.

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Xiao, Zhe, Michael A. Lacasse, Maurice Defo, and Elena Dragomirescu. "Assessing the Moisture Load in a Vinyl-Clad Wall Assembly through Watertightness Tests." Buildings 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030117.

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The moisture load in wall assemblies is typically considered as 1% of the Wind Driving Rain (WDR) load that is deposited on the surface of wall assemblies as specified in the ASHRAE-160 standard whereas this ratio has been shown to be inaccurate as compared to results derived from several watertightness tests. Accurate assessment of moisture loads arising from WDR can be obtained through the watertightness test during which different levels of WDR intensities and Driving Rain Wind Pressures (DRWPs) are applied to a test specimen and water that penetrates wall assembly can thus be quantified. Although many previous studies have included watertightness tests, only a few of these have attempted to correlate the moisture loads to WDR conditions as may occur in specific locations within a country. To improve the assessment of moisture loads for a vinyl-clad wall assembly, a wall test specimen was tested following a test protocol based on local climate data using National Research Council of Canada’s Dynamic Wind and Wall Testing Facility (DWTF). The use of this test protocol permitted quantifying the moisture load in the vinyl wall assembly when subjected to several different simulated WDR conditions. The moisture load was formulated as a function of the WDR intensity and DRWP which thereafter allowed evaluating the moisture load based on a given climate’s hourly rainfall intensity and wind velocity. Such work is particularly relevant considering that the intensity, duration and frequency of WDR events across Canada will in some regions increase due to the effects of climate change.

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Anderson, Sam, and Valentina Radić. "Evaluation and interpretation of convolutional long short-term memory networks for regional hydrological modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 3 (February 14, 2022): 795–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-795-2022.

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Abstract. Deep learning has emerged as a useful tool across geoscience disciplines; however, there remain outstanding questions regarding the suitability of unexplored model architectures and how to interpret model learning for regional-scale hydrological modelling. Here we use a convolutional long short-term memory network, a deep learning approach for learning both spatial and temporal patterns, to predict streamflow at 226 stream gauges across southwestern Canada. The model is forced by gridded climate reanalysis data and trained to predict observed daily streamflow between 1980 and 2015. To interpret the model's learning of both spatial and temporal patterns, we introduce a set of experiments with evaluation metrics to track the model's response to perturbations in the input data. The model performs well in simulating daily streamflow over the testing period, with a median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.68 and 35 % of stations having NSE>0.8. When predicting streamflow, the model is most sensitive to perturbations in the input data prescribed near and within the basins being predicted, demonstrating that the model is automatically learning to focus on physically realistic areas. When uniformly perturbing input temperature time series to obtain relatively warmer and colder input data, the modelled indicator of freshet timing and peak flow changes in accordance with the transition timing from below- to above-freezing temperatures. We also demonstrate that modelled August streamflow in partially glacierized basins is sensitive to perturbations in August temperature, and that this sensitivity increases with glacier cover. The results demonstrate the suitability of a convolutional long short-term memory network architecture for spatiotemporal hydrological modelling, making progress towards interpretable deep learning hydrological models.

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Dick, Kris J., and Jeremy Pinkos. "Thermal, Moisture and Energy Performance of a Hempcrete Test Structure in the Northern Prairie Climate of Manitoba, Canada." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.475.

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The processing of industrial hemp, cannabis sativa, results in three basic constituents seed, fibre, and hurd. Within Manitoba the main focus is with seed and oil products. When considering the entire plant approximately 60-70% is the predominantly cellulose woody core called the hurd. A combination of hemp hurd, a binder and water in various proportions is used in the construction of buildings referred to as hempcrete. Hempcrete is used as an environmental barrier providing resistance to heat transfer and to manage moisture of the building envelope. Engineering and architectural designers practicing in the field of non-conventional material applications have clearly indicated a need for design data. This paper presents a portion of research data collected over the past 18 months from a 23.8 m2 (256 ft2) test building on the campus of the University of Manitoba at the Alternative Village. The design temperatures for this location range from-35°C to +32°C. The structure was built using 300 mm thick pre-fabricated hempcrete panels. In addition to indoor and exterior ambient conditions, the temperature is monitored at 40 locations within the envelope - at the interior, middle and exterior providing a profile through the wall system. Similarly, the relative humidity is monitored within the wall and used in conjunction with a sorption isotherm to estimate the moisture content within the assembly. The building is kept at a constant temperature during the heating season with the energy consumption monitored continuously. This building is one of several on the test site that are all identical in terms of size and configuration. This paper will provide a comparison between the thermal, moisture and energy performance of the hempcrete structure and a conventional wood frame, batt-insulated building that represents the vernacular construction in Manitoba.

