Journal articles on the topic 'Archaic pathologies'
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1
Lincoln-Babb, Lorrie. "The Matty Canyon Population: Dental Observations of Late Archaic Individuals from Southern Arizona." Dental Anthropology Journal 9, no. 2 (September 8, 2018): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v9i2.237.
Abstract:
Skeletal and dental material from the largest known burial population from the Late Archaic Period of southern Arizona was analyzed (Minturn and Lincoln-Babb, n.d.). Minturn performed the skeletal analyses, including the standard observations for age, sex, and pathologies. The dental analyses support a mixed economy subsistence of hunting-gathering and agriculture. This conclusion is based on observations for caries, enamel chipping, abscessing, and enamel hypoplasia.
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Rosado, Maria Araya. "Dental Health and Diet of Two Prehistoric Populations from Chile's Semiarid North." Dental Anthropology Journal 13, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v13i1.199.
Abstract:
This investigation examines dental health and diet of two prehistoric populations from Chile's semiarid north. Trace element and dental paleopathological analyses have been conducted on skeletal remains of hunter-gatherers of the Archaic period (n=99, ca. 1,800 BC) and agriculturalists of the Diaguita period (n=82, 1,000-1,500 AD). Archaeological and historical evidence indicates that the Diaguita diet primarily incorporated cultivated and wild plants, but also included pastoralism and marine resources. By contrast, the subsistence of Archaic peoples was primarily based on marine resources. Concentration values of the elements strontium and barium (mean log ratio values for Archaic = -0.7985, n=38; for Diaguita = -0.5475, n=53) support the archaeological evidence for subsistence mode, and thus for diet, of both populations. These concentrations fall within the ranges determined for various archaeological New World populations with similar subsistence and dietary patterns. Based on the differences in subsistence and diet, the variations in dental health between the two populations were investigated. The analysis to date has revealed that both populations suffered from infectious (antemortem tooth loss, abscesses, caries, alveolar recession), degenerative (calculus deposition), and developmental (enamel hypoplasia) dental pathologies. The differences in frequencies of some of the infection processes are statistically significant between the two populations (p,0.05), but overall do not seem to demonstrate, as many other studies have (Larsen, 1984; Schmucker, 1985; Murphy, 1993), as sharp decline in dental health from the hunter-gatherer population.
3
Syutkina, T. A. "Paleopathological analysis of the cranial samples from Pre-Columbian Cuba." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(60) (March 15, 2023): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2023-60-1-12.
Abstract:
The article presents a paleopathological analysis of two cranial samples from pre-Columbian Cuba: the Si-boney (also known as Archaic) sample consisting of 40 individuals and the Taíno sample composed of 27 indi-viduals. The Siboney are believed to have arrived to Cuba around 5000 years ago, and the Taíno inhabited the island since approximately 500 AD until decimation by the newcomers from the Old World. All the Taíno crania exhibit fronto-occipital artificial deformation. The main focus of the study is oral pathologies and bone abnormali-ties observed in the samples and how these reflect the differences between the two groups and individuals within each of them. Dental pathologies (caries, abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, and dental calculus) are more fre-quent in each sample's male and elder groups. The two samples compared together are close in the frequencies of caries, abscesses, and AMTL, while dental calculus is more frequent among the Taíno. The two cultural groups had different subsistence strategies: the Siboney were hunter-fisher-gatherers with the exception of the Canímar Abajo subgroup, for whom consumption of cultigens is proved, the Taíno were agriculturalists. In paleopathologi-cal studies, agricultural subsistence is usually associated with a higher rate of caries and lower rate of dental cal-culus. However, even after excluding individuals from Canímar Abajo from the Siboney sample, the difference in the caries rate between the two samples stayed insignificant. This could be due to carbohydrate-rich fruits that played an important role in the Archaic population’s diet. Pathological markers observed in the studied crania were classified according to Donald Ortner’s typology of bone abnormalities, which includes four major categories (abnormal bone size, abnormal bone or bone group shape, abnormal bone formation and abnormal bone destruc-tion) and subcategories within them. Such an approach focuses mainly on the appearance of the lesions rather than on their possible causes. Pathological markers seen in the samples can suggest infectious, neoplastic, my-cotic diseases, metabolic disorders. Possible antemortem traumas are infrequent in both samples. Specific to the Taíno crania is premature suture closure, which most probably is the consequence of artificial cranial deformation. In general, the analysis did not reveal significant differences in the two group's pathological statuses.
4
Silva, Ana Maria, Ana Catarina Sousa, and Chris Scarre. "A closer look at the forgotten bones of the Dolmen of Pedras Grandes (Odivelas, Portugal). (Examining old human remains 7)." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 2, no. 30 (2021): 20–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2021.i30.16.
