Academic literature on the topic 'Architectural Layering'

L_FMFRP is an architectural fiber composite surface element with an airy internal structure and variable section. This architectured material is the product of an alternative design and fabrication process that integrates fabric materiality, suggesting moldless shaping of the material through pleating and layering. Initial study of the mechanical properties of the element showed a structural behavior that would satisfy the requirement for schematic architectural cladding configurations, indicating a unique hysteretic behavior of the material. This paper further investigates the hysteretic capacities of L-FMFRP, examining the behavior under repeated loading and the effect of its internal material architecture. Parallels to entangled materials are suggested for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon, and the potential future application as an energy-absorbent material for façade cladding is outlined.

The present study intends to discuss reflexive design thinking in architecture with respect to the interactions between three main dimensions and with the aim to disclose the interrogative considerations in architecture; the identical features, in various actions and contexts. The main objective is to uncover new connections and new potentials that are equally essential in architectural thinking, the inquiry through theory construction and the connection to practice, as well as the basic attitude of initiating thinking on iterative possibilities.Within this scope, the present study develops a reflexive design approach in architecture, by layering the theoretical and practical dimensions, taking creative generation and transformation into consideration. Accordingly, the whole structure of the value systems is accepted as reflexive architectural thinking that is formed by three dimensions: Architect, Action, Artifact. These contents, accepted as the main subjects of research approach, are each evaluated in the light of knowledge systems and conditions. The present study utilizes this research perspective in order to analyze and discuss the basic dimensions of design thinking in a reflexive way, through presenting a discourse on its meanings, context and contents. Therefore, the present study an attempt in architectural design-based research to develop a reflexive methodology for re-interpreting and re-formulating the relation between theory and practice.

Hydrogels are homogenous materials that are limited in their ability to form oriented multilayered architecture in three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs. Current techniques have led to advancements in this area. Such techniques often require extra devices and/or involve complex processes that are inaccessible to many laboratories. Here is described a one-step methodology that permits reliable alignment of cells into multiple layers using a self-assembling multidomain peptide (MDP) hydrogels. We characterized the structural features, viability, and molecular properties of dental pulp cells fabricated with MDP and demonstrated that manipulation of the layering of cells in the scaffolds was achieved by decreasing the weight by volume percentage (w/v%) of MDP contained within the scaffold. This approach allows cells to remodel their environment and enhanced various gene expression profiles, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling-related genes. We further validated our approach for constructing various architectural configurations of tissues by fabricating cells into stratified multilayered and tubular structures. Our methodology provides a simple, rapid way to generate 3D tissue constructs with multilayered architectures. This method shows great potential to mimic in vivo microenvironments for cells and may be of benefit in modeling more complex tissues in the field of regenerative medicine.

Genetically determined rules underlying black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) morphological development were revealed by using tree architecture analysis. Black spruce develops according to Rauh's model. Its relatively simple and well-hierarchized architecture comprises four categories of axes (A1-A4) and three distinct branching levels. First- and second-order axes (the trunk and branches) are monopodial, orthotropic structures with rhythmic growth and branching, and an unlimited life-span (or only limited by tree longevity). They are mainly devoted to spatial exploration and occupation. Axes A3 and A4 are monopodial, plagiotropic structures with a limited life-span, which are devoted to assimilation and reproduction. Female cones develop in terminal position on A3, whereas male reproductive structures develop in terminal or lateral position on A4. Reiteration (or duplication of axes) capacity is an important feature of the architecture of black spruce. Adaptive reiteration processes allow trees to renew their foliage and to reproduce vegetatively through layering. Traumatic reiteration processes tend to restore the tree's original architecture by replacing injured axes or parts of axes. In both cases, replicas originate from dormant buds located at the bottom of growth units (deferred or proleptic reiteration) or from growing axes (immediate or sylleptic reiteration).Key words: black spruce, growth form, tree architecture, architectural model, reiteration processes.

