Academic literature on the topic 'Archaic pathologies'

Skeletal and dental material from the largest known burial population from the Late Archaic Period of southern Arizona was analyzed (Minturn and Lincoln-Babb, n.d.). Minturn performed the skeletal analyses, including the standard observations for age, sex, and pathologies. The dental analyses support a mixed economy subsistence of hunting-gathering and agriculture. This conclusion is based on observations for caries, enamel chipping, abscessing, and enamel hypoplasia.

This investigation examines dental health and diet of two prehistoric populations from Chile's semiarid north. Trace element and dental paleopathological analyses have been conducted on skeletal remains of hunter-gatherers of the Archaic period (n=99, ca. 1,800 BC) and agriculturalists of the Diaguita period (n=82, 1,000-1,500 AD). Archaeological and historical evidence indicates that the Diaguita diet primarily incorporated cultivated and wild plants, but also included pastoralism and marine resources. By contrast, the subsistence of Archaic peoples was primarily based on marine resources. Concentration values of the elements strontium and barium (mean log ratio values for Archaic = -0.7985, n=38; for Diaguita = -0.5475, n=53) support the archaeological evidence for subsistence mode, and thus for diet, of both populations. These concentrations fall within the ranges determined for various archaeological New World populations with similar subsistence and dietary patterns. Based on the differences in subsistence and diet, the variations in dental health between the two populations were investigated. The analysis to date has revealed that both populations suffered from infectious (antemortem tooth loss, abscesses, caries, alveolar recession), degenerative (calculus deposition), and developmental (enamel hypoplasia) dental pathologies. The differences in frequencies of some of the infection processes are statistically significant between the two populations (p,0.05), but overall do not seem to demonstrate, as many other studies have (Larsen, 1984; Schmucker, 1985; Murphy, 1993), as sharp decline in dental health from the hunter-gatherer population.

The article presents a paleopathological analysis of two cranial samples from pre-Columbian Cuba: the Si-boney (also known as Archaic) sample consisting of 40 individuals and the Taíno sample composed of 27 indi-viduals. The Siboney are believed to have arrived to Cuba around 5000 years ago, and the Taíno inhabited the island since approximately 500 AD until decimation by the newcomers from the Old World. All the Taíno crania exhibit fronto-occipital artificial deformation. The main focus of the study is oral pathologies and bone abnormali-ties observed in the samples and how these reflect the differences between the two groups and individuals within each of them. Dental pathologies (caries, abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, and dental calculus) are more fre-quent in each sample's male and elder groups. The two samples compared together are close in the frequencies of caries, abscesses, and AMTL, while dental calculus is more frequent among the Taíno. The two cultural groups had different subsistence strategies: the Siboney were hunter-fisher-gatherers with the exception of the Canímar Abajo subgroup, for whom consumption of cultigens is proved, the Taíno were agriculturalists. In paleopathologi-cal studies, agricultural subsistence is usually associated with a higher rate of caries and lower rate of dental cal-culus. However, even after excluding individuals from Canímar Abajo from the Siboney sample, the difference in the caries rate between the two samples stayed insignificant. This could be due to carbohydrate-rich fruits that played an important role in the Archaic population’s diet. Pathological markers observed in the studied crania were classified according to Donald Ortner’s typology of bone abnormalities, which includes four major categories (abnormal bone size, abnormal bone or bone group shape, abnormal bone formation and abnormal bone destruc-tion) and subcategories within them. Such an approach focuses mainly on the appearance of the lesions rather than on their possible causes. Pathological markers seen in the samples can suggest infectious, neoplastic, my-cotic diseases, metabolic disorders. Possible antemortem traumas are infrequent in both samples. Specific to the Taíno crania is premature suture closure, which most probably is the consequence of artificial cranial deformation. In general, the analysis did not reveal significant differences in the two group's pathological statuses.

