Journal articles on the topic 'Architectural Layering'
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Blonder, Arielle, and Maurizio Brocato. "Layered-Fabric Materiality Fibre Reinforced Polymers (L-FMFRP): Hysteretic Behavior in Architectured FRP Material." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 12, 2022): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061141.
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L_FMFRP is an architectural fiber composite surface element with an airy internal structure and variable section. This architectured material is the product of an alternative design and fabrication process that integrates fabric materiality, suggesting moldless shaping of the material through pleating and layering. Initial study of the mechanical properties of the element showed a structural behavior that would satisfy the requirement for schematic architectural cladding configurations, indicating a unique hysteretic behavior of the material. This paper further investigates the hysteretic capacities of L-FMFRP, examining the behavior under repeated loading and the effect of its internal material architecture. Parallels to entangled materials are suggested for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon, and the potential future application as an energy-absorbent material for façade cladding is outlined.
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Asar, Hande, and Pelin Dursun Çebi. "Layering in representation: Rethinking architectural representation through Perry Kulper’s works." A/Z : ITU journal of Faculty of Architecture 17, no. 3 (2020): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2020.27879.
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Onal, Gokce Ketizmen. "3 A`s of Reflexive Design Thinking in Architecture." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i11.3708.
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The present study intends to discuss reflexive design thinking in architecture with respect to the interactions between three main dimensions and with the aim to disclose the interrogative considerations in architecture; the identical features, in various actions and contexts. The main objective is to uncover new connections and new potentials that are equally essential in architectural thinking, the inquiry through theory construction and the connection to practice, as well as the basic attitude of initiating thinking on iterative possibilities.Within this scope, the present study develops a reflexive design approach in architecture, by layering the theoretical and practical dimensions, taking creative generation and transformation into consideration. Accordingly, the whole structure of the value systems is accepted as reflexive architectural thinking that is formed by three dimensions: Architect, Action, Artifact. These contents, accepted as the main subjects of research approach, are each evaluated in the light of knowledge systems and conditions. The present study utilizes this research perspective in order to analyze and discuss the basic dimensions of design thinking in a reflexive way, through presenting a discourse on its meanings, context and contents. Therefore, the present study an attempt in architectural design-based research to develop a reflexive methodology for re-interpreting and re-formulating the relation between theory and practice.
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Sarkar, Santonu, Girish Maskeri, and Shubha Ramachandran. "Discovery of architectural layers and measurement of layering violations in source code." Journal of Systems and Software 82, no. 11 (November 2009): 1891–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2009.06.039.
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Wee, Yinshen, Amanda N. Moore, Shihai Jia, Jing Zhou, John S. Colombo, and Rena N. D’Souza. "A Single-Step Self-Assembly Approach for the Fabrication of Aligned and Multilayered Three-Dimensional Tissue Constructs Using Multidomain Peptide Hydrogel." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 24, no. 1 (May 29, 2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630318777759.
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Hydrogels are homogenous materials that are limited in their ability to form oriented multilayered architecture in three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs. Current techniques have led to advancements in this area. Such techniques often require extra devices and/or involve complex processes that are inaccessible to many laboratories. Here is described a one-step methodology that permits reliable alignment of cells into multiple layers using a self-assembling multidomain peptide (MDP) hydrogels. We characterized the structural features, viability, and molecular properties of dental pulp cells fabricated with MDP and demonstrated that manipulation of the layering of cells in the scaffolds was achieved by decreasing the weight by volume percentage (w/v%) of MDP contained within the scaffold. This approach allows cells to remodel their environment and enhanced various gene expression profiles, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling-related genes. We further validated our approach for constructing various architectural configurations of tissues by fabricating cells into stratified multilayered and tubular structures. Our methodology provides a simple, rapid way to generate 3D tissue constructs with multilayered architectures. This method shows great potential to mimic in vivo microenvironments for cells and may be of benefit in modeling more complex tissues in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Bégin, Christian, and Louise Filion. "Black spruce (Picea marianna) architecture." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 5 (October 16, 1999): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-022.
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Genetically determined rules underlying black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) morphological development were revealed by using tree architecture analysis. Black spruce develops according to Rauh's model. Its relatively simple and well-hierarchized architecture comprises four categories of axes (A1-A4) and three distinct branching levels. First- and second-order axes (the trunk and branches) are monopodial, orthotropic structures with rhythmic growth and branching, and an unlimited life-span (or only limited by tree longevity). They are mainly devoted to spatial exploration and occupation. Axes A3 and A4 are monopodial, plagiotropic structures with a limited life-span, which are devoted to assimilation and reproduction. Female cones develop in terminal position on A3, whereas male reproductive structures develop in terminal or lateral position on A4. Reiteration (or duplication of axes) capacity is an important feature of the architecture of black spruce. Adaptive reiteration processes allow trees to renew their foliage and to reproduce vegetatively through layering. Traumatic reiteration processes tend to restore the tree's original architecture by replacing injured axes or parts of axes. In both cases, replicas originate from dormant buds located at the bottom of growth units (deferred or proleptic reiteration) or from growing axes (immediate or sylleptic reiteration).Key words: black spruce, growth form, tree architecture, architectural model, reiteration processes.
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Carbone, Carlo, and Basem Eid Mohamed. "Evaluating the Utility Core in the Prefabricated Building Industry – past, present and future." Enquiry A Journal for Architectural Research 14, no. 1 (December 17, 2017): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v14i1.426.
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Harnessing, distributing, tempering and supplying water, heat and power in a building produces its share of design, technical and coordination issues. Specifically, the relationship between hygiene and cooking functions and architecture has been underscored by even the most ancient civilizations as these services give a building its potential to serve and showcase architecture’s hospitality. The relationship between services and architectural space has long challenged designers and manufacturers to streamline their piecing together. Throughout construction history and modern architecture in particular the wet service core or utility core sought to organize an efficient way of zoning services, their production and construction integration; The utility core epitomized this rationalization within a self-contained engine-like device positioned to serve the entire dwelling. This paper proposes an extensive review of literature and practical exploration in order to detect new potentials for designing integrated, technology-driven, flexible and adaptable prefabricated utility cores for today’s industry. The core was intended as a hub accommodating mechanical and technological equipment; electrical services, plumbing fixtures, water supply, drain, waste, vent piping, telephone cables, and easy connections to site infrastructure. Today’s techniques and building information modeling allows the core to be redefined in relation to multiple scales and various organizational possibilities with regard to space/function connections. Further an adaptable core articulated to the «open building» theoretical framework of layering systems to avoid entanglement and to maximize durability, can be part of a comprehensive strategy to enable customization. The vast amount of literature and precedents contribute to a robust historic narrative of two distinct approaches of architectural rhetoric and industrial production. This paper will endeavor to illustrate this narrative and evaluate the potentials for achieving broader application.