Harnessing, distributing, tempering and supplying water, heat and power in a building produces its share of design, technical and coordination issues. Specifically, the relationship between hygiene and cooking functions and architecture has been underscored by even the most ancient civilizations as these services give a building its potential to serve and showcase architecture’s hospitality. The relationship between services and architectural space has long challenged designers and manufacturers to streamline their piecing together. Throughout construction history and modern architecture in particular the wet service core or utility core sought to organize an efficient way of zoning services, their production and construction integration; The utility core epitomized this rationalization within a self-contained engine-like device positioned to serve the entire dwelling. This paper proposes an extensive review of literature and practical exploration in order to detect new potentials for designing integrated, technology-driven, flexible and adaptable prefabricated utility cores for today’s industry. The core was intended as a hub accommodating mechanical and technological equipment; electrical services, plumbing fixtures, water supply, drain, waste, vent piping, telephone cables, and easy connections to site infrastructure. Today’s techniques and building information modeling allows the core to be redefined in relation to multiple scales and various organizational possibilities with regard to space/function connections. Further an adaptable core articulated to the «open building» theoretical framework of layering systems to avoid entanglement and to maximize durability, can be part of a comprehensive strategy to enable customization. The vast amount of literature and precedents contribute to a robust historic narrative of two distinct approaches of architectural rhetoric and industrial production. This paper will endeavor to illustrate this narrative and evaluate the potentials for achieving broader application.

Cartographic sources - maps, plans, diagrams, and drawings are deservedly the starting point in historical, socio-economic, ethnographic, architectural and urban planning, studies. However, there is no general understanding of the qualitative composition of this voluminous block of information. Moreover, there is no unified approach to the interpretation of historical cartography. The article presents the technique of "layering and analysis of multi-temporal projections of planning structures". This allows to get a classification of historical plans, highlighting fixing, design and directive plans. According to the presented methodology, the existing planning structure of the studied settlement is easily accessible in the form of digitized satellite images and is the basis for graphical analysis of the historical plan. Each of the studied cartographic sources, whether it is a plan or an explanatory note, is considered in the context of the continuous process of architectural and planning development of the settlement and the state. The presented methodology is successfully tested as part of the work on the project of the boundaries of the territory and the subject of protection of the historical settlement of federal significance "Tomsk City".

AbstractStructural organization of the plant cell wall is a key parameter for understanding anisotropic plant growth and mechanical behavior. Four imaging platforms were used to investigate the cell wall architecture ofMiscanthus sinensiscv. internode tissue. Using transmission electron microscopy with potassium permanganate, we found a great degree of inhomogeneity in the layering structure (4–9 layers) of the sclerenchymatic fiber (Sf). However, the xylem vessel showed a single layer. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that the cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) deposited in the primary wall of the protoxylem vessel (Pxv) were disordered, while the secondary wall was composed of Mfs oriented in parallel in the cross and longitudinal section. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy images indicated no variation in the Mf orientation of Pxv and the Mfs in Pxv were oriented more perpendicular to the cell axis than that of Sfs. Based on the integrated results, we have proposed an architectural model of Pxv composed of two layers: an outermost primary wall composed of a meshwork of Mfs and inner secondary wall containing parallel Mfs. This proposed model will support future ultrastructural analysis of plant cell walls in heterogeneous tissues, an area of increasing scientific interest particularly for liquid biofuel processing.

This study proposes a layered architecture of a transshipment model for small and medium enterprises (SME) that supports road freight logistics using rice farmers in Thailand as a case study. The rationale is three folds. First, road freight logistics transportation usually does not apply to SME. Second, existing supply chain logistics models are not appealing to SME in that SME do not have abundant resources to exploit the fullest extent of redeeming features of the models. Third, road freight logistics and transshipment are often incorporated as an integral service operation of a distribution centre to transport goods items from source to destination, which most SME cannot afford the entire service charge. The notion of layering is to make each layer transparent to one another, covering specific transshipment activities that do not overlap with adjacent layers yet keep their operating characteristics closely related. The case study of Thai rice farmers can thus operate and adjust to fit their working scenarios. Contributions of the proposed model are flexible and resilient operations that SME can benefit at less investment but more options to fall back on. Future work should emphasise on transshipment routing research and integration of the proposed model into distribution centre operations management.