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VACHON, Geneviève, Marie-Noël Chouinard, Geneviève Cloutier, Catherine Dubois, and Carole Després. "An Interdisciplinary and Intersectoral Action-research Method: Case-Study of Climate Change Adaptation by Cities Using Participatory Web 2.0 Urban Design." Enquiry A Journal for Architectural Research 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v10i1.162.

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This paper discusses the last segment of a three-year interdisciplinary and intersectoral action research on climate change and urban transformation. The project had, as one of its core missions, the role of imagining urban and architectural adaptations for urban neighbourhoods that would contribute to minimizing the negative impacts of climate change on people’s comfort, health and safety. The first part of the paper describes the collaborative design and augmented participation method used in the context of Québec City, Canada. These include the design process conducted to imagine adaptation scenarios, the visual strategies undertaken to make these understandable for the population, and the Web 2.0 crowdsourcing approach forwarded to measure feasibility and social acceptability of the design and visualization strategies. The second part discusses three positive outcomes of the process. First, collaborative design conducted with intersectoral groups of experts constitutes a promising avenue to identify adaptations and evaluate their relevance. Second, crowdsourcing is a powerful tool to inform the general public about climate change including both negative and potential aspects. As well, the crowdsource model allows access to particular knowledge which empowered users to make changes around their homes and neighbourhoods or advocating action from their local government. Crowdsourcing is also an efficient tool to help understand what people know about the potential impact of climate change and how it bears on their comfort, health and safety. Third and finally, the design proposals and the evaluation comments generated by working closely with various stakeholders, along with the public on-line consultation, allow for the induction of pragmatic recommendations that can be used as decision aids by elected officials and civil servants to better prepare their municipalities for climate change.

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Fedorczak-Cisak, Małgorzata, Mark Bomberg, David W. Yarbrough, Lowell E. Lingo, and Anna Romanska-Zapala. "Position Paper Introducing a Sustainable, Universal Approach to Retrofitting Residential Buildings." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060846.

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Protests during the 2021 Climate Conference in Glasgow exemplified our dilemma. The establishment perpetuates old thinking, while young people demand a new approach to mitigate the impact of climate change. The authors agree with the young people, and as a solution we propose to replace the current fragmentary approach with a new holistic one. The passive house approach that was conceptualized by the University of Illinois and built in Canada in 1977 showed us that energy consumption can be reduced about half of that used in the traditional design. Seventeen years later, a European passive house was built in Darmstadt. In 2008, a demonstration house in Syracuse, NY, showed that integrated passive measures produced energy use by about half of the NY state code for 2004. At the same time, some advanced houses in the USA showed total energy use of about 70 kWh/(m2∙y). In 2008, at the first Building Enclosure Science and Technology Conference, two equally important objectives for 2030 were proposed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: (1) a 90% reduction of energy use in new buildings and (2) 50% for the retrofitting of existing buildings, i.e., to the level achieved in the 1980s. The first objective has recently been achieved in small buildings while the large residential buildings remain on the level obtained in the 2000s. Yet, the retrofitting of existing buildings (the second objective) has been a dismal failure. This paper acknowledges progress in hydronic heating and cooling involving electric heat pumps and hybrid solar panels, building automatics used for operation of HVAC, and modification of air distribution systems that comes from experience with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Furthermore, it highlights that to accelerate energy efficiency and carbon emission reductions, there must be broad public-private educational programs with demonstrations of a new generation of retrofitting. Economically and ecologically retrofitted buildings will create a new approach to real estate investment.