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Voronina, O. "CARTOGRAPHY OF SIBERIA OF THE XVII -XX CENTURIES: RESEARCH POTENTIAL AND METHODS OF WORKING WITH CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2022-7-5-60-70.
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Cartographic sources - maps, plans, diagrams, and drawings are deservedly the starting point in historical, socio-economic, ethnographic, architectural and urban planning, studies. However, there is no general understanding of the qualitative composition of this voluminous block of information. Moreover, there is no unified approach to the interpretation of historical cartography. The article presents the technique of "layering and analysis of multi-temporal projections of planning structures". This allows to get a classification of historical plans, highlighting fixing, design and directive plans. According to the presented methodology, the existing planning structure of the studied settlement is easily accessible in the form of digitized satellite images and is the basis for graphical analysis of the historical plan. Each of the studied cartographic sources, whether it is a plan or an explanatory note, is considered in the context of the continuous process of architectural and planning development of the settlement and the state. The presented methodology is successfully tested as part of the work on the project of the boundaries of the territory and the subject of protection of the historical settlement of federal significance "Tomsk City".
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Ma, Jianfeng, Xunli Lv, Shumin Yang, Genlin Tian, and Xing’e Liu. "Structural Insight into Cell Wall Architecture ofMicanthus sinensiscv. using Correlative Microscopy Approaches." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 5 (September 11, 2015): 1304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615014932.
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AbstractStructural organization of the plant cell wall is a key parameter for understanding anisotropic plant growth and mechanical behavior. Four imaging platforms were used to investigate the cell wall architecture ofMiscanthus sinensiscv. internode tissue. Using transmission electron microscopy with potassium permanganate, we found a great degree of inhomogeneity in the layering structure (4–9 layers) of the sclerenchymatic fiber (Sf). However, the xylem vessel showed a single layer. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that the cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) deposited in the primary wall of the protoxylem vessel (Pxv) were disordered, while the secondary wall was composed of Mfs oriented in parallel in the cross and longitudinal section. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy images indicated no variation in the Mf orientation of Pxv and the Mfs in Pxv were oriented more perpendicular to the cell axis than that of Sfs. Based on the integrated results, we have proposed an architectural model of Pxv composed of two layers: an outermost primary wall composed of a meshwork of Mfs and inner secondary wall containing parallel Mfs. This proposed model will support future ultrastructural analysis of plant cell walls in heterogeneous tissues, an area of increasing scientific interest particularly for liquid biofuel processing.
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Sophatsathit, Nalinee. "FROM CART TO LAYERED ARCHITECTURAL TRANSSHIPMENT MODEL SUPPORTING SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES FOR ROAD FREIGHT LOGISTICS." Acta logistica 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/al.v9i3.308.
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This study proposes a layered architecture of a transshipment model for small and medium enterprises (SME) that supports road freight logistics using rice farmers in Thailand as a case study. The rationale is three folds. First, road freight logistics transportation usually does not apply to SME. Second, existing supply chain logistics models are not appealing to SME in that SME do not have abundant resources to exploit the fullest extent of redeeming features of the models. Third, road freight logistics and transshipment are often incorporated as an integral service operation of a distribution centre to transport goods items from source to destination, which most SME cannot afford the entire service charge. The notion of layering is to make each layer transparent to one another, covering specific transshipment activities that do not overlap with adjacent layers yet keep their operating characteristics closely related. The case study of Thai rice farmers can thus operate and adjust to fit their working scenarios. Contributions of the proposed model are flexible and resilient operations that SME can benefit at less investment but more options to fall back on. Future work should emphasise on transshipment routing research and integration of the proposed model into distribution centre operations management.
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Uhrík, Martin, Alexander Kupko, Michaela Krpalová, and Roman Hajtmanek. "Augmented reality and tangible user interfaces as an extension of computational design tools." Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2022-0021.
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Abstract The paper envisions the use of Augmented Reality (AR) as an interactive and communication tool utilized in the architectural design research, education, and practice. It summarises the current knowledge and various applications of this immersive technology in both the theoretical and practical field and focuses on a particular type of the AR implementation – tangible user interfaces (TUI) – in a computational design context. The outcome of the research is an adaptation of the originally GRASS-GIS-powered Tangible Landscape tool into Grasshopper 3D environment, which is more accurate and suitable for the architectural design workflow with respect to 3D computation, algorithmic modelling and different scale management. The newly prototyped tool is reactive to the modifications of the physical model and projects the computed additional information on it in real time and thus can communicate with the designer or observer, which results in a more interactive, haptic man-machine interface. The projected and visualised data on the physical model are the outcome of the computing algorithm designed in Grasshopper that allows for a wide range of applications, including the visualisation of shadows and solar potential analysis and thus depicts the physical model in multiple dimensions. Furthermore, the article discusses the potential and further development of this tool as well as the possibilities of layering different AR technologies in the subsequent research.
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Abdul-Raof, Hussein. "The Linguistic Architecture of the Qur'an." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 2, no. 2 (October 2000): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2000.2.2.37.
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This article discusses the structure of Qur'anic verses and some linguistic features unique to the text of the Qur'an. Among the merits that give the text an architectural character and beauty of language are: • the very precise way the individual words in every verse are arranged, • the contrast between synonyms and antonyms of individual words, • the sequence of adjectives and the nouns they qualify, • the arrangement of descriptive clauses, normally found in the shape of a bunch of grapes, as well as • the interplay between simple and complex structures. One of the beautiful features which mark Qur'anic verses is the multiple layering of material in some sūras, such as Sūrat al-Ḍuḥā (Q.93), which consists of three layers, each distinct from the one that follows, yet related to it in meaning and context. The arrangement of individual letters within the words, and even the number of these letters, play an important role in the acoustic beauty of the recited Qur'an. The artistic depiction of the scenes on Judgement Day is another area which demonstrates the excellence of the Qur'anic discourse and method of narration, so that the reader feels as if s/he is watching a documentary film or painting that portrays impressive events.