This thesis suggests the concept of layering as a &ldquo
generative&rdquo
operation in architectural design process. To understand generation of architectural forms and trace their transformations in this process, this study proposes layering as an integrative and intellectual operation embracing analysis, design and representation phases of architecture. In order to do that, the operation of layering is discussed under three titles: Layering as an analytical tool, as a design tool and as a representational tool. This means that, &ldquo
layering&rdquo
can operate to understand complex forms (to analyze), to generate space (to design), and to communicate in design process (to represent). In this context, for a deeper inquiry into the operation of layering, House II designed by Peter Eisenman is analyzed. The complex and layered form of House II addresses an extensive formal analysis that attempts to reveal the formations and transformations of layers constituting the building. Considering the building as a formal system, &ldquo
layers&rdquo
are defined as the fragments of the whole, and &ldquo
layering&rdquo
is conceptualized as the main operation that organizes relationships between these fragments. These analyses reveal the multi-layered formation of House II. Creating an architectural system, the operation of layering has the capacity to organize varied architectural elements by defining relationships in-between them.

projects start with a goal, an end to be realized. this project provided a platform to explore architecture. drawings, models, text and printmaking were used to this end. a project is found through the assembly of these pieces. these pages contain no finite conclusion on architecture. rather they illuminate the path I choose travel. where will my ideas take me from here?
Master of Architecture

This dissertation developed from an interest around sustainability and the current housing crisis within the inner-city of Cape Town. The evolution of the city has played a role in developing a layered but fragmented space that lacks a favourable density. New housing developments within the city are developer-led and market driven schemes that more often than not do not consider the rich urban and social contexts provided by the city. These schemes remove vast portions of rich urban fabric to profit from maximising bulk. While these developments do indeed add density, they lack diversity and equity. This dissertation challenges the contradiction of the positive addition of density and the negative impact of inequitable and unsustainable architecture. From a sustainable point of view the idea of continued reuse and transformation of vacant existing buildings is explored. Many existing buildings within the inner-city are not fit for their intended purpose and seen as impediments that generate unsafe spaces. These buildings have become targets for inequitable developer-led schemes as they are located on prime positioned land. This dissertation explores layering the existing by providing different layers of public and private function. The sustainability of retaining an existing building is interrogated through the lens of the value of its structure. Essentially, there is an immense amount of building stock that is underutilised and underdeveloped within the inner-city that may provide an opportunity to layer the urban fabric. This dissertation endeavours to explore a new typology that embraces density for an inclusive city through sustainable practices. The ideas of reuse, density of the city and expanding its capacity in a sensitive manner and adding to the character and rich existing urban fabric of the city are pertinent to the dissertation design. Realistic ideals such as bulk and parking as well as idealistic ideas such as how to create an equitable building in a market driven era, and everything in between, will be explored.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Wardi, Yorai, Committee Member ; Abler, Randy, Committee Member ; Copeland, John, Committee Member ; Owen, Henry, Committee Chair ; Ahamad, Mustaque, Committee Member.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-83).
The discourse of architecture has been greatly affected by the revolutionary ideologies introduced by the rise of Cubism earlier in this century. Cubism had an impact on all the arts; there was a particular affinity between the ideas of construction in Cubism and those of architecture resulting in a closer relationship between art and architecture in this century than in preceding centuries. Three of the four architects discussed in this thesis have had explicit interest in the visual arts; Le Corbusier himself was an established artist. Examining this twentieth century phenomenon has been the task of this thesis, and in particular the concept of layering found in Cubist works and its influence in the formation of new devices of spatial expression. Devices, such as fragmentation, motion and multiple interpretations found in Cubist layering were incentives for architects to investigate the application of the concepts in architecture. I suggest that the fusion of the concept of layering with that of space resulted in a new concept, "spatial layering". Some architectural examples dating after the period following the first war are examined for evidence of these influences, and relationships between them are discussed. Finally, conclusions are proposed regarding the characteristics of the concept of spatial layering as a continuing paradigm of space in architecture.
Basel Kotob.
M.S.

Due to considerations for sustainable development and urban sprawl we have to address the growing concern of abandoned buildings and cities. Underutilised buildings and urban spaces are the development sites of the future. This dissertation investigates the problems of underutilised buildings and cities, and by doing so aims to contribute to a good urban environment, “the good city” according to Stern (2003: 21). As a further challenge, many of these underutilised buildings were designed with abrupt thresholds and inward orientation, instantly divorcing them from the public domain. Therefore not only is the re-use of an existing building explored, but is the extension of the public realm into the building also investigated. The project addresses this extension of the public realm through layering as a tool and a design generator. The layered tectonic is applied through spatial, componential, material and transitional layering. The building chosen for the dissertation is the old Pretoria Central Fire Station. The new proposed programme is a Centre for Architecture. Site information: Programme: Centre for Architecture: includes exhibition space, auditorium, conference facilities, offices, library, archives, bookshop and restaurant. Site description: Old Pretoria Central Fire Station, 1912 Client: Client body consisting of SACAP and voluntary associations within the architecture profession Users: Professionals and students in the Built Environment industry, tourists and the general public Site Location: Erven 913 + 914 Address: 449 Bosman Street, c/o Minnaar Street, Pretoria CBD, South Africa Between African Window and City Hall GPS coordinates: 25°45’12.99”S, 28°11’8.61”E
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted