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Labrecque, Nicolas, Sylvain Ménard, Marc Oudjene, and Pierre Blanchet. "Finite Element Study of Hyperstructure Systems with Modular Light-Frame Construction in High-Rise Buildings." Buildings 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030330.

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To answer both the growth of the world’s urban population and the climate changes, new structural systems with high prefabrication levels and renewable materials need to be developed. A novel structural system that could enable the use of modular light-frame construction in high-rise buildings was modeled and analyzed. This system was achieved by having a hyperstructure carrying the loads of four-story light-frame superposed substructures. Two 20-story hyperstructures, one using glulam and another one using reinforced concrete, were designed according to the 2015 National Building Code of Canada and compared. A simplified model for the light-frame modules according to the CSA O86-19 was proposed. The interaction between both systems and the impact on the substructures were analyzed. The results of the response spectrum analysis and dynamic wind analysis show that, with a glulam hyperstructure, modules could be connected to the columns and the floors or only to the floors. With a concrete hyperstructure, the modules must be connected to the columns and the cores. For both systems, the design of shearwalls on the short side of the modules is governed by the lateral deformation imposed by seismic forces, while the design of shearwalls on the long side of the modules is governed by the vertical deformation of the primary beams under gravity loads. Standard shearwall assemblies are sufficient to resist the shear induced by gravitational, wind and seismic loads. The analysis indicates that the system could be viable, but more research should be especially performed on the connections between the substructures and the hyperstructure.

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Chadha, Aakansha, and Singarayer Florentine. "Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Control of the Invasive Weed, Lactuca serriola L. (Wild Lettuce): A Global Review." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102157.

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Lactuca serriola L. (wild lettuce) is a highly invasive C3 weed in many countries, including Australia, Canada, and the USA. This weed is a severe threat to agricultural systems, especially in crops grown with reduced or no-tillage approaches, which commonly include wheat, cereals and pulses. Owing to the vertical orientation of its leaves in the north-south plane and its root architecture, L. serriola can maintain high water use efficiency under drought conditions, giving it the ability to expand its range under a drying climate. Each plant can produce up to 100,000 seeds which have no primary dormancy and form a short-term seedbank lasting up to three years. Most seedlings emerge in autumn and overwinter as a rosette, with a small flush of emergence in spring depicting staggered germination. Research into control methods for this weed has been performed, and these methods include chemical herbicides applied alone and in combination, the establishment of plant competition, tillage, mowing and bioherbicide. Herbicides can provide effective control when applied in the seedling or rosette stage; however, spring germination is difficult to control, as it skips the rosette stage. Some biotypes are now resistant to ALS inhibitor and synthetic auxins, causing concern regarding using herbicides. A dedicated integrated management plan for 3–4 years is recommended for the control of this troublesome species. This review will explore the biology, ecology, distribution, current control techniques and previous research on this weed, allowing us to make recommendations for its future research and management.

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Ntokas, Konstantin F. F., Jean Odry, Marie-Amélie Boucher, and Camille Garnaud. "Investigating ANN architectures and training to estimate snow water equivalent from snow depth." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 3017–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3017-2021.

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Abstract. Canada's water cycle is driven mainly by snowmelt. Snow water equivalent (SWE) is the snow-related variable that is most commonly used in hydrology, as it expresses the total quantity of water (solid and liquid) stored in the snowpack. Measurements of SWE are, however, expensive and not continuously accessible in real time. This motivates a search for alternative ways of estimating SWE from measurements that are more widely available and continuous over time. SWE can be calculated by multiplying snow depth by the bulk density of the snowpack. Regression models proposed in the literature first estimate snow density and then calculate SWE. More recently, a novel approach to this problem has been developed and is based on an ensemble of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs). Although this approach compared favorably with existing regression models, snow density values at the lower and higher ends of the range remained inaccurate. Here, we improve upon this recent method for determining SWE from snow depth. We show the general applicability of the method through the use of a large data set of 234 779 snow depth–density–SWE records from 2878 nonuniformly distributed sites across Canada. These data cover almost 4 decades of snowfall. First, it is shown that the direct estimation of SWE produces better results than the estimation of snow density, followed by the calculation of SWE. Second, testing several artificial neural network (ANN) structural characteristics improves estimates of SWE. Optimizing MLP parameters separately for each snow climate class gives a greater representation of the geophysical diversity of snow. Furthermore, the uncertainty of snow depth measurements is included for a more realistic estimation. A comparison with commonly used regression models reveals that the ensemble of MLPs proposed here leads to noticeably more accurate estimates of SWE. This study thus shows that delving deeper into ANN theory helps improve SWE estimation.