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Jevremovic, Ljiljana, Ana Stanojevic, Isidora Djordjevic, and Branko Turnsek. "The redevelopment of military barracks between discourses of urban development and heritage protection: The case study of Nis, Serbia." Spatium, no. 46 (2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat2146022j.
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Areas of disused military barracks are commonly exploited as a land resource that is attractive for redevelopment, within the urban city area. Their commercial potential is high on the list of attractiveness, primarily based on the value of the site?s disposition, size, and capacity for redevelopment in terms of rebuilding. Contemporary architectural practice is often directed towards urban redevelopment projects in military areas whose position and other characteristics are valued by investors as crucial commercial benefits. These sites may be places of tangible cultural heritage based on recognized architectural heritage and social memory. The paper presents a comparative study of the redevelopment of two former military barracks in Nis - Bubanjski Heroji and Filip Kljajic. These sites share the same disposition within the city but diverge in terms of their size, historical importance, and discourse of redevelopment. The comparison is presented from four perspectives: planning, built heritage, public perception, and cultural meaning. By examining the transformation of the complexes, the paper aims to perform a critical review which compares the reality of urban transformations in Serbia with the theoretical background and current urban regeneration policies promoted worldwide. This paper exploits the HUL approach, an integrated approach to urban management promoted by UNESCO, by extracting and analyzing four principles: the historical layering of cultural and natural heritage and attributes, dynamic character of urban space, promotion of social diversity, and balanced relation between artificial and natural. The conclusions highlight the difference between the local practices of commercially- and heritage-led redevelopment in order to suggest some improvements for similar redevelopment projects in the future.
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Zlatković, Snežana. "Development of drawing as a tool for reading the cityscape through the experiment on Block 30 in New Belgrade." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 12, no. 3 (2020): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj2002154z.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify the intersection point in the process of the building of the drawing as a methodological tool that occurred during PhD research, as well as to demonstrate the subsequent development of drawing experiments concerning the turning point for methodology. In the first part of the paper, we will try to explain why cityscape transformations are the subject of research. Through a brief historical analysis, we will point out the basic characteristics of the transformations of the space of Block 30. After that, we will cross the drawing as a methodological tool with the polygon for the experiment, i.e. with Block 30, and slowly start showing the steps that took place during the study on the elective course Architecture and Visual Language. The selected experiment aims to shed light on the turn that happened at that time for the methodology itself, but also to further point out the potential of contemporary drawing through layering and the connection between differently positioned architectural tools. In the final sections, we will discuss methodology reversal by examining current drawing experiments to see if it allows methodology to be constantly transformed and drawing to move from its static role to dynamic tool development. In this way, the drawing is enabled to include and follow contemporary currents in the design process at a higher level, as well as to move towards one that can respond to the speed and density of spatial changes that occur and provide innovative knowledge.
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Dimelli, Despina. "Modern Conservation Principles and Their Application in Mediterranean Historic Centers—The Case of Valletta." Heritage 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010051.
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Historic urban conservation has, for more than a century, been a major focus of planning, architectural debate and public policy. Today, there is a growing consensus that the historic city should be viewed not only as a unity of architectural monuments and supporting fabric, but also as a complex layering of meanings, connected both to its natural environment and to its geological structure, as well as to its metropolitan hinterland. The current paper will attempt to analyze the principles of modern urban conservation and to evaluate the effectiveness of their application in Mediterranean historic centers. It is structured in two parts. In the first part it examines the changes that diachronically took place in planning for historic urban conservation. It will analyze the principles that were followed until today and the existing strategies, policies and practices of historic urban conservation. The second part will examine the application of these policies in the historic city of Valletta and it will analyze the effectiveness of these principles’ application in the conservation of its historic environment. The evaluation of these policies and practices will be based on basic urban conservation pillars, such as the support of their identity through communication strategies; the promotion of cultural identity and contribution to economic growth; the enhancement of a better quality of life for residents through the strengthening of the use of the dwelling; the increase of the attractiveness of tourists; and the application of regeneration strategies and environmental planning. It is essential to address the issue of urban conservation in ways that reflect the great diversity of cultural traditions, to support new practices, and to define management systems aimed at preserving values within sustainable processes.
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Kleszcz, Justyna. "A Transgressive Approach Towards Agritectural Space – The Idea of Agricultural-Urban Use Settlements." Urban Development Issues 54, no. 2 (January 20, 2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/udi-2017-0008.
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Abstract The article aims at presenting the phenomenon of transgression of the modern urban space through the formation of new spatial units defining the city in relation to its productive sphere. Due to the gradual departure from the notion of an enclosed city to one that is open and connected to the form of the surrounding countryside, the problem of defining a new notion of modern urban-rural space emerged. One of the first manifestations of this phenomenon is the emergence of new forms of housing that combine urban features with food production. Analysis of examples such as EVA-Laxmeer in Culemborg, Agromere in Almere, Cannery in Davis, Detroit and Philadelphia allowed for the verification of architectural and planning concepts related to urban values as a form of urban development of new agricultural forms. These phenomena can be understood both as a process of tearing the compact tissue of a city or, in the case of a less orthodox approach towards the built environment, as a process of network layering towards self-sufficiency of various structural, functional, energy-related and food production related characters within the unfavourable external conditions.
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Frankó, Luca, and Andrea Dúll. "Can the Office Environment Be a Motivator? What Makes a Good Enough Working Environment on the Eve of 2020?" Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 28, no. 2 (December 7, 2019): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppso.14085.
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A well-designed office environment is often touted as a key motivator nowdays, although it is not entirely clear how to use it consciously. Our goal was to understand the role of the physical environment in new generation offices and whether it can be a motivator at all. We asked open-office employees to describe the three main criteria of an excellent work environment. We analyzed 509 participants' 1456 answers and classified them into 146 content codes. These content codes were further categorized based on whether they refer to the physical or/and the social environment, as well as along the eight needs Maslow described. 82.07 % of the answers referred to the physical environment, ambient stimuli dominated the sample with 324 mentions under 6 content codes (eg.: bright (128), quiet (69)). The majority (55.59 %) of the responses could be categorized under Maslow’s safety needs, but 14.15 % of them referred to one of Maslow’s growth needs (eg.: plants (26), decoration (21)). Using the intersection of Maslow's and Herzberg's theory, we argue that certain physical environmental aspects can be considered as a hygiene factor, some of them as a motivator. And some of them as both meaning some aspects can be considered on more level from an emotional-motivational perspective. Planning an office is not just an architectural question, but a psychological one as well. In order to design human-focused work places we need to understand the exact role and the layering of the physical environmental aspects.