what follows is a relatively concise attempt at designing a place that would contain spaces of quietude, solitude and interaction through architectural qualities such as light and shadow, mass and void along with materials and layering. enjoyable and relaxing spaces that would last in one's memory. Hoping that these qualities would engrave a beautiful mark on one's soul even when they are no longer at that place. a complex of thermal baths in the city of isfahan, iran, a city rich in culture, made this exploration of mine pursuable and possible.
Master of Architecture

[EN] Exhibitions are a cornerstone of Alison and Peter Smithsons' multifaceted approach to their work. A powerful medium for conveying and materialising their ideas which provided them, throughout their career, with the opportunity to freely create experimental constructions to relay their thoughts. The exhibitions they staged in the 1950s and 60s, such as 'Parallel of Life and Art', 'House of the Future', and 'Patio & Pavilion' were, and still are, at least as important to architectural critics as their few built works or many writings. However, from the 1970s onwards little is known about their prolific work in the realm of exhibitions. In his lecture 'The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real' in 1980, Peter Smithson mentioned the importance of exhibitions in shaping the Smithsons' architecture as places of opportunity in which to experiment with reality. This comment makes it logical to think that if the exhibitions held before then had always been a powerful tool - a tool used, furthermore, by the Smithsons to create some of their most intense productions - then those staged after said lecture, which acknowledged and highlighted this aspect of their work might, despite being little known, be at least as intense as the previous exhibitions with greater media visibility. This idea, together with the expectations raised by the 'Christmas-Hogmanay' exhibition - not only because it was staged whilst said lecture was being drafted but also because of the ideas that sprang from the analysis of a related collage mentioned in the prelude to this doctoral thesis - channelled the research towards this final period of the Smithsons' exhibition architecture. The research herein focuses specifically on two groups of exhibitions that stand out amongst the Smithsons' wide range of documented exhibitions on account of their inherent intellectual cohesion enabling the concepts staged by Alison and Peter Smithson to be seen more clearly. This doctoral thesis consists of four chapters. It begins with an introductory chapter which firstly analyses and contextualises architecture in the shape of exhibitions; then outlines the importance of exhibitions in Alison and Peter Smithson's work; and finally puts the specific period under study into context in terms of both their career and the discourse of architecture in general. The two main chapters in this thesis are entitled 'Christmas Exhibitions' and 'Tecta Exhibitions', each organised in a similar fashion: a short introduction to the group of exhibitions followed by an in-depth analysis of each exhibition in the group based mainly on the unpublished documentation to which the author had access in the three main archives devoted to Alison and Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive in the Special Collections Department of the Frances Loeb Library at Harvard Design School (USA); the Alison and Peter Smithson Archive / Tecta Archive at Lauenförde (Germany); and the Smithson Family Archive in Stamford (United Kingdom). Finally, each chapter ends with an essay which analyses and links up the different concepts conveyed by each individual exhibition and the exhibitions in the group as a whole. The last chapter is a short epilogue that gathers up all the concepts set out previously in relation to the Christmas and Tecta exhibitions, and shows how they all tie in together in the Smithsons' most experimental work: the Hexenhaus at Bad Karlshafen.
[ES] Dentro del enfoque polifácetico del trabajo de Alison and Peter Smithson, las exposiciones son pieza fundamental. Un medio poderoso para comunicar y materializar sus ideas que les brindó a lo largo de toda su trayectoria la oportunidad de abordar con libertad la construcción experimental de su pensamiento. Sus propuestas expositivas de la década de los cincuenta y sesenta, como Parallel of Life and Art, House of the Future, o Patio & Pavilion, han sido y son tanto o más relevantes para la crítica arquitectónica como sus escasas obras construidas o sus abundantes escritos. Sin embargo, a partir de la década de los setenta, poco se conoce de su prolífica producción expositiva. Peter Smithson en la conferencia "The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real" en 1980 expresaba el importante significado que tenían las exposiciones para la conformación de su arquitectura como lugares de oportunidad para experimentar con la realidad. A partir de esta reflexión, parece lógico pensar que si hasta ese momento dichas instalaciones siempre fueron una herramienta con la que los Smithson han ofrecido algunos de sus momentos más intensos, las realizadas a partir de ese momento de reconocimiento consciente y puesta en valor de esta faceta de su trabajo, pese a su poca difusión, podrían entrañar una intensidad al menos similar a las que ya han destacado hasta el momento en los medios. Esta consideración, unida a las expectativas generadas en torno a la exposición Christmas-Hogmanay, tanto por ser simultánea a la elaboración de dicha conferencia, como por las ideas que se desprenden del análisis de un collage vinculado a la misma que aparece como preludio de esta tesis doctoral, ha dirigido la investigación hacia este último