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Orozco-Messana, Javier, Elena de la Poza-Plaza, and Raimon Calabuig-Moreno. "Experiences in Transdisciplinary Education for the Sustainable Development of the Built Environment, the ISAlab Workshop." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031143.

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There is a growing recognition and acceptance that society needs to develop new pathways to achieve a more sustainable future. Our current model of development poses significant challenges when it comes to achieving a more just society based on respect for nature and human rights, and demands a sustainable economy supported by a new circular model supporting the UN sustainable development goals. Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) accordingly have developed Master programs that are responsible for providing fundamental services in the joint effort towards sustainability. Meanwhile, leading Universities around the world have developed other very relevant programs. The open and unstructured challenge of sustainability poses an obstacle to existing academic structures. Specifically, the built environment is one of the leading contributors to challenges addressed in the programs such as: Anthropogenic climate change, resource depletion, waste generation and pollution, poverty, and inequity. The Interdisciplinary Sustainable Architecture lab (ISAlab) explores these issues as part of a multidisciplinary approach involving the collaboration of leading Universities from different areas on the world through an innovative initiative. This paper explores the experiences of the ISAlab workshop, which has been taking place yearly in Valencia since 2017. The workshop draws together students from a range of disciplines from across engineering and science, law and the social sciences and from a range of countries and backgrounds, including North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Its purpose is to facilitate a rich co-creative learning environment led by (engineering) academic faculties from across Europe (Spain, the UK, France, Germany, Netherlands and Ireland) as well as North America (the US and Canada), as well as local experts who helped provide participants with appropriate context and guidance. The objective is educating future engineers that are capable of finding robust ways to implement sustainability at a practical level on the built environment, taking account of the multidisciplinary perspective and with the incentive of solving real-life problems.

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Udawalpola, M. R., C. Witharana, A. Hasan, A. Liljedahl, M. Ward Jones, and B. Jones. "AUTOMATED RECOGNITION OF PERMAFROST DISTURBANCES USING HIGH-SPATIAL RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY AND DEEP LEARNING MODELS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-2-2022 (July 25, 2022): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-2-2022-203-2022.

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Abstract. The accelerated warming conditions of the high Arctic have intensified the extensive thawing of permafrost. Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTSs) are considered as the most active landforms in the Arctic permafrost. An increase in RTSs has been observed in the Arctic in recent decades. Continuous monitoring of RTSs is important to understand climate change-driven disturbances in the region. Manual detection of these landforms is extremely difficult as they occur over exceptionally large areas. Only very few studies have explored the utility of very high spatial resolution (VHSR) commercial satellite imagery in the automated mapping of RTSs. We have developed deep learning (DL) convolution neural net (CNN) based workflow to automatically detect RTSs from VHRS satellite imagery. This study systematically compared the performance of different DLCNN model architectures and varying backbones. Our candidate CNN models include: DeepLabV3+, UNet, UNet++, Multi-scale Attention Net (MA-Net), and Pyramid Attention Network (PAN) with ResNet50, ResNet101 and ResNet152 backbones. The RTS modeling experiment was conducted on Banks Island and Ellesmere Island in Canada. The UNet++ model demonstrated the highest accuracy (F1 score of 87%) with the ResNet50 backbone at the expense of training and inferencing time. PAN, DeepLabV3, MaNet, and UNet, models reported mediocre F1 scores of 72%, 75%, 80%, and 81% respectively. Our findings unravel the performances of different DLCNNs in imagery-enabled RTS mapping and provide useful insights on operationalizing the mapping application across the Arctic.