Abstract:
The Dolmen of Pedras Grandes (Odivelas, Lisboa, Portugal) was discovered and excavated at the end of the 19th century by Carlos Ribeiro. In 2004, this monument was re-excavated by Rui Boaventura and a complete study was conducted. The Dolmen of Pedras Grandes presents a polygonal chamber and a very short passage and may have had a short period of burial activity in the 4thmillennium as indicated by the radiocarbon dates and the “archaic” artefacts. The relative and absolute dating enable us to assign this monument to the initial phase of megalithic funerary monumentality in south-central Portugal. Moreover, the recovery of human skeletal material offers an opportunity to obtain data on the biological profile and the health status of the human community who buried their dead in this megalithic tomb. In this paper are present new radiocarbon dates and isotopic analyses obtained from human bone samples from this tomb and also a complete anthropological study of the human skeletal material recovered in this monument. At least 13 individuals are represented in the skeletal assemblage, including 8 adults (> 16 years) and 5 non-adults, although this is certainly an underestimate due to the poor preservation of the bone assemblage. Young children, under the age of three years, are missing. A small number of pathologies were observed, including cranial trauma, degenerative joint disease and oral pathologies. The high frequency of stress indicators, more specifically linear enamel hypoplasia, is a notable feature of this assemblage. The new data are discussed in the context of the problem of the origin of megalithic monumentality in Central and Southern Portugal
5
Michel, Jean-Baptiste. "Phylogenic Determinants of Cardiovascular Frailty, Focus on Hemodynamics and Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells." Physiological Reviews 100, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1779–837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00022.2019.
Abstract:
The evolution of the circulatory system from invertebrates to mammals has involved the passage from an open system to a closed in-parallel system via a closed in-series system, accompanying the increasing complexity and efficiency of life’s biological functions. The archaic heart enables pulsatile motion waves of hemolymph in invertebrates, and the in-series circulation in fish occurs with only an endothelium, whereas mural smooth muscle cells appear later. The present review focuses on evolution of the circulatory system. In particular, we address how and why this evolution took place from a closed, flowing, longitudinal conductance at low pressure to a flowing, highly pressurized and bifurcating arterial compartment. However, although arterial pressure was the latest acquired hemodynamic variable, the general teleonomy of the evolution of species is the differentiation of individual organ function, supported by specific fueling allowing and favoring partial metabolic autonomy. This was achieved via the establishment of an active contractile tone in resistance arteries, which permitted the regulation of blood supply to specific organ activities via its localized function-dependent inhibition (active vasodilation). The global resistance to viscous blood flow is the peripheral increase in frictional forces caused by the tonic change in arterial and arteriolar radius, which backscatter as systemic arterial blood pressure. Consequently, the arterial pressure gradient from circulating blood to the adventitial interstitium generates the unidirectional outward radial advective conductance of plasma solutes across the wall of conductance arteries. This hemodynamic evolution was accompanied by important changes in arterial wall structure, supported by smooth muscle cell functional plasticity, including contractility, matrix synthesis and proliferation, endocytosis and phagocytosis, etc. These adaptive phenotypic shifts are due to epigenetic regulation, mainly related to mechanotransduction. These paradigms actively participate in cardio-arterial pathologies such as atheroma, valve disease, heart failure, aneurysms, hypertension, and physiological aging.
6
Karapetian, Marina, Vladimir Kufterin, and Mikhail Chaplygin. "HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS NEWLY EXCAVATED AT KARANAYEVSKY KURGAN CEMETERY OF THE SRUBNAYA CULTURE." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik 23, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2024.1.1.
Abstract:
Introduction. This paper presents results of an anthropological and paleopathological studies of newly excavated materials from the Karanayevsky cemetery located in the Southwestern Bashkortostan and attributed to Srubnaya culture. The goal of this study was to introduce new data from kurgan 2, as well as to compare this sample with the samples from other Karanayevsky kurgans, and with synchronous population characteristics of the region. Discussion involves skeletal material from 12 individual burials (nine children and three adults). Methods. Sex, age and the state of preservation/completeness of the remains were assessed. We performed a morphometric study, an analysis of dental morphology, description of pathologies and individual characteristics, taking into consideration the recommendations in the specific literature. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test for the relationship between skeletal preservation, sex, age, and grave construction. A single cranium from the kurgan was compared with the pooled samples from the region using Heincke’s method. The Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the possible statistical differences in frequencies of dental non-metric traits between the Karanayevsky kurgan 2 sample and the pooled Srubnaya samples of the Pre-Urals. Analysis. The skeleton preservation appears to be related to the age of the buried, but to a greater extent varies depending on the depth of the grave. The female skull from kurgan 2 shows characteristics of European ancestry and has mesomorphic morphology with a medium or slightly weakened horizontal and vertical profiling. It shows similarity to the pooled Srubnaya craniological series from the forest-steppe subareas. The dental morphology observed in the sample corresponds to the archaic gracile variant of European ancestry. Osteometric data characterize adult individuals as representatives of the mesomorphic, moderately massive group with reduced or medium limb length. Like in other groups of the region, the sample is defined by the predominance of dental calculus and dental chips, some markers of physiological and mechanical stress and the absence of indicators of specific infections. Results. In general, the Karanayevsky kurgan 2 skeletal sample corresponds to the characteristics of other Karanaevsky cemetery samples, and is consistent with the results on the synchronous sites of the Pre-Urals and Trans-Urals.