periodo de su arquitectura expositiva. En concreto, el estudio se centra en dos grupos que, dentro del amplio abanico de montajes expositivos realizados, destacan por poseer una cohesión intelectual propia que permitirá descubrir con mayor claridad las reflexiones que Alison y Peter Smithson ponen en escena. La tesis doctoral se estructura en cuatro grandes apartados. Arranca con un capítulo de introducción dedicado a enmarcar el tema de estudio en el que primero se analiza y contextualiza la arquitectura hecha exposición; después, se presenta la relevancia que tiene la obra expositiva en el trabajo de Alison y Peter Smithson; y finalmente se contextualiza el periodo concreto en el que se centra el estudio atendiendo tanto a su propia trayectoria como al discurso arquitectónico general. Los dos grandes apartados de la disertación son las exposiciones de Navidad y las realizadas junto a TECTA, estructurándose ambos de manera similar. Tras una breve introducción al grupo de exposiciones que se va a analizar, aparecen ampliamente documentadas cada una de las exposiciones que conforma el grupo a partir, principalmente, de la documentación inédita a la que se ha tenido acceso en los tres principales archivos dedicados a Alison and Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive en el Special Collections Department de la Frances Loeb Library de la Harvard Design School (Estados Unidos); The Alison and Peter Smithson Archiv / TECTA Archiv en Lauenförde (Alemania); y The Smithson Family Archive en Stamford (Inglaterra). Finalmente, cada capítulo se cierra con un ensayo en el que se analizan y relacionan las diferentes reflexiones que las exposiciones ofrecen, de manera individual y en su conjunto. El último capítulo es un breve epílogo que reúne y entrelaza todo lo anteriormente expuesto, a través de las exposiciones de Navidad y TECTA, en su obra más experimental, la Hexenhaus en Bad Karlshafen.
[CAT] Dins de l'enfocament polifacètic del treball d'Alison i Peter Smithson, les exposicions en són una peça fonamental. Un mitjà poderós per a comunicar i materialitzar les idees que, al llarg de tota la seua trajectòria, els van brindar l'oportunitat d'abordar amb llibertat la construcció experimental del seu pensament. Les seues propostes expositives de la dècada dels cinquanta i seixanta, com ara Parallel of Life and Art, House of the Future, o Patio & Pavilion, han sigut i són tant o més rellevants per a la crítica arquitectònica com les seues escasses obres construïdes o els seus abundants escrits. No obstant això, a partir de la dècada dels setanta, poc es coneix de la seua prolífica producció expositiva. Peter Smithson, en la conferència "The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real" al 1980, expressava l'important significat que tenien les exposicions per a la conformació de la seua arquitectura com a llocs d'oportunitat per a experimentar amb la realitat. A partir d'aquesta reflexió, sembla lògic pensar que, si fins a eixe moment les dites instal·lacions sempre van ser una eina amb la qual els Smithson han ofert alguns dels seus moments més intensos, les que van realitzar a partir d'aquest moment de reconeixement conscient i posada en valor d'aquesta faceta del seu treball, tot i la poca difusió, podrien contenir una intensitat com a mínim similar a la d'aquelles que ja han destacat fins al moment en els mitjans. Aquesta consideració, unida a les expectatives generades entorn a l'exposició Christmas-Hogmanay, tant per ser simultània a l'elaboració de la dita conferència, com per les idees que es desprenen de l'anàlisi d'un collage vinculat a la mateixa que apareix com a preludi d'aquesta tesi doctoral, ha dirigit la investigació cap a aquest últim període de la seua arquitectura expositiva. En concret, l'estudi se centra en dos grups que, dins de l'ampli ventall de muntatges expositius realitzats, destaquen per posseir una cohesió intel·lectual pròpia que permetrà descobrir amb una major claredat les reflexions que Alison i Peter Smithson posen en escena. La tesi doctoral s'estructura en quatre grans capítols. Arrenca amb un apartat d'introducció dedicat a emmarcar el tema d'estudi, en què primer s'analitza i contextualitza l'arquitectura feta exposició; després, es presenta la rellevància que té l'obra expositiva en el treball d'Alison i Peter Smithson; i finalment es contextualitza el període concret en què se centra l'estudi, atenent tant a la seua pròpia trajectòria com al discurs arquitectònic general. Els dos grans capítols de la dissertació són les exposicions de Nadal i les realitzades junt amb TECTA, i s'estructuren tots dos de manera similar. Després d'una breu introducció al grup d'exposicions que s'analitzarà, apareixen amplament documentades cadascuna de les exposicions que conforma el grup, a partir principalment de la documentació inèdita a la qual s'ha tingut accés en els tres principals arxius dedicats a Alison i Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive a l'Special Collections Department de la Frances Loeb Library de la Harvard Design School (Estats Units d'Amèrica); The Alison and Peter Smithson Archiv / TECTA Archiv a Lauenförde (Alemanya); i The Smithson Family Archive a Stamford (Anglaterra). Finalment, cada capítol es tanca amb un assaig en què s'analitzen i relacionen les diferents reflexions que les exposicions ofereixen, de manera individual i en conjunt. L'últim capítol és un breu epíleg que reuneix i entrellaça tot allò exposat anteriorment, a través de les exposicions de Nadal i TECTA, en la seua obra més experimental, la Hexenhausen Bad Karlshafen.
Ábalos Ramos, A. (2016). ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON: THE TRANSIENT AND THE PERMANENT [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62223
TESIS