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Bird, Frederick, and Frances Westley. "Climate Report from Canada." Performance Research 23, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2018.1495952.

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Pieris, Anoma. "Architecture and climate." Postcolonial Studies 21, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2017.1307085.

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Smith, Peter R. "Climate and architecture." Architectural Science Review 57, no. 1 (February 26, 2013): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2013.770215.

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31

Zvonar, J. "Landscape Architecture in Canada." Landscape Journal 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.34.1.99.

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32

Stiefel, Barry L. "Synagogue Architecture in Canada." Journal of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada 46, no. 2 (2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1088491ar.

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33

Way, Thaïsa. "Landscape Architecture in Canada." Journal of Landscape Architecture 10, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2015.1058581.

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Drever, C. Ronnie, Susan C. Cook-Patton, Fardausi Akhter, Pascal H. Badiou, Gail L. Chmura, Scott J. Davidson, Raymond L. Desjardins, et al. "Natural climate solutions for Canada." Science Advances 7, no. 23 (June 2021): eabd6034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd6034.

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Alongside the steep reductions needed in fossil fuel emissions, natural climate solutions (NCS) represent readily deployable options that can contribute to Canada’s goals for emission reductions. We estimate the mitigation potential of 24 NCS related to the protection, management, and restoration of natural systems that can also deliver numerous co-benefits, such as enhanced soil productivity, clean air and water, and biodiversity conservation. NCS can provide up to 78.2 (41.0 to 115.1) Tg CO2e/year (95% CI) of mitigation annually in 2030 and 394.4 (173.2 to 612.4) Tg CO2e cumulatively between 2021 and 2030, with 34% available at ≤CAD 50/Mg CO2e. Avoided conversion of grassland, avoided peatland disturbance, cover crops, and improved forest management offer the largest mitigation opportunities. The mitigation identified here represents an important potential contribution to the Paris Agreement, such that NCS combined with existing mitigation plans could help Canada to meet or exceed its climate goals.

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35

HILEMAN, BETTE. "CANADA HOSTS UN CLIMATE MEETING." Chemical & Engineering News 83, no. 49 (December 5, 2005): 10a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n049.p010a.

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Furgal, Chris, and Terry Prowse. "Climate Impacts on Northern Canada: Introduction." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 38, no. 5 (July 2009): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-38.5.246.

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37

Greaves, Wilfrid. "Climate change and security in Canada." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 76, no. 2 (June 2021): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207020211019325.

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This article examines the implications of human-caused climate change for security in Canada. The first section outlines the current state of climate change, the second discusses climate change impacts on human security in Canada, and the third outlines four other areas of Canada’s national interests threatened by climate change: economic threats; Arctic threats; humanitarian crises at home and abroad; and the threat of domestic conflict. In the conclusion, I argue that climate change has clearly not been successfully “securitized” in Canada, despite the material threats it poses to human and national security, and outline directions for future research.

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38

Flannigan, M. D., and C. E. Van Wagner. "Climate change and wildfire in Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-010.

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This study investigates the impact of postulated greenhouse warming on the severity of the forest fire season in Canada. Using CO2 levels that are double those of the present (2 × CO2), simulation results from three general circulation models (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and Oregon State University) were used to calculate the seasonal severity ratings for six stations across Canada. Monthly anomalies from the 2 × CO2 simulation results were superimposed over historical sequences of daily weather. Then, seasonal severity ratings of the present were compared with those for 2 × CO2 using five variations involving temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity. The relationship between seasonal severity rating and annual provincial area burned by wildfire was explored. The results suggest a 46% increase in seasonal severity rating, with a possible similar increase in area burned, in a 2 × CO2 climate.

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Larsson, Nils. "Adapting to climate change in Canada." Building Research & Information 31, no. 3-4 (January 2003): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210320000976.

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Balling, Robert. "Hard Choices: Climate Change in Canada." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95, no. 3 (September 2005): 712–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00482_9.x.

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41

Keon, Jim. "Climate of change continues in Canada." Journal of Generic Medicines 5, no. 3 (February 5, 2008): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jgm.2008.1.