7
Gangemi, Ezio Nicola, Dario Gregori, Paola Berchialla, Enrico Zingarelli, Monica Cairo, Daniele Bollero, Jamal Ganem, et al. "Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Pathologic Scarring After Burn Wounds." Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 10, no. 2 (March 3, 2008): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.10.2.93.
8
Brindzaitė, Rūta. "Life Across the River: Exploring the Impact of Urbanisation in 18th–19th Century Panevėžys." Archaeologia Lituana 21 (December 28, 2020): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2019.21.7.
Abstract:
Studies aimed at considering the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation on human health in 19th-century society are becoming increasingly relevant. Although it is exceptionally rare to encounter human skeletal material from the 19th century in present-day Lithuania, this study explores whether changes which occurred in that century had any impact on human health. This research presents the preliminary results of an anthropological analysis of the human remains discovered in Panevėžys Cemetery, with material spanning the 18th–19th centuries. In total, 90 individuals were examined, including 57 males, 15 females and 18 nonadult individuals. Fractures and nonspecific inflammatory lesions were the most prevalent pathological changes. However, the values of the average height of males and females did not reveal a significant change in stature. Overall, the results demonstrated inconsistent evidence of the effects of urbanisation on the skeletal population. It can be concluded that both the sample size and the observed pathologies represent only part of the community. Therefore, a more representative sample and additional analyses are required in the future, to provide comprehensive results and more solid conclusions.
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Giani, Micaela, Carmen Pire, and Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa. "Bacterioruberin: Biosynthesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Therapeutic Applications in Cancer and Immune Pathologies." Marine Drugs 22, no. 4 (April 9, 2024): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22040167.
Abstract:
Halophilic archaea, also termed haloarchaea, are a group of moderate and extreme halophilic microorganisms that constitute the major microbial populations in hypersaline environments. In these ecosystems, mainly aquatic, haloarchaea are constantly exposed to ionic and oxidative stress due to saturated salt concentrations and high incidences of UV radiation (mainly in summer). To survive under these harsh conditions, haloarchaea have developed molecular adaptations including hyperpigmentation. Regarding pigmentation, haloarchaeal species mainly synthesise the rare C50 carotenoid called bacterioruberin (BR) and its derivatives, monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin. Due to their colours and extraordinary antioxidant properties, BR and its derivatives have been the aim of research in several research groups all over the world during the last decade. This review aims to summarise the most relevant characteristics of BR and its derivatives as well as describe their reported antitumoral, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant biological activities. Based on their biological activities, these carotenoids can be considered promising natural biomolecules that could be used as tools to design new strategies and/or pharmaceutical formulas to fight against cancer, promote immunomodulation, or preserve skin health, among other potential uses.
10
SADET-BOURGETEAU, S., and V. JULLIAND. "La diversité de l’écosystème microbien du tractus digestif équin." INRAE Productions Animales 25, no. 5 (December 10, 2012): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2012.25.5.3228.
Abstract:
Le gros intestin (caecum et côlon) des équins héberge un microbiote abondant et divers dont une fonction essentielle est la dégradation et la fermentation des parois végétales ingérées en produits directement utilisables par l’hôte. Ce microbiote est composé de cinq grandes communautés microbiennes (protozoaires, bactéries, champignons, Archaea et virus) parmi lesquelles les bactéries ont été les plus étudiées. Ces communautés sont spécifiques de l’espèce équine. La diversité des protozoaires comme celle des champignons et des virus a été décrite du point de vue taxonomique mais leur implication dans les processus de digestion est mal connue. La diversité des Archaea a été peu étudiée, pourtant leur étude permettrait de mieux évaluer la contribution de l'élevage équin à la production de gaz à effet de serre. La communauté bactérienne est diverse, appartenant majoritairement aux phyla des Firmicutes et desBacteroides, et comprend des bactéries dont les différentes fonctions (cellulolytiques, amylolytiques, glycolytiques, utilisatrices de lactate et protéolytiques) sont impliquées dans la digestion des aliments ingérés, en particulier des parois végétales. Cette communauté bactérienne est différente entre le contenu caecal et colique d’une part, et les fèces d’autre part. Des facteurs propres à l’hôte (type génétique, variabilité individuelle) et/ou environnementaux (régime alimentaire, saison, exercice physique) sont susceptibles de modifier la diversité des communautés microbiennes du gros intestin équin. Ceci peut provoquer des changements importants conduisant à des déséquilibres et parfois à l’apparition de pathologies (colites, fourbures).
11
Del Castillo Falconi, Victor M., Karla Torres-Arciga, Genaro Matus-Ortega, José Díaz-Chávez, and Luis A. Herrera. "DNA Methyltransferases: From Evolution to Clinical Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 8994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168994.
Abstract:
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that living beings have used in different environments. The MTases family catalyzes DNA methylation. This process is conserved from archaea to eukaryotes, from fertilization to every stage of development, and from the early stages of cancer to metastasis. The family of DNMTs has been classified into DNMT1, DNMT2, and DNMT3. Each DNMT has been duplicated or deleted, having consequences on DNMT structure and cellular function, resulting in a conserved evolutionary reaction of DNA methylation. DNMTs are conserved in the five kingdoms of life: bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. The importance of DNMTs in whether methylate or not has a historical adaptation that in mammals has been discovered in complex regulatory mechanisms to develop another padlock to genomic insurance stability. The regulatory mechanisms that control DNMTs expression are involved in a diversity of cell phenotypes and are associated with pathologies transcription deregulation. This work focused on DNA methyltransferases, their biology, functions, and new inhibitory mechanisms reported. We also discuss different approaches to inhibit DNMTs, the use of non-coding RNAs and nucleoside chemical compounds in recent studies, and their importance in biological, clinical, and industry research.