This chapter uses the Filipino Community Center as the primary analytical site to suggest that through the physical building itself, Filipinos discursively construct identity territorializations that map out a collective sense of place and a sense of self along political economic and ideological coordinates. The Filipino Community Center represents overlapping architectures, a type of historical and political economic layering whereby the contemporary late capitalist, transnational world anchored to a multiculturalist ideology is built on top of the industrial plantation-based agri-capitalist system dependent on the racialization of its workers, which itself is constructed on top of an indigenous, communal land rights-based mode of production. In other words, the Filipino Community Center depends on the so-called “sakada story,” a narrative of development that positions indigeneity (represented as the Hawaiian past), racialization (depicted as the exploitation of Asian and Hawaiian labor during the plantation era), and multiculturalism (portrayed as the contemporary period of liberal inclusion in which the various racial and ethnic groups share power) in a linear historical progression that corresponds with changes in Hawaiʻi's political economy and modes of production. In this way, the completion of the Filipino Community Center embodies a settler Filipino developmental narrative in which Waipahu (and by extension, Hawaiʻi) is constructed and claimed as a Filipino “home”.

This chapter focuses on the veranda in Rhys’s writing as an architectural space that opens onto multiple stories, its material history embedded within five centuries of imperial conquest and conflict, the slave trade, the Middle Passage, the plantation, and the plantation’s legacies in city spaces of early 20^th-century Europe. As a creolized architectural form, the veranda speaks also to global circuits stretching from its origins in West Africa and India through Europe and the Americas, with the Caribbean as a central point of transit. I analyse the veranda in Rhys’s writing – including several of the short stories and the novels Wide Sargasso Sea, Voyage in the Dark, and Good Morning, Midnight – as framing key characters, conflicts, and events within the transcontinental reach of this deep history. The layering of time and space, as built into the veranda, situates also the experimental prose of Rhys’s Caribbean modernism.