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Goyvaerts, Samuel, and Nikolaas Vande Keere. "Liturgy and Landscape—Re-Activating Christian Funeral Rites through Adaptive Reuse of a Rural Church and Its Surroundings as a Columbarium and Urn Cemetery." Religions 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11080407.
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We present the design research for the adaptive reuse of the St. Odulphus church as a columbarium in the village of Booienhoven (BE). Surrounded by agriculture, the site is listed as a historic rural landscape. The small neoclassical church is no longer in use for traditional Catholic services and is abandoned. Positioned on an isolated “island”, it has the appropriate setting to become a place to remember and part from the dead. Instigated by the municipality, and taking into account the growing demand for cremation, we present topological research on three different liturgical and spatial levels: 1/the use of the church interior as a columbarium and for (funeral) celebration, 2/the transformation of the “island”, stressing the idea of “passage” and 3/the layering of the open landscape reactivating the well-spring and its spiritual origins. Based on the reform of the funeral rite after Vatican II, we propose a layered liturgy that can better suit the wide variety of funeral services in Flanders today, while at the same time respecting its Catholic roots. Rather than considering the reuse of the church a spiritual loss, we believe that it can offer the opportunity to reinforce and open up the traditional, symbolic and ritual meaning of the Christian liturgy to the larger community. As such, this case is an excellent example of how, in exploring new architectural and liturgical questions, religious sites can be transformed into contemporary places for spirituality.
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Rionaldi ; Yenny Gunawan, Rionaldi. "ATMOSPHERE OF SPACE IN STUDIO AIR PUTIH @BATUBATA, TANGERANG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 4, no. 03 (May 30, 2020): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v4i03.3933.288-305.
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Abstract - The difference atmosphere between the dynamic and diverse on outer spaces, gradually becomes singular and static, is expected to be found in @Batubata. This is different from common architectural space which is only understood as hegemony of occulocentrism, that only focuses on visual studies. The study was conducted to scrutiny the formation of the atmosphere of space, by understanding the physical-spatial-material elements and unconscious peripheral sensations that experienced by the user subject. The atmosphere of space is abstract and intangible whose atmosphere can be felt through the medium of space in the built environment that is slow and encourages solitude. The study is done through two stages. The first stage is to describe the physical-spatial-material elements through elaboration of layering and transparency, dimensions and proportions, density and emptiness, and material based on Bert Bielefelt's spatial design theory. The second stage is to expose the peripheral vision felt by observers when experiencing spaces in @Batubata. Peripheral vision is felt simultaneously arising the emotions and imagination of its users. The elaboration was based on the theory presented by Juhanni Pallasmaa. The formation of atmosphere of the space is understood by the conclusions at these two stages. This is a study of the phenomenon that happens in architectural space. The method used is descriptivequalitative, data obtained from literature studies, field observations, interviews with architect planners and open questionnaires to the user subject. The study was conducted by reviewing the physical elements of spatial and material through initial observation, which was enriched by interviews and open questionnaires to space users. From the results of first phase analysis, it was concluded that the characters of the spaces were secluded, static and dense. In second stage analysis, the result was silent and calm space experience. From these two stages, it can be understood that @Batubata was able to provide an opportunity for visitors to feel solitude and slowness to experience the atmosphere through their peripheral vision. The subjects’ feelings and mood are always influenced the abstract formation of atmosphere of space. Key Words: @Batubata, physic-spatial-material, peripheral vision, atmosphere
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Lowe, Donald R., and Deena Braunstein. "Microstructure of high-temperature (>73 °C) siliceous sinter deposited around hot springs and geysers, Yellowstone National Park: the role of biological and abiological processes in sedimentation." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1611–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-066.
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Slightly alkaline hot springs and geysers in Yellowstone National Park exhibit distinctive assemblages of high-temperature (>73 °C) siliceous sinter reflecting local hydrodynamic conditions. The main depositional zones include subaqueous pool and channel bottoms and intermittently wetted subaerial splash, surge, and overflow areas. Subaqueous deposits include particulate siliceous sediment and dendritic and microbial silica framework. Silica framework forms thin, porous, microbe-rich films coating subaqueous surfaces. Spicules with intervening narrow crevices dominate in splash zones. Surge and overflow deposits include pool and channel rims, columns, and knobs. In thin section, subaerial sinter is composed of (i) dark brown, nearly opaque laminated sinter deposited on surfaces that evaporate to dryness; (ii) clear translucent silica deposited subaqueously through precipitation driven by supersaturation; (iii) heterogeneous silica representing silica-encrusted microbial filaments and detritus; and (iv) sinter debris. Brownish laminations form the framework of most sinter deposited in surge and overflow zones. Pits and cavities are common architectural features of subaerial sinter and show concave-upward pseudo-cross-laminations and micro-unconformities developed through migration. Marked birefringence of silica deposited on surfaces that evaporate to dryness is probably a strain effect. Repeated wetting and evaporation, often to dryness, and capillary effects control the deposition, morphology, and microstructure of most high-temperature sinter outside of the fully subaqueous zone. Microbial filaments are abundant on and within high-temperature sinter but do not provide the main controls on morphology or structuring except in biofilms developed on subaqueous surfaces. Millimetre-scale lamination cyclicity in much high-temperature sinter represents annual layering and regular seasonal fluctuations in silica sedimentation.
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DAN, ASIT, KAVITHA RANGANATHAN, CATALIN L. DUMITRESCU, and MATEI RIPEANU. "A LAYERED FRAMEWORK FOR CONNECTING CLIENT OBJECTIVES AND RESOURCE CAPABILITIES." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 15, no. 03 (September 2006): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843006001402.