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Santoro, Rossella, Antonio Romano, Maria Cristina Morcaldi, Fausto Fiori, and Federica Di Spirito. "Microbiota Alterations in Patients with Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2023): 4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074377.
Abstract:
The human oral cavity comprises an extensive range of microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa, each having a particular role and interacting with each other and with the host in sickness or health. Changes in the microbiome composition can be crucial in balancing health and disease, locally and systemically. Various microbial species in commensal relationships form the oral microbiota, and when this commensalism undergoes variations the immune system can be pushed towards the activation of inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Through a systematic review of the literature, we set out to investigate the role that the oral microbiota can play in the development and evolution of pemphigus vulgaris and mucous membrane pemphigoid. We performed our systematic review by searching “microbiome OR microbiota” AND “pemphigus OR pemphigoid” on Medline, ISI Web of science and Embase, and we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective comparison studies, retrospective cohort studies, case–control studies, and case series. These autoimmune diseases need a genetic basis to develop, but as multifactorial pathologies they are influenced by environmental factors and the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota can be a trigger. If the human microbiome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and manifestation of oral autoimmune diseases, the next step could be new and promising therapeutic approaches such as probiotics or prebiotics.
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Kodio, Aly, Estelle Menu, and Stéphane Ranque. "Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Microbiota Interactions." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122018.
Abstract:
The nature of the relationship between the communities of microorganisms making up the microbiota in and on a host body has been increasingly explored in recent years. Microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, parasites and fungi, have often long co-evolved with their hosts. In human, the structure and diversity of microbiota vary according to the host’s immunity, diet, environment, age, physiological and metabolic status, medical practices (e.g., antibiotic treatment), climate, season and host genetics. The recent advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enhanced observational capacities and allowed for a better understanding of the relationship between distinct microorganisms within microbiota. The interaction between the host and their microbiota has become a field of research into microorganisms with therapeutic and preventive interest for public health applications. This review aims at assessing the current knowledge on interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities. After a brief description of the metagenomic methods used in the studies were analysed, we summarise the findings of available publications describing the interaction between the bacterial communities and protozoa, helminths and fungi, either in vitro, in experimental models, or in humans. Overall, we observed the existence of a beneficial effect in situations where some microorganisms can improve the health status of the host, while the presence of other microorganisms has been associated with pathologies, resulting in an adverse effect on human health.
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Ávila-Román, Javier, Patricia Gómez-Villegas, Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho, Javier Vigara, Virginia Motilva, Rosa León, and Elena Talero. "Up-Regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Antioxidant Pathway in Macrophages by an Extract from a New Halophilic Archaea Isolated in Odiel Saltworks." Antioxidants 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051080.
Abstract:
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the progression of many inflammatory diseases. The search for antioxidants with the ability for scavenging free radicals from the body cells that reduce oxidative damage is essential to prevent and treat these pathologies. Haloarchaea are extremely halophilic microorganisms that inhabit hypersaline environments, such as saltworks or salt lakes, where they have to tolerate high salinity, and elevated ultraviolet (UV) and infrared radiations. To cope with these extreme conditions, haloarchaea have developed singular mechanisms to maintain an osmotic balance with the medium, and are endowed with unique compounds, not found in other species, with bioactive properties that have not been fully explored. This study aims to assess the potential of haloarchaea as a new source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. A carotenoid-producing haloarchaea was isolated from Odiel Saltworks (OS) and identified on the basis of its 16S rRNA coding gene sequence as a new strain belonging to the genus Haloarcula. The Haloarcula sp. OS acetone extract (HAE) obtained from the biomass contained bacterioruberin and mainly C18 fatty acids, and showed potent antioxidant capacity using ABTS assay. This study further demonstrates, for the first time, that pretreatment with HAE of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages results in a reduction in ROS production, a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and up-regulation of the factor Nrf2 and its target gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), supporting the potential of the HAE as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of oxidative stress-related inflammatory diseases.
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Khayatt, Barzan Ibrahim. "Bioinformatics Approach for Metabolism Pathways Curation: Carbohydrate Metabolism and TCA Cycle in the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 17, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2023.17.1.692.
Abstract:
Background: Metabolic and genomic informatics integrations in organism-specific databases require comprehensive and intensive efforts. PathoLogic, a component of the Pathway Tools software package can create complete Pathway/Genome Databases (PGDBs) from genomic sequence and annotation files for any organism. This tool can predict the metabolic pathways using MetaCyc as a reference knowledge base. This work aimed to apply a bioinformatics approach to curate a PGDB created for the Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. This archaeon grows optimally at 80o C and pH 2-4. The complete genome of S. solfataricus P2 was released in 2001. Created PGDBs often need manual curations to fill in the metabolic gaps that the software failed to detect.