The Dolmen of Pedras Grandes (Odivelas, Lisboa, Portugal) was discovered and excavated at the end of the 19th century by Carlos Ribeiro. In 2004, this monument was re-excavated by Rui Boaventura and a complete study was conducted. The Dolmen of Pedras Grandes presents a polygonal chamber and a very short passage and may have had a short period of burial activity in the 4thmillennium as indicated by the radiocarbon dates and the “archaic” artefacts. The relative and absolute dating enable us to assign this monument to the initial phase of megalithic funerary monumentality in south-central Portugal. Moreover, the recovery of human skeletal material offers an opportunity to obtain data on the biological profile and the health status of the human community who buried their dead in this megalithic tomb. In this paper are present new radiocarbon dates and isotopic analyses obtained from human bone samples from this tomb and also a complete anthropological study of the human skeletal material recovered in this monument. At least 13 individuals are represented in the skeletal assemblage, including 8 adults (> 16 years) and 5 non-adults, although this is certainly an underestimate due to the poor preservation of the bone assemblage. Young children, under the age of three years, are missing. A small number of pathologies were observed, including cranial trauma, degenerative joint disease and oral pathologies. The high frequency of stress indicators, more specifically linear enamel hypoplasia, is a notable feature of this assemblage. The new data are discussed in the context of the problem of the origin of megalithic monumentality in Central and Southern Portugal

The evolution of the circulatory system from invertebrates to mammals has involved the passage from an open system to a closed in-parallel system via a closed in-series system, accompanying the increasing complexity and efficiency of life’s biological functions. The archaic heart enables pulsatile motion waves of hemolymph in invertebrates, and the in-series circulation in fish occurs with only an endothelium, whereas mural smooth muscle cells appear later. The present review focuses on evolution of the circulatory system. In particular, we address how and why this evolution took place from a closed, flowing, longitudinal conductance at low pressure to a flowing, highly pressurized and bifurcating arterial compartment. However, although arterial pressure was the latest acquired hemodynamic variable, the general teleonomy of the evolution of species is the differentiation of individual organ function, supported by specific fueling allowing and favoring partial metabolic autonomy. This was achieved via the establishment of an active contractile tone in resistance arteries, which permitted the regulation of blood supply to specific organ activities via its localized function-dependent inhibition (active vasodilation). The global resistance to viscous blood flow is the peripheral increase in frictional forces caused by the tonic change in arterial and arteriolar radius, which backscatter as systemic arterial blood pressure. Consequently, the arterial pressure gradient from circulating blood to the adventitial interstitium generates the unidirectional outward radial advective conductance of plasma solutes across the wall of conductance arteries. This hemodynamic evolution was accompanied by important changes in arterial wall structure, supported by smooth muscle cell functional plasticity, including contractility, matrix synthesis and proliferation, endocytosis and phagocytosis, etc. These adaptive phenotypic shifts are due to epigenetic regulation, mainly related to mechanotransduction. These paradigms actively participate in cardio-arterial pathologies such as atheroma, valve disease, heart failure, aneurysms, hypertension, and physiological aging.

Introduction. This paper presents results of an anthropological and paleopathological studies of newly excavated materials from the Karanayevsky cemetery located in the Southwestern Bashkortostan and attributed to Srubnaya culture. The goal of this study was to introduce new data from kurgan 2, as well as to compare this sample with the samples from other Karanayevsky kurgans, and with synchronous population characteristics of the region. Discussion involves skeletal material from 12 individual burials (nine children and three adults). Methods. Sex, age and the state of preservation/completeness of the remains were assessed. We performed a morphometric study, an analysis of dental morphology, description of pathologies and individual characteristics, taking into consideration the recommendations in the specific literature. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test for the relationship between skeletal preservation, sex, age, and grave construction. A single cranium from the kurgan was compared with the pooled samples from the region using Heincke’s method. The Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the possible statistical differences in frequencies of dental non-metric traits between the Karanayevsky kurgan 2 sample and the pooled Srubnaya samples of the Pre-Urals. Analysis. The skeleton preservation appears to be related to the age of the buried, but to a greater extent varies depending on the depth of the grave. The female skull from kurgan 2 shows characteristics of European ancestry and has mesomorphic morphology with a medium or slightly weakened horizontal and vertical profiling. It shows similarity to the pooled Srubnaya craniological series from the forest-steppe subareas. The dental morphology observed in the sample corresponds to the archaic gracile variant of European ancestry. Osteometric data characterize adult individuals as representatives of the mesomorphic, moderately massive group with reduced or medium limb length. Like in other groups of the region, the sample is defined by the predominance of dental calculus and dental chips, some markers of physiological and mechanical stress and the absence of indicators of specific infections. Results. In general, the Karanayevsky kurgan 2 skeletal sample corresponds to the characteristics of other Karanaevsky cemetery samples, and is consistent with the results on the synchronous sites of the Pre-Urals and Trans-Urals.