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In large-scale, distributed systems such as Grids, an agreement between a client and a service provider specifies service level objectives both as expressions of client requirements and as provider assurances. From an application perspective, these objectives should be expressed in a high-level, service or application-specific manner rather than requiring clients to detail the necessary resources. Resource providers on the other hand, expect low-level, resource-specific performance criteria that are uniform across applications and can be easily interpreted and provisioned. This paper presents a framework for service management that addresses this gap between high-level specification of client performance objectives and existing resource management infrastructures. The paper identifies three levels of abstraction for resource requirements a service provider needs to manage, namely: detailed specification of raw resources, virtualization of heterogeneous resources as abstract resources, and performance objectives at an application level. The paper also identifies three key functions for managing service-level agreements, namely: translation of resource requirements across abstraction layers, arbitration in allocating resources to client requests, and aggregation and allocation of resources from multiple lower-level resource managers. One or more of these key functions may be present at each abstraction layer of a service-level manager. Thus, layering and the composition of these functions across abstraction layers enables modeling of a wide array of management scenarios. The framework we present uses service metadata and/or service performance models to map client requirements to resource capabilities, uses business value associated with objectives to arbitrate between competing requests, and allocates resources based on previously negotiated agreements. We instantiate this framework for three different scenarios and explain how the architectural principles we introduce are used in the real-word.
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Kajima, Makoto, Hiroshi Uchinuma, and Yuji Inoue. "Layering and partitioning of network architecture." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 75, no. 12 (1992): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.4410751201.
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Muller, Brook Weld. "Graphic Ecologies." Enquiry A Journal for Architectural Research 11, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v11i1.242.
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This essay describes strategic approaches to graphic representation associated with critical environmental engagement and that build from the idea of works of architecture as stitches in the ecological fabric of the city. It focuses on the building up of partial or fragmented graphics in order to describe inclusive, open-ended possibilities for making architecture that marry rich experience and responsive performance. An aphoristic approach to crafting drawings involves complex layering, conscious absence and the embracing of tension. A self-critical attitude toward the generation of imagery characterized by the notion of ‘loose precision’ may lead to more transformative and environmentally responsive architectures.
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Arnold, Paul, and Dirk von Hugo. "Future integrated communication network architectures enabling heterogeneous service provision." Advances in Radio Science 16 (September 4, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-59-2018.
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Abstract. This paper summarizes expectations and requirements towards future converged communication systems denoted by 5th Generation (5G). Multiple research and standardization activities globally contribute to the definition and specification of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to provide business customers and residential users with both, existing and future upcoming services which demand for higher data rates and granted performance figures in terms of QoS parameters, such as low latency and high reliability. Representative use case families are threefold and represented as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Internet of Things (mIoT), and Critical Communication, i.e. Ultra-Low Latency (ULL)/Ultra-High Reliability (UHR). To deploy and operate a dedicated network for each service or use case separately would raise the expenses and service costs to an unduly high amount. Instead provision of a commonly shared physical infrastructure offering resources for transport, processing, and storage of data to several separated logical networks (slices) individually managed and configured by potentially multiple service providers is the main concept of this new approach. Beside a multitude of other initiatives the EU-funded 5G NORMA project (5G Novel Radio Multiservice adaptive network Architecture) has developed an architecture which enables not only network programmability (configurability in software), but also network slicing and Multi Tenancy (allowing independent 3rd parties to offer an end-to-end service tailored according to their needs) in a mobile network. Major aspects dealt with here are the selectable support of mobility (on-demand) and service-aware QoE/QoS (Quality of Experience/Service) control. Specifically we will report on the outcome of the analysis of design criteria for Mobility Management schemes and the result of an exemplary application of the modular mobility function to scenarios with variable service requirements (e.g. high-terminal speed vs. on-demand mobility or portability of devices). An efficient sharing of scarce frequency resources in new radio systems demands for tight coordination of orchestration and assignment (scheduling) of resources for the different network slices as per capacity and priority (QoS) demand. Dynamicity aspects in changing algorithms and schemes to manage, configure, and optimize the resources at the radio base stations according to slice specific Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are investigated. It has been shown that architectural issues in terms of hierarchy (centralized vs. distributed) and layering, i.e. separation of control (signaling) and (user) data plane will play an essential role to increase the elasticity of network infrastructures which is in focus of applying SDN (Software Defined Networking) and NFV (Network Function Virtualization) to next generation communication systems. An outlook towards follow-on standardization and open research questions within different SDOs (Standards Defining Organizations) and recently started cooperative projects concludes the contribution.
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Djokić, Vladan, Aleksandra Milovanović, and Jelena Ristić Trajković. "The Textuality of the Modernist Rural Landscape: Belgrade Agricultural Combine (PKB) as a Driver of the Urban Development of Third Belgrade." Land 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110452.
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This paper considers the landscape as both a material and an ideological representation and starts from the assumption that spatial patterns arise as a result of the ideological imperative of the process that forms the landscape. The research takes on a historical-interpretative approach in the domain of architectural and urban studies, enabling in-depth qualitative exploration of the textuality and layering of the modernist rural landscape through a case study of the PKB Agricultural Combine as a driver of the urban development of Third Belgrade, the spatial framework of the left riverbank of the Danube in the administrative area of Belgrade. The research was conducted by chronologically interpreting primary sources, notably planning documents of different levels and scope, as well as studies, programs and development models for the urbanization of this territory. The research aims to decode the impact of socialist agrarian policy on the land-use in the wider metropolitan area of Belgrade, as well as the impact of the agricultural combine as a spatial, social, economic, environmental and political entity on the urban development process at different spatial levels. The research has identified four periods in the development of Third Belgrade: (1) Production of the Modernist Rural Landscape, (2) Establishment of the Self-Management Planning Framework, (3) Humanization of Environment, and (4) Post-socialist Transition and the Collapse of the Agricultural Combine. The paper demonstrates not only that environmental transformation cannot be separated from social transformation but also that they are in constant interaction and that their synergy has had a profound impact on the development of the PKB Agricultural Combine system in socialist conditions. The textuality of the modernist rural landscape confirms that an object-oriented approach is not enough to explore and interpret the landscape, but rather, we should look at the way it is socially produced through decoding the planning, institutional and policy frameworks determining the urban development of a territory.
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Nikolaidis, Ioanis. "Cross-layering: An issue of architecture? [Editor's Note]." IEEE Network 22, no. 2 (March 2008): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2008.4476063.
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Mishra, Nilamadhab, Chung-Chih Lin, and Hsien-Tsung Chang. "A Cognitive Adopted Framework for IoT Big-Data Management and Knowledge Discovery Prospective." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/718390.