Methods: We used Pathway Tools to create the PGDB for the Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. Bioinformatics curation for carbohydrate metabolism pathway (Entner-Doudoroff “ED”) and TCA cycle was carried out. Literature search as well as homology-, orthology- and context-based protein function prediction methods were followed for this curation using the Editors component of the Pathway Tools program.
Results: Curation modified the number of the pathways in the database by adding extra pathways that have not been detected by the PathoLogic. New pathways such as semi-phosphorylated ED and a new variation of the TCA cycle were added to the PGDB of S. solfataricus P2. Filling in the metabolic holes (missing enzymes) in the pathways under study was also involved in the curation process.
Conclusion: The bioinformatics curation of the PGDB of S. solfataricus P2 improved the database that can serve as a reference knowledge base for genomic annotations and metabolic pathway reconstructions of other organisms especially the closely related Archaea.
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Peña-Guerrero, José, Celia Fernández-Rubio, Alfonso T. García-Sosa, and Paul A. Nguewa. "BRCT Domains: Structure, Functions, and Implications in Disease—New Therapeutic Targets for Innovative Drug Discovery against Infections." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15071839.
Abstract:
The search for new therapeutic targets and their implications in drug development remains an emerging scientific topic. BRCT-bearing proteins are found in Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, and viruses. They are traditionally involved in DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle control. To carry out these functions, BRCT domains are able to interact with DNA and proteins. Moreover, such domains are also implicated in several pathogenic processes and malignancies including breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. Although these domains exhibit moderately conserved folding, their sequences show very low conservation. Interestingly, sequence variations among species are considered positive traits in the search for suitable therapeutic targets, since non-specific drug interactions might be reduced. These main characteristics of BRCT, as well as its critical implications in key biological processes in the cell, have prompted the study of these domains as therapeutic targets. This review explores the possible roles of BRCT domains as therapeutic targets for drug discovery. We describe their common structural features and relevant interactions and pathways, as well as their implications in pathologic processes. Drugs commonly used to target these domains are also presented. Finally, based on their structures, we describe new drug design possibilities using modern and innovative techniques.
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Allen, Carl E. "Acquired Hematologic Disorders of Ras-MAPK Activation." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): SCI—42—SCI—42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-109380.
Abstract:
Abstract Histiocytic disorders represent a collection of conditions characterized by aberrant function, differentiation and/or proliferation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). "Histiocyte" is an archaic term (meaning "tissue cell") used to describe phagocytic cells with mononuclear morphology. Clinical approaches to histiocytic disorders have historically been challenged by incomplete understanding of mechanisms of pathogenesis, with debate over classification as cancer versus immune dysregulation. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), the most common histiocytic disorder, presents with granulomatous lesions with clonal CD207+ dendritic cells (DCs) that can arise as single lesions or life-threatening disseminated disease. Despite the wide range of clinical presentations, LCH lesions are histologically indistinguishable regardless of disease severity. Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) arises in adults and is characterized by distribution of inflammatory lesions with CD163+ foamy histiocytes involving bone, retroperitoneum/kidney, skin and/or brain. Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), histologically similar to ECD, is typically skin-limited in children, but may also manifest as life-threatening systemic disease. Classical Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) presents in children as lymphadenopathy with CD163+ histiocytes and emperipolesis identified in lymph node biopsy, though RDD likely represents a spectrum of conditions in children and adults with a common histiological endpoint. Classification of histiocytic disorders has been based on phenotype of the pathologic cell: LCH (DC-like), non-LCH (macrophage-like), or malignant histiocytosis. BRAFV600E was the first recurrent somatic mutation identified in LCH and ECD. While occurring in 7% of all human cancers, BRAFV600E mutations are also frequently found in benign conditions such as melanocytic nevi and colon polyps. Whole exome sequencing of LCH, ECD, RDD and JXG biopsies has revealed mutually exclusive MAPK pathway activating mutations within otherwise "quiet" genomic landscapes. In LCH, the stage of myeloid differentiation in which the mutation arises defines the extent of disease, and MAPK activation in precursor cells drives myeloid differentiation, blocks migration, and inhibits apoptosis, resulting in accumulation of resilient pathologic DCs that recruit and activate T cells. These new insights support reclassification of these histiocytic disorders as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Early phase trials in adults with LCH and ECD and emerging pediatric case studies demonstrate promising responses to MAPK pathway inhibitors, though potential for cure and long-term safety are not known. MAPK pathway activation clearly drives pathogenesis in histiocytic MPNs. However, it remains unclear how pathway activation, in many cases with the same mutation in the same CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell, can produce distinct cellular phenotypes with characteristic tissue distribution. While we now are beginning to understand the framework for mechanisms of pathogenesis of histiocytic disorders, continued research will uncover opportunities to identify additional targets and inform personalized therapeutic strategies based on cell of origin, somatic mutation and inherited risk factors. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Pisano, Massimo, Francesco Giordano, Giuseppe Sangiovanni, Nicoletta Capuano, Alfonso Acerra, and Francesco D’Ambrosio. "The Interaction between the Oral Microbiome and Systemic Diseases: A Narrative Review." Microbiology Research 14, no. 4 (November 9, 2023): 1862–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040127.