The layering principle has been long identified as a way to increase the interoperability and to improve the design of telecommunication protocols, where each layer offers services to adjacent upper layers and requires functionalities from adjacent lower ones. In the past, layering has enabled fast development of interoperable systems, but at the same time limited the performance of the overall architecture, due to the lack of coordination among layers. This issue is particularly relevant for wireless networks, where the very physical nature of the transmission medium introduces several performance limitations for protocols designed for wired networks. To overcome these limitations, a modification of the layering paradigm has been proposed, namely, cross-layer design, or “cross-layering.” Several cross-layering approaches have been proposed in the literature so far. Nevertheless, little formal characterization of the cross-layer interaction among different levels of the protocol stack is available yet. A clear need exists for identifying approaches able to analyze and provide quantitative guidelines for the design of cross-layer solutions, and, more importantly, to decide, in each case, whether cross-layering represents an effective solution or not. This chapter provides a detailed survey of the state-of-the-art and future directions in the usage of formal methods for cross-layer modeling and optimization of wireless networks. The text starts by detailing the principles of layered (ISO/OSI and TCP/IP) protocol stacks as well as the cross-layer paradigm. An overview of the architectures of existing and perspective wireless networks is presented along with an analysis of the potential limitations deriving from the layering approach and detailed description of possible optimization solutions enabled by cross-layer design. Subsequent sections are devoted to the issues of modeling and optimization of wireless networks. The remaining sections cover performance optimization as well as architecture optimization (specifically in terms of signaling). The chapter ends with a summary and outlines about future directions of research on the topic.

The layering principle has been long identified as a way to increase the interoperability and to improve the design of telecommunication protocols, where each layer offers services to adjacent upper layers and requires functionalities from adjacent lower ones. In the past, layering has enabled fast development of interoperable systems, but at the same time limited the performance of the overall architecture, due to the lack of coordination among layers. This issue is particularly relevant for wireless networks, where the very physical nature of the transmission medium introduces several performance limitations for protocols designed for wired networks. To overcome these limitations, a modification of the layering paradigm has been proposed, namely, cross-layer design, or “cross-layering.” Several cross-layering approaches have been proposed in the literature so far. Nevertheless, little formal characterization of the cross-layer interaction among different levels of the protocol stack is available yet. A clear need exists for identifying approaches able to analyze and provide quantitative guidelines for the design of cross-layer solutions, and, more importantly, to decide, in each case, whether cross-layering represents an effective solution or not. This chapter provides a detailed survey of the state-of-the-art and future directions in the usage of formal methods for cross-layer modeling and optimization of wireless networks. The text starts by detailing the principles of layered (ISO/OSI and TCP/IP) protocol stacks as well as the cross-layer paradigm. An overview of the architectures of existing and perspective wireless networks is presented along with an analysis of the potential limitations deriving from the layering approach and detailed description of possible optimization solutions enabled by cross-layer design. Subsequent sections are devoted to the issues of modeling and optimization of wireless networks. The remaining sections cover performance optimization as well as architecture optimization (specifically in terms of signaling). The chapter ends with a summary and outlines about future directions of research on the topic.

This chapter presents a new theoretical framework for understanding the development of Asia’s regional architecture. Drawing on historical institutionalism, the chapter discusses how endogenous processes of change, as well as mechanisms of continuity, have produced a layering of bilateral, trilateral, mini-lateral, and multilateral institutions in Asia. The chapter also discusses the limitations of theories of rational institutional design, and the role ideas and institutions play in shaping actors’ choices.

Routing uses a unique identifier of each participating node in the network to forward the information between two nodes. Traditionally, routing takes place at the network layer of a standard network layering architecture where it takes into account the local or the global network information, albeit, the local information uses a local-scope unique identifier. One of the prime objectives of any routing strategy at the network layer is to forward data from one end to another; however, the same objective can also be achieved at the data link layer by using the hardware address of each node as a unique identifier. This chapter discusses the key questions. (i.e., Why traditional routing is called IP-based routing? What if we reorient the traditional concept of routing on the data link layer? What are the positive and negative impact, to carry out routing at IP—or data link—layer?) This study may be helpful for researchers to understand the concept of IP-based routing and path selection at link layer regardless of the standard layering architecture and the type of IP address.