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In future IoT big-data management and knowledge discovery for large scale industrial automation application, the importance of industrial internet is increasing day by day. Several diversified technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things), computational intelligence, machine type communication, big-data, and sensor technology can be incorporated together to improve the data management and knowledge discovery efficiency of large scale automation applications. So in this work, we need to propose a Cognitive Oriented IoT Big-data Framework (COIB-framework) along with implementation architecture, IoT big-data layering architecture, and data organization and knowledge exploration subsystem for effective data management and knowledge discovery that is well-suited with the large scale industrial automation applications. The discussion and analysis show that the proposed framework and architectures create a reasonable solution in implementing IoT big-data based smart industrial applications.
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Huang, Fei Jiang, Xiao Chun Lu, Jun Yang, Qing Xiao Shan, and Yong Bin Zhou. "Study on Aerospace Layering Time Synchronization Architecture and Time Synchronization Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 1614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.1614.
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The rapid development of various kinds of aerospace application systems requires the appropriate high-accuracy time and frequency standard. This problem can be effectively solved by establishing suitable time and frequency standard in aerospace. Based on the establishment of aerospace satellite visual model, the simulation of satellite visual time on 3-layer constellation structure, including GEO satellite, IGSO satellites and MEO satellites, has been conducted. The visual features of this constellation have been gained. Combining with the major influencing factors of satellite clock correction error, aerospace time synchronization architecture on the basis of layering has been proposed. The time synchronization algorithm in line with this architecture has been researched. The results show that aerospace time frequency standard established based on this layering time synchronization architecture can meet the demand on high-accuracy time frequency of future aerospace application systems.
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Chiang, Mung, Steven H. Low, A. Robert Calderbank, and John C. Doyle. "Layering as Optimization Decomposition: A Mathematical Theory of Network Architectures." Proceedings of the IEEE 95, no. 1 (January 2007): 255–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2006.887322.
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Balkish Roslan, Siti, and Amir Ariff. "Layering of History in Malaysian Modern Architecture through Analytical Diagramming." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 636 (October 15, 2019): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/636/1/012011.
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Siegert, Martin J. "On the origin, nature and uses of Antarctic ice-sheet radio-echo layering." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 23, no. 2 (June 1999): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300201.
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Airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) data display layering within the Antarctic ice sheet. At ice depths below 1000m these layers are caused by horizons of ice with relatively high acidity which were originally deposited on the ice surface after large volcanic events. Layering which is less than 1000 m from the ice surface can also be due to variation in ice density. Theoretically, therefore, internal RES layering below 1000 m should represent isochronous planes. This theory is upheld under examination of existing RES data where internal layers have been observed to follow the rules of superposition. For example, RES layers are deposited as discrete bands, fold and fault in a manner analogous to geological features, never cross over each other and, in an undisturbed deposit, have a depth-age relationship which means that the oldest layers are located at the lowest level. Moreover, the location of internal layering is independent of radiowave receiver altitude, the frequency of the radiowave does not affect layer depth, and the pulse width of the e/m wave does not affect identification of layers. Thus, RES reflects actual dielectric layering within the ice sheet. Glaciologists use RES layering for a number of reasons, including: (1) correlating ice cores; (2) as boundary conditions for numerical models to help determine the direction of ice flow; and (3) as a means of identifying the three-dimensional ice-sheet geometry and architecture.
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Jin, Xiao, Weifu Sun, Shenglian Luo, Liping Shao, Jian Zhang, Xubiao Luo, Taihuei Wei, Yuancheng Qin, Yinglin Song, and Qinghua Li. "Energy gradient architectured praseodymium chalcogenide quantum dot solar cells: towards unidirectionally funneling energy transfer." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 47 (2015): 23876–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06447c.
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By sequentially layering quantum dots, rainbow quadruple-stack junctions with energy gradient architecture are constructed. Efficient charge energy transfer occurs in the multilayer, thus leading to a significant enhancement in photovoltaic performances of quantum dot solar cells.
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Yan, Hui, and Pan Yu. "Research on Layering Model in the Service-Oriented Network Management Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (June 2012): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.452.
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With the development of the computer and communication technology,the traditional network management systems that look upon the network equipments as the management objects could not meet the needs of the service management.To set up a new network management system structure could be solve the network of effective management of business.Referencing the traditional models of network management,through the application layer to set up a new service-oriented distributed network management architecture,which combings network services and management services，is proposed to achieve data collection using active network technology.
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Goose, Stuart, and Jonathan Dale. "Layering an open hypermedia system above a distributed communication architecture (abstract)." ACM SIGWEB Newsletter 5, no. 2 (June 1996): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/231738.232593.
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Bevz, Mykola, Oleh Rybchynskyi, Serhii Hetmanchuk, and Viktor Melnyk. "SCIENTIFIC PRE-PROJECT STUDIES AND FORMATION OF THE CONSERVATION CONCEPTION FOR THE ASSEMBLY HALL IN THE MAIN BUILDING OF THE LVIV POLYTECHNIC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 4, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2022.02.008.
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The article highlights the results of the first round of conservation works to return the lost image of the assembly hall (meeting hall of the great senate) – the main building of the oldest building of the university. The purpose of the works is to create the methodology basis to restore the wall painting and sculpture decoration of the hall, to return it to its original authentic appearance from 1880-1884. The decoration of the hall was realized in 1884 by the artist and architect Ivan Dolynskyi, according to the idea of the first rector, architect Julian Zahariewicz. However, the original artistic decoration of the assembly hall was lost in the subsequent periods after the First World War. The walls of the hall and decorative plastic were covered with new paint layers of a nondecorative nature. The first test studies in 2015 showed the possibility of removing layers and opening the original wall painting decoration. They also testified to the need for conservation and restoration works of the authentic wall painting decoration, which in some places had cracks, local losses, and unsatisfactory technical conditions (flaking from plaster). Complex scientific architectural and conservation studies of the interior of the assembly hall were carried out, including the performance of all necessary types of research – from archival searches to soundings in paint coatings and stucco, and laboratory analyzes of materials. Research has revealed the nature of layering and the different states of preservation of the authentic painting layer in all parts of the hall, at different levels of the walls and decor. As a result of research, it was established the possibility of cleaning all walls, decorative stucco, and sculptures by mechanical means. Due to the large volume, it was recommended to divide the cleaning and conservation works into several stages. According to the concept of the discussed and approved project, the following were recommended as the main methods and stages of restoration works: – mechanical cleaning of the entire wall plane; removal of paint coatings to the layer of authentic marbling; also removing putty from cracks and gaps in the plaster; – delicate wiping of the wall surface with distilled water to remove surface contamination; – injection of deep cracks with liquid restorative putty mass; – “bringing” plaster in places of losses, falls and chips, followed by its alignment in the plane of the wall and its priming; – strengthening of the places of the base where there are losses, shedding of the wall painting by the method of its structural strengthening with the help of impregnation with a special priming solution; – restoration reproduction and toning of the wall painting (exclusively within the limits of losses); – after the completion of the reproduction of the wall painting-marbling (when the toning has completely dried), applying a restoration wax-resin mastic to the entire surface of the wall; giving a gloss after the mastic has completely dried; if necessary, mastic can be re-applied on new layers of wall painting. In the article, we reveal the main results of the research work, as well as highlight the key positions of the conservation task and the conceptual project of conservation, and recommendations for planning executive works. We also reveal the process of implementation of conservation works at their first stage - in 2015-2016. The works were carried out by the restoration group of the Department of Architecture and Conservation with the involvement of students.