Abstract:
Background: The human being is defined as a ‘superorganism’ since it is made up of its own cells and microorganisms that reside inside and outside the human body. Commensal microorganisms, which are even ten times more numerous than the cells present in the body, perform very important functions for the host, as they contribute to the health of the host, resist pathogens, maintain homeostasis, and modulate the immune system. In the mouth, there are different types of microorganisms, such as viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa, often organized in communities. The aim of this umbrella review is to evaluate if there is a connection between the oral microbiome and systematic diseases. Methodology: A literature search was conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, the COCHRANE library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without any restrictions. Because of the large number of articles included and the wide range of methods and results among the studies found, it was not possible to report the results in the form of a systematic review or meta-analysis. Therefore, a narrative review was conducted. We obtained 73.931 results, of which 3593 passed the English language filter. After the screening of the titles and abstracts, non-topic entries were excluded, but most articles obtained concerned interactions between the oral microbiome and systemic diseases. Discussion: A description of the normal microbial flora was present in the oral cavity both in physiological conditions and in local pathological conditions and in the most widespread systemic pathologies. Furthermore, the therapeutic precautions that the clinician can follow in order to intervene on the change in the microbiome have been described. Conclusions: This review highlights what are the intercorrelations of the oral microbiota in healthy subjects and in subjects in pathological conditions. According to several recent studies, there is a clear correlation between dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Landon, Blair V., Ronan J. Kelly, Ali H. Zaidi, Archana Balan, Jenna V. Canzoniero, Gavin Pereira, Zineb Belcaid, et al. "Abstract 3374: Circulating cell-free tumor DNA dynamics capture minimal residual disease with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade plus chemoradiotherapy for patients with operable esophageal/gastroesophageal junction cancer." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3374.
Abstract:
Abstract Introduction: There is a critical need to incorporate molecular assessments of minimal residual disease (MRD) during neoadjuvant immunotherapy, in order to identify individuals at high risk for disease recurrence based on analyses of circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) landscapes. Here we employed longitudinal liquid biopsies to dynamically assess clinical outcomes with neoadjuvant immuno-chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal/gastroesophageal junction (E/GEJ) cancer. Methods: We utilized targeted error-correction sequencing to perform high-depth ctDNA next-generation sequencing for 141 serial plasma and 32 matched white blood cell (WBC) DNA samples from 32 patients with operable stage II/III E/GEJ cancer that received neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with chemoradiotherapy prior to surgery (NCT03044613). ctDNA analyses were performed at baseline, post-ICB induction, after completion of chemoradiotherapy (pre-op), and post-operatively (post-op). Using a tumor-agnostic WBC DNA-informed panel NGS approach we determined the cellular origin of plasma variants, filtering out germline and clonal hematopoiesis (CH) variants and evaluated ctDNA clonal dynamics over time. Molecular MRD was evaluated post-ICB, pre-op and post-op and correlated with recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Twenty out of 32 patients had detectable ctDNA at any timepoint. Of the 12 patients with undetectable ctDNA, 9 had only CH- and/or germline-derived variants, while 3 patients had no detectable variants of any origin. ctDNA clearance post-ICB was correlated with tumor regression >80% at the time of resection (Fischer’s exact p=0.04). The subset of patients that did not attain complete pathologic response was heterogeneous with respect to ctDNA dynamics; such that ctDNA clearance pre-op identified patients with longer OS despite residual tumor of >0% at the time of resection (log rank p=0.06). Patients with undetectable ctDNA or ctDNA clearance pre-op had a longer RFS (log rank p=0.007) and OS (log rank p=0.03). Molecular MRD was associated with RFS and OS such that patients with ctDNA clearance post-op had longer RFS (log-rank p=0.007) and OS (log-rank p=0.017). Conclusion: ctDNA clearance post-ICB, pre-op and post-op reflects differential clinical outcomes for patients with E/GEJ cancer receiving neoadjuvant immuno-chemoradiotherapy. Understanding ctDNA dynamics and their relationship with pathological response and long-term outcomes can help identify patients at higher risk for recurrence and open a therapeutic window for future intervention. Citation Format: Blair V. Landon, Ronan J. Kelly, Ali H. Zaidi, Archana Balan, Jenna V. Canzoniero, Gavin Pereira, Zineb Belcaid, Russell K. Hales, K Ranh Voong, Richard J. Battafarano, Blair A. Jobe, Stephen C. Yang, Stephen Broderick, Jinny Ha, Kellie N. Smith, Elizabeth Thompson, Fyza Y. Shaikh, James R. White, Cynthia L. Sears, Eun J. Shin, Ali I. Amjad, Benny Weksler, Josephine L. Feliciano, Chen Hu, Vincent K. Lam, Valsamo Anagnostou. Circulating cell-free tumor DNA dynamics capture minimal residual disease with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade plus chemoradiotherapy for patients with operable esophageal/gastroesophageal junction cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3374.