Studies aimed at considering the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation on human health in 19th-century society are becoming increasingly relevant. Although it is exceptionally rare to encounter human skeletal material from the 19th century in present-day Lithuania, this study explores whether changes which occurred in that century had any impact on human health. This research presents the preliminary results of an anthropological analysis of the human remains discovered in Panevėžys Cemetery, with material spanning the 18th–19th centuries. In total, 90 individuals were examined, including 57 males, 15 females and 18 nonadult individuals. Fractures and nonspecific inflammatory lesions were the most prevalent pathological changes. However, the values of the average height of males and females did not reveal a significant change in stature. Overall, the results demonstrated inconsistent evidence of the effects of urbanisation on the skeletal population. It can be concluded that both the sample size and the observed pathologies represent only part of the community. Therefore, a more representative sample and additional analyses are required in the future, to provide comprehensive results and more solid conclusions.

Halophilic archaea, also termed haloarchaea, are a group of moderate and extreme halophilic microorganisms that constitute the major microbial populations in hypersaline environments. In these ecosystems, mainly aquatic, haloarchaea are constantly exposed to ionic and oxidative stress due to saturated salt concentrations and high incidences of UV radiation (mainly in summer). To survive under these harsh conditions, haloarchaea have developed molecular adaptations including hyperpigmentation. Regarding pigmentation, haloarchaeal species mainly synthesise the rare C50 carotenoid called bacterioruberin (BR) and its derivatives, monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin. Due to their colours and extraordinary antioxidant properties, BR and its derivatives have been the aim of research in several research groups all over the world during the last decade. This review aims to summarise the most relevant characteristics of BR and its derivatives as well as describe their reported antitumoral, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant biological activities. Based on their biological activities, these carotenoids can be considered promising natural biomolecules that could be used as tools to design new strategies and/or pharmaceutical formulas to fight against cancer, promote immunomodulation, or preserve skin health, among other potential uses.

Le gros intestin (caecum et côlon) des équins héberge un microbiote abondant et divers dont une fonction essentielle est la dégradation et la fermentation des parois végétales ingérées en produits directement utilisables par l’hôte. Ce microbiote est composé de cinq grandes communautés microbiennes (protozoaires, bactéries, champignons, Archaea et virus) parmi lesquelles les bactéries ont été les plus étudiées. Ces communautés sont spécifiques de l’espèce équine. La diversité des protozoaires comme celle des champignons et des virus a été décrite du point de vue taxonomique mais leur implication dans les processus de digestion est mal connue. La diversité des Archaea a été peu étudiée, pourtant leur étude permettrait de mieux évaluer la contribution de l'élevage équin à la production de gaz à effet de serre. La communauté bactérienne est diverse, appartenant majoritairement aux phyla des Firmicutes et desBacteroides, et comprend des bactéries dont les différentes fonctions (cellulolytiques, amylolytiques, glycolytiques, utilisatrices de lactate et protéolytiques) sont impliquées dans la digestion des aliments ingérés, en particulier des parois végétales. Cette communauté bactérienne est différente entre le contenu caecal et colique d’une part, et les fèces d’autre part. Des facteurs propres à l’hôte (type génétique, variabilité individuelle) et/ou environnementaux (régime alimentaire, saison, exercice physique) sont susceptibles de modifier la diversité des communautés microbiennes du gros intestin équin. Ceci peut provoquer des changements importants conduisant à des déséquilibres et parfois à l’apparition de pathologies (colites, fourbures).