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Pearce, Tristan D., James David Ford, Jason Prno, Frank Duerden, Jeremy Pittman, Maude Beaumier, Lea Berrang-Ford, and Barry Smit. "Climate change and mining in Canada." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 16, no. 3 (October 28, 2010): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-010-9269-3.

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Wang, Yifei, Yunqiao Zhan, Qianhan Zhang, and Jianqi Zhao. "Climate Change Policies of Canada and China." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 25 (December 13, 2022): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v25i.3486.

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The climate issue has become one of the topics of common concern today. Therefore, climate change policies have become increasingly crucial in domestic economic development and participation in international affairs. However, throughout the development of climate governance, there are similarities and differences in the formulation of climate policies between east and west countries. This paper chooses Canada as the representative of the western countries and China as the representative of the eastern countries to make a comparative analysis of the two countries’ climate governance process, the domestic climate actions, and the participation in International Climate Governance in recent years and uses the realism theory to explain. This paper finds that due to the differences in economic development and political systems in the history of Canada and China, the climate policies of the two countries develop differently. However, today, when the climate issue is becoming more urgent, the two countries face the common pressure brought by the climate issue and the common interests in solving the climate issue. Their climate change policies are highly similar.

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Ferreira, Caio, Felix Suntheim, David Rozumek, and Ranjit Singh. "Strengthening the Climate Information Architecture." Staff Climate Notes 2021, no. 003 (September 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513590790.066.

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Cameron, Emilie, Rebecca Mearns, and Janet Tamalik McGrath. "Translating Climate Change: Adaptation, Resilience, and Climate Politics in Nunavut, Canada." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 105, no. 2 (December 6, 2014): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.973006.

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46

Prowse, Terry D., Chris Furgal, Barrie R. Bonsal, and Daniel L. Peters. "Climate Impacts on Northern Canada: Regional Background." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 38, no. 5 (July 2009): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-38.5.248.

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Rivers, Nic, and Mark Jaccard. "Intensity-Based Climate Change Policies in Canada." Canadian Public Policy 36, no. 4 (December 2010): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.36.4.409.

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Showstack, Randy. "Canada invests in weather and climate monitoring." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 5 (January 31, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo050003.

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Kerr, Don. "Energy, resource consumption, and climate change." Canadian Studies in Population 45, no. 1-2 (May 3, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/csp29368.

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Population growth, at both the national and global level, will most certainly impact Canada’s climate, and, more broadly, its environment. While Canada’s population has been projected to continue to grow for many decades, what happens elsewhere in terms of population growth will be particularly important to Canada. Although greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) in Canada have levelled off somewhat over the last decade and a half, global emissions have continued to climb. As a direct result, with increased GHGs in the atmosphere, Canada’s northern climate has already been impacted in a major way with considerable warming, particularly in its most northern forests and Arctic ecosystems.L’accroissement de la population, autant à l’échelle nationale que mondiale, aura certainement un effet sur le climat au Canada et, plus largement, sur son environnement. Selon les projections, la population canadienne devrait continuer à augmenter pendant encore plusieurs décennies. Or, ce qui se passe ailleurs en termes d’accroissement de la population sera particulièrement important pour le Canada. Bien que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) au Canada se soient nivelées au cours de la dernière décennie et demie, les émissions globales ont cependant continué à grimper. En conséquence directe de cette augmentation de GES dans l’atmosphère, le climat dans le nord du Canada a déjà subi un impact majeur par un réchauffement important, surtout dans les forêts les plus au nord et les écosystèmes arctiques.Mots-clés : population et environnement; climat; utilisation d’énergie; pointe de population

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Laprise, Rene, Daniel Caya, Michel Giguere, Guy Bergeron, Hélène Côté, Jean‐Pierre Blanchet, George J. Boer, and Norman A. McFarlane. "Climate and climate change in western canada as simulated by the Canadian regional climate model." Atmosphere-Ocean 36, no. 2 (June 1998): 119–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1998.9649609.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Architecture and climate – Canada'

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