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Bayati, Saeed, Nour Amirmozafari, Masoud Alebouyeh, Nastaran Farzi, Nasser Ebrahimi Daryani, and Mohammad Reza Zali. "Antibiotic Resistance Among Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated from Patients with Gastric Pathologies Towards Metronidazole, Clarithromycin, and Ciprofloxacin." Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases In Press, In Press (February 26, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/archcid.55015.
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Rothschild, Bruce, and Martin Haeusler. "Possible vertebral brucellosis infection in a Neanderthal." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (October 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99289-7.
Abstract:
AbstractThe La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 skeleton of an old (>60-year-old) male Neanderthal is renowned for the advanced osteoarthritis of its spinal column and hip joint, and their implications for posture and lifestyle in these Mid- to Late Pleistocene humans. Reassessment of the pathologic lesions reveals erosions at multiple non-contiguous vertebrae and reactive bone formation extending far beyond the left hip joint, which suggests the additional diagnosis of brucellosis. This implies the earliest secure evidence of this zoonotic disease in hominin evolution. Brucellosis might have been transmitted via butchering or eating raw meat and is well compatible with the range of prey animals documented for Neanderthals. The associated infertility could have represented an important aspect of health in these late archaic humans.
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Kazemi, Mohammad Ali, Nasrin Nikravangolsefid, Hamidreza Abtahi, Shahideh Amini, Hossein Ghanaati, Morteza Sanei Taheri, and Behnaz Moradi. "COVID-19: Unilateral Involvement of Transplanted Lung, Sparing Contralateral Fibrotic Lung." Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 16, no. 4 (November 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/archcid.115408.
Abstract:
Introduction: Organ transplant recipients might be more likely to develop COVID-19, as they receive long-term immunosuppressives and have comorbidities. Case Presentation: Herein, we reported the case of a 32-year-old man with unilateral lung transplantation due to unclassifiable lung fibrosis on pathologic evaluation who presented with cough, fever, and headache. After evaluation with RT-PCR test and chest CT scan, COVID-19 in the previously transplanted lung was diagnosed. However, the other non-transplanted fibrotic lung was not involved. Conclusions: Lack of COVID-19 involvement in the fibrotic lung tissue in our case without any other risk factors might be related to the fact that the lung with underlying diseases was less susceptible to COVID-19 as unhealthy lungs have lower ACE2 receptors, or it might be related to genetic differences between the donor and recipient.
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Mathai, Faith, Musa Otieno Ngayo, Simon Muturi Karanja, Ahmed Kalebi, and Raphael Lihana. "Correlation of Quantitative Assay of HBsAg and Hepatitis B Virus DNA Levels Among Chronic HBV Patients Attending Pathologist Lancet Laboratory in Nairobi, Kenya." Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 12, no. 4 (September 23, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/archcid.13306.
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Mehrabi, Samrad, and Nahid Aram. "The Association Between Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Bronchial Anthracosis." Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 17, no. 3 (September 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/archcid-128740.
Abstract:
Background: Anthracosis is a form of pneumoconiosis induced by frequent contact with smoke from biomass, air pollution, charcoal smoke, or dust particles. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between anthracosis and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 401 patients undergoing bronchoscopy were recruited, and their demographic characteristics, clinical features, bronchoscopy and imaging results, pathologic-cytologic reports, and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear were recorded and analyzed. Results: The bronchoscopic results of 220 patients (54.9%) were normal, 93 (23.2%) had anthracosis, and 32 patients (8%) had anthracofibrosis. Positive pulmonary TB was significantly higher in patients with anthracosis or anthracofibrosis compared to those without (17.6% vs 4%; odds ratio (OR) = 5.09; P < 0.001). Patients with TB and anthracosis or anthracofibrosis had more prolonged contact with biomass (P = 0.002). Logistic regression showed age (P = 0.003) and the presence or absence of anthracosis or anthracofibrosis (P = 0.006) as associated factors with pulmonary TB. Conclusions: Anthracosis is associated with other pulmonary diseases, including TB; therefore, if anthracosis or anthracofibrosis is diagnosed, coincidental pulmonary TB should also be evaluated.
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Nguyen Thi, Huyen, Phuong Phan Thi Minh, and Mandar Reet. "THE ROLE OF THE GUT MICROBIOME IN HUMAN HEALTH." Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy, April 2020, 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34071/jmp.2020.2.1.
Abstract:
The human microbiota comprises of collective genomes of microbiota, namely protozoa, archaea, eukaryotes, viruses and bacteria that live mainly on and within various sites of the human body, with the highest concentrations being found in gastrointestinal tract. Microbiome plays an important role in host protection against invading pathogens, metabolism and immunity as well as maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Gut microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) may lead to dysfunction of host, thereby contributing to pathogenesis and/or progression of some pathologies. All of them, some of the most noticeable diseases are Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and obesity. New therapies derived from microbiome studied such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic and prebiotics to target associated diseases have been shown how disease symptoms can be reformed, thus opening new scientific approaches to treatment in the future. Key words: gut microbiome, dysbiosis, Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel, celiac disease, obesity.
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Nkera-Gutabara, C. K., R. Kerr, J. Scholefield, S. Hazelhurst, and J. Naidoo. "Microbiomics: The Next Pillar of Precision Medicine and Its Role in African Healthcare." Frontiers in Genetics 13 (April 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.869610.