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Shin, Seungyong, and Byungjoo Park. "Advanced Cross-Layering Algorithm for Mobility Management Architecture in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 10, no. 9 (October 31, 2015): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2015.10.9.34.
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Kozlovskaya, Veronika, Oleksandra Zavgorodnya, Yun Wang, John F. Ankner, and Eugenia Kharlampieva. "Tailoring Architecture of Nanothin Hydrogels: Effect of Layering on pH-Triggered Swelling." ACS Macro Letters 2, no. 3 (February 26, 2013): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mz300661f.
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Ediz, Özgür, and Michael J. Ostwald. "The Süleymaniye Mosque: a computational fractal analysis of visual complexity and layering in Sinan's masterwork." Architectural Research Quarterly 16, no. 2 (June 2012): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135512000474.
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Completed in the sixteenth century, the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul has long been regarded as one of the great works of Sinan, the Ottoman Empire's foremost architect. In recent years, as our understanding of Sinan's design strategies and sensitivities has improved, a number of influential scholars have argued that there is a singular formal layering pattern present in Sinan's elevations. With the advent of recent advances in computational analysis it is possible to quantify the degree of visual layering (the hierarchical relationship between form, ornamentation and materiality) present in Sinan's Süleymaniye Mosque and thereby provide evidence, either for or against, this proposition. Using an advanced version of the computational fractal analysis method, the paper investigates the four facades of the Süleymaniye Mosque, along with two facade details, to provide a mathematical description of the layering visible in this building. Through this process the paper provides, for the first time, quantifiable data supporting the theorised properties of this famous building. In doing so, the paper also offers a description of the most advanced demonstration of fractal analysis ever applied in architecture.
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Rwahwire, Samson, and Wilson Babu Musinguzi. "Impact Resistance and Shore Hardness of Barkcloth Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Interior Automotive Panels." Materials Science Forum 951 (April 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.951.9.
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The global impact of the consequences of climate change due to an increase in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions are visible. With the implementation of EU directives on waste and end of life disposal strategies, there has been a surge of activity driven by the European automotive industry to introduce Natural Fiber Composites as a substitute to synthetic composites, where appropriate. This paper therefore reports the impact and shore hardness of composites reinforced with a naturally occurring non-woven fabric barkcloth. The composites were produced using a layering architecture; the impact properties show that samples with layering sequence I and IV had the best sequence for the impact properties. The shore hardness of the composites was 72 which is presentable. This further confirms the potential of barkcloth reinforced composites for interior automotive panels.
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Rosette, Kylee A., Stephen M. Lander, Calvin VanOpstall, and Brendan D. Looyenga. "Three-dimensional coculture provides an improved in vitro model for papillary renal cell carcinoma." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 321, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): F33—F46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00141.2021.
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Two-dimensional monoculture of papillary renal cancer cells fails to replicate several features of the disease found in humans. We hypothesized that this discordance results from lack of trophic support from renal fibroblasts, which are involved in the architecture of human papillary renal tumors. We found that three-dimensional layering of renal cancer cells on top of a fibroblast core using magnetic bioprinting produces a structured spheroid that more faithfully mimics the behavior of human tumors.
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Keneth, Josua, and Doddy Yuono. "PENDEKATAN KONSEP BIOPHILIC DESIGN DALAM PERANCANGAN TEMPAT PUBLIK." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i2.12817.
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Many things have happened in our daily lives as humans who have a tendency to be depressed, stressed and this has a huge impact on humans themselves, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stress occurs due to stressors in our lives, stressors are conditions or situations that cause stress or things that make our brains release stress hormones / cortisol hormones. This hormone is very influential and can cause physiological changes such as insomnia, paleness, and fatigue, then changes in mood, character, behavior and emotions. To deal with this problem, architecture can answer with biophilics architecture, with layering and city grid methods, we can determine space requirements for socializing, rotation and circulation of building users, access, rotation, layering, shifting, and also leveling which provides space for exploration in it is to produce programmatic value, functionality and aesthetics for healing needs. This will create a continuity between the site and its surroundings and the users of the building itself so that a healthy, sustainable ecosystem occurs. Keywords : stress; stressor; healing; ecosystem; biophilic; for awhileAbstrakBanyak hal yang telah terjadi di dalam kehidupan sehari – hari kita sebagai seorang manusia yang memiliki kecenderungan untuk tertekan, stres dan hal ini memiliki dampak yang sangat besar kepada manusia itu sendiri terlebih di masa pandemi COVID–19. Stres tersebut terjadi akibat stresor yang ada di kehidupan kita, stresor adalah sesuatu kondisi atau situasi yang menyebabkan stres atau hal yang membuat otak kita mengluarkan hormon stres / hormon koritsol. Hormon ini sangat berpengaruh dan dapat menyebabkan perubahan secara fisiologis seperti susah tidur, pucat, dan kelelahan, lalu perubahan suasana hati, karakter, perilaku dna juga emosi. Untuk menghadapi permasalahan ini, arsitektur dapat menjawab dengan biofilik arsitektur, dengan metode layering dan city grid, kita dapat menentukan kebutuhan ruang untuk bersosialisasi, rotasi dan sirkulasi pengguna bangunan, akses, rotasi, pelapisan, pergesaran, dan juga leveling yang memberikan ruang untuk eksplorasi dalam hal tersebut untuk menghasilkan nilai program, fungsionalitas dan estetika untuk kebutuhan penyembuhan. Hal ini akan menciptakan suatu kesinambungan antara tapak dan sekitar serta pengguna bangunan itu sendiri sehingga terjadi suatu ekosistem sehat yang berkelanjutan.