There is increasing pressure on urban landscapes surrounding Islamic pilgrimage sites to accommodate growing numbers of pilgrims. Recent developments have responded to this issue with comprehensive clearance of historic urban landscapes, constructing grand open spaces and dislocating local residents. The traditional expansion of Islamic pilgrimage sites was characterised by a layering of interconnected structures with continuous functions that merged gradually over time into the surrounding landscape. The rift between the traditional urban growth and the recent expansion approach across the Muslim world is inconsistent with international developments that seek to incorporate sustainable development into urban heritage conservation. To achieve sustainability, developments should meet intergenerational equity and protect the interests of stakeholders including the community. Literature has established two operational characteristics for sustainable development that helps gauging the extent to which it is integrated into practice: Stakeholder participation and strategic planning. Participatory processes create shared visons among stakeholders and facilitate long-term directions. However, in non-Western contexts where decision-making power and financial control reside in the central state, participation is either considered a threat to the state or its potential benefit is unrecognised. This paper argues where conservation objectives are determined by experts in isolation from the community’s interests, the plans fail to be achieved. This will be demonstrated by undertaking a comparative analysis of conservation proposals prepared by international heritage experts for Islamic pilgrimage sites of Mecca, Medina, Kāzimayn and Shiraz. Visited by millions of pilgrims annually, the four sites have similar clearance and expansion patterns. This paper analyses the extent of community participation integrated into these proposals as one of the significant operational dimensions of sustainable development and a crucial link that enhances strategic planning. Finally, by reflecting on site specifics and social methods, this paper recommends participatory methods to enhance community engagement.

Application of 3D printing to works of art is not new. However, with the advent of larger and more affordable 3D printers, it is possible to fabricate works of art including statues, sculptures, and architectural structures from biomimicked composites. Made of hard ceramic and soft polymer with or without reinforcement, these composites have shown to be much tougher than their monolithic counterparts. The use of biomimicking will increase the durability and strength of such artifacts. In this study, a newly developed architectural 3D printer is used to create works of art using concrete, with and without reinforcement fibers. The challenge that face creating tough artistic display structures include durability, hardness and resistance to impact. To determine the right combination of hard ceramic and soft polymer, a series of experiments were conducted. These included the fabrication of biomimicked composites with different materials and testing them for fracture energy as well as maximum strength. Earlier published works demonstrate the effect of various parameters such as type of ceramic layer, layering, fiber reinforcement type, fiber length, and fiber loading. In this paper, the effect of hard layer thickness and the type of polymer on the mechanical properties of the biomimicked composites was investigated. Preliminary results show the highest fracture energy for composites made with concrete bonding adhesive (CBA) and Quikrete™ concrete, with a spacing of 5mm. The application of 3D printing to the educational activities of a museum in Newport KY will be explained and its implication in relation with civic engagement activities of Northern Kentucky University will be elucidated.

Models of complex systems are widely used in the physical and social sciences, and the concept of layering, typically building upon graph-theoretic structure, is a common feature. We describe an intuitionistic substructural logic that gives an account of layering. As in other bunched systems, the logic includes the usual intuitionistic connectives, together with a non-commutative, non-associative conjunction (used to capture layering) and its associated implications. We give a soundness and completeness theorem for a labelled tableaux system with respect to a Kripke semantics on graphs. To demonstrate the utility of the logic, we show how to represent systems and security examples, illuminating the relationship between services/policies and the infrastructures/architectures to which they are applied.

Abstract It is still a challenge to build a numerical static reservoir model, based on limited data, to characterize reservoir architecture that corresponds to the geological concept models. The numerical static reef reservoir model has been evolving from the oversimplified tank-like models, simple multi-layer models to the complex multi-layer models that are more realistic representations of complex reservoirs. A simple multi-layer model for the reef reservoir with proportional layering scheme was applied in the CO2 Storage Development Plan (SDP) study, as the most-likely scenario to match the geological complexity. Model refinement can be conducted during CO2 injection phase with Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) technologies for CO2 plume distribution tracking. The selected reservoir is a Middle to Late Miocene carbonate reef complex, with three phases of reef growth: 1) basal transgressive phase, 2) lower buildup phase, and 3) upper buildup phase. Three chronostratigraphic surfaces were identified on 3D seismic reflection data as the zone boundaries, which were then divided into sub-zones and layers. Four layering methods were compared, which are ‘proportional’, ’follow top’, ‘follow base’ and ‘follow top with reference surface’. The proportional layering method was selected for the base case of the 3D static reservoir model and the others were used in the uncertainty analysis. Based on the results of uncertainty and risk assessment, a risk mitigation for CO2 injection operation were modeled and three CO2 injection well locations were optimized. The reservoir architecture model would be updated and refined by the difference between the modeled CO2 plume patterns and The MMV results in the future.

Architecture is experiential, allowing human interaction within the inhabitable space between materials. The sensory qualities of space and materials are intrinsically linked to the medium of representation during design phases. Selection of pen, pencil, layering, color, contrast, and texture are the result of design concepts manifest into physical and tangible decisions which influence aesthetics, acoustics, and haptic qualities of the built environment.