Abstract:
Limited access to technologies that support early monitoring of disease risk and a poor understanding of the geographically unique biological and environmental factors underlying disease, represent significant barriers to improved health outcomes and precision medicine efforts in low to middle income countries. These challenges are further compounded by the rich genetic diversity harboured within Southern Africa thus necessitating alternative strategies for the prediction of disease risk and clinical outcomes in regions where accessibility to personalized healthcare remains limited. The human microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses) that co-inhabit the human body. Perturbation of the natural balance of the gut microbiome has been associated with a number of human pathologies, and the microbiome has recently emerged as a critical determinant of drug pharmacokinetics and immunomodulation. The human microbiome should therefore not be omitted from any comprehensive effort towards stratified healthcare and would provide an invaluable and orthogonal approach to existing precision medicine strategies. Recent studies have highlighted the overarching effect of geography on gut microbial diversity as it relates to human health. Health insights from international microbiome datasets are however not yet verified in context of the vast geographical diversity that exists throughout the African continent. In this commentary we discuss microbiome research in Africa and its role in future precision medicine initiatives across the African continent.
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Davison, Mark A., Daniel T. Lilly, Arpan A. Patel, Ahmed Kashkoush, Xiaoying Chen, Wei Wei, Edward C. Benzel, Richard A. Prayson, Samuel Chao, and Lilyana Angelov. "Clinical presentation and extent of resection impacts progression-free survival in spinal ependymomas." Journal of Neuro-Oncology, March 4, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-024-04623-4.
Abstract:
Abstract Purpose Primary treatment of spinal ependymomas involves surgical resection, however recurrence ranges between 50 and 70%. While the association of survival outcomes with lesion extent of resection (EOR) has been studied, existing analyses are limited by small samples and archaic data resulting in an inhomogeneous population. We investigated the relationship between EOR and survival outcomes, chiefly overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), in a large contemporary cohort of spinal ependymoma patients. Methods Adult patients diagnosed with a spinal ependymoma from 2006 to 2021 were identified from an institutional registry. Patients undergoing primary surgical resection at our institution, ≥ 1 routine follow-up MRI, and pathologic diagnosis of ependymoma were included. Records were reviewed for demographic information, EOR, lesion characteristics, and pre-/post-operative neurologic symptoms. EOR was divided into 2 classifications: gross total resection (GTR) and subtotal resection (STR). Log-rank test was used to compare OS and PFS between patient groups. Results Sixty-nine patients satisfied inclusion criteria, with 79.7% benefitting from GTR. The population was 56.2% male with average age of 45.7 years, and median follow-up duration of 58 months. Cox multivariate model demonstrated significant improvement in PFS when a GTR was attained (p <.001). Independently ambulatory patients prior to surgery had superior PFS (p <.001) and OS (p =.05). In univariate analyses, patients with a syrinx had improved PFS (p =.03) and were more likely to benefit from GTR (p =.01). Alternatively, OS was not affected by EOR (p =.78). Conclusions In this large, contemporary series of adult spinal ependymoma patients, we demonstrated improvements in PFS when GTR was achieved.
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G, Manikantha, Hemant Muktaram Jawale, Akshat Awdhesh Kumar Mishra, Amarjeet E. Tandur, and Pratik J. Agrawal. "HYPOCHLOROUS ION BASED DRESSING: THROWBACK TO THE SURGEONS’ CHOICE." GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS, April 15, 2021, 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/gjra/6017724.
Abstract:
1.1 BACKGROUND : As per Robbin's pathology(Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease - 10th Edition, n.d.) "an ulcer is the breach of the continuity of skin, epithelium or mucous membrane caused by sloughing out of inamed necrotic tissue." In an era of modern-day fast track surgery and premier practices of medicine, management of wound remains an archaic, almost omnipresent challenge to a health care provider mediating the need for solutions. The hunt for an optimum dressing agent has been everlasting, one of which is our point of discussion in this study. The addition of Chlorine(Cl2) to Water(H2O) gives rise to Hypochlorous ion, a weak acid that has been used traditionally as disinfectant, sterilizer and beaches. These properties can be utilised for wound disinfection and swifter wound healing. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Ÿ To study the efcacy of Hypochlorous ion-based dressing over traditional normal saline based dressing . Ÿ To study the effects factoring in various associated comorbidities in patients such as Diabetes Mellitus, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Trauma and Pressure Ulcer. 1.3 METHODOLOGY: A comparative study was conducted in a tertiary care facility in India that included 101 patients who were distributed randomly utilizing computerised algorithms into study and control group. The control group received daily normal saline dressing whereas the study group underwent daily hypochlorous ion-based dressing. The subjects were analysed after 4 weeks and evaluated for decrease in wound surface area and improvement of wound quality and tabulated for analysis. 1.4 CONCLUSION: Hypochlorous ion based daily dressing shows signicant reduction in wound surface area as well as signicantly better and faster improvement in the quality of wound in patients of Traumatic, Diabetic and Pressure Ulcer whereas the results in patients suffering from Peripheral Vascular Disease were equivocal.