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Passanti, Francesco. "The Vernacular, Modernism, and Le Corbusier." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 56, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991313.
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The modernist architecture of the 1920s, often referred to by the terms "machine aesthetic" and "International Style," has been seen as antithetical to the vernacular. Focusing on Le Corbusier, this essay argues that, to the contrary, the vernacular played an essential role in the construction of modernist architecture, as conceptual model for a notion of modern vernacular-one as naturally the issue of modern industrial society, and as representative of it, as the traditional vernacular of common parlance had been of earlier societies. Le Corbusier arrived at this notion by layering on each other several discourses concerning regionalism, folklore, and the more complex concept of Sachlichkeit (factualness), developed in Vienna and Germany at the turn of the century by such figures as Adolf Loos and Hermann Muthesius.
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Du, Huan, Zhi Liu, and Ran Shi. "Salient object segmentation based on depth-aware image layering." Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, no. 9 (October 13, 2018): 12125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6736-4.
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Chen, Yawen, Yu Liu, Ming Zeng, Umber Saleem, Zhaoming Lu, Xiangming Wen, Depeng Jin, Zhu Han, Tao Jiang, and Yong Li. "Reinforcement Learning Meets Wireless Networks: A Layering Perspective." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3025365.
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De Cleyn, P., and C. Blondia. "Impact of Cross-Layer Adaptations of Mobile IP on IEEE 802.11 Networks on Video Streaming." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaras.2010070104.
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The OSI network layer model provides a strictly separated stacked architecture to abstract the behavior of one layer from the other. Although this model has a lot of advantages, it also makes it easy to lose the bigger picture. In this paper, the authors describe the advantages that can be made by cross-layering the link layer and networking layer to optimize handovers. The performance gain of these cross-layer adaptations will be analyzed using a simulation scenario and compared to the results from a real-life video streaming test. The authors will show that the performance gain in network parameters cannot be directly mapped on the gain of the video quality.
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Huang, Feijiang, Xiaochun Lu, Guangcan Liu, Tao Han, Fang Cheng, and Feng Liu. "An Aerospace Layering Time Synchronization Architecture and Intersatellite Microwave Links Performance Analysis Based on 3-Layer Satellite Networks." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5, no. 7 (March 11, 2013): 2399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.5.4671.
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Hitsuma, Gaku, Takeshi Morisawa, and Tsutomu Yagihashi. "Orthotropic lateral branches contribute to shade tolerance and survival ofThujopsis dolabratavar.hondaisaplings by altering crown architecture and promoting layering." Botany 93, no. 6 (June 2015): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0237.
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Açıcı, Funda Kurak, and Şebnem Ertaş. "Tourism Initiated Changes on the Sustainability of Historical Texture: Yeni Cuma Mosque Trabzon." Open House International 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2018-b0012.
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Since the first periods of humanity, the reflections of emerging cultures have created the living texture and architecture. The continuing accumulations from older periods transfer a history by layering at certain environments. While these environments which appear as the evidence of development and advancement present the artifacts of previous generations; they create a common language by creating a link between past, today and present. The necessity for protection and transfer of architecture which is the physical reflection of this accumulation, history and culture continuing through ages to the future generations is a clear fact. Preventing the disappearance of historical buildings which show the difference of a geography, country or city from others and create its identity is an important issue for sustainable architecture. When sustainability unites with history and tourism, it can achieve the protection, development and transfer of natural and cultural resources from one generation to the other. For this reason, in the scope of this study, Camii Cedid/St Eugenios Church (Yeni Cuma Mosque) transformed into a mosque after the conquest of the city of Trabzon, which has an important historical texture within its geography, will be examined in terms of the sustainable development it created in the region and the changes it went through
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Lu, Peng, Xiao Cong, and Dongdai Zhou. "E-learning-Oriented Software Architecture Design and Case Study." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 10, no. 4 (September 22, 2015): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v10i4.4698.
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Nowadays, E-learning system has been widely applied to practical teaching. It was favored by people for its characterized course arrangement and flexible learning schedule. However, the system does have some problems in the process of application such as the functions of single software are not diversified enough to satisfy the requirements in teaching completely. In order to cater more applications in the teaching process, it is necessary to integrate functions from different systems. But the difference in developing techniques and the inflexibility in design makes it difficult to implement. The major reason of these problems is the lack of fine software architecture. In this article, we build domain model and component model of E-learning system and components integration method on the basis of WebService. And we proposed an abstract framework of E-learning which could express the semantic relationship among components and realize high level reusable on the basis of informationized teaching mode. On this foundation, we form an E-learning oriented layering software architecture contain component library layer, application framework layer and application layer. Moreover, the system contains layer division multiplexing and was not built upon developing language and tools. Under the help of the software architecture, we could build characterized E-learning system flexibly like building blocks through framework selection, component assembling and replacement. In addition, we exemplify how to build concrete E-learning system on the basis of this software architecture.
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Lantz, Trevor C., and Joseph A. Antos. "Clonal expansion in the deciduous understory shrub, devil's club (Oplopanax horridus; Araliaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1052–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-095.
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To examine clonal growth and the ability of devil's club (Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Torr. & A. Gray ex Miq.) to persist throughout stages of forest succession, we sampled populations in three classes of stand development: clearcuts (110 years old), young stands (1150 years old), and maturing stands (51200+ years old). We completely excavated and mapped all clonal fragments (systems of ramets connected by decumbent stems) in a plot at each site and determined ramet and clonal fragment age using annual growth rings on stem cross sections. Clonal fragment density and size, ramet density and age, decumbent stem length, annual stem elongation, annual ramet recruitment, lateral meristem formation, and the number of persistent dead ramets were significantly (P < 0.05) related to stand development class. Clonal fragments in clearcut stands were large, predating the year of stand establishment, with many dead, old ramets, but many young stems. Ramet recruitment and lateral meristem formation were highest in clearcut stands, which contributed to replacement of older ramets lost to the disturbance. Clonal fragments in young stands were few and small, consisting of a few ramets and short decumbent stems. In maturing stands, clonal fragments were numerous but consisted of few ramets with extensive decumbent stem connections. No devil's club seedlings were observed in any of the stands sampled. Devil's club populations are maintained by prolific basal stem sprouting following disturbance and continual layering and clonal fragmentation throughout stand development.Key words: age structure, clonal architecture, clonal shrubs, demography, layering, population dynamics.