Ce travail s'appuie sur notre expérience de psychologue clinicienne dans une maison d'accueil spécialisée. L'institution, ouverte en 2003, a été créée par un hôpital psychiatrique afin d'y orienter ses patients déficitaires hospitalisés depuis l'enfance. Lors de notre arrivée dans l'institution en 2011, l'histoire subjective de chaque accueilli nous a semblé occultée par une histoire collective où se mêlaient nos représentations historiques de la psychiatrie asilaire évoquant la déshumanisation, la promiscuité et les mauvais traitements. Dans les dossiers d'hospitalisation, nous avons retrouvé le terme générique d'"idiotie" et une certaine confusion diagnostique. Nous nous sommes alors intéressée aux conceptions historiques de l'idiotie pour y reconnaître leur influence sur le traitement, tant thérapeutique que social, de ces sujets présentant des pathologies de type archaïque. En envisageant l'histoire avec une dimension d'héritage transgénérationnel, nous avons éclairé la rémanence des thématiques anciennes d'incurabilité, d'inéducabilité et de dégénérescence, qui sont devenues peu à peu des représentations collectives. Ce sont leurs traces que nous avons étudiées tout au long de ce travail, leur transformation soutenant des processus fantasmatiques envahissants générant des expériences de honte, articulées aux mécanismes d'indifférenciation, de mésinscription et de liminalité. À partir d'un matériel clinique constitué des dossiers, des rencontres avec des familles, mais aussi avec des anciens soignants de l'hôpital, nous proposons qu'une démarche historisante et narrative devienne opérante pour les intervenants de la maison d'accueil spécialisée et ses accueillis, afin d'enrayer les mécanismes déshumanisants du clastique et de l'archaïque qui constituent cette clinique de l'extrême. Ainsi, considérer l'histoire singulière du sujet consiste à lui permettre d'occuper une place différenciée dans la relation intersubjective. Notre thèse s'appuie sur un regard épistémologique au croisement des sciences humaines pour interroger le processus d'institutionnalisation de ces sujets déficitaires et ses impacts, dans une dimension tant métapsychologique que socio-historique. Nous l'articulons à l'évolution des politiques publiques concernant la psychiatrie et le champ médico-social en France
This research is based on the author work as a clinical psychologist in a specialized care home. The institution, opened in 2003, was created by a psychiatric hospital in order to orient its deficient patients who had been hospitalised since childhood. When the author arrived in the institution in 2011, the subjective history of each patient seemed to be obscured by a collective history in which our historical representations of asylums, evoking dehumanisation, promiscuity and ill-treatment, were mixed. In the hospitalization files, the author found the generic term "idiocy" and a certain diagnostic confusion. She then looked at the historical conceptions of idiocy to recognise their influence on the treatment, both therapeutic and social, of these subjects with archaic pathologies. By considering history with a dimension of transgenerational inheritance, she have shed light on the persistence of ancient themes of incurability, ineducability and degeneracy, which have gradually become collective representations. It is their traces that she have studied throughout this work, their transformation supporting invasive phantasmatic processes generating experiences of shame, articulated to mechanisms of indifferentiation, misinscription and liminality. Based on clinical material consisting of files, meetings with families, but also with former hospital carers, she propose that a historicising and narrative approach becomes operative for the workers of the specialised home and its residents, in order to curb the dehumanising mechanisms of the clastic and the archaic which constitute this "extreme" clinical practice. Thus, considering the singular history of the subject consists in allowing him to occupy a differentiated place in the intersubjective relationship. This thesis is based on an epistemological viewpoint at the crossroads of the human sciences in order to question the process of institutionalisation of the subject with an intellectual disability and its impacts, in both a metapsychological and socio-historical dimension. The author link it to the evolution of public policies concerning psychiatry and the medico-social field in France

Abstract Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902) stood tall in the medicine and science of his day. He held the Chair of pathology in Berlin, wrote a major textbook and founded the Archiv für Pathologie, Anatomie und Physiologie, which he ran with an iron hand for more than fifty years. His specialty was cancer, and he was among the first to realize that cancer represents the malfunctioning, not of bodies or tissues, but of particular cells. But he is best remembered today for his succinct proclamation (1858) of one of biology’s universal laws: Omnis cellula e cellula, (every cell comes from a preexistent cell).

Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP) was thought to be an archaic disease, but after an initial decline because of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in 1969, there has been a resurgence of this disease in the 21st century. For centuries, miners have been exposed to varied types and degrees of coal mine dust. Lung diseases in coal miners are caused by the inhalation, retention, and tissue reaction to the mixed constituents of this dust, which include carbon, silica, and silicates. Respirable dust particles of less than 5 microns are deposited in the proximal and distal airways and the smaller particles are deposited in the alveoli. The tissue reaction to these particles results in a variety of pathologic lesions, including coal macules, silicotic nodules, mixed dust pneumoconiosis, interstitial fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, bronchitis, and emphysema. These disorders are recognized primarily through occupational exposure history and characteristic radiographic imaging. With a latency of approximately 20 years, cumulative lifetime exposures appear to be most predictive of the disease severity. Prevention of these diseases should be the primary focus of the industry, the workforce, and the public health agencies. In the US, federal programs of screening and surveillance are in place and active. The treatment of these disorders as with other chronic respiratory conditions, is focused on vaccinations against respiratory infection, bronchodilator therapy when indicated, supplemental oxygen therapy when required, pulmonary rehabilitation programs, smoking cessation, vigilant observation for chronic respiratory infections, and if necessary, lung transplantation should be considered as